Introduction to Antimicrobial Resistance

Prevention and control of antimicrobial resistance: WHD20111 |

Introduction toIntroduction toAntimicrobial ResistanceAntimicrobial Resistance

Introduction toIntroduction toAntimicrobial ResistanceAntimicrobial Resistance

Dr Poonam Khetrapal SinghDeputy Regional Director


OutlineOutlineOutlineOutline

What is antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and its implications?

Why are we worried about AMR in SEA Region?

What are the possible solutions?

What is WHO doing?

What we all can do?



What is antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and its implications

Why are we worried about AMR in SEA Region

What are the possible solutions

What is WHO doing

What we all can do


Antimicrobial (Antibiotics) resistanceAntimicrobial (Antibiotics) resistanceAntimicrobial (Antibiotics) resistanceAntimicrobial (Antibiotics) resistance

Resistance is unresponsiveness to antimicrobial agents in standard doses

A natural biological unstoppable phenomenon which is driven by rampant misuse of antimicrobial agents

– 50% of antibiotics are prescribed inappropriately

– 50% of patients have poor compliance

– 50% of populations do not have access to essential antibiotics

– 50% of antibiotics in some countries are used for animal growth promotion


Resistance has huge negative impact on healthResistance has huge negative impact on health

Longer duration of illness Longer treatment Higher mortality Treatment with expensive drugs Increased burden on health system Negates technological advances in medical sector

– Complex surgeries

– Transplantations and other interventions

Patient acts as reservoir of resistant organisms which are passed to community and health-care workers

Huge economic impact on individual and society






What is WHO doing

What we all can do


Resistance is negating “wonder drugs” in SEARResistance is negating “wonder drugs” in SEAR Resistance is negating “wonder drugs” in SEARResistance is negating “wonder drugs” in SEAR

Tuberculosis– MDR-TB < 3% : 130,000 cases annually, XDR-TB: Reported from 4 countries

Kala-azar– 60% resistance in pentavalent antimony and 25% in pentamidine

Typhoid fever– MDR Salmonella Typhi prevalent all over Region

– Causing 10% Case Fatality Rate (CFR) in children (preantibiotic era: 12.8%)

Hospital associated infections– Staphylococcus aureus: >50% isolates in hospitals are methicillin-resistant (MDR)

– Acinetobacter baumannii: >50% of patients infected with resistant strains die

– Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Serratia: MDR persist in hospital settings, and cause huge mortality morbidity

Malaria

– 400 million people at risk of infection with resistant parasite


Superbugs* are visible manifestations of our prolonged failure to preserve antibiotics

** Methicillin resistant Staph aureus, MDR-and XDR Mycobacteria, ESBL producing Gram negative bacteria and NDM-1 producing enterobacteriaceae bacteria are few examples of superbugs because these fail to respond to large number of commonly used antibiotics

Known but neglected .Need immediate action

Known but inevitable






What is WHO doing

What we all can do


Possible solutionsPossible solutionsPossible solutionsPossible solutions

Discover new drugs faster than emergence of resistance

Promote discovery, development and dissemination of new

antimicrobial agents

Prevent emergence of resistance by reducing selection

pressure by appropriate control measures

Rationalize the use of available antimicrobial agents


Antibiotics: RoadwayAntibiotics: RoadwayAntibiotics: RoadwayAntibiotics: Roadway


Possible solutionsPossible solutionsPossible solutionsPossible solutions

Discover new drugs faster than emergence of resistance

Rationalize the use of available antimicrobial agents

Prevent emergence of resistance by reducing selection

pressure by appropriate control measures

Promote discovery, development and dissemination of new

antimicrobial agents

Implementation requires a strategy with comprehensive

national initiatives/plans


Regional Strategy on AMR and Resolution of RC63Regional Strategy on AMR and Resolution of RC63Regional Strategy on AMR and Resolution of RC63Regional Strategy on AMR and Resolution of RC63

Governance Regulatory Capacity building Community

education Research






What is WHO doing

What we all can do


WHO material for technical support….WHO material for technical support….WHO material for technical support….WHO material for technical support….

Available at www.searo.who.int/AMR






What is WHO doing

What we all can do


We need to preserve this resource by working together

Use Antibiotics rationally

Antibiotics are a precious resource

“antimicrobial resistance is possibly the single biggest threat facing the world inthe area of infectious diseases”.

Documents

Introduction to Antimicrobial Resistance