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Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4

Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

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Page 1: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Introduction to Atoms

Chapter 4

Page 2: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,
Page 3: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Democritus

• Greek Philosopher• “uncutable particle”• Named the atom from

the Greek word Atomos • Atoms are small, hard, different

shapes and sizes, always moving and join together

Page 4: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Aristotle

• Greek philosopher

• Disagreed with Democritus

• Strong influence

Page 5: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Dalton• British Chemist 1766• Elements combine in specific proportions

because they are made of individual atoms

• He observed that no matter how large or small the sample, the ratio of the masses of the elements in the compound is always the same.

• Compounds have a fixed position

Page 6: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Dalton’s Theory

• Dalton proposed the theory that all matter is made up of individual particles called atoms, which cannot be divided.

Page 7: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Main Points of Dalton’s Theory

• All elements are composed of atoms• All atoms of the same element have the

same mass, and atoms of different elements have a different masses.

• Compounds contain atoms of more than one element.

• In a particular compound, atoms of different elements always combine in the same way

Page 8: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

What did Dalton notice that all compounds have in common?

• Dalton noticed that the ratio of masses of elements in a

compound is always the same!

Page 9: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Objects with like charges repel, or push apart.

• Objects with opposite charges attract, or pull together.

Page 10: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Thomson’s Experiments• He used a sealed tube of gas

in his experiments. – When the current was on,

the disks became charged and glowing beam appeared in the tube.

– The beam bent toward a positively charged plate placed outside the tube.

• He concluded that the particles in the beam had a negative charge because they were attracted to the positive plate.

Page 11: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

• Thomson’s experiments provided the first evidence that atoms are made of even smaller particles

Page 12: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Thomson’s Model

• Thomson found a negative charge, but knew that atoms were neutral.

• Atoms must contain a positive charge as well.

• The negative charges were evenly scattered throughout an atom filled with a positively charged mass of matter.

• Plum Pudding Model

Page 13: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Rutherford’s Atomic Theory(1871-1937)

• He hypothesized that the mass and charge at any location in the gold would be too small to change the path of an alpha particle (positive charge).

Page 14: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

• When the gold foil experiment was done more particles were deflected and bounced straight back, as though they had struck an object.

• The alpha particles must have come close to another charged particle

Page 15: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,
Page 16: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

• Rutherford concluded that the positive charge of an atom is not evenly spread through the atom.

• It is concentrated in a very small, central area called the nucleus.

Page 17: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

• According to Rutherford’s model, all of an atom’s positive charge is concentrated in its nucleus.

Page 18: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Bohr

• Danish scientist

• Discovered electrons travel around nucleus in definite paths

• Located in levels around nucleus

• Electrons can jump from one level to another

Page 19: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Schrodinger and Heisenberg

• Modern theory

• Electron clouds surround nucleus

• Electrons do not travel in definite paths

• Movement cannot be predicted

Page 20: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Chapter 4 Section 2

Atom Structure

Page 21: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Nucleus

• A dense, positively charged mass located at the center of the atom

• New Model: All of an atom’s positive charge is concentrated in its nucleus.

Page 22: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Properties of subatomic particles

• 1. Protons

• 2. Electrons

• 3. Neutrons

electron

neutron

proton

Page 23: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Protons

• Positively charged subatomic particle that is found in the nucleus of an atom

• Charge of 1+

Page 24: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Electron

• A negatively charged subatomic particle that is found in the space outside the nucleus

• Charge of 1-

Page 25: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Neutrons

• Neutral subatomic particle that is found in the nucleus of an atom

• Mass almost exactly equal to that of a proton

Page 26: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Subatomic particles

• Distinguished by their mass, charge and location in the atom

Page 27: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Atomic Number

• Atoms of any element have the same number of protons

• Atomic number = number of protons in an atom of that element

• Ex: Hydrogen has 1 proton, atomic number is 1

Page 28: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Mass Number

• Sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

• Number of neutrons = Mass number – Atomic Number

Page 29: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Isotopes

• Every atom of a given element has the same number of protons and electrons, but every element does not have the same number of neutrons.

• Isotopes – have same atomic number, but different mass numbers because they have different number of neutrons

Page 30: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Isotopes

• Atoms that have the same number of protons but have a different number of neutrons

• Atoms that are isotopes of each other are always the same element because the number of protons in each atom is the same

Page 31: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Bohr’s Model of the Atom

• Focused on Electrons that move with constant speed in fixed orbits around the nucleus

• Electrons can change energy levels when the atom gains or loses energy

Page 32: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Electron Cloud Model

• Visual model used to find the locations for electrons

Page 33: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Energy levels, orbitals and Electrons

Energy Level # of Orbitals Maximum # of Electrons

1 1 2

2 4 8

3 9 18

4 16 32

Page 34: Introduction to Atoms Chapter 4. Democritus Greek Philosopher “uncutable particle” Named the atom from the Greek word Atomos Atoms are small, hard,

Forces that Work in Atoms

• * Gravity

• * Electromagnetic Force

• * Strong Force

• * Weak Force


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