CEM 2043

S E N G H A N S E N

INTRODUCTION TOCONSTRUCTION BUILDINGS

DESCRIPTION & OBJECTIVESConstruction buildings are part of humans daily life and society. They are createdby and give impacts to society. Construction buildings include residential buildings,skyscrapers, tunnels, dams, ports, airports, highways, bridges and otherconstruction products which give impacts not only to humans needs and activities,but also to the environment. This course will explain some of construction buildingtypes and their significance towards human, society, and environment.

The objectives of this course are:- To give an introduction to students on types of construction buildings around theworld- To give an understanding to students about the significance of constructionbuildings towards human, society, and environment- To discuss the challenges and characteristics of construction buildings throughcase study approach

TABLE OF CONTENTSHistory of construction buildingsConstruction facts and wondersConstruction workersThe function and performance of buildingsGeneral principles of constructionTypes of construction buildingsConstruction processesSafety in construction

HISTORY OF CONSTRUCTION

History ofConstruction

History ofEngineering

History of BuildingMaterials

History of ConstructionMethods

History of Machinery& Temporary Works

History ofConstruction Labours

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kizhi_church_1.jpg

Church in Kizhi, Russia entirely made out of wood

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Temperaschilderij_voorstellende_de_Borobudur_als_bedevaartsoord_TMnr_75-2.jpg

CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

NEOLITHIC

9000 BC 5000BC

COPPER&

BRONZEAGE

5000 BC 3100BC

3100 BC 1200BC

IRONAGE

1200 BC 500AD

MEDIEVAL

500 AD 1500AD

RENAISSANCE

1500 AD 1700AD

17thCENT

1700s

18thCENT

1800s

19thCENT

1900s

20thCENT

2000s

time

progre

ss

NEOLITHIC COPPER &BRONZE AGE

IRON AGE

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_construction#mediaviewer/File:Skara_Brae_12.jpg

NEOLITHIC BUILDINGS IN SKARABRAE. IT IS LISTED AS A UNESCOWORLD HERITAGE SITE.

GREAT PYRAMID OF GIZA, THETALLEST BUILDING IN THEWORLD FOR OVER 3800 YEARS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_construction#mediaviewer/File:Great_Pyramid_of_Giza_2010.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro#mediaviewer/File:Mohenjo-daro-2010.jpg

MOHENJO DARO CITY PAKISTANBUILT AROUND 2600 BCEUNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITEIN 1980

MEDIEVAL RENAISSANCE 17th CENTURY

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_construction#mediaviewer/File:Notre_Dame_dalla_Senna_crop.jpg

NOTRE DAME, PARIS-TYPE: CHURCH- STYLE: FRENCH GOTHIC-COMPLETED: 1345-LENGTH: 128 m-WIDTH: 69 m-HEIGHT: 69 m

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_construction#mediaviewer/File:Notre_Dame_dalla_Senna_crop.jpg

THE DOME OF SANTA MARIA DELFIORE, DESIGNED BY FILIPPOBRUNELLESCHI, 1436 MHEIGHT: 114.5 m

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace#mediaviewer/File:Hampton_Court_Palace,_Great_Hall_-_Diliff.jpg

THE CEILING OF THE GREAT HALLOF HAMPTON COURT PALACE

18th CENT 19th CENT 20th CENTURY

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsborg_Fortress#mediaviewer/File:Karlsborg,_den_9_juni_2006,_Oscar_II_valv.JPG

KARLSBORG FORTRESS SWEDEN1819-1830s

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx-Hof#mediaviewer/File:Karl-Marx-Hof_2009.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#mediaviewer/File:Burj_Khalifa.jpg

KARL MARX-HOF (KARL MARXCOURT) VIENNA1927-1930KNOWN AS THE LONGEST SINGLERESIDENTIAL BUILDING IN THEWORLD

NEOLITHIC COPPER & BRONZEAGE IRON AGE

MEDIEVAL RENAISSANCE 17th CENTURY

18th CENT 19th CENT 20th CENTURYUse of machinery: cranes,elevators, etc (speed increased,workforce decreased)Prefabrication & CADSustainability: ecology, energyconservation

Industrial revolution: newkinds of transportation(railways, canals, macadam)Concrete & steel v. woodPlumbing appearedBuilding codes applied

Professional architects andengineersUse of iron (cast &wrought)Use of brick increased

Relied on experience, rulesof thumb and the use ofscale modelsUse of glass

Classical architectureVitruvius principlesTechnology of conversionUse of brick

Fortification, castles andcathedrals RomanesqueUse of timber, brick and tileNo standard textbookSkilled builders inherited

Natural materials: bone,antler, hide, stone, wood,grasses, waterRock-cut architecture

Ancient Mesopotamia,Ancient Egypt, AncientGreece, Roman, Chinese &Indian Construction

Use of copper and bronze rock-cut architecturePost & lintel construction

MATERIALPERISABLE MATERIALS

DURABLE MATERIALS

SYNTHETIC MATERIALS

DESIGNSIMPLE

STANDARD

SOPHISTICATED

UTILITYUNCONTROLLABLE

SEMI CONTROLLABLE

FULLY CONTROLLABLE

CONCLUSION

Burj Khalifa, 830m, 211fl, 2010

CONSTRUCTION FACTS & WONDERS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#mediaviewer/File:Burj_Khalifa.jpg

THE TALLEST

Akashi Kaikyo Bridge (Pearl Bridge), 1991m,1998No pillars for the supports.

http://i1.wp.com/www.wonderslist.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Akashi-Bridge.jpg?resize=550%2C341

THE LARGESTCABLE BRIDGE

Palm Islands & World Islands, Dubai, 2001-now5.5m cubic metres of rock94m cubic metres of sand40,000 workers (2 shifts/day)

http://i2.wp.com/www.wonderslist.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Palm-Islands.jpg?resize=550%2C287

THE BIGGESTARTIFICIAL ISLANDS

Beijing National Stadium, 200817,000 workers, USD 423mCapacity: 80,000 seats, 21 ha area110,000 ton of steel

http://i0.wp.com/www.wonderslist.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Beijing-National-Stadium.jpg?resize=550%2C343

THE LARGEST STEELSTRUCTURE

DEFINITION OF CONSTRUCTIONConstruction: constructing, altering, repairing and demolishing

building; constructing, altering and repairing highways andstreets and bridges; viaducts, culverts, sewers, and water, gasand electricity mains; railways roadbeds, sub-ways and harbor

and water ways; piers, airports and parking areas; dams,drainage, irrigation, flood control and water power projects andhydroelectric plants; pipe lines; water wells; athletic fields, golfcourses, swimming pools and tennis courts; communication

systems such as telephone and telegraph lines; marineconstruction, such as dredging and under water rock removal;pile driving, land draining and reclamation; and other type ofheavy construction... mining services such as preparing and

constructing mining sites and drilling crude oil and natural gaswells specialist trade contractors activities

International Standard Industrial Classificationissued by the United Nations (1968)

file:///D:/PODOMORO%20UNIV/materi/intro%20to%20construction%20buildings/history/History%20of%20construction%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia_files/220px-Construction_Workers.jpg

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION BUILDINGS

BUILDING CIVILResidential:

Single, Multifamily,Apartment, etc

Non Residential:Mall, Office, Superblock,

Store, Health-care,Institutional, etc

Engineering Const:Road, Highway, Bridge,Railroad, Irrigation, Dam,Port, Airport, Tunnel,Environmental, etcIndustrial Const:

Power plant, WaterTreatment, Oil & Gas,Industrial Facilities,Petrochemical,Mining, etcWHAT ARE THEIR FUNCTIONS?

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTIONTime

PerformanceCost

TCPTriangle

(Speed to completion, certainty ofcompletion date)

(Quality, design, strength and workability)(Price, certainty of costs)

Critical Factors in Project Success (Edmond W.M. Lam, AlbertP.C. Chan & Daniel W.M. Chan, 2004)

CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES

Project Management Process Group(PMI, A Guide to PMBOK 4th Ed., 2008, p. 40)

STAGE 1 STAGE II STAGE III STAGE IVFEASIBILITY PLANNING

AND DESIGNCONSTRUCTION CLOSING

AND HANDOVER

TIME

CO

ST A

ND

PER

CEN

TAG

E O

F C

OM

PLET

ION

CONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENT

PROJECT MANAGEMENT

PRE-CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION POST-CONSTRUCTIONTypical Project Life Cycle

CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES

CONSTRUCTION WORKERSUNSKILLED &SEMI SKILLED

SKILLED TECHNICAL &MANAGEMENT

General site labors andwith little or noconstructionqualifications.

Site labors and managerwith extensive knowledge

and experienceThose with the greatest

educationalqualifications, trained,and able to manage andinstruct the process

Kenek/tukang bantu(helper)

Mandor (foreman)Tukang kayu (carpenter)Tukang batu (masonry)Tukang besi (steel fixer)

Tukang cor (concrete pourer)ElectricianPlumberWelderOperator

Quantity SurveyorArchitect

Civil EngineerBuilding Service Engineer

Project ManagerStructural Engineer

Civil EstimatorSite SupervisorHSE officer

CONSTRUCTION SAFETY

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Workplace_Safety_Signs.jpg/220px-Workplace_Safety_Signs.jpg

http://humanconditionglobal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ConstructionSafety_Infographic.jpg

As appeared in a paper Status of OSH in Indonesia 2011 Murders that still take place at Work by Muchamad Darisman

EFFORTS TO IMPROVE SAFETY

SAFETY CULTUREPROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

APPLICABLE LAWZONE CONTROL

WEATHER SENSING & MONITORINGHOIST MANAGEMENT

STORAGE MANAGEMENTRESOURCE TRACKING

HSE TRAININGTOOL TRACKING

HEAVY EQUIPMENT MONITORINGSECURITY MANAGEMENT

http://humanconditionglobal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ConstructionSafety_Infographic.jpg

HAZARD TO NON WORKERSMany construction sites cannotcompletely exclude non-workers.Types of non-workers:a) Trafficb) Visitors

VISITORS

LAWFUL

UNLAWFUL

INVITEE

LICENSEE

LegallyAuthorizedEntrants

BusinessVisitors

Persons who enter premises on authority ofthe law such as policemen, firemen, meter-

readers or health inspector

Persons who enter premises, be it public orprivate for a materialistic reason and whoactually bring economic advantages to the

occupier

Entrant as ofright

Those who have the right to enter intopremises that are open to the public such aspublic park, public lavatory, public library

and swimming pool

Social VisitorsSomeone who enters into private premiseswith the permission of the occupier or by

invitation, guest

Entrant byimplied

permission

An entrant by implied permission enters intopremises without any express restriction by

the occupier

TRESPASSER

CHILDRENTRESPASSER

A person who enters premises without any express or impliedpermission of the occupier. A person who is legally authorized to be onthe premises may become a trespasser if he goes onto a restricted area,or where he stays on the premises beyond the time allowed or where

there has been improper use of the premises.

Therefore O students study mathematics and do not build without foundations. Leonardo Da Vinci

endterima kasih

Copyright acknowledgement:Some pictures and materials are taken from other sources and therefore I donot own them. Their usage is for educational purposes only. All rights of thesepictures and materials go to the respected owners.