Introduction toIntroduction toGeothermalGeothermal

Comfort Systems Comfort Systems in INDIAin INDIA

HistoryHistory

�� Ancient earth sheltered Ancient earth sheltered homeshomes

�� 1912 1912 –– Swiss PatentSwiss Patent

�� 1945 1945 -- First GSHP operating in First GSHP operating in North America in North America in IndianapolisIndianapolis

�� 1949 1949 –– CanadaCanada’’s first GSHP s first GSHP installation in Torontoinstallation in Toronto

�� 1970 1970 -- First European First European installationsinstallations

4

Alternate Energy Sources Alternate Energy Sources

have Tax Credithave Tax Credit

�� Wind GeneratorsWind Generators�� Wind farms, Wind turbines Wind farms, Wind turbines easy to seeeasy to see

�� Works great when wind blowsWorks great when wind blows

�� Solar PanelsSolar Panels�� Solar panels on roofs Solar panels on roofs easy to seeeasy to see

�� Works great when sun shinesWorks great when sun shines

�� Ground Source Heat Pump Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP)(GSHP)�� Homes, schools, businesses, Homes, schools, businesses, govgov

�� CanCan’’t see it work and no noiset see it work and no noise

�� Works 24hrs/7days per week /365 days Works 24hrs/7days per week /365 days a year a year

Defining Defining ““GeothermalGeothermal””EnergyEnergy

�� Dictionary definitionDictionary definition�� Relating to the internal heat of the Relating to the internal heat of the

earthearth

�� ““ High TemperatureHigh Temperature”” GeothermalGeothermal�� Refers to heat temperatures from Refers to heat temperatures from

typically hundreds of feet deep within typically hundreds of feet deep within the earth, sometimes exceeding 300the earth, sometimes exceeding 300°°°°°°°°F. F.

�� These include geysers and other hydroThese include geysers and other hydro--geothermal reservoirs. geothermal reservoirs.

Defining Defining ““GeothermalGeothermal””EnergyEnergy

�� ““ Low TemperatureLow Temperature”” GeothermalGeothermal

�� Refers to shallow earth Refers to shallow earth temperatures found anywhere, temperatures found anywhere, utilizing a mechanical device utilizing a mechanical device (geothermal heat pump) to transfer (geothermal heat pump) to transfer heat to and from the ground. heat to and from the ground.

What is Geothermal Energy?What is Geothermal Energy?

�� The transfer of energy to and from the earth The transfer of energy to and from the earth for the purposes of heating or cooling a for the purposes of heating or cooling a building or process.building or process.

�� Two primary energy sources or sinks:Two primary energy sources or sinks:

�� Earth core dominatedEarth core dominated

�� Surface dominatedSurface dominated

The Technology Goes by The Technology Goes by Many Different NamesMany Different Names……

⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒ Ground source heat pumps (GSHP)Ground source heat pumps (GSHP)

⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒ Ground coupled heat pumps (GCHP)Ground coupled heat pumps (GCHP)

⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒ Geothermal heat pumps (GHP)Geothermal heat pumps (GHP)

⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒ Geo Exchange (GX)Geo Exchange (GX)

⇒⇒ Earth energy systemsEarth energy systems

⇒⇒ Water source heat pump (WSHP)Refers to units used in boiler/cooling tower applications without a direct connection to the earth, WSHP systems are not geothermal applications

What is a What is a Geothermal Heat Pump?Geothermal Heat Pump?

It’s an electrically-powered device that uses the natural heat storage ability of the earth and/or the earth’s groundwater to heat or cool your home or business.

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How do you get earths energyHow do you get earths energy??

�� Earth absorbs almost 50% of all solar energy and Earth absorbs almost 50% of all solar energy and remains a nearly constant temperature of 50remains a nearly constant temperature of 50°°F to F to 7070°°F depending on geographic location. F depending on geographic location.

�� CoolingCooling--In the summerIn the summer, the system reverses and , the system reverses and expels heat from your home to the cooler earth via expels heat from your home to the cooler earth via the loop system. This heat exchange process is not the loop system. This heat exchange process is not only natural, but is a truly ingenious and highly only natural, but is a truly ingenious and highly efficient way to create a comfortable climate in your efficient way to create a comfortable climate in your home.home.

�� HeatingHeating--In winterIn winter, water circulating inside a sealed , water circulating inside a sealed loop absorbs heat from the earth. Here it is loop absorbs heat from the earth. Here it is compressed to a higher temperature and sent as compressed to a higher temperature and sent as warm air to your indoor system for distribution warm air to your indoor system for distribution throughout your home.throughout your home.

How is heat transferred between How is heat transferred between the earth and the home?the earth and the home?

Using the stored energy of the earth, heat is extracted through a liquid medium (groundwater or an anti-freeze solution) and is pumped to the heat pump or heat exchanger. There, the heat is used to heat your home. In summer, the process is reversed and indoor heat is extracted from your home and transferred to the earth through the liquid.

How does it work?How does it work?

Like any type of heat pump, it simply moves heat energy from one place to another. Your refrigerator works using the same scientific principle. By using the refrigeration process, geothermal heat pumps remove heat energy stored in the earth and/or the earth’s groundwater and transfer it to the home.

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How Low Temperature Ground Heat is Converted to Home Heating

ININ

OUTOUT

145 F

55 F

61 F

Air Temp105 F60 F

92 F56 F

Heating and Cooling System all in one!

You can change from one mode to another with a simple flick of a switch on your indoor thermostat. In the cooling mode, a geothermal heat pump takes heat from indoors and transfers it to the cooler earth through either groundwater or an underground loop system.

Overall ConceptOverall Concept

�� A Ground Source Heat Pump System A Ground Source Heat Pump System consists of a waterconsists of a water--toto--air or waterair or water--toto--water water heat pump, connected to a series of long heat pump, connected to a series of long plastic pipe buried below the earth's plastic pipe buried below the earth's surface, or placed in a pond.surface, or placed in a pond.

�� These systems can also utilize well water in These systems can also utilize well water in place of the earth loop. As fluid from the place of the earth loop. As fluid from the earth loop or well water is moved through earth loop or well water is moved through the unit, the heat pump transfers thermal the unit, the heat pump transfers thermal energy. energy.

Energy SourceEnergy Source

�� The earth serves as a giant solar collector, The earth serves as a giant solar collector, storing heat energy. storing heat energy.

�� Air temperatures may fluctuate as much Air temperatures may fluctuate as much

as 50as 50°°°°°°°°F above and below the annual F above and below the annual average. However, only a few feet below average. However, only a few feet below the surface, the changes in earth the surface, the changes in earth temperatures are much less severe. temperatures are much less severe.

Energy SourceEnergy Source

�� During the heating season, the earth During the heating season, the earth serves as a heat SUPPLY. (HE serves as a heat SUPPLY. (HE -- Heat Heat of Extraction)of Extraction)

�� During the cooling season, the earth During the cooling season, the earth serves as heat STORAGE. (HR serves as heat STORAGE. (HR -- Heat Heat of Rejection)of Rejection)

Source

Sink

Typical “Traditional”HVAC System

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How do you How do you

get earths get earths

energy?energy?

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The earth is like a solar battery absorbing nearly half of the sun’s energy. The ground stays a relatively constan t temperature through the seasons, providing a warm s ource in winter & a cool heat sink in summer.

17% reflected by clouds.

6% reflected by surface.

19% absorbed by water

vapor, dust

46% absorbed by ground

Space

Atmosphere

Earth

100%

4% absorbed by clouds .

Laws of ThermodynamicsLaws of Thermodynamics

�� In order to fully understand In order to fully understand HOW a geothermal system HOW a geothermal system works, you need a basic works, you need a basic understanding of the First & understanding of the First & Second Laws of Second Laws of Thermodynamics. Thermodynamics.

The First Law of The First Law of ThermodynamicsThermodynamics

�� Otherwise known as the Law of Otherwise known as the Law of Conservation of EnergyConservation of Energy——Basically, Basically, you canyou can’’t get more energy out than t get more energy out than you put in. you put in.

The Second Law of The Second Law of ThermodynamicsThermodynamics

��The first statement in the Second The first statement in the Second Law of Thermodynamics is that Law of Thermodynamics is that heat energy flows from an area of heat energy flows from an area of high heat to a area of low heat. high heat to a area of low heat.

��You cannot stop this process, only You cannot stop this process, only speed it up or slow it down. speed it up or slow it down.

Natural Gas Boiler

Chiller

180°F HWS

160°F HWR

42°F

52°F

Air 82°FAir

82°F

100°F

90°FCooling Tower

How Does a Geothermal System “Fit” in

an HVAC System??

The Basic Ground Source The Basic Ground Source Heat Pump SystemHeat Pump System

�� The earth loop is placed in the ground either The earth loop is placed in the ground either horizontally or vertically, or it can be placed in horizontally or vertically, or it can be placed in a pond.a pond.

�� Water and antiWater and anti--freeze is circulated through the freeze is circulated through the pipe, transporting heat to the heat pump pipe, transporting heat to the heat pump during the heating mode and away from the during the heating mode and away from the heat pump during the cooling mode.heat pump during the cooling mode.

�� The heat transfer takes place inside the heat The heat transfer takes place inside the heat pump in a waterpump in a water--toto--refrigerant heat exchanger refrigerant heat exchanger called the coax. called the coax.

The Renewable Energy ComponentThe Renewable Energy Component

�� 1 unit of energy is used to transfer 3: COP=41 unit of energy is used to transfer 3: COP=4

3 Units

1 Unit 4 Units of Space Heat Delivered

Electricity

Earth Energy

Transfer Rather Than Transfer Rather Than GenerateGenerate

��It requires less thermodynamic effort to It requires less thermodynamic effort to transfer heat than to generate it through transfer heat than to generate it through combustion.combustion.

How do we How do we ““PumpPump”” Energy?Energy?

�� The mechanical refrigeration cycle!The mechanical refrigeration cycle!

Heat Pump OperationHeat Pump Operation

�� Geothermal heat pumps consist of four Geothermal heat pumps consist of four circuits:circuits:

�� Distribution circuitDistribution circuit

�� The system that distributes the conditioned The system that distributes the conditioned air or water solution throughout the home or air or water solution throughout the home or building and returns it to the unit.building and returns it to the unit.

�� Refrigerant circuitRefrigerant circuit

�� A sealed and pressurized circuit of refrigerant A sealed and pressurized circuit of refrigerant including compressor, expansion valve, including compressor, expansion valve, waterwater--toto--refrigerant heat exchanger(s), air refrigerant heat exchanger(s), air coil, reversing valve. The refrigerant is either coil, reversing valve. The refrigerant is either RR--22 or R22 or R--410A.410A.

Heat Pump OperationHeat Pump Operation

�� Geothermal heat pumps consist of four Geothermal heat pumps consist of four circuits:circuits:

�� Ground loop circuitGround loop circuit

�� The piping system buried in the ground has The piping system buried in the ground has fluid that is circulated by pumps to and from fluid that is circulated by pumps to and from the geothermal unit.the geothermal unit.

�� Hot water circuitHot water circuit

�� Domestic water can be heated in a geothermal Domestic water can be heated in a geothermal unit with a device called a unit with a device called a desuperheaterdesuperheater. A . A piping connection is made from the piping connection is made from the geothermal unit to the water heater.geothermal unit to the water heater.

Geothermal System Geothermal System ComponentsComponents

�� GroundGround--LoopLoop

�� GroundGround--Loop Pump Loop Pump (in unit)(in unit)

�� A Source Heat ExchangerA Source Heat Exchanger

�� A Refrigeration CircuitA Refrigeration Circuit

�� A CompressorA Compressor

�� A Metering DeviceA Metering Device

�� A Load Side Heat ExchangerA Load Side Heat Exchanger

�� A Load Side Fan or PumpA Load Side Fan or Pump

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How the earth works to save you energy! CoolingHow the earth works to save you energy! Cooling

Geo4VA - This is a Special Energy Project funded by the U.S. Department of Energy's State Energy Program through the Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy.

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How the earth works to save you energy! HeatingHow the earth works to save you energy! Heating

Geo4VA - This is a Special Energy Project funded by the U.S. Department of Energy's State Energy Program through the Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy.

61 F55 F

145 F

Air 105 F

92 F56 F

60 F

130 F

60 F

145 F

92 F

Heat Pump OperationHeat Pump Operation

�� Each of these circuits is closed and sealed Each of these circuits is closed and sealed from the othersfrom the others——there is no direct there is no direct mixing. mixing.

�� However, heat energy does transfer from However, heat energy does transfer from the refrigeration circuit to the other three the refrigeration circuit to the other three circuits.circuits.

�� The refrigerant flow will change The refrigerant flow will change direction when the unit changes modes direction when the unit changes modes (heating or cooling).(heating or cooling).

Heat Pump OperationHeat Pump Operation

�� The Four Circuits in a Geothermal Heat PumpThe Four Circuits in a Geothermal Heat Pump

Distribution Circuit

Earth Loop Circuit

Refrigeration Circuit

Hot Water Circuit

= Flow of Energy

(Heat)

The Basic Refrigeration The Basic Refrigeration CycleCycle

Compressor

CondenserEvaporator

TXV

High Pressure

Vapor State

High Pressure

Liquid State

Low Pressure

Liquid State

Low Pressure

Vapor State

The Refrigeration CycleThe Refrigeration Cycle

�� Heating Mode OperationHeating Mode Operation

The Refrigeration CycleThe Refrigeration Cycle

�� Cooling Mode OperationCooling Mode Operation

The Refrigeration CycleThe Refrigeration Cycle

�� Hot Water Assist Operation & PipingHot Water Assist Operation & Piping

Equipment Performance Equipment Performance RatingsRatings

• Geothermal and ground water heat pumps are tested under ISO Standard 13256-1, which replaces the former standards of ARI-330 (ground loop), ARI-325 (ground water / open loop) and ARI-320 (water loop / boiler-tower).

Equipment Performance Equipment Performance RatingsRatings

�� This standard uses different This standard uses different entering water temperatures for entering water temperatures for heating and cooling.heating and cooling.

�� The following are rating points for The following are rating points for ground water and ground loop ground water and ground loop heat pumps. heat pumps.

ISO Standard 13256ISO Standard 13256--1 1 Testing CriteriaTesting Criteria

Ground Water UnitsGround Water Units

Units @ Part and full capacity operationUnits @ Part and full capacity operation

�� Entering water temperature coolingEntering water temperature cooling5959°°F (15C)F (15C)

�� Entering water temperature heatingEntering water temperature heating5050°°F (10C)F (10C)

ISO Standard 13256ISO Standard 13256--1 1 Testing CriteriaTesting Criteria

Ground Loop UnitsGround Loop Units

Units @ full capacity operationUnits @ full capacity operation

�� Entering water temperature coolingEntering water temperature cooling 7777°°F (25C)F (25C)

�� Entering water temperature heatingEntering water temperature heating 3232°°F (0C)F (0C)

Units @ part capacity operationUnits @ part capacity operation

�� Entering water temperature coolingEntering water temperature cooling 6868°°F (20C)F (20C)

�� Entering water temperature heatingEntering water temperature heating 4141°°F (5C)F (5C)

Equipment Performance Equipment Performance RatingsRatings

�� The efficiency ratings for waterThe efficiency ratings for water--toto--air heat pumps as:air heat pumps as:

�� Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)

�� EER = BTU output divided by power watt inputEER = BTU output divided by power watt input

�� For cooling operation under steady state test conditionsFor cooling operation under steady state test conditions

�� Coefficient of Performance (COP)Coefficient of Performance (COP)

�� COP = BTU total output divided by BTU inputCOP = BTU total output divided by BTU input

�� For heating operation under steady state test conditionsFor heating operation under steady state test conditions

The Ground LoopThe Ground Loop..

��The ground/earth loop provides the infrastructure f or The ground/earth loop provides the infrastructure f or accessing and continually exchanging thermal energy accessing and continually exchanging thermal energy between the earth and the building.between the earth and the building.

��ClosedClosed --loop system loop system –– a continuous, sealed, underground a continuous, sealed, underground or submerged heat exchanger through which a heator submerged heat exchanger through which a heat--transfer transfer fluid is circulated between the ground and the heat pump fluid is circulated between the ground and the heat pump during a run mode.during a run mode.

��Open Open ––loop or groundwater system loop or groundwater system –– a system designed a system designed to use groundwater for the purpose of extracting or rejecting to use groundwater for the purpose of extracting or rejecting heat by use of a liquidheat by use of a liquid--source heat pumpsource heat pump..

Closed Ground LoopClosed Ground Loop

Closed Loop systems are installed in various configurations dependent upon site characteristics:

�Vertical closed loop: A tighter footprint to install the ground loop.�Horizontal closed loop: A large area of exposed land.�Lake loop (closed): A water source is close to the building.

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How a Ground Source Heat Pump How a Ground Source Heat Pump

System Works for a ResidenceSystem Works for a Residence

Horizontal System Vertical System

Image courtesy of Climate Master Image courtesy of Climate Master

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Other Ground Source SystemsOther Ground Source Systems

Lake Loop are usually very economical to install. If a pond or lake at least 8 feet deep is available, lake loops can utilize the water (rather than soil) for heat transfer. Reduced installation costs are characteristic of this type of loop system.

Open Loop installations actually pump water from an underground aquifer through the geothermal unit and then discharge that water to a drainage ditch or pond. Discharging water to a pond or lake is considered ideal.

Open LoopLake Loop

Image courtesy of Climate Master Image courtesy of Climate Master

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Ground Open Loop SystemGround Open Loop System

�� Groundwater systems Groundwater systems -- groundwater is groundwater is

available at reasonable depth and available at reasonable depth and

temperature. temperature.

�� The groundwater is pumped from the The groundwater is pumped from the

delivery well to the heat pump and from delivery well to the heat pump and from

there to the sink well or lake or ditch. there to the sink well or lake or ditch.

Heat Pump

Closed Ground LoopClosed Ground Loop

Ground temperatures� Depth < 15 m ( 49.21 ft ):

Ground temperature fluctuates according to ambient conditions.

� Depth ~ 15 m ( 49.21 ft ):Ground temperature approximates mean annual air temperature.

� Depth > 15 m ( 49.21 ft ):Ground temperature increases slightly with depth. Thisincrease called the “geothermal gradient” is about 2°C per 100 m ( 1°F per 100 ft ).

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Ground Closed Loop SystemGround Closed Loop System�� TrenchingTrenching--horizontal loops with one or more horizontal loops with one or more

pipes in loops. 4pipes in loops. 4’’--55’’ deep.deep.

�� Or Vertical Boring Or Vertical Boring –– vertical loop bore hole vertical loop bore hole

with one pipe down hole looping back to with one pipe down hole looping back to

surface. Restricted space.surface. Restricted space.

�� Or Directional Boring Or Directional Boring -- horizontal loop that horizontal loop that can be under a building or parking lot.can be under a building or parking lot.

Trenching

Vertical Boring Directional Boring

Closed Ground LoopClosed Ground Loop

Typical Vertical Ground Loop Circuit Tie-InU-tube can range in diameter from ¾ to 1 ¼ inch (1 inch most common)

150 – 300 ft. typical depthReverse Return piping arrangement

Closed Ground LoopClosed Ground Loop

Multiple borehole piping fused together in reverse return configuration creating a circuit

Geothermal Potential in India

ADVANTAGES OF ADVANTAGES OF GEOTHERMAL GEOTHERMAL

�� WATER SAVINGWATER SAVING

�� ENERGY EFFICIENTENERGY EFFICIENT

�� LONG LIFELONG LIFE

�� NO MAINTENANCENO MAINTENANCE

�� EASY INSTALLATIONEASY INSTALLATION

ADVANTAGES OF ADVANTAGES OF GEOTHERMAL GEOTHERMAL

� Reduces Pressure from Grid

� Reduces Dependence on Imported Oil

� Reduces Installation Size and Operating Cost of Captive Power Generator

� Going Geothermal adds Points towards Higher level of ‘LEED’ Certification with ‘Indian Green Building Council’

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

�� Indian Chapter was formed in February 2013Indian Chapter was formed in February 2013

�� Initiated by Initiated by DrDr PremPrem C Jain and C Jain and MrMr Kamal Kamal MeattleMeattle

�� Working committee was formedWorking committee was formed

�� All statuary registrations were done.All statuary registrations were done.

�� Opened the forum for taking 100 founding Opened the forum for taking 100 founding membersmembers

�� Regular committee meetings are conductedRegular committee meetings are conducted

PROMOTIONSPROMOTIONS

�� At ACREX 2013 at MumbaiAt ACREX 2013 at Mumbai

�� EE--mailers with membership form were mailers with membership form were sent.sent.

�� Forms are being distributed at select Forms are being distributed at select IshraeIshraeand and AshraeAshrae functionsfunctions

�� Supporting and partnering ACREX 2014 Supporting and partnering ACREX 2014 being held in New Delhi in February, 2014being held in New Delhi in February, 2014

Government AffairsGovernment Affairs

�� Held meetings with MNRE, IREDA and BEEHeld meetings with MNRE, IREDA and BEE

�� DrDr R N R N SawantSawant, Director (Geothermal) of MNRE is , Director (Geothermal) of MNRE is supporting the movement.supporting the movement.

�� Finalization of two zones in Five climatic Finalization of two zones in Five climatic conditions of India for testing (Thermal conditions of India for testing (Thermal Conductivity) of Geothermal potential is in Conductivity) of Geothermal potential is in progress.progress.

�� Subsidy options on Geothermal cooling systems is Subsidy options on Geothermal cooling systems is being initiatedbeing initiated

Government AffairsGovernment Affairs

�� Promoting Geothermal as Renewable EnergyPromoting Geothermal as Renewable Energy

�� Promoting Geothermal as Energy Efficient Promoting Geothermal as Energy Efficient systemsystem

�� Working out financing options for Geothermal Working out financing options for Geothermal System under Energy Efficiency funds.System under Energy Efficiency funds.

�� Pilot project of Government being initiated.Pilot project of Government being initiated.

�� Talks with Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) Talks with Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) for promoting Geothermal to be initiated.for promoting Geothermal to be initiated.

INDIAN CLIMATIC INDIAN CLIMATIC ZONESZONES

FEW PROJECTS IN FEW PROJECTS IN INDIAINDIA

�� Ministry of Environment and Forest, New Ministry of Environment and Forest, New DelhiDelhi

�� DRDO in Himachal Pradesh.DRDO in Himachal Pradesh.

�� Hotel in Mohali.Hotel in Mohali.

FEW COMPANIES FEW COMPANIES PRESENT IN INDIAPRESENT IN INDIA

�� Carrier Carrier

�� GeoGeo--infinityinfinity

�� GIBBSGIBBS

�� Climate MasterClimate Master

�� BOSCHBOSCH

�� Water FurnaceWater Furnace

WAY FORWARDWAY FORWARD

� Pilot Project

� Arranging Training for Design Engineers

� Arranging Training for Drillers

� Steps to enhance awareness with Regulators

� Steps to expand subsidy to GSHP projects

� Awareness in Building Industry

QUESTIONS QUESTIONS

PLEASE ? PLEASE ?

THANK YOU THANK YOU

FOR YOUR TIME FOR YOUR TIME

AND AND

ATTENTION!ATTENTION!