Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology

GPS SAP1. Students will analyze anatomical structures in

relationship to their physiological functions. a. Apply correct terminology when explaining the orientation

of body parts and regions. b. Investigate the interdependence of the various body

systems to each other and to the body as a whole. c. Explain the role of homeostasis and its mechanisms as

these relate to the body as a whole and predict the consequences of the failure to maintain homeostasis.

d. Relate cellular metabolism and transport to homeostasis and cellular reproduction.

e. Describe how structure and function are related in terms of cell and tissue types.

EQ: Why can’t we separate anatomy from physiology?How does function support form?

The Human Body: An Orientation

Unit 1: Part 1

Biology

- study of living organisms

Botany

- study of plants

Genetics

- study of physical & physiological traits transmitted from one generation

to another

Zoology- study of animals

Anatomy

- study of the structures and parts of cells & the relationship of the structure to the whole individual

Macroanatomy

- gross anatomy – can be seen & identified by the naked eye

Microanatomy

- only visible with a microscope – ex. histology & cytology

Physiology

- study of HOW an organism functions – all the chemical & physical mechanisms answer what, why & how

Pathology- study of the causes & effects of bodily dysfunction or disease as it relates to the physiology of the

human body

Zoology

Why is it difficult to separate the topics of anatomy and physiology?

Structure is always related to function!

EQ:

How do you distinguish between the characteristics of life & survival needs?

Characteristics of Life 10 Characteristics of Life

(Necessary Life Functions)

Movement – change in position; movemt of substances

Responsiveness/ Irritability – reaction to a change

Growth – increase in size/ # at cellular & organismal level

Metabolism –all the chemical rxns in the body; releasing energy from foods; includes RESPIRATION by obtain oxygen & remove carbon dioxide.

Reproduction – production of new organisms & new cells

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10 Characteristics of Life(Necessary Life Functions)

Maintain Boundaries – the internal environment remains distinct from the external.

•Cellular level – accomplished by plasma membranes•Organismal level – accomplished by the skin

Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids

Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into different substances

Excretion – removal of wastes

Digestion – breakdown & absorption of food substances

5 Requirements for Life/ Survival Needs

Water- most abundant substance in body (~70% of body)- required for metabolic processes- required for transport of materials in body/ cells- regulates body temperature

Nutrients/Food- supply energy for cell building & metabolism- supply raw materials for metabolism

- carbs, proteins, lipids/fats, vitamins, minerals

5 Requirements for Life/ Survival Needs

Oxygen- one-fifth of air- used to release energy from nutrients during

cellular respiration. Heat

- form of energy- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

-many chemical rxns in body requires a specific temp. (98.6° F/37° C) -produced by metabolism & muscle movement

Pressure -required for proper breathing & gas exchange in lungs

- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - hydrostatic (water) pressure – keeps blood

flowing

Homeostasis:EQ: Why is homeostasis so important

in maintaining biological systems?

GPS c. Explain the role of homeostasis and

its mechanisms as these relate to the body as a whole and predict the consequences of the failure to maintain homeostasis.

HomeostasisBody’s maintenance of a stable internal environment;Necessary for normal functioning & to sustain life.

Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and corrects any changes

Control Center(set point)

(change) (correction)

Effectors

ResponseStimulus

(muscles or glands)

Receptors(provide info)

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

1. Variable/ stimulus produces a change in the body

2. Receptor monitors the environments & responds to changes (stimuli)

3. Control center determines the set point at which the variable is maintained

4. Effector provides the means to respond to the stimulus

5. Response: The body communicates via effector pathways through neural & hormonal control systems.

Homeostatic imbalance: A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

HOMEOSTASIS

The tendency to maintain a stable, internal environment.

Ex. Thermostat in your house Shivering to keep warm Sweating to keep cool Heart rate increases when you are

dehydrated

Figure 1.4, step 5

Changedetectedby receptor

Stimulus:Produceschangein variable

Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to

Receptor (sensor) Effector

Variable(in homeostasis)

Response ofeffector feedsback toinfluencemagnitude ofstimulus andreturns variableto homeostasis

Output:Information sentalong efferentpathway to activate

Controlcenter

Imbalance

Imbalance

Negative feedback- maintains homeostasis receptors receive info that is close to set point so

effectors shut down most feedback mechanisms in body use this examples: thirst, respiration, body temperature

Positive feedback- continues the production of…- receptors receive info and cause effectors to produce- examples: blood clot stimulates more clotting, baby suckles stimulates more milk

Homeostasis

Negative Feedback the output shuts

off the original stimulus or reduces it intensity

Works like a household thermostat

Example: Regulation of blood glucose levels, thirst, respiration, body temperature

Figure 1.5

Positive Feedback

the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus

Example: blood clot stimulates

more clotting baby suckles stimulates

more milk

Figure 1.6

GPS SAP1. Students will analyze anatomical structures in

relationship to their physiological functions. b. Investigate the interdependence of the various body

systems to each other and to the body as a whole.

EQ: What are the functions of our body systems &

how do they work together to maintain homeostasis?

Levels of Structural Organization

Figure 1.1, step 6

Smooth muscle cellMolecules

Atoms

Smoothmuscletissue

Epithelialtissue

Smoothmuscletissue

Connectivetissue

Bloodvessel(organ) Cardio-

vascularsystem

Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules

Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells

Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues

Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely

Organismal levelHuman organismsare made up of manyorgan systems

Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules

Levels of Structural Organization

1. Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules.

2. Cellular – cells made of molecules.3. Tissue – made of similar types of cells.4. Organ – made of diff. types of tissues.5. Organ system – consists of different

organs that work closely together.6. Organismal – made up of the organ

systems.

Organ Systems

-composed of bones, cartilage, & joints- provides support & framework for vital organs- serves as a place for muscle attachment

-Forms blood

-Stores minerals: calcium & phosphorus.

-consists of striated, smooth & cardiac muscle- smooth: found in hollow organs- cardiac: found in the heart

- striated (skeletal):

-responsible for movement;

-maintains posture

-Produce heat

Organ Systems

-consists of the largest organ in the body; skin & accessory organs (hair, nails, sweat & oil glands, etc.)- protects underlying tissues- helps regulate body temp.

-Provides mechanical/physical & chemical protection.

-1st line of defense.

-Protects underlying tissue from injury.

-Makes vitamin D.

-Contain sensory receptors.

Organ Systems

Nervous:-Fast-acting response systemconsists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, & special sense organs- highly integrated (nerves)- senses environmental changes (stimuli)-(aka:responsiveness/ irritability)- enables reaction to changes, provides the ability to think, & coordinates the activities of the other systems- regulates the body’s responses to changes in the external environment-*all this adds up to homeostasis

- consists of ductless glands; pituitary, pineal, thyroid,

parathyroid, adrenals & portions of the pancreas, ovaries,

& testes- secrete hormones directly

into the blood stream to target organs throughout the body-coordinates many of the body’s physiological activities-regulates the body’s internal processes-Slow-acting response system

Organ Systems: CirculatoryCirculatory

1. Cardiovascular:

- distribute materials (O2, CO2, hormones, nutrients, waste) via blood throughout the body - consists of heart, blood vessels & blood

2. Lymphatic/ Immune:

-consists of spleen, thymus, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymph fluid, & marrow.- function includes immunity; Store white blood cells (WBCs)

-Clean blood

-Picks up leaked fluid & returns it to the blood.

Organ Systems: Excretory Systems•

Organ Systems: Excretory System1.Digestive: long tubular passage: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines, rectum, anus.

•accessory organs include: salivary glands, pancreas, liver & gallbladder.

•digest/ breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood through physical & chemical processes.

• small intestines absorbs most of the nutrients.

• large intestine absorbs water & eliminates undigested materials as feces.

2. Urinary: comprised of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra. - eliminates excess water, various salts, foreign substances & cellular waste products as urine. - maintains constant internal conditions: Regulates water, electrolyte, & pH (acid- base) balance of the blood.

3. Respiratory: - consists of nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. - provides the body w/ a continuous supply of O2; rids body of CO2

Reproductive System

male organs: testes, epididymis (sperm storing tubules), vas deferens (sperm ducts), seminal vesicles, prostate, penis and urethra

female organs: ovaries, oviducts (fallopian tubes), vagina, external genitalia, mammary glands

BOTH:

- designed to perpetuate the species; produce offspring- influences maturation and development

-Testes produce sperm & male sex hormones-Ducts & glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract

-Ovaries produce eggs & female sex hormones.-Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization & development of the fetus.-Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn.

Interrelationships Among Body Systems

The integumentary system protects the body from the external environment

Digestive & respiratory systems, in contact w/ the external environment, take in nutrients & oxygen

Nutrients & oxygen are distributed by the blood

Metabolic wastes are eliminated by the urinary & respiratory systems

Unused foodstuff is eliminated via the digestive system

Figure 1.3

The Language of AnatomyEQ: Why is it important to know the correct anatomical

terminology for position, region and direction of body parts in humans?

Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding

Exact terms are used for Position Regions Direction Structures

Anatomical Reference Systems

Anatomical Position – body standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward

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- define & describe location, position and relationship of one part to another in the body

Body Regions

Body Regions

Terms of Direction

ventral – anterior: toward the front

dorsal – posterior: toward the back

cranial – superior: uppermost part (head)

caudal – inferior: lowermost part (feet)

medial: toward the midline

lateral: away from the midline

proximal: nearest the point of attachment

distal: away from the point of attachment

Terms of Direction

superficial - peripheral: toward the surface

deep: away from the surface

parietal: pertains to the outer layer or wall

visceral: pertains to the covering of an organ

ipslateral: on the same side

contralateral: positioned on the opposite side of something else

Supe- pointed up (supinate)Prone- pointed down (pronate)

Directional Terms (cont.)

Planes of Sections/ Body Planes

Transverse / Cross

-divides the body into superior (upper) & inferior (lower) portions

-Oblique: angular cross-section

Planes of Sections

Coronal or Frontal

- divides the body into ventral (anterior) and dorsal (posterior) portions

Planes of Sections

Sagittal / Midsagittal or Median

-runs vertically and divides right & left

Mid –equally in twoPara—Unequal halves

Body Planes and Sections

Body Cavities

Human body can be divided into two portions:1. Axial portion- includes the head, neck,

& trunk Dorsal cavity Ventral cavity

2. Appendicular portion- includes the upper and lower limbs

Body Cavities

Body Cavities

Dorsalposterior

Ventralanterior

Cranialbrain

Spinalspinal cord

Thoracic

Mediastinummajor blood vessels, esophagus, trachea

Pleurallungs

Pericardialheart

Abdominalliver, spleen, stomach,

kidneys, lg/sm intestines

Pelvicbladder, rectum, internal

reproductive organs

Abdominopelvic

Diaphragmdome shaped muscle

Body Cavities

Body Cavities

Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity Pleural cavities – each houses a lung Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity,

and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs Pericardial – encloses the heart

Body Cavities The abdominopelvic cavity is separated

from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm It is composed of two subdivisions

Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs

Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Ventral Body Cavity Membranes

Parietal serosa covering the body walls

Visceral serosa covering the internal organs

Serous fluid separates the serosae

Figure 1.10

Body Cavities

Smaller cavities w/in the head include: Oral cavity – teeth & tongue Nasal cavity – w/in the nose

Divided by the nasal septum Includes several sinuses

Orbital cavities – eyes, muscles, nerves Middle ear cavities – small ear bones

Body Cavities

Membranes in the body

Pleural: covers the lungs; w/in ribcage

Pericardial: covers the heart Peritoneal: covers the

abdominal organs

Serous Membranes

Thoracic Membranes•Visceral pleura •Parietal pleura•Visceral pericardium•Parietal pericardium

Line walls of thoracic & abdominal cavities & organsVisceral layer – covers an organ; inner layerParietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall; outer layer

Abdominopelvic Membranes•Visceral peritoneum•Parietal peritoneum

Serous Membranes

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peri =aroundpariet = wallspleur = rib areaviscera = internal organscardi = heart

Serous Membranes

Abdominal Subdivisions- Regions

hypo =beneathumbil = navelepi = upongastr = stomachchondr =cartilage

Abdominal Subdivisions- Quadrants