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fizikisfizikis SesavaliSesavali
profprof. . aleqsandrealeqsandre SengelaiaSengelaia
leqciaTaleqciaTa kursiskursis mizaniamizania gavecnoTgavecnoT::
1. 1. fizikisfizikis midgomasmidgomas CvensCvens irgvlivirgvliv myofimyofi
samyarossamyaros SeswavlisasSeswavlisas. .
2. 2. TuTu rara gavlenasgavlenas axdensaxdens fizikafizika TiToeulTiToeul
CvenTaganzeCvenTaganze..
3. 3. fizikisfizikis fundamenturfundamentur kanonebskanonebs..
4. 4. fizikisfizikis warmodgenebswarmodgenebs CvensCvens samyarozesamyaroze. .
SefasebisSefasebis sistemasistema
kursis komponentebi:
leqcia: (weriTi gamocda, maqs. 40 qula)
koloqviumebi (ori koloqviumi, TiTo 15 qula, jami maqs. 30 qula)
praqtikuli mecadineobebi: (ori sakontrolo, TiTo 10 qula,
jami maqs. 20 qula).
daswreba leqciebze da praqtikul mecadineobebze ( maqs. 10 qula).
yvela komponentSi monawileobis miReba aucilebelia !
leqciebi gaTvlilia saSualo donis studentze.
mecnierebamecniereba cdilobscdilobs SeiswavlosSeiswavlos CvensCvens garSemogarSemo
arsebuliarsebuli fizikurifizikuri samyarosamyaro samecnierosamecniero
meTodebismeTodebis gamoyenebiTgamoyenebiT..
mecnierebaSimecnierebaSi arar arsebobenarseboben avtoritetebiavtoritetebi ! ! ukeTesukeTes
SemTxvevaSiSemTxvevaSi SeiZlebaSeiZleba iyvneniyvnen eqspertebieqspertebi, , magrammagram
isinicisinic SeiZlebaSeiZleba cdebodnencdebodnen ((magaliTadmagaliTad
einSteinieinSteini))
rara arisaris mecnierebamecniereba ??
rara arisaris mecnierebamecniereba ??
yoveliyoveli TqvenTaganiTqvenTagani iyenebsiyenebs mecnierulmecnierul
process process TiTqmisTiTqmis yoveldRiuradyoveldRiurad. .
yovelTvisyovelTvis rocaroca svamTsvamT kiTxvaskiTxvas ""rara
moxdebamoxdeba TuTu...", ...", dada cdilobTcdilobT TqveniTqveni
hipoTezishipoTezis cdiscdis--eqsperimentiseqsperimentis meSveobiTmeSveobiT
SemowmebasSemowmebas, , TqvenTqven SeiZlebaSeiZleba gewodoTgewodoT
mecnierimecnieri..
warmoidgineTwarmoidgineT, , romrom xarTxarT 4 4 wliswlis dada gindaTgindaT gaigoTgaigoT
rogorrogor inTebainTeba SuqiSuqi TqveniTqveni saxlissaxlis korodorSikorodorSi..
rara faqtsfaqts miaqcieTmiaqcieT yuradRebayuradReba ? ? SuqisSuqis CamrTveliCamrTveli !!
TqvenTqven gadarTavTgadarTavT CamrTvelsCamrTvels zeviTzeviT dada TqvendaTqvenda
sasiamovnodsasiamovnod SuqiSuqi irTvebairTveba ! ! TqvenTqven gadarTavTgadarTavT CamrTvelsCamrTvels
zeviTzeviT--qveviTqveviT mravaljermravaljer sanamsanam dedadeda arar getyviTgetyviT, , kargikargi, ,
ukveukve sakmarisiasakmarisia. e. i. . e. i. TqvenTqven iswavleTiswavleT rogorrogor inTebainTeba SuqiSuqi
TqveniTqveni saxlissaxlis korodorSikorodorSi..
momdevnomomdevno dilasdilas TqvenTqven xedavTxedavT, , romrom koridorSikoridorSi SuqiSuqi
anTebuliaanTebulia......
magrammagram CamrTveliCamrTveli qvedaqveda mdgomareobaSiamdgomareobaSia ?!?!
Tqveni Teoria araswori aRmoCnda. rogori iqneba Tqveni
axali hipoTeza ? rogor SeamowmebT mas ?
rara arisaris mecnierebamecniereba ??
fizikuri
realoba
Cveni
samyaro
inJineria
geologia
astronomia
biologia
qimia
abstraqcia
fizika da sxva mecnierebebi
• leqciebze umTavresad yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT
fizikis ZiriTad ideebze, konceptualur
sakiTxebze.
• es ar niSnavs, rom es ideebi trivialuria !
• Cven gamoviyenebT
• grafikebs
• naxatebs
• martiv algebras
• ar iqneba rTuli maTematika...
swrafadswrafad gamoiangariSeTgamoiangariSeT, ,
2 + 3 x 4 = 2 + 3 x 4 = 20?20?14?14?sxvasxva ricxviricxvi??
(2 + 3) x 4 = (2 + 3) x 4 = 20?20?14?14?rara arisaris gansxvavebagansxvaveba ? ?
--5522 -- 6 6 ••((-- 4) = 4) = 49?49?1?1?--1?1?--49??49??
dada sworiswori pasuxiapasuxia……
--11
swrafadswrafad gamoiangariSeTgamoiangariSeT, ,
elementarulielementaruli algebraalgebra
F = maF = marogorrogor vipovoTvipovoT a?a?y = 4xy = 4x22, , vipovoTvipovoT x x
rara miviReTmiviReT ??
gavyaviTgavyaviT gantolebisgantolebis oriveorive mxaremxare 44 --zeze
aviReTaviReT fesvifesvi
2y
x =
elementarulielementaruli algebra algebra
gantolebebisgantolebebis gardaqmnagardaqmna
ipoveTipoveT vvoo: v = : v = vvoo + at+ atipoveTipoveT vvoo : v: v22 = v= voo
22 + 2a(x + 2a(x –– xxoo))ipoveTipoveT a: va: v22 = v= voo
22 + 2a(x + 2a(x –– xxoo))ipoveTipoveT x: vx: v22 = v= voo
22 + 2a(x + 2a(x –– xxoo))ipoveTipoveT m: K = m: K = ½½ mvmv22
ipoveTipoveT v: K = v: K = ½½ mvmv22
ipoveTipoveT m: m: kmT /2π=
gantolebebigantolebebi
c = fc = fλλ dada E = E = hfhf, , gamosaxeTgamosaxeT E h, c, E h, c, dada λλ−−TiTi
I = V/R I = V/R dada P = IV, P = IV, gamosaxeTgamosaxeT P I P I dada RR--iTiT. . gamosaxeTgamosaxeT P V P V dada RR--iTiT. .
maTematikurimaTematikuri modelebimodelebi
fizikaSifizikaSi movlenebismovlenebis aRsaweradaRsawerad gamoiyenebagamoiyeneba
modelebimodelebi, , kerZodkerZod maTematikurimaTematikuri modelebimodelebi. . eses
modelebimodelebi xSiradxSirad iRebeniReben maTematikurimaTematikuri
formulebis/gantolebebisformulebis/gantolebebis saxes.saxes.
magaliTimagaliTi:: F = ma, F = ma, e.ie.i.. a = F/m. a = F/m. rocaroca ZalaZala
izrdebaizrdeba, , aCqarebacaCqarebac imdenjerveimdenjerve undaunda gaizardosgaizardos. .
rocaroca masamasa izrdebaizrdeba aCqarebacaCqarebac imdenjerveimdenjerve undaunda
SemcirdesSemcirdes..
eqsperimentieqsperimenti
vawvebiTvawvebiT manqanasmanqanas sxvadasxvasxvadasxva ZaliTZaliT dada
vzomavTvzomavT amisamis SedegadSedegad miRebulmiRebul manqanismanqanis
aCqarebasaCqarebas. .
am am SemTxvevaSiSemTxvevaSi ZalaZala damoukidebelidamoukidebeli
parametriparametri ((cvladiacvladia), ), xoloxolo aCqarebaaCqareba
damokidebulidamokidebuli parametriparametri ((cvladiacvladia).).
grafikuligrafikuli modelimodeli
aCqareba(m/wm2)
Zala (n)
manqanis aCqarebis damokidebuleba modebul Zalaze
grafikisgrafikis aRweraaRwera
damoukidebelidamoukidebeli cvladicvladi xx-- RerZzeRerZze
damokidebulidamokidebuli cvladicvladi yy-- RerZzeRerZze
aucilebeliaaucilebelia sidideebissidideebis ganzomilebebisganzomilebebis miTiTebamiTiTeba !!!!!!
grafikisgrafikis elementebielementebi
ra aris fizika ?
fizika cdilobs miakvlios im zogad principebs,
romelTa saSualebiT SesaZlebeli iqneba fizikuri
samyaros da fizikuri movlenebis aRwera.
magaliTi:
planetebis
moZraobavaSlis
vardna xidan
mizidulobis
Zala
fizika aseve eZebs materiis
Semadgenel umcires "agurebs"
materia Cvens garSemo
molekulebi
atomebi
elementaruli nawilakebi
???
aTasobiT
asobiT
aTobiT
ramodenime
fizikis moqmedebis principi
• aRmoCena
• eqsperimenti/dakvirveba
• hipoTeza
• winaswarmetyveleba
• misi Semowmeba
• Teoria
mudmivimudmivi ciklicikli, , urTierTqmedebaurTierTqmedeba
TeoriasaTeoriasa dada eqsperimentseqsperiments SorisSoris
mecniereba moiTxovs obieqturobas
mecnierma unda gaiTvaliswinos eqsperimentis Sedegi
miuxedavad imisa, rom SeiZleba is sul sxva Sedegs
eloda. man aucileblad unda ganasxvavos is rasac igi
miiRebs imisagan Tu ra undoda rom mieRo.
adamianebs xSirad axasiaTebT axali ideebisa da
hipoTezebis miReba seriozuli analizisa da kritikis
gareSe. mecnierebaSi es miuRebelia. nebismieri idea
mcdaria Tu igi ar dadasturda realobaSi. ase rom,
cxovrebasa da mecnierebaSi ideis WeSmaritebis
kriteriumi aris realoba, eqsperimenti.
fizika da saerTod mecniereba
yovelTvis ganviTarebis procesSia.
Zveli Teoriebi icvleba axliT.
Sedegad ki vRebulobT fizikuri
samyarosa da movlenebis ufro Rrma
gagebas/gaazrebas.
makro da mikrosamyaro
ganzomilebaTa prefiqsebi
⇓Semoklebuli aRniSvnebi
prefiqsi simbolo faqtori
Exa E 1018
Peta P 1015
Tera T 1012
Giga G 109
Mega M 106
kilo k 103
prefiqsi simbolo faqtori
atto a 10−18
femto f 10−15
pico p 10−12
nano n 10−9
mikro μ 10−6
milli m 10−3
gamosaxeTgamosaxeT nulebiTnulebiT
1) 4.75 x 101) 4.75 x 1088
2) 3.5 x 102) 3.5 x 10--55
3) 26.5 x 103) 26.5 x 10--44
gamosaxeTgamosaxeT aTisaTis xarisxebiTxarisxebiT
1)1) 4200000042000000
2)2) 0.00000009870.0000000987
3)3) 500500500500
4)4) 0.002340000.00234000
aTisaTis xarisxebadxarisxebad CawerisCaweris wesebiwesebi
wertiliwertili yovelTvisyovelTvis ismebaismeba pirvelipirveli
aranulovaniaranulovani ricxvisricxvis SemdegSemdeg. . TuTu ricxviricxvi metiametia 1010--ze, ze, maSinmaSin
xarisxisxarisxis maCvenebelimaCvenebeli dadebiTiadadebiTia
((didididi ricxvebiricxvebi))
TuTu ricxviricxvi naklebianaklebia 1010--ze, ze, maSinmaSin
xarisxisxarisxis maCvenebelimaCvenebeli uaryofiTiauaryofiTia
((mciremcire ricxvebiricxvebi))
magaliTebimagaliTebi
50098387000 50098387000 iqnebaiqneba……5.0098387 x 105.0098387 x 101010
0.0000087002 0.0000087002 iqnebaiqneba……8.7002 x 108.7002 x 10--66
4.87 x 104.87 x 101818 arisaris……4,870,000,000,000,000,000 4,870,000,000,000,000,000 4.75 x 104.75 x 10--9 9 arisaris……0.000000004750.00000000475
filmi aTis xarisxebze