Introduction to Process Technology Basic Physics

Introduction to Process Introduction to Process TechnologyTechnology

Basic Physics

• What is Physics?• Why is Physics Important to Proc Oper?• Properties and Structure of Matter• Types of Energy• Temperature & Thermal Heat Transfer• Physics Laws• Flow Rates• Force and Pressure• Work and Mechanical Efficiencies• Electricity

Today’s AgendaToday’s Agenda

What is Physics?What is Physics?

Sheldon Teaches Penny PhysicsFrom sitcom “The Big Bang

Theory”

• Physics is the study of matter and energy

• Matter

• Energy

What is Physics?What is Physics?

Why Physics is Important to Proc Why Physics is Important to Proc Techs & Engineers & Other Techs & Engineers & Other

TechniciansTechnicians

• Explains the basic principles of the equipment they use on a day-to-day basis. Examples –

• Allows them to understand the processes used to convert raw products to end products

• Maintaining safe operations

Why Physics is Important to Proc Why Physics is Important to Proc TechsTechs

• Allows them to understand how to troubleshoot the process or to identify a problem and then solve the problem

• Allows them to understand how the process affects other processes downstream

• Matter – object that takes up space– Solids – definite shape and volume– Liquids – definite volume, not shape– Gases – no definite volume or shape– Plasma – collection of charge

particles that form gas-like clouds or ion beams

Matter and its StatesMatter and its States

Conservation of MatterConservation of Matter

• Matter cannot be created or destroyed; only changed

• Matter is considered to be indestructible

States Changes of MatterStates Changes of Matter

• Melting – solid to liquid• Freezing – liquid to solid• Vaporization

– Boiling – liquid to gas (heat applied)– Evaporation – liquid to gas (natural)

• Condensation – vapor to liquid• Sublimation – solid to vapor• Deposition – vapor to solid

• Mass – amount of a object• Weight – measure of force of

gravity on an object• Volume – amount of space an

object takes up

Specific Properties of Specific Properties of Matter Matter

Specific Properties of Specific Properties of Matter (Continued)Matter (Continued)

• Density – mass (weight) per unit volume

• Specific Gravity – comparison of density to that of water for solids and liquids and to air for gases

• Hardness – ability of one substance to scratch/mark another

• Odor – smell of substance

• Color – optical sensation produced by effect of light waves stiking surface

• Inertia – tendancy of object to move or stay at rest

• Force – push or pull on object• Pressure – force exerted on a certain area• Buoyancy – objects’ ability to float• Flow – movement of fluids• Speed – distance object travels in given

time. Velocity – speed with direction



• Porosity – measure of small holes in an object

• Elasticity – ability of stretched object to regain original shape

• Friction resistance of one object sliding on another


• Viscosity – impedance of flow• Tenacity (tensile strength) –

strength of material against bends and pulls

• Ductility – ability to pull a material• Malleability – ability to mold a

material


• Conductivity – ability of material to allow flow of electrons

• Adhesion – materials that stick• Cohesive Force – allow materials

to resist being separated


• Surface Tension – property of surface of liquid that resists force

• Capillary Action – flow of a liquid up a tube without force

• Temperature – kinetic energy of molecules

• Atoms – smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element– Protons – positively charged subatomic particle found in

the nucleus of an atom– Neutrons – subatomic particle found in the nucleus of

an atom that has no charge– Electrons – negatively charged subatomic particle found in

orbiting the nucleus of an atom-- Valence Electrons – outermost electrons which provide

links for bonding

• Molecule – neutral chemically bonded groups of atoms that act as a unit

• Isotope – elements with same number of protons, but different number of neutrons

Structure of MatterStructure of Matter

• Atomic Number – the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element

• Atomic Mass (Molecular Weight) – weighted average of the masses of the isotopes of an element predominantly from masses of protons & neutrons

• Determining Molecular Weight of Compound – Add all masses of each element. Remember to multiply if more than 1 present.

Structure of Matter Structure of Matter (Continued)(Continued)

States of EnergyStates of Energy

• Potential – stored energy. Energy of height

• Kinetic – energy of motion

Temperature and State Temperature and State ChangesChanges

• Temperature – kinetic energy of molecules

• Heat – transfer of energy as a result of temperature difference

• State Changes– Evaporation Boiling– Melting Freezing– Condensing Sublimation– Deposition

Temperature ScalesTemperature Scales

• Fahrenheit

• Celsius

• Absolute Zero– Kelvin = oC + 273– Rankine = oF + 460

Temperature Temperature MeasurementMeasurement

• Fahrenheit• Celsius• Kelvin• Rankine

Temperature (BTU) Temperature (BTU) TransferTransfer

• British Thermal Unit (BTU)– Calorie – Metric System

• Conduction – heat exchange for objects in direct contact with each other

• Convection – heat from circulation of a material

• Radiation – heat moving through space

Types of HeatTypes of Heat

• Specific heat – heat to raise 1 g. by 1 °C

• Sensible heat – heat transfer that results in temperature change

• Latent heat – heat that causes phase change, but not temp change

Types of HeatTypes of Heat

• Latent heat of fusion – heat required to change solid to liquid without temp. change

• Latent heat of vaporization – heat required to change liquid to vapor without temp. change

• Latent heat of condensation – heat given off when vapor is converted to liquid without temperature change

Boiling PointBoiling Point

• The temperature of a liquid when its vapor pressure = the surrounding pressure

• Increasing the pressure of a system increases boiling point and vice versa… that is why water boils at a lower temperature up in the mountains compared to the coast

Vapor PressureVapor Pressure

• Vapor pressure– A measure of a liquid’s volatility and

tendency to form a vapor– A function of the physical and chemical

properties of the liquid– At a given temperature, a substance with

higher vapor pressure vaporizes more readily than a substance with a lower vapor pressure

Relationship of Boiling Relationship of Boiling Point/vapor pressure/ Point/vapor pressure/ surrounding pressuresurrounding pressure

• Liquids w/ High VP – Low BP• Liquids w/ Low VP – High BP• As surrounding Pressure

increases, then boiling point of liquid increases

Heat Rate EquationHeat Rate Equation

• Heat = mass of material x material’s specific heat x change in temperature– Q = mCp∆T

• Important for steam production, use– Heat Rate = steam flow x specific

heat capacity of steam x change in temperature

Thermal EfficiencyThermal Efficiency

• Applied to heat exchanger optimization

• Efficiency = (temperature in – temperature

out) X 100% temperature in

Physics LawsPhysics Laws

• Governing Gases – – Boyle’s Law– Charles’ Law– Gay-Lussac’s Law – Avogadro’s Law– Combined Gas Law– Ideal Gas Law– Dalton’s Law

• Governing Gases & Liquids - Bernoulli’s Law

NASA Video

NASA Video

General Gas LawGeneral Gas Law

• P1V1 = P2V2

n1 T1 n2 T2

Tanker Implodes http://www.break.com/index/tanker-implodes.html

Dalton’s Law of Partial Dalton’s Law of Partial PressuresPressures

Principles of Liquid Principles of Liquid PressurePressure

• Liquid pressure is directly proportional to density of liquid

• Liquid pressure is proportional to height (amount) of liquid

• Liquid pressure is exerted in a perpendicular direction on the walls of vessel

Principles of Liquid Principles of Liquid PressurePressure

• Liquid pressure is exerted equality in all directions

• Liquid pressure at the base of a tank is not affected by the size or shape of tank’

• Liquid pressure transmits applied force equally, without loss, inside an enclosed container or a pipe

Flow RateFlow Rate

• Flowrate = Volume Time

Qv = Avvolumetric flow rate = area of pipe x velocity of fluid

Bernouli’s PrincipleBernouli’s Principle

• States that in a closed process with a constant flow rate:– Changes in fluid velocity (kinetic energy)

decrease or increase pressure– Kinetic-energy and pressure-energy changes

correspond to pipe-size changes– Pipe-diameter changes cause velocity

changes– Pressure-energy, kinetic-energy (or fluid

velocity), and pipe-diameter changes are related

Bernoulli PrincipleBernoulli Principle

Bernoulli’s PrincipleBernoulli’s Principle

Fluid FlowFluid Flow

• Laminar Flow –– When a fluid moves through a

system in thin cylindrical sheets with little or no turbulence. Laminar flow allows the existence of static film, which acts as an insulator.

– Laminar flow occurs at lower flow rates and in high viscosity fluids.


• Turbulent Flow – – When a fluid moving through a system

moves in a random or irregular pattern (turbulence), the fluid’s particles mix. Turbulent flow allows increased heat transfer to occur.

– Turbulent flow decreases the static film. Increased flow rates, low viscosity fluids and bends in pipe and other obstructions cause turbulent flow.

•Fluid energy can be in several forms:–Kinetic energy (fluid motion)–System pressure and potential energy

–Heat energy (temperature]


• Laminar Flow – fluid moves in thin sheets with little or no turbulence.

• Turbulent Flow – fluid moves in a random or irregular pattern with considerable mixing.

Turbulent flow

Laminar flow

Laminar FlowLaminar Flow

Turbulent FlowTurbulent Flow

Turbulent flowTurbulent flow

Reynolds Number (R)Reynolds Number (R)

• Used to size pipe to ensure proper flow (either laminar or turbulent)

• Used to design to prevent erosion of pipes from too high a fluid velocity

R = (Fluid Velocity)(Inside Diameter of Pipe)(Fluid Density)

Absolute Fluid Viscosity

Flow of SolidsFlow of Solids

• A variety of gases are used to transfer solids– Nitrogen (most common since inert),

air, chlorine, and hydrogen– In proper combination, these allow

solids to respond like fluids– Examples – plastics manufacture,

catalytic cracking units, vacuum systems

Measuring HeavinessMeasuring Heaviness

• Baume Gravity – standard used by industrial manufacturers to measure nonhydrocarbon heaviness

• API Gravity – measures heaviness of hydrocarbons

Force and PressureForce and Pressure

• Pressure = Force Area

Pressure exerted by a “head” of fluidHeight of fluid x Density of fluid

144 in2/ft2

Gauge MeasurementsGauge Measurements

• Absolute Pressure = atmospheric + Gauge

• Gauge pressure = anything above atmospheric– Gauge P = Absolute P – Atmospheric P

• Vacuum = a pressure below atmospheric

• Where atmospheric pressure = 14.7 psi = 760 mm Hg = 29.92 in Hg = 1 torr

Pressure MeasurementPressure Measurement

• Gauge• Absolute• Vacuum

WorkWork

• Work = Force x Distance

Mechanical AdvantageMechanical Advantage

• Mechanical Advantage = Resistance Effortor Work OutWork In

(MA > 1 is good… so the larger the MA the better)or Force OutForce In

(MA < 1 is good… so the smaller the MA the better)

Mechanical Advantage - Mechanical Advantage - MomentsMoments

• Inclined Plane and MALength of planeHeight of plane

Mechanical Advantage & Mechanical Advantage & EfficiencyEfficiency

Efficiency = Actual MA x 100%

Ideal MA

Efficiency can never be > 1

ElectricityElectricity

• Electric current – • Electricity –• Direct Current –

– Example – battery

• Alternating Current –– Example – power generating station

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mozGbPNFf8c


• Ohm’s Law – relationship between current (A for amps), resistance (Ω for ohms), and electrical potential (voltage – v for volts)

• Voltage = Resistance x Current


• Power = Voltage / Current

• To determine power costs, multiply cost per kwhr X dollars per kwhr X hours the equipment operated


• Parallel Circuits – electricity can only flow in one path. If path is broken, electrons (current) cannot flow

• Series Circuits – electricity can flow in more than one direction, so if one path is disrupted electricity still flows

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Introduction to Process Technology Basic Physics