Introduction to Process Introduction to Process TechnologyTechnology
Basic Physics
⢠What is Physics?⢠Why is Physics Important to Proc Oper?⢠Properties and Structure of Matter⢠Types of Energy⢠Temperature & Thermal Heat Transfer⢠Physics Laws⢠Flow Rates⢠Force and Pressure⢠Work and Mechanical Efficiencies⢠Electricity
Todayâs AgendaTodayâs Agenda
What is Physics?What is Physics?
Sheldon Teaches Penny PhysicsFrom sitcom âThe Big Bang
Theoryâ
⢠Physics is the study of matter and energy
⢠Matter
⢠Energy
What is Physics?What is Physics?
Why Physics is Important to Proc Why Physics is Important to Proc Techs & Engineers & Other Techs & Engineers & Other
TechniciansTechnicians
⢠Explains the basic principles of the equipment they use on a day-to-day basis. Examples â
⢠Allows them to understand the processes used to convert raw products to end products
⢠Maintaining safe operations
Why Physics is Important to Proc Why Physics is Important to Proc TechsTechs
⢠Allows them to understand how to troubleshoot the process or to identify a problem and then solve the problem
⢠Allows them to understand how the process affects other processes downstream
⢠Matter â object that takes up spaceâ Solids â definite shape and volumeâ Liquids â definite volume, not shapeâ Gases â no definite volume or shapeâ Plasma â collection of charge
particles that form gas-like clouds or ion beams
Matter and its StatesMatter and its States
Conservation of MatterConservation of Matter
⢠Matter cannot be created or destroyed; only changed
⢠Matter is considered to be indestructible
States Changes of MatterStates Changes of Matter
⢠Melting â solid to liquid⢠Freezing â liquid to solid⢠Vaporization
â Boiling â liquid to gas (heat applied)â Evaporation â liquid to gas (natural)
⢠Condensation â vapor to liquid⢠Sublimation â solid to vapor⢠Deposition â vapor to solid
⢠Mass â amount of a object⢠Weight â measure of force of
gravity on an object⢠Volume â amount of space an
object takes up
Specific Properties of Specific Properties of Matter Matter
Specific Properties of Specific Properties of Matter (Continued)Matter (Continued)
⢠Density â mass (weight) per unit volume
⢠Specific Gravity â comparison of density to that of water for solids and liquids and to air for gases
⢠Hardness â ability of one substance to scratch/mark another
⢠Odor â smell of substance
⢠Color â optical sensation produced by effect of light waves stiking surface
⢠Inertia â tendancy of object to move or stay at rest
⢠Force â push or pull on object⢠Pressure â force exerted on a certain area⢠Buoyancy â objectsâ ability to float⢠Flow â movement of fluids⢠Speed â distance object travels in given
time. Velocity â speed with direction
Specific Properties of Specific Properties of Matter (Continued)Matter (Continued)
Specific Properties of Specific Properties of Matter (Continued)Matter (Continued)
⢠Porosity â measure of small holes in an object
⢠Elasticity â ability of stretched object to regain original shape
⢠Friction resistance of one object sliding on another
Specific Properties of Specific Properties of Matter (Continued)Matter (Continued)
⢠Viscosity â impedance of flow⢠Tenacity (tensile strength) â
strength of material against bends and pulls
⢠Ductility â ability to pull a material⢠Malleability â ability to mold a
material
Specific Properties of Specific Properties of Matter (Continued)Matter (Continued)
⢠Conductivity â ability of material to allow flow of electrons
⢠Adhesion â materials that stick⢠Cohesive Force â allow materials
to resist being separated
Specific Properties of Specific Properties of Matter (Continued)Matter (Continued)
⢠Surface Tension â property of surface of liquid that resists force
⢠Capillary Action â flow of a liquid up a tube without force
⢠Temperature â kinetic energy of molecules
⢠Atoms â smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that elementâ Protons â positively charged subatomic particle found in
the nucleus of an atomâ Neutrons â subatomic particle found in the nucleus of
an atom that has no chargeâ Electrons â negatively charged subatomic particle found in
orbiting the nucleus of an atom-- Valence Electrons â outermost electrons which provide
links for bonding
⢠Molecule â neutral chemically bonded groups of atoms that act as a unit
⢠Isotope â elements with same number of protons, but different number of neutrons
Structure of MatterStructure of Matter
⢠Atomic Number â the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element
⢠Atomic Mass (Molecular Weight) â weighted average of the masses of the isotopes of an element predominantly from masses of protons & neutrons
⢠Determining Molecular Weight of Compound â Add all masses of each element. Remember to multiply if more than 1 present.
Structure of Matter Structure of Matter (Continued)(Continued)
States of EnergyStates of Energy
⢠Potential â stored energy. Energy of height
⢠Kinetic â energy of motion
Temperature and State Temperature and State ChangesChanges
⢠Temperature â kinetic energy of molecules
⢠Heat â transfer of energy as a result of temperature difference
⢠State Changesâ Evaporation Boilingâ Melting Freezingâ Condensing Sublimationâ Deposition
Temperature ScalesTemperature Scales
⢠Fahrenheit
⢠Celsius
⢠Absolute Zeroâ Kelvin = oC + 273â Rankine = oF + 460
Temperature Temperature MeasurementMeasurement
⢠Fahrenheit⢠Celsius⢠Kelvin⢠Rankine
Temperature (BTU) Temperature (BTU) TransferTransfer
⢠British Thermal Unit (BTU)â Calorie â Metric System
⢠Conduction â heat exchange for objects in direct contact with each other
⢠Convection â heat from circulation of a material
⢠Radiation â heat moving through space
Types of HeatTypes of Heat
⢠Specific heat â heat to raise 1 g. by 1 °C
⢠Sensible heat â heat transfer that results in temperature change
⢠Latent heat â heat that causes phase change, but not temp change
Types of HeatTypes of Heat
⢠Latent heat of fusion â heat required to change solid to liquid without temp. change
⢠Latent heat of vaporization â heat required to change liquid to vapor without temp. change
⢠Latent heat of condensation â heat given off when vapor is converted to liquid without temperature change
Boiling PointBoiling Point
⢠The temperature of a liquid when its vapor pressure = the surrounding pressure
⢠Increasing the pressure of a system increases boiling point and vice versa⌠that is why water boils at a lower temperature up in the mountains compared to the coast
Vapor PressureVapor Pressure
⢠Vapor pressureâ A measure of a liquidâs volatility and
tendency to form a vaporâ A function of the physical and chemical
properties of the liquidâ At a given temperature, a substance with
higher vapor pressure vaporizes more readily than a substance with a lower vapor pressure
Relationship of Boiling Relationship of Boiling Point/vapor pressure/ Point/vapor pressure/ surrounding pressuresurrounding pressure
⢠Liquids w/ High VP â Low BP⢠Liquids w/ Low VP â High BP⢠As surrounding Pressure
increases, then boiling point of liquid increases
Heat Rate EquationHeat Rate Equation
⢠Heat = mass of material x materialâs specific heat x change in temperatureâ Q = mCpâT
⢠Important for steam production, useâ Heat Rate = steam flow x specific
heat capacity of steam x change in temperature
Thermal EfficiencyThermal Efficiency
⢠Applied to heat exchanger optimization
⢠Efficiency = (temperature in â temperature
out) X 100% temperature in
Physics LawsPhysics Laws
⢠Governing Gases â â Boyleâs Lawâ Charlesâ Lawâ Gay-Lussacâs Law â Avogadroâs Lawâ Combined Gas Lawâ Ideal Gas Lawâ Daltonâs Law
⢠Governing Gases & Liquids - Bernoulliâs Law
NASA Video
NASA Video
General Gas LawGeneral Gas Law
⢠P1V1 = P2V2
n1 T1 n2 T2
Tanker Implodes http://www.break.com/index/tanker-implodes.html
Daltonâs Law of Partial Daltonâs Law of Partial PressuresPressures
Principles of Liquid Principles of Liquid PressurePressure
⢠Liquid pressure is directly proportional to density of liquid
⢠Liquid pressure is proportional to height (amount) of liquid
⢠Liquid pressure is exerted in a perpendicular direction on the walls of vessel
Principles of Liquid Principles of Liquid PressurePressure
⢠Liquid pressure is exerted equality in all directions
⢠Liquid pressure at the base of a tank is not affected by the size or shape of tankâ
⢠Liquid pressure transmits applied force equally, without loss, inside an enclosed container or a pipe
Flow RateFlow Rate
⢠Flowrate = Volume Time
Qv = Avvolumetric flow rate = area of pipe x velocity of fluid
Bernouliâs PrincipleBernouliâs Principle
⢠States that in a closed process with a constant flow rate:â Changes in fluid velocity (kinetic energy)
decrease or increase pressureâ Kinetic-energy and pressure-energy changes
correspond to pipe-size changesâ Pipe-diameter changes cause velocity
changesâ Pressure-energy, kinetic-energy (or fluid
velocity), and pipe-diameter changes are related
Bernoulli PrincipleBernoulli Principle
Bernoulliâs PrincipleBernoulliâs Principle
Fluid FlowFluid Flow
⢠Laminar Flow ââ When a fluid moves through a
system in thin cylindrical sheets with little or no turbulence. Laminar flow allows the existence of static film, which acts as an insulator.
â Laminar flow occurs at lower flow rates and in high viscosity fluids.
Fluid FlowFluid Flow
⢠Turbulent Flow â â When a fluid moving through a system
moves in a random or irregular pattern (turbulence), the fluidâs particles mix. Turbulent flow allows increased heat transfer to occur.
â Turbulent flow decreases the static film. Increased flow rates, low viscosity fluids and bends in pipe and other obstructions cause turbulent flow.
â˘Fluid energy can be in several forms:âKinetic energy (fluid motion)âSystem pressure and potential energy
âHeat energy (temperature]
Fluid FlowFluid Flow
⢠Laminar Flow â fluid moves in thin sheets with little or no turbulence.
⢠Turbulent Flow â fluid moves in a random or irregular pattern with considerable mixing.
Turbulent flow
Laminar flow
Laminar FlowLaminar Flow
Turbulent FlowTurbulent Flow
Turbulent flowTurbulent flow
Reynolds Number (R)Reynolds Number (R)
⢠Used to size pipe to ensure proper flow (either laminar or turbulent)
⢠Used to design to prevent erosion of pipes from too high a fluid velocity
R = (Fluid Velocity)(Inside Diameter of Pipe)(Fluid Density)
Absolute Fluid Viscosity
Flow of SolidsFlow of Solids
⢠A variety of gases are used to transfer solidsâ Nitrogen (most common since inert),
air, chlorine, and hydrogenâ In proper combination, these allow
solids to respond like fluidsâ Examples â plastics manufacture,
catalytic cracking units, vacuum systems
Measuring HeavinessMeasuring Heaviness
⢠Baume Gravity â standard used by industrial manufacturers to measure nonhydrocarbon heaviness
⢠API Gravity â measures heaviness of hydrocarbons
Force and PressureForce and Pressure
⢠Pressure = Force Area
Pressure exerted by a âheadâ of fluidHeight of fluid x Density of fluid
144 in2/ft2
Gauge MeasurementsGauge Measurements
⢠Absolute Pressure = atmospheric + Gauge
⢠Gauge pressure = anything above atmosphericâ Gauge P = Absolute P â Atmospheric P
⢠Vacuum = a pressure below atmospheric
⢠Where atmospheric pressure = 14.7 psi = 760 mm Hg = 29.92 in Hg = 1 torr
Pressure MeasurementPressure Measurement
⢠Gauge⢠Absolute⢠Vacuum
WorkWork
⢠Work = Force x Distance
Mechanical AdvantageMechanical Advantage
⢠Mechanical Advantage = Resistance Effortor Work OutWork In
(MA > 1 is good⌠so the larger the MA the better)or Force OutForce In
(MA < 1 is good⌠so the smaller the MA the better)
Mechanical Advantage - Mechanical Advantage - MomentsMoments
⢠Inclined Plane and MALength of planeHeight of plane
Mechanical Advantage & Mechanical Advantage & EfficiencyEfficiency
Efficiency = Actual MA x 100%
Ideal MA
Efficiency can never be > 1
ElectricityElectricity
⢠Electric current â ⢠Electricity â⢠Direct Current â
â Example â battery
⢠Alternating Current ââ Example â power generating station
⢠https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mozGbPNFf8c
ElectricityElectricity
⢠Ohmâs Law â relationship between current (A for amps), resistance (Ί for ohms), and electrical potential (voltage â v for volts)
⢠Voltage = Resistance x Current
ElectricityElectricity
⢠Power = Voltage / Current
⢠To determine power costs, multiply cost per kwhr X dollars per kwhr X hours the equipment operated
ElectricityElectricity
⢠Parallel Circuits â electricity can only flow in one path. If path is broken, electrons (current) cannot flow
⢠Series Circuits â electricity can flow in more than one direction, so if one path is disrupted electricity still flows