Introduction to Programming Languages

Problem Solving in Programming

Problem Solving

Primitive and Higher calculations Computer programming is artifact (tool) used

for the Problem solving mechanism via computers

Few Terms

Program Programming Programability

Algorithm and program

Algorithm is sequence of steps usually written in natural language readable for humans

Programming is the algorithm translated in programming language so that computer can understand

Programming – By Example

Mean of three Numbers Instructions Program Counter Fetch and Execute Cycle

Flow Charts

FlowCharts

Is common type of chart used to represents an algorithm or process.

The steps are shown in boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting these with arrows.

Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program in various fields.

Flowchart The notations for flowchart are

Draw a flowchart that will compute the sum, average and product of three numbers.

Process Start / End

Decision Input / OutputT

F

How to develop Algorithm

Write Algorithm and draw flow chart of 10 numbers in a loop

Table of 2 Factorial

Jumping to Programming Languages

History (Paradigms) Unstructured Languages

Single continuous block of code e.g Assembly

Structured / Procedural Languages Functions and procedures e.g C, Pascal, Fortran

Object-Oriented Languages Real-world modeling (Attributes, Behavior) e.g C++, Java

Why we are going towards OOP? Object-oriented creatures Advantages:

Simpler, easier to read programs More efficient reuse of code Faster time to market More robust, error-free code

Concepts on the way ….

some basic questions??

What are the objects in OOP? What should be the objects in the design of

an object-oriented program? Is OOP better than previous programming

paradigms?

How will I understand?????

Computer and Humans

Computers understand 0’s and 1’s High level Language Machine level Language

Execution of a Program

Object Code

Source Code

Other Object Files

Linker

.exe fileExecute

Output

010101010101010101101000000……

Compiler

MyProg.class

MyProg.java

Compiler

Other class Files

Linker

A2 HJ JINJ JI JOJO 99 O1

JAR Archive

public class Sample{ public void main() { println( “hello”); }}

A2 N8 BH HJBK JI KO O9NJ JK L8 J9JI JO KJ KOK3 K9 98 90 ….

AB CD F3S6 JS JHN9 J5 33

JVM

hello

Java Interpreter

                         

                            

Java OOP language developed by SUN Microsystems Java is compiled into bytecodes Bytecodes are high-level, machine-independent

instructions for a hypothetical machine, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

The Java run-time system provides the JVM Extensive networking facilities Extensive set of APIs for GUIs, distributed

computing, 2D/3D graphics, mail, and others Portable: Write Once, Run Anywhere Multithreading support built into the language

Java Features Automatic garbage collection

No manual memory allocation and deallocation Never have to worry about memory leaks

No pointers or pointer arithmetic No off-by-one bugs

Arrays are first-class objects Array bounds are always checked

Multiple inheritance replaced by interfaces Eliminates complexities of multiple inheritance

Java Virtual Machine

Java is compiled into bytecodes Bytecodes are high-level, machine-independent

instructions for a hypothetical machine, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

The Java run-time system provides the JVM The JVM interprets the bytecodes during program

execution Since the bytecodes are interpreted, the performance of

Java programs slower than comparable C/C++ programs But the JVM is continually being improved and new

techniques are achieving speeds comparable to native C++ code

JVM All Java programs run on top of the JVM JVM was first implemented inside Web browsers, but

is now available on a wide variety of platforms JVM interprets the bytecodes defined in a machine-

independent file format called a class file

Types Of Java Programs

Application

Standalone Java program that can run independent of any Web browser

Applet

Java program that runs within a Java-enabled Web browser

Servlet

Java software that is loaded into a Web server to provide additional server functionality

Instructions for Java Installation Download and Install JDK NetBeans 6.7.1

Refference Book

The Complete Reference

Java 2 Fifth Edition. By Herbert Schildt

  

                                   

Hello World

class HelloWorld { public static void main(String args[]) { System.out.println("Hello World"); } }

Factorial

public class Factorial2{ public static void main(String args[]) { int n = 3; int fact = 1; for (int c = 1 ; c <= n ; c++ ) fact = fact*c; System.out.println("Factorial of "+n+" is = "+fact); }}

Table of Two or not ?

public class tables{ public static void main(String args[]) { for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { for (int j = 1; j <= 10; j++) { System.out.print(i + "x" + j + "=" + (i * j) + "\t"); } System.out.println(); } }}

Tables Output

Tasks

Just print Table of Two. Find Factorial with proper solution as output

like 5! = 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 120. Each new term in the Fibonacci sequence is

generated by adding the previous two terms. By starting with 1 and 2, the first 10 terms will be: 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, ...

Write a program to find out if a number is prime?