Introduction To Wireless Sensor Networks By : Prof.Manoj Kavedia SHMIT-Unr-3

Introduction ToIntroduction ToWireless Sensor NetworksWireless Sensor Networks

Introduction ToIntroduction ToWireless Sensor NetworksWireless Sensor Networks

By : Prof.Manoj KavediaBy : Prof.Manoj Kavedia

SHMIT-Unr-3SHMIT-Unr-3

www.kavediaSir.Yolasite.Comwww.kavediaSir.Yolasite.Com

IntroductionIntroduction Wireless Sensor Networks are networks that consists Wireless Sensor Networks are networks that consists

of sensors which are distributed in an ad hoc of sensors which are distributed in an ad hoc manner.manner.

These sensors work with each other to sense some These sensors work with each other to sense some physical phenomenon and then the information physical phenomenon and then the information gathered is processed to get relevant results.gathered is processed to get relevant results.

Wireless sensor networks consists of Wireless sensor networks consists of protocols and protocols and algorithms with self-organizing capabilities.algorithms with self-organizing capabilities.

Wireless Sensor NetworksWireless Sensor Networks

A wireless sensor network is a collection of A wireless sensor network is a collection of

nodes organized into a cooperative network. nodes organized into a cooperative network.

Each node consists of processing capability Each node consists of processing capability

may contain multiple types of memory have may contain multiple types of memory have

an RF transceiver, have a power source an RF transceiver, have a power source

(e.g., batteries and solar cells), and (e.g., batteries and solar cells), and

accommodate various sensors. accommodate various sensors.

ExampleExample

Example- Smart Fluid Level Example- Smart Fluid Level DetectionDetection

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8-bit processor8-bit processor

Inductive coil for RF Inductive coil for RF ID activation & ID activation &

powerpower

CPU and reading coil in the table. Reports the level of fluid in the glass, alerts servers when close to empty

Contact less Contact less transmission transmission of power and of power and

readingsreadings

Integrates several technologies:- Radio transmissions- Sensor technology- Magnetic inductance for power- Computer used for calibration

Impossible without the computer Meaningless without the

electronics

Capacitive sensor Capacitive sensor for for fluidfluid level level


LayoutLayout

Communication NetworkCommunication Network

A communication network is composed of

nodes, each of which has computing power and

can transmit and receive messages over

communication links, wireless or cabled.

Basic Network TopologiesBasic Network Topologies

Star TopologyStar Topology

Ring TopologyRing Topology

Bus TopologyBus Topology

Tree TopologyTree Topology

Fully Connected NetworksFully Connected Networks

Mesh NetworksMesh Networks

Star TopologyStar Topology

All nodes of the star topology are connected to a single

hub node. The hub requires greater message handling,

routing, and decision-making capabilities than the other

nodes. If a communication link is cut, it only affects one

node. However, if the hub is incapacitated the network

is destroyed.

Ring TopologyRing Topology

In the ring topology all nodes perform the

same function and there is no leader node.

Messages generally travel around the ring in

a single direction.

However, if the ring is cut, all

communication is lost.

Bus TopologyBus Topology

In the bus topology, messages are broadcast

on the bus to all nodes. Each node checks

the destination address in the message

header, and processes the messages

addressed to it.

Tree TopologyTree Topology

In Tree Topology there will be a root node In Tree Topology there will be a root node

and the root node has two branches. Each and the root node has two branches. Each

branch may again contains branches and so branch may again contains branches and so

on.on.

Fully-connected NetworkFully-connected Network

In a fully connected Network when

additional nodes are added, the number of

links increases exponentially.

Mesh NetworkMesh Network

Mesh networks are regularly distributed

networks that generally allow transmission

only to a node’s nearest neighbors. The

nodes in these networks are generally

identical.

Mesh nets can be good models for

large-scale networks of wireless

sensors that are distributed over a

geographic region.

Communication NetworkCommunication Network

A single network may consist of several

interconnected subnets of different

topologies. Networks are further classified as

Local Area Networks (LAN), e.g. inside one

building, or Wide Area Networks (WAN), e.g.

between buildings.

continue …


A A wireless sensor networkwireless sensor network (WSN) is a (WSN) is a

wireless network consisting of spatially wireless network consisting of spatially

distributed autonomous devices using distributed autonomous devices using

sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or

environmental conditions, such as environmental conditions, such as

temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, temperature, sound, vibration, pressure,

motion or pollutants, at different locations.motion or pollutants, at different locations.

Wireless Sensor NetworksWireless Sensor NetworksThe development of wireless sensor The development of wireless sensor

networks was originally motivated by networks was originally motivated by

military applications such as battlefield military applications such as battlefield

surveillance. However, wireless sensor surveillance. However, wireless sensor

networks are now used in many civilian networks are now used in many civilian

application areas, including environment application areas, including environment

and habitat monitoring, healthcare and habitat monitoring, healthcare

applications, home automation, and traffic applications, home automation, and traffic

control.control.

continue …

Sensor NodeSensor Node

Networks of typically small, battery-powered, Networks of typically small, battery-powered, wireless devices.wireless devices.• On-board processing,On-board processing,• Communication, and Communication, and • Sensing capabilities.Sensing capabilities.

Sensors

Processor

Radio

Storage

POWER

WSN device schematics

Sensor NodeSensor NodeIn addition to one or more sensors, each In addition to one or more sensors, each

node in a sensor network is typically node in a sensor network is typically

equipped with a radio transceiver or other equipped with a radio transceiver or other

wireless communications device, a small wireless communications device, a small

microcontroller, and an energy source, microcontroller, and an energy source,

usually a battery.usually a battery.

continue …

Sensors

Processor

Radio

Storage

POWER

WSN device schematics

What are motes?What are motes?

MotesMotes mainly consist of three parts:- mainly consist of three parts:- Mote basically consists of a low cost Mote basically consists of a low cost

and power computer.and power computer. The computer monitors one or more The computer monitors one or more

sensors. Sensors may be for sensors. Sensors may be for temperature, light, sound, position, temperature, light, sound, position, acceleration, vibration, stress, weight, acceleration, vibration, stress, weight, pressure, humidity, etc. pressure, humidity, etc.

The computer connects to the outside The computer connects to the outside world with a radio link. world with a radio link.

21 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Mica 2 MotesMica 2 Motes

These motes sold by Crossbow These motes sold by Crossbow were originally developed at the were originally developed at the University of California Berkeley. University of California Berkeley.

The MICA2 motes are based on The MICA2 motes are based on the ATmega128L AVR the ATmega128L AVR microprocessor. The motes run microprocessor. The motes run using TinyOS as the operating using TinyOS as the operating system.system.

Mica2 mote is one of the most Mica2 mote is one of the most popular and commercially popular and commercially available sensors which are available sensors which are marketed by CrossBow marketed by CrossBow technologies.technologies.

MICA 2 MOTE

Ref:http://www.xbow.com/Products/Product_pdf_files/Wireless_pdf/MICA2_Datasheet.pdf


Telosb MotesTelosb Motes

Telosb motes have USB programming Telosb motes have USB programming capabilitycapability

An IEEE 802.15.4 compliant, high data An IEEE 802.15.4 compliant, high data rate radio with integrated antenna, a rate radio with integrated antenna, a low-power MCU low-power MCU

There are also equipped with extended There are also equipped with extended memory and an optional sensor suitememory and an optional sensor suite


What are motes?What are motes?

MotesMotes mainly consist of three parts:- mainly consist of three parts:- Mote basically consists of a low cost Mote basically consists of a low cost

and power computer.and power computer. The computer monitors one or more The computer monitors one or more

sensors. Sensors may be for sensors. Sensors may be for temperature, light, sound, position, temperature, light, sound, position, acceleration, vibration, stress, weight, acceleration, vibration, stress, weight, pressure, humidity, etc. pressure, humidity, etc.

The computer connects to the outside The computer connects to the outside world with a radio link. world with a radio link.


Mica 2 MotesMica 2 Motes

These motes sold by Crossbow These motes sold by Crossbow were originally developed at the were originally developed at the University of California Berkeley. University of California Berkeley.

The MICA2 motes are based on The MICA2 motes are based on the ATmega128L AVR the ATmega128L AVR microprocessor. The motes run microprocessor. The motes run using TinyOS as the operating using TinyOS as the operating system.system.

Mica2 mote is one of the most Mica2 mote is one of the most popular and commercially popular and commercially available sensors which are available sensors which are marketed by CrossBow marketed by CrossBow technologies.technologies.

MICA 2 MOTE

Ref:http://www.xbow.com/Products/Product_pdf_files/Wireless_pdf/MICA2_Datasheet.pdf


Telosb MotesTelosb Motes

Telosb motes have USB programming Telosb motes have USB programming capabilitycapability

An IEEE 802.15.4 compliant, high data An IEEE 802.15.4 compliant, high data rate radio with integrated antenna, a rate radio with integrated antenna, a low-power MCU low-power MCU

There are also equipped with extended There are also equipped with extended memory and an optional sensor suitememory and an optional sensor suite


TELOSB MOTETELOSB MOTE

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks27

Ref:http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~culler/eecs194/labs/lab1/telosb.JPG

One Example Sensor Board - MTS310One Example Sensor Board - MTS310


One More Example of Sensor One More Example of Sensor Board - Board - MTS400/420MTS400/420

Besides the functions of MTS 300, it mainly Besides the functions of MTS 300, it mainly adds GPS functionalityadds GPS functionality

Further Readinghttp://firebug.sourceforge.net/gps_tests.htm


Hardware Setup OverviewHardware Setup Overview


Programming Board (MIB520Programming Board (MIB520))


One Proposed WSN Functional Layer One Proposed WSN Functional Layer DecompositionDecomposition

Ref: Fig. 1.1 of J. Polastre Dissertation


Architecture to Build WSNArchitecture to Build WSN Applications Applications

Ref: Fig. 2.1 of J. Polastre DissertationRef: Fig. 2.1 of J. Polastre Dissertation33 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensor NodeSensor Nodecontinue …

Sensor NodeSensor Nodecontinue …

Sensor NetworkSensor NetworkInterface

electronics, radio and microcontroller

Soil moisture probe Mote

Antenna

Gateway

Server

Internet

Communications barrier

Sensor field

Computer RevolutionComputer Revolution

0.5 oz, 2.25 x 1.25 x 0.25 inch0.5 oz, 2.25 x 1.25 x 0.25 inch25 lb, 19.5 x 5.5 x 16 inch25 lb, 19.5 x 5.5 x 16 inch

~14 mW~14 mW~ 64 W~ 64 W

~ $35~ $35~ $6K (today)~ $6K (today)

512 KB Flash512 KB Flash160 KB Floppies160 KB Floppies

128 KB RAM128 KB RAM16-256 KB RAM16-256 KB RAM

4 MHz4 MHz4.77 MHz4.77 MHz

MICAZ Mote (2005)MICAZ Mote (2005)Original IBM PC (1981)Original IBM PC (1981)

Sensor NetworkSensor Network

Gateway

Server

Internet

Sensor fieldWatershed

Network Model for WSNNetwork Model for WSN

A wireless sensor network consists of A wireless sensor network consists of

hundreds or thousands of low cost nodes hundreds or thousands of low cost nodes

which could either have a fixed location or which could either have a fixed location or

randomly deployed to monitor the randomly deployed to monitor the

environment. The flowing of data ends at environment. The flowing of data ends at

special nodes called base stations special nodes called base stations

(sometimes they are also referred to as (sometimes they are also referred to as

sinks). sinks).


A base station links the sensor network to A base station links the sensor network to

another network (like a gateway) to another network (like a gateway) to

disseminate the data sensed for further disseminate the data sensed for further

processing. Base stations have enhanced processing. Base stations have enhanced

capabilities over simple sensor nodes since capabilities over simple sensor nodes since

they must do complex data processing.they must do complex data processing.

continue …


This justifies the fact that bases stations This justifies the fact that bases stations

have workstation/laptop class processors, have workstation/laptop class processors,

and of course enough memory, energy, and of course enough memory, energy,

storage and computational power to perform storage and computational power to perform

their tasks well. their tasks well.

continue …

Future of WSNFuture of WSNSmart Home / Smart OfficeSmart Home / Smart Office

Sensors controlling Sensors controlling appliances and electrical appliances and electrical devices in the house.devices in the house.

Better lighting and Better lighting and heating in office heating in office buildings.buildings.

The Pentagon building The Pentagon building has used sensors has used sensors extensivelyextensively..


Biomedical / MedicalBiomedical / Medical Health MonitorsHealth Monitors

• GlucoseGlucose• Heart rateHeart rate• Cancer detectionCancer detection

Chronic DiseasesChronic Diseases• Artificial retinaArtificial retina• Cochlear implantsCochlear implants

Hospital SensorsHospital Sensors• Monitor vital signsMonitor vital signs• Record anomaliesRecord anomalies


MilitaryMilitary

Remote deployment of Remote deployment of sensors for tactical sensors for tactical

monitoring of enemy monitoring of enemy troop movementstroop movements.


Industrial & CommercialIndustrial & Commercial

Numerous industrial and commercial Numerous industrial and commercial applications:applications:• Agricultural Crop ConditionsAgricultural Crop Conditions• Inventory TrackingInventory Tracking• In-Process Parts TrackingIn-Process Parts Tracking• Automated Problem ReportingAutomated Problem Reporting• RFID – Theft Deterrent and Customer TracingRFID – Theft Deterrent and Customer Tracing• Plant Equipment Maintenance MonitoringPlant Equipment Maintenance Monitoring


Traffic Management & MonitoringTraffic Management & Monitoring

Future cars could use wireless sensors to: Handle Accidents Handle Thefts

Sensors embedded in the roads to:

–Monitor traffic flows–Provide real-time route updates46 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

Usage of Sensor NetworksUsage of Sensor Networks Environmental Observation:Environmental Observation:

Sensor networks can be used to monitor Sensor networks can be used to monitor

environmental changes. An example could be water environmental changes. An example could be water

pollution detection in a lake that is located near a pollution detection in a lake that is located near a

factory that uses chemical substances. Sensor nodes factory that uses chemical substances. Sensor nodes

could be randomly deployed in unknown and hostile could be randomly deployed in unknown and hostile

areas and relay the exact origin of a pollutant. Other areas and relay the exact origin of a pollutant. Other

examples include forest fire detection, air pollution examples include forest fire detection, air pollution

and rainfall observation in agriculture. and rainfall observation in agriculture.

Usage of Sensor NetworksUsage of Sensor Networks Military Monitoring:Military Monitoring:

Military uses sensor networks for battlefield Military uses sensor networks for battlefield

surveillance; sensors could monitor surveillance; sensors could monitor

vehicular traffic, track the position of the vehicular traffic, track the position of the

enemy.enemy.

continue …

Usage of Sensor NetworksUsage of Sensor Networks Building Monitoring:Building Monitoring:

Sensors can also be used in large buildings Sensors can also be used in large buildings

or factories monitoring climate changes. or factories monitoring climate changes.

Thermostats and temperature sensor nodes Thermostats and temperature sensor nodes

are deployed all over the building’s area. In are deployed all over the building’s area. In

addition, sensors could be used to monitor addition, sensors could be used to monitor

vibration that could damage the structure of vibration that could damage the structure of

a building.a building.

continue …

Usage of Sensor NetworksUsage of Sensor NetworksHealthcare:Healthcare:

Sensors can be used in biomedical Sensors can be used in biomedical

applications to improve the quality of the applications to improve the quality of the

provided care. Sensors are implanted in the provided care. Sensors are implanted in the

human body to monitor medical problems human body to monitor medical problems

like cancer and help patients maintain their like cancer and help patients maintain their

health. health.

continue …

Usage of Sensor Networks-Usage of Sensor Networks-Health CareHealth Care

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Why WSN-The PresentWhy WSN-The Present....• Disappearing computer,Disappearing computer,

• Ubiquitous computing,Ubiquitous computing,

• Pervasive computing,Pervasive computing,

• Ambient intelligence,Ambient intelligence,

• Post-PC era,Post-PC era,

• Cyber-physical systemsCyber-physical systems..

According to forecasts, future of IT characterized by terms such as

Basic Technology– Embedded Systems

– Communication technologies

The future is embedded, embedded is the future

Embedded System..Embedded System.. Embedded systemEmbedded system: computing systems designed for a : computing systems designed for a specificspecific

purpose.purpose. Embedded system Embedded system = Processor + Communication device + Memory + = Processor + Communication device + Memory +

I/OI/O Embedded software Embedded software is software integrated with is software integrated with physicalphysical processes processes

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“(CPS-Cy-Phy)”Cyber Physical Systems

are integrations of computation with physical processes.”

[Edward Lee, 2006]

Cyber Physical SystemCyber Physical System CyberCyber – computation, communication, and control that are discrete, – computation, communication, and control that are discrete,

logical, and switchedlogical, and switched

PhysicalPhysical – natural and human-made systems governed by the laws of – natural and human-made systems governed by the laws of physics and operating in continuous timephysics and operating in continuous time

Cyber-Physical SystemsCyber-Physical Systems – systems in which the cyber and physical – systems in which the cyber and physical systems are tightly integrated at all scales and levelssystems are tightly integrated at all scales and levels

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are physicalphysical and and engineeredengineered systemssystems whose operations are whose operations are monitoredmonitored, , coordinatedcoordinated, , controlled controlled and and integratedintegrated by a by a computingcomputing and and communicationcommunication core. core.

““CPS will transform how we interact with the physical world just like the CPS will transform how we interact with the physical world just like the Internet transformed how we interact with one another.Internet transformed how we interact with one another.””

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Why Cyber Physical System ?Why Cyber Physical System ? CPS allow us to add CPS allow us to add capabilities to physical systemscapabilities to physical systems By merging computing and communication with physical By merging computing and communication with physical

processes, CPS brings many benefits:processes, CPS brings many benefits:

• • Safer and more efficient Safer and more efficient systemssystems

• • Reduce the cost of building Reduce the cost of building and operating systemsand operating systems

• • Build complex systems that provide Build complex systems that provide new capabilitiesnew capabilities Technological and Economic DriversTechnological and Economic Drivers

• • The The decreasing cost decreasing cost of computation, networking, and sensingof computation, networking, and sensing

• • Computers and communication are ubiquitous, enables national Computers and communication are ubiquitous, enables national or or global scale CPSsglobal scale CPSs

• • Social and economic forces require more efficient use of nationalSocial and economic forces require more efficient use of national

infrastructure.infrastructure.

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VoiceVoice

Yesterday- 15 years agoYesterday- 15 years agoMillions ofMillions of wireless devices

SMSSMS

TodayTodayBillions ofBillions of wireless devices

EmailEmail

Mobile TVMobile TV

You You TTubeube

Wireless InternetWireless Internet

WiFiWiFi

Social NetworkingSocial Networking

Wireless EverywhereWireless Everywhere

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Tomorrow +15 years Tomorrow +15 years TrillionsTrillions of Wireless devices of Wireless devices

People to PeoplePeople to People People to machinesPeople to machines Machines to MachinesMachines to Machines

Cyber Physical SystemsCyber Physical Systems

EnvironmentEnvironment

Health CareHealth CareNew DevicesNew Devices

Internet of ThingsInternet of Things

EnergyEnergy

Wireless EverywhereWireless Everywhere

CPS-Distributed Architecture in CPS-Distributed Architecture in IndiaIndia

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GARUDA-Global Access to Resource Using Distributed Architecture

GARUDA is •India's first grid (Distributed) computing initiative, •Developed and deployed by C-DAC •with the financial support of Govt. Of India.

It is an aggregation of resources comprising of •computational nodes, •mass storage and •scientific instruments distributed across the country.

GARUDA ApplicationGARUDA Application

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Collaborative Classrooms Climate Modeling Computer Aided Engineering Disaster Management Medical and Health Care Open Source Drug Discovery Open System for Earth Quake Simulation

COMPUTER AIDED COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERINGENGINEERING

Courtesy :www.garunda.in

Drug DiscoveryDrug Discovery OOpen pen SSource ource DDrug rug DDiscovery (OSDD) is a CSIR-led global iscovery (OSDD) is a CSIR-led global

initiative initiative Funded by Funded by Govt of India Govt of India Develop drugs for tropical infectious diseases like malaria, Develop drugs for tropical infectious diseases like malaria,

tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, etc tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, etc The OSDD method tries to collaboratively aggregate the The OSDD method tries to collaboratively aggregate the

biological and genetic information available to scientists for biological and genetic information available to scientists for use to hasten the discovery of drugs use to hasten the discovery of drugs

This will provide a unique opportunity for the entire This will provide a unique opportunity for the entire community of scientists, doctors, technocrats, students and community of scientists, doctors, technocrats, students and others with diverse expertise to contribute/work for a others with diverse expertise to contribute/work for a common cause common cause

Such drug discovery applications have several components Such drug discovery applications have several components requiring huge computation power and data storage requiring huge computation power and data storage

StatisticsStatisticsAn estimated An estimated 3,70,000 3,70,000 deaths due to TB occur each year. This deaths due to TB occur each year. This

amounts to over amounts to over 1000 1000 deaths a day or deaths a day or 22 TB deaths every 3 TB deaths every 3 minutes minutes

Courtesy :www.osdd.net

OSDDOSDD

OSDD

OSDDOSDD

Courtesy :www.garunda.in

Latest – in CPS in India – Space Latest – in CPS in India – Space TechnologyTechnology

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The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), informally called Mangalyaan, ("Mars-craft") is a Mars orbiter that was successfully launched into Earth orbit on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

The mission is a "technology demonstrator" project aiming to develop the technologies required for design, planning, management and operations of an interplanetary mission.

The Mars Orbiter Mission probe lifted-off from the First Launch Pad at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, using a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) rocket 5 November 2013.

The launch window was approximately 20 days long and started on 28 October.

The Mars Orbiter Mission is India's first interplanetary mission.

If successful, ISROwould become the fourth space agency to reach Mars, after the Soviet space program, NASA, and ESA(European Space Agency).

CPS Community ActivitiesCPS Community Activities

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• High Confidence Medical Device Software and Systems (2005) (2007) (2011)• High Confidence Software Platform for Cyber Physical Systems• NSF: Workshop on Cyber Physical Systems• NSF: Automotive CPS (2008) (2011)• ARO: Security and Privacy of Cyber Physical System (2012) (2013)(Feb -2014)• NIST: Cyber Security for Cyber Physical Systems• National Workshop on Research on High-Confidence Transportation• Cyber Physical Systems: Automotive Aviation & Rail• New Research Directions in for Future Cyber Physical Energy Systems• CPS Week (2010,2011,2012,2013)(Future- April 14 - 17, 2014)

NSF (National Science Foundation)

ARO(Association for Research in Otolaryngology)

NIST(National Institute of Standards and Technology)

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Introduction To Wireless Sensor Networks By : Prof.Manoj Kavedia SHMIT-Unr-3