IONIZATION ENERGIES

IONIZATION ENERGIES

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Isonization Energies, what is it?

energy required to remove outer electrons from atoms and form positive ions

Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers

M (g) IE M+ (g) e-+ → +atom Ionisation

Energy

electron

+11

n=1 n=2 n=3

2e- 8e- 1e-

11Na :

Positive Nuclear Charge



Things to be considered:

1. Atomic radius

2. Positive nuclear charge

3. The number of electrons in the inner shell (shielding effects)

r IE

z IE

e IE



Increases IE

Decre

ases I

E



I

II III IV V VI VII

0


H

1310


I

II III IV V VI VII

0


H

1310

He

2370


I

II III IV V VI VII

0


H

1310

He

2370

Li

519


I

II III IV V VI VII

0


H

1310

He

2370

Li

519

Na

494


I

II III IV V VI VII

0


H

1310

He

2370

Li

519

Be

900

Na

494


I

II III IV V VI VII

0


H

1310

He

2370

Li

519

Be

900

B

799

Na

494


I

II III IV V VI VII

0


H

1310

He

2370

Li

519

Be

900

B

799

C

1090

Na

494


I

II III IV V VI VII

0


H

1310

He

2370

Li

519

Be

900

B

799

C

1090

N

1400

Na

494


I

II III IV V VI VII

0


H

1310

He

2370

Li

519

Be

900

B

799

C

1090

N

1400

O

1310

Na

494


I

II III IV V VI VII

0


H

1310

He

2370

Li

519

Be

900

B

799

C

1090

N

1400

O

1310

F

1680

Na

494


I

II III IV V VI VII

0


H

1310

He

2370

Li

519

Be

900

B

799

C

1090

N

1400

O

1310

F

1680

Ne

2080

Na

494


I

II III IV V VI VII

0


H

1310

He

2370

Li

519

Be

900

B

799

C

1090

N

1400

O

1310

F

1680

Ne

2080

Na

494

Mg

736

Al

577

Si

786

P

1060

S

1000

Cl

1260

Ar

1520


I

II III IV V VI VII

0


H

1310

He

2370

Li

519

Be

900

B

799

C

1090

N

1400

O

1310

F

1680

Ne

2080

Na

494

Mg

736

Al

577

Si

786

P

1060

S

1000

Cl

1260

Ar

1520


I

II III IV V VI VII

0

stable electronic configuration



Successive Ionisation Energies

M (g) IE M+ (g) e-+ → +IE1:

M+ (g) IE M2+ (g) e-+ → +IE2:

M2+ (g) IE M3+ (g) e-+ → +IE3:

M3+ (g) IE M4+ (g) e-+ → +IE4:



Element IE1 IE2 IE3 IE4 IE5 IE6 IE7Group

Na 496 4560

Mg 738 1450 7730

Al 578 1820 2750 11600

Si 786 1580 3230 4360 16100

P 1012 1900 2910 4960 6270 22200

S 1000 2250 3360 4560 7010 8500 27100




Na 496 4560 I

Mg 738 1450 7730

Al 578 1820 2750 11600

Si 786 1580 3230 4360 16100

P 1012 1900 2910 4960 6270 22200

S 1000 2250 3360 4560 7010 8500 27100




Na 496 4560 I

Mg 738 1450 7730 II

Al 578 1820 2750 11600

Si 786 1580 3230 4360 16100

P 1012 1900 2910 4960 6270 22200

S 1000 2250 3360 4560 7010 8500 27100




Na 496 4560 I

Mg 738 1450 7730 II

Al 578 1820 2750 11600 III

Si 786 1580 3230 4360 16100

P 1012 1900 2910 4960 6270 22200

S 1000 2250 3360 4560 7010 8500 27100




Na 496 4560 I

Mg 738 1450 7730 II

Al 578 1820 2750 11600 III

Si 786 1580 3230 4360 16100 IV

P 1012 1900 2910 4960 6270 22200

S 1000 2250 3360 4560 7010 8500 27100




Na 496 4560 I

Mg 738 1450 7730 II

Al 578 1820 2750 11600 III

Si 786 1580 3230 4360 16100 IV

P 1012 1900 2910 4960 6270 22200 V

S 1000 2250 3360 4560 7010 8500 27100




Na 496 4560 I

Mg 738 1450 7730 II

Al 578 1820 2750 11600 III

Si 786 1580 3230 4360 16100 IV

P 1012 1900 2910 4960 6270 22200 V

S 1000 2250 3360 4560 7010 8500 27100 VI

inner electron shell


In which group of periodic table would you place the element with the following successive ionisation energies?

1680, 3370, 6040, 8410, 11000, 15200, 17900, 92000, 106000 kJ mol-1


Answer:

Group VII (the element is fluorine)


The pattern of successive ionisation energies was used to:

1. Provide evidence for the general pattern of electron shells.

2. Predict the simple electronic configuration of an element.

3. Confirm the position of an element in the PTE



Ionization energies and group Ionization energies and group numbersnumbersSuccessive ionisation energies for potassium

Potassium is in group 1

Notice the “jump” in energy needed to remove the 2nd electron

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

electron removed

log10 of ionisation

energy


Ionization energies and group Ionization energies and group numbersnumbersSuccessive ionisation energies for potassium

The different “jumps” are evidence for the arrangement of electrons in energy levels and sub-levels

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

electron removed

log10 of ionisation

energy

level 1

level 2

level 3

level 4


Which group is this element in?

Group 4

Notice the “jump” in energy needed to remove the 5th electron

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

electron removed

kJ/mol

Ionization energies and group Ionization energies and group numbersnumbers



Group 2

Notice the “jump” in energy needed to remove the 3rd electron

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

electron removed

kJ/mol




Group 3


0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

electron removed

kJ/mol




Group 5


0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

electron removed

kJ/mol




Group 1

Notice the “jump” in energy needed to remove the 2nd electron

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

electron removed

kJ/mol



End of Presentation

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IONIZATION ENERGIES