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POLY ENGINEERING3-5

DRILL14 April 10

Which of the following data sets is the potential source for the pie chart below?

A B C

U.S. Energy Use 1996

101%

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POLY ENGINEERING3-5

1. Non-renewable1. Fossil Fuels

Coal, Natural Gas, Petroleum (Oil)2. Nuclear – Uranium ore

2. RenewableBiofuels, Biomass, Geothermal, Hydro,

Solar, Tidal, Wave, Wind

Fuel Types

Topic 1

Energy Sources – Fuels

We’ll get to the rest in “Power Plants”

DONE

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POLY ENGINEERING3-5

1. Fuels produced from renewable resources2. Renewable Resources:

A natural resource replenished by natural processes at a rate comparable or faster than its rate of consumption by humans or other users.

Renewable Fuels

Topic 1

Energy Sources – Fuels

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Renewable Fuels – Biofuel

1. Any fuel with an 80% minimum content by volume of materials derived from living organisms harvested within 10 years of fuel manufacture

2. Ford’s “Model T” – 1st affordable automobile – designed to run on ethanol

3. The diesel engine – invented 1897 – was designed to run on biodiesel

4. Like coal, natural gas, and petroleum, biofuel is a form of stored solar energy

5. It is biodegradable

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Renewable Fuels – Biofuel

1. Bio Waste – biogas (methane)1) Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

~70% of landfill MSW is biofuel material2) Sewage sludge3) Animal waste and manure4) Used oils

2. Edible FoodsAnimal fats, vegetable oils, seeds, corn, wheat,

sugar beets, sugar cane, etc.

Sources

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Renewable Fuels – Biofuel

3. Non-edible Parts of FoodsAgricultural residues (peels, skins, husks, straw,

cores, fish heads)4. Algae

1) Yields of algal oil are greater than traditional oilseeds

2) Can grow for from farmlands and forests, minimizing damage to those ecosystems/food chains

3) Can be grown in sewages and next to smokestacks to digest pollutants and give oil

Sources (cont.)

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Renewable Fuels – Biofuel

1. Vegetable Oil 1) Lower quality (not quite edible) used for fuel oil2) Used veg. oil increasingly used for biodiesel

Restaurant cooking oil sold/stolen and used2. Bioalcohols

1) Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol2) Energy content comparable to gasoline3) “Flexfuel” systems can run on gasoline or ethanol

Biofuel Types

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Renewable Fuels – Biofuel

2. Bioalcohols (cont.)4) Ethanol most common biofuel worldwide5) Brazil is largest source of ethanol6) E85 – most common type – 85% ethanol, 15%

gasoline.7) Chemical Formula:

1. Methane = CH4

2. Methanol = CH4O = CH3OH

3. Ethane = C2H6

4. Ethanol = C2H6O = C2H5OH

Biofuel Types

Alcohol

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3. Biodiesel1) Diesel engine was invented to run on peanut oil2) Most common biofuel in Europe 3) Packs as much energy as its fossil fuel counterpart4) Can be used in existing diesel engines with little

modification5) Made from vegetable oils – soybean, canola, hemp6) Made from animal fats7) Made from algae

Renewable Fuels – Biofuel Biofuel Types

"The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today. But such oils may become in the course of time as important as the petroleum and coal tar products of the present time“

Rudolf Diesel, 1912

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Renewable Fuels – Biofuel Biofuel Types - Biodiesel

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4. Biogas 1) Produced by anaerobic digestion of organic material

a) Anaerobic digestion – microorganisms break down biodegradables in absence of oxygen

b) Organic material – a once-living organism, capable of decay, or the product of decay

2) Landfills (70% of landfill) and other biodegradable wastes

3) Manure and other sources currently released into atmosphere

4) Biogas contains methane

Renewable Fuels – Biofuel Biofuel Types

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5. Solid Biofuels – Biomass 1) Wood, sawdust, grass cuttings, domestic refuse,

charcoal, agricultural waste, non-food energy crops, and dried manure

2) When already in usable form (firewood), can be burned directly for heat or produce steam (for electricity generation)

3) When not in usable form, create pellets out of material to be burned in pellet stove

Renewable Fuels – Biofuel

Wood pellet stove

U.S. Biofuel Production

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1980/01 1985/06 1990/91 1995/96 2000/01 2005/06 2010/11

Billion gallons

Ethanol Biodiesel

Note: 2006/07 through 2010/11 are projected based on the February 9, 2007, World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates, the March 2, 2007, Grains and Oilseeds Outlook 2007, and the February 2007 USDA Agricultural Projections to 2016.

U.S. Maintains Corn Exports as Ethanol and Corn Production Expands

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

MM

T

Corn production Exports Corn use for ethanol

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Draft a pamphlet that describes nonrenewable and renewable fuels, the different types of each, and any additional relevant information, such as how the fuels are processed/derived. Include sketches and descriptions.

Classwork/Homework