ISSN 1991-6655

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Bangladesh Shikhsha Sam iki (Bangla Periodical), year-13, number-2, December, 2016 edited by Abu Hamid Latif. Published by Nazmul Haq, Executive Secretary, BAFED, on behalf of Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development. (BAFED) 278/3 Elephant Road (3rd Floor), Kataban, Dhaka 1205. Phone: 9668593,E-mail: bafed93@yahoo.com, Website: www.bafed.net

Printed by Arka, 3/1, Block: F, Lalmatia, Dhaka 1207. Phone: 9126171.

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Price Tk. 100.00 US$ 5.00

Publication Information

Bangladesh Shikhsha Shamoiki (Bangladesh Education Periodical) is published by-Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development (BAFED) in collaboration with Action Aid Bangladesh. Articles for publication in this journal are required to be of high standard and meet the criteria set by the editorial board. The articles are selected in two ways: either these are Collected by BAFED or these can be sent directly to the editor. In both cases, the journal follows a peer review process and is edited by a board of editors. The journal is published from Bangladesh twice a year in Bangla Language and the ISSN of the journal is 1991-6655.

Another publication of BAFED is Bangladesh Education Journal published in English. This is also published in collaboration with Action Aid Bangladesh. Bangladesh Education Journal follows a peer review process. The journal is published from Bangladesh twice a year in English Language and the ISSN of the journal is (1811-0762).

Both the Journals are disseminated widely in print at national and international levels. They have a wide readership among those who are working in the area of education and development, both in the government and outside, as academics, researchers, policy makers, development partners and civil-society members. The contents of both are posted on the website: http://www.bafed.net/Journal.php

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m¤úv`Kxq cwil`

Bangladesh Shikhsha Sam iki (Bangla Periodical), year-13, number-2, December, 2016 edited by Abu Hamid Latif. Published by Nazmul Haq, Executive Secretary, BAFED, on behalf of Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development. (BAFED) 278/3 Elephant Road (3rd Floor), Kataban, Dhaka 1205. Phone: 9668593,E-mail: bafed93@yahoo.com, Website: www.bafed.net

Printed by Arka, 3/1, Block: F, Lalmatia, Dhaka 1207. Phone: 9126171.

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Price Tk. 100.00 US$ 5.00

Publication Information

Bangladesh Shikhsha Shamoiki (Bangladesh Education Periodical) is published by-Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development (BAFED) in collaboration with Action Aid Bangladesh. Articles for publication in this journal are required to be of high standard and meet the criteria set by the editorial board. The articles are selected in two ways: either these are Collected by BAFED or these can be sent directly to the editor. In both cases, the journal follows a peer review process and is edited by a board of editors. The journal is published from Bangladesh twice a year in Bangla Language and the ISSN of the journal is 1991-6655.

Another publication of BAFED is Bangladesh Education Journal published in English. This is also published in collaboration with Action Aid Bangladesh. Bangladesh Education Journal follows a peer review process. The journal is published from Bangladesh twice a year in English Language and the ISSN of the journal is (1811-0762).

Both the Journals are disseminated widely in print at national and international levels. They have a wide readership among those who are working in the area of education and development, both in the government and outside, as academics, researchers, policy makers, development partners and civil-society members. The contents of both are posted on the website: http://www.bafed.net/Journal.php

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fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k Bs‡iwR wkÿvi AvMg‡bi m‡½ m‡½ g‡bvweÁvb cÖ_‡g wPwKrmvweÁvb Ges c‡i wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z `k©bkv‡¯¿ hy³ nq| eZ©gvbKvj ch©šÍ †ewki fvMB Zv cwðgv M‡elYv Ges cvV¨cy¯ÍKwfwËK I wWwmwcøb Abymv‡i cVb-cvVb cwiPvwjZ n‡q Avm‡Q| †jLK؇qi eZ©gvb M‡elYv cÖ‡PóvwU GKwU Pjgvb wmwiR cÖ‡Póvi Ask- †hLv‡b wewfbœ wjjvw` I mvwnZ¨ †_‡K wewfbœ mg‡q evsjv‡`‡ki g‡bv‰eÁvwbK welq¸‡jvi AbymÜvb, we‡kølY Ges WKz‡g‡›Ukb-Gi gva¨‡g G‡`kxq cUf‚wg‡Z g‡bv‰eÁvwbK welq¸‡jv Zz‡j aivi cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †jLKØq g‡b K‡ib, †`kxq g‡bv‰eÁvwbK Dcv`vb¸‡jvi mg¨K aviYv †`kxq cUf‚wg‡Z g‡bvweÁvb‡K mn‡R Abyaveb Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e| wesk kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡K cÖwZewÜZv I Zvi `iæb m„ó gvbwmK mgm¨v wb‡q cÖvgvwYK `wjjcÎvw`i Afve †eva †_‡K mvwnZ¨‡Kw›`ªK cvV Ges M‡elYv¸‡jv †_‡K cÖwZewÜZv welqwU Zz‡j Avbvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| mvwnZ¨ mgv‡Ri evB‡i bq Ges cÖwZwU mvwnZ¨Kg©B GKwU mgv‡Ri GKwU mgq‡K wPÎvwqZ K‡i| mvwn‡Z¨i GB HwZnvwmK ˆewkó¨ g‡bvweÁvb I cÖwZeÜx ÷vwWi Awfbe gva¨g n‡Z cv‡i| mvwnZ¨ †_‡K IB mgqKvi PwiÎ, g‡bvfve, K‡_vcK_b, cvwicvwk¦©K eY©bv, NUbv¸‡jv we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g IB mgqKvi gvbweK ˆewk󨸇jv m¤^‡Ü mg¨K aviYv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e| mvwnZ¨¯’ Pwiθ‡jvi AvPiY Ges gvbwmK cÖwµqv IB mgqKvi g‡bv‰eÁvwbK we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖvgvwYK Z_¨ I WvUv-Gi Afv‡ei m¤ú~iK n‡Z cv‡i| wesk kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a© evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ g‡bvweÁv‡bi Dcv`v‡bi e¨env‡ii RbwcÖqZv jÿ Kiv hvq|

wesk kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a© cÖwZewÜZv Ges evOvwj MÖvgxYmgvR: gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi wfLy I Ab¨vb¨ PwiÎ

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* mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK, wkÿv I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv** wd« †jÝ M‡elK

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 09

hw`I †ewki fvM mvwnZ¨‡Kw›`ªK cvV Ges M‡elYv¸‡jv mvaviY gvbwmK Ø›Ø Ges Uvbv‡cvob‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q, hvi †ewki fvMB wQj d«‡qW-Gi g‡bvmgxÿY ZË¡AvwkÖZ gvbwmK we‡kølY| g‡bv‰eÁvwbK Dcv`vb wb‡q mvwnZ¨ iPbvi GB avivq gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq wQ‡jb we‡kl cÖwYavb‡hvM¨ (†MvcxKvbv_ ivq‡PŠayix, 2008)| ZvB wesk kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a©i ^xK…Z cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix gvwbK mvwn‡Z¨i gva¨‡g wesk kZ‡Ki †Mvovq cÖwZewÜZvi aib-aviY, cÖwZeÜxi gvbm, cÖwZeÜx‡`i cÖwZ evOvwj mgv‡Ri MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv, `„wófw½, wek¦vm wKsev Kzms¯‹viBev Kx iƒ‡c weivRgvb wQj Zv Rvbvi cÖqvm Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q GB M‡elYv cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g|

wenvi iv‡R¨i muvIZvj ciMbvi †QvÆ kni ygKvq Rb¥MÖnYKvix gvwbK (1908- 56) huvi wcZ…cÖ`Ë bvg cÖ‡eva Kzgvi e‡›`¨vcva¨vq-B n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb evsjv K_v mvwn‡Z¨ ew¼g, iex›`ªbv_ I kir cieZ©x hy‡M Ab¨Zg †kÖô, e¨wZµgx I cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix †jLK (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK, 2015)| gvÎ wek eQi eq‡m eÜz‡`i m‡½ ewPΨ g¨vMvwR‡b Mí Qvcv‡bvi evwR a‡i †jLK wn‡m‡e AvZ¥cÖKvk NU‡jI Zvi †jLwbi eqmKvj wQj bvwZ`xN© (ˆmq` AvwRRj nK, 2015)| evev miKvwi PvKz‡i nIqvi myev‡` bvbv ¯’v‡b bvbv †kÖwY-†ckv-ag©-e‡Y©i gvby‡li myL-`ytL KvQ †_‡K †`Lvi AwfÁZv cÖwZdwjZ n‡qwQj Zuvi †jLvq (eyׇ`e fÆvPvh©, 2012)| weÁv‡bi QvÎ n‡qI †hŠbweÁvb, gb¯ÍË¡ Avi wek¦mvwnZ¨-i cÖwZ Zuvi AvKl©Y wQj Abb¨ (eyׇ`e fÆvPvh©, 2012)| d«‡qWxq `k©b I gvK©mxq mgvRexÿvi cÖfve wQj Zvi †jLbx‡Z| cÙvb`xi gvwS I cyZzj bv‡Pi BwZK_v (1936) iPbvKv‡j wZwb AvµvšÍ nb `yiv‡ivM¨ e¨vwa Gwcj¨vwá-†Z hv wQj Awbivgq‡hvM¨ (eyׇ`e fÆvPvh©, 2012)| wKš‘ †iv‡Mi fqvenZv Zuvi m„wókxjZvi c_‡K iæ× Ki‡Z cv‡iwb KL‡bv| eis wZwb Zuvi †jLbx‡K MwZgq †i‡LwQ‡jb ^D™¢vweZ cš’vq (eyׇ`e fÆvPvh©, 2012)|

gvwb‡Ki wesk kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡Ki iPbvq d«‡qWxq Ae‡PZbvkÖqx gb¯ÍvwË¡K we‡køl‡Yi wewfbœ Dcv`vb ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q (†MvcxKvbv_ ivq‡PŠayix, 2008)| Zuvi †QvUM‡í mgv‡Ri †gnbwZ gvby‡li Rxeb msMÖvg, †kÖwY‰elg¨RwbZ cxob-eÂbvi cvkvcvwk myweavewÂZ gvby‡li g‡a¨ wKQz PwiÎ Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q| kvixwiK wKsev gvbwmKfv‡e P¨v‡jÄW Gme gvbyl mgv‡RiB Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| cwiev‡i Z_v mgv‡R Gme gvby‡li Dcw¯’wZ weivRgvb _vK‡jI mvwn‡Z¨ G‡`i Dcw¯’wZ LyeB bMY¨| wKš‘ gvwbK mgv‡Ri Gme gvby‡li Rxeb msMÖvg I RwUj gb¯ÍvwË¡K w`Kmg~‡ni Ici m‡PZbfv‡e Av‡jv †d‡j †mw`‡K cvV‡Ki g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y K‡i‡Qb| `„wó, kÖeY, kvixwiK I gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx e¨w³ Zuvi †jLvq we‡klfv‡e D‡V G‡m‡Q| †jL‡Ki †PvL w`‡q Avgiv †`Lvi †Póv K‡iwQ wesk kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖwZewÜZv| KviY, Zv‡`i gb¯ÍvwË¡K Ae¯’v Ges mgv‡R Zv‡`i MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv|

†ewki fvM mgv‡jvPK gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi M‡íi Pwiθ‡jv‡K Zv‡`i gvbwmK ؛؇K d‡« qWxq †cÿÖ vc‡U Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z †ewk AvMnÖ x wQ‡jb| m¤v¢ e¨ KviY nqZev GUvB †h, wesk kZ‡Ki wÎk `k‡K d‡« qWxq `kb© Dcgnv‡`‡k AvMgb I Zvi e¨vcK PPv© mvwn‡Z¨ cwÖ Zdj‡bi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †ewki fvM GB mgv‡jvPbv mvwnZ¨im wePvi cwi‡cwÖ ÿ‡Z Kiv| AÎ M‡elYvcÎwU‡Z Avgiv mvwnZ¨im ؇›Ø Pwiθ‡jv we‡klø Y †_‡K †ewi‡q G‡m cwÖ ZewÜZvi ( ) Av‡jv‡K IB mgqUKz ‡z K aivi †Póv K‡iwQ| †mRb¨ Avgv‡`i Av‡jvPbvq bvix-ciy æ‡li †hŠb AvKv•ÿv ev Ae`wgZ

Disability Studies

B”Qv GB Av‡jvPbvq Av‡mwb| ÔcvÖ ‰MwZnvwmKÕ M‡íi wfL,y ÔgnvKv‡ji RUvi RUÕ M‡íi mwy PÎv I Ômixmc„ Õ M‡í Pviæ, cix I ebgvjxi Ae`wgZ †hŠb AvKv•ÿv I ؇›Øi Zjz bvq cwÖ ZeÜx e¨w³i Rxeb, gvbm Ges Rxeb msMvÖ g ev Aw¯ZÍ ¡ iÿvi c‡Ö PóvB wQj Avgv‡`i caÖ vb AvM‡Ö ni welq| IB mgq Bs‡iwR wkÿv I cvðvZ¨ ms¯‹w… Z beMwVZ ga¨weË †kwÖ Y Øviv cmÖ vwiZ n‡Z ïiæ Ki‡jI evsjvi MvÖ gxY mgvR‡K Zv Ley mvgvb¨B ¯úk© K‡i‡Q| MvÖ gxY mgvR ivóxª q cwieZ‡© bi cfÖ ve‡Ki Zjz bvq ¯v’ bxq, agx© q I mvs¯‹w… ZK Kw… ó-KvjPvi Øviv A‡bK †ewk wbqwšZ¿ n‡Zv (Siska & Habib, 2015)| cwÖ ZeÜx Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv ZvB e¨w³ gvb‡y li m‡½ m‡½ IB mg‡qi mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹w… ZK Ges agx© q Dcv`vb¸‡jv Kxfv‡e cwÖ ZewÜZv‡K cfÖ vweZ KiZ- ZvB GB c‡Ö Póvi gva¨‡g Z‡z j Avbvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

cÖwZewÜZvi GB mvgvwRK cÖfve e¨vL¨vq Avgiv eZ©gvb M‡elYvcÎwU‡Z cÖwZewÜZv cv‡Vi (Disability studies) †mvk¨vj I †gwW‡Kj g‡Wj‡K Avgv‡`i we‡køl‡Yi w_IwiwUK¨vj †d«g wn‡m‡e wb‡qwQ| †mvk¨vj g‡Wj I †gwW‡Kj g‡Wj cÖwZewÜZv‡K `yÕwU wfbœ †jÝ Øviv e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Q| †gwW‡Kj g‡Wj cÖwZewÜZv‡K e¨w³MZ GKwU Ac~Y©Zv Ges ÎæwU wn‡m‡e †`‡L (Union of the

Physically Impaired Against Segregation, 1976)| Gi wecix‡Z †mvk¨vj g‡Wj cÖwZewÜZv‡K mgvRm„ó e‡j g‡b K‡i| †mvk¨vj g‡Wj †`Lvq mgvR cÖwZeÜxi wfbœZv‡K MÖnY I †imcÝ Ki‡Z bv cvivq GKRb cÖwZeÜx mgv‡Ri Dbœqbg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ð AskMÖnY I Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, GKwU wkï we`¨vj‡q hvq bv -Gi KviY wn‡m‡e Zvi kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZv‡K `vqx Kiv nq †gwW‡Kj g‡W‡j| Ab¨w`‡K †mvk¨vj g‡Wj wkïwU we`¨vj‡q Abycw¯’wZ‡K wkïwUi e¨w³MZ ÎæwU‡K vqx bv K‡i mgvR‡K vqx K‡i| we`¨vjq ev mgvR hw` wkïwUi Rb¨ ûBj †Pqvi ev i¨v¤ú-Gi e¨e¯’v KiZ Z‡e wkïwU Ab¨ mevi g‡Zv ‹z‡j †h‡Z cviZ| †gwW‡Kj g‡Wj kvixwiK I gvbwmK wfbœZv‡K mgvR KZ…©K Av‡ivwcZ AÿgZv wPwýZ K‡i D³ e¨w³‡K mvgvwRK wewfbœ Kvh©µg n‡Z wew”Qbœ I eR©b K‡i (Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation, 1976) | d‡j cÖwZewÜZvi `iæY Gme gvbyl mgv‡R wbMÖ‡ni wkKvi nq| †mvk¨vj g‡Wj cÖwZewÜZv‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i, cÖwZewÜZv Rb¥MZ bq eis mgvR KZ…©K Av‡ivwcZ evav wn‡m‡e| Gme mvgvwRK evav ag©xq I mvs¯‹…wZK g~j¨‡eva, wkÿv, wk‡íi Dbœqb, †fŠ‡MvwjK MwZkxjZv I cuywRev`x A_©bxwZ Øviv wbqwš¿Z I cwiPvwjZ nq (Priestley, 2006; Siska & Habib, 2013)| evwn¨K Rb¥MZ ÎæwU wPwKrmvweÁv‡bi Kj¨v‡Y cybe©vmb Kiv †M‡jI mgv‡Ri `„wófw½RwbZ cÖwZewÜZv‡K eRvq ivL‡Z mgvR eva¨ K‡i| eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü Avgiv cÖwZeÜwZvi HwZnvwmK Ges †`kxq cUf‚wg we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ cÖwZewÜZvi †mvk¨vj g‡Wj‡K wfwË wn‡m‡e a‡iwQ|

M‡elYv c×wZK_vmvwnwZ¨K gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi †QvUM‡íi †gvU msL¨v wb‡q gZvšiÍ Av‡Q; msL¨vwU †jLK‡f‡` 177, 250 Ges 271 (e×y ‡`e fÆvPvh,© 2012; ˆmq` AvwRRjy nK, 2015; †gvt kvnRvnvb wgqv, 2008)| †QvUMí QvovI wZwb iPbv K‡i‡Qb 37wU Dcb¨vm, 27wU wK‡kvi‡Zvl Mí, 4wU wK‡kvi‡Zvl Dcb¨vm QvovI †ek wKQz KweZv, bvUK, ceÖ Ü-wbeÜ- w`bwjwc- wPwVcÎ (ˆmq` AvwRRjy nK, 2015)| gvwb‡Ki iPbvm¤v¢ i wekvj nIqvq M‡elYvi wmwiR c‡Ö Póvi GB As‡k ïay gvwb‡Ki iwPZ †QvUMí¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mxgve× ivLv n‡q‡Q| Avgiv m‡ev© ‡gvU 157wU †QvUMí GB M‡elYvq AšfÍ ³©z

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 11evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx10

hw`I †ewki fvM mvwnZ¨‡Kw›`ªK cvV Ges M‡elYv¸‡jv mvaviY gvbwmK Ø›Ø Ges Uvbv‡cvob‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q, hvi †ewki fvMB wQj d«‡qW-Gi g‡bvmgxÿY ZË¡AvwkÖZ gvbwmK we‡kølY| g‡bv‰eÁvwbK Dcv`vb wb‡q mvwnZ¨ iPbvi GB avivq gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq wQ‡jb we‡kl cÖwYavb‡hvM¨ (†MvcxKvbv_ ivq‡PŠayix, 2008)| ZvB wesk kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a©i ^xK…Z cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix gvwbK mvwn‡Z¨i gva¨‡g wesk kZ‡Ki †Mvovq cÖwZewÜZvi aib-aviY, cÖwZeÜxi gvbm, cÖwZeÜx‡`i cÖwZ evOvwj mgv‡Ri MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv, `„wófw½, wek¦vm wKsev Kzms¯‹viBev Kx iƒ‡c weivRgvb wQj Zv Rvbvi cÖqvm Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q GB M‡elYv cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g|

wenvi iv‡R¨i muvIZvj ciMbvi †QvÆ kni ygKvq Rb¥MÖnYKvix gvwbK (1908- 56) huvi wcZ…cÖ`Ë bvg cÖ‡eva Kzgvi e‡›`¨vcva¨vq-B n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb evsjv K_v mvwn‡Z¨ ew¼g, iex›`ªbv_ I kir cieZ©x hy‡M Ab¨Zg †kÖô, e¨wZµgx I cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix †jLK (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK, 2015)| gvÎ wek eQi eq‡m eÜz‡`i m‡½ ewPΨ g¨vMvwR‡b Mí Qvcv‡bvi evwR a‡i †jLK wn‡m‡e AvZ¥cÖKvk NU‡jI Zvi †jLwbi eqmKvj wQj bvwZ`xN© (ˆmq` AvwRRj nK, 2015)| evev miKvwi PvKz‡i nIqvi myev‡` bvbv ¯’v‡b bvbv †kÖwY-†ckv-ag©-e‡Y©i gvby‡li myL-`ytL KvQ †_‡K †`Lvi AwfÁZv cÖwZdwjZ n‡qwQj Zuvi †jLvq (eyׇ`e fÆvPvh©, 2012)| weÁv‡bi QvÎ n‡qI †hŠbweÁvb, gb¯ÍË¡ Avi wek¦mvwnZ¨-i cÖwZ Zuvi AvKl©Y wQj Abb¨ (eyׇ`e fÆvPvh©, 2012)| d«‡qWxq `k©b I gvK©mxq mgvRexÿvi cÖfve wQj Zvi †jLbx‡Z| cÙvb`xi gvwS I cyZzj bv‡Pi BwZK_v (1936) iPbvKv‡j wZwb AvµvšÍ nb `yiv‡ivM¨ e¨vwa Gwcj¨vwá-†Z hv wQj Awbivgq‡hvM¨ (eyׇ`e fÆvPvh©, 2012)| wKš‘ †iv‡Mi fqvenZv Zuvi m„wókxjZvi c_‡K iæ× Ki‡Z cv‡iwb KL‡bv| eis wZwb Zuvi †jLbx‡K MwZgq †i‡LwQ‡jb ^D™¢vweZ cš’vq (eyׇ`e fÆvPvh©, 2012)|

gvwb‡Ki wesk kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡Ki iPbvq d«‡qWxq Ae‡PZbvkÖqx gb¯ÍvwË¡K we‡køl‡Yi wewfbœ Dcv`vb ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q (†MvcxKvbv_ ivq‡PŠayix, 2008)| Zuvi †QvUM‡í mgv‡Ri †gnbwZ gvby‡li Rxeb msMÖvg, †kÖwY‰elg¨RwbZ cxob-eÂbvi cvkvcvwk myweavewÂZ gvby‡li g‡a¨ wKQz PwiÎ Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q| kvixwiK wKsev gvbwmKfv‡e P¨v‡jÄW Gme gvbyl mgv‡RiB Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| cwiev‡i Z_v mgv‡R Gme gvby‡li Dcw¯’wZ weivRgvb _vK‡jI mvwn‡Z¨ G‡`i Dcw¯’wZ LyeB bMY¨| wKš‘ gvwbK mgv‡Ri Gme gvby‡li Rxeb msMÖvg I RwUj gb¯ÍvwË¡K w`Kmg~‡ni Ici m‡PZbfv‡e Av‡jv †d‡j †mw`‡K cvV‡Ki g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y K‡i‡Qb| `„wó, kÖeY, kvixwiK I gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx e¨w³ Zuvi †jLvq we‡klfv‡e D‡V G‡m‡Q| †jL‡Ki †PvL w`‡q Avgiv †`Lvi †Póv K‡iwQ wesk kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖwZewÜZv| KviY, Zv‡`i gb¯ÍvwË¡K Ae¯’v Ges mgv‡R Zv‡`i MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv|

†ewki fvM mgv‡jvPK gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi M‡íi Pwiθ‡jv‡K Zv‡`i gvbwmK ؛؇K d‡« qWxq †cÿÖ vc‡U Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z †ewk AvMnÖ x wQ‡jb| m¤v¢ e¨ KviY nqZev GUvB †h, wesk kZ‡Ki wÎk `k‡K d‡« qWxq `kb© Dcgnv‡`‡k AvMgb I Zvi e¨vcK PPv© mvwn‡Z¨ cwÖ Zdj‡bi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †ewki fvM GB mgv‡jvPbv mvwnZ¨im wePvi cwi‡cwÖ ÿ‡Z Kiv| AÎ M‡elYvcÎwU‡Z Avgiv mvwnZ¨im ؇›Ø Pwiθ‡jv we‡klø Y †_‡K †ewi‡q G‡m cwÖ ZewÜZvi ( ) Av‡jv‡K IB mgqUKz ‡z K aivi †Póv K‡iwQ| †mRb¨ Avgv‡`i Av‡jvPbvq bvix-ciy æ‡li †hŠb AvKv•ÿv ev Ae`wgZ

Disability Studies

B”Qv GB Av‡jvPbvq Av‡mwb| ÔcvÖ ‰MwZnvwmKÕ M‡íi wfL,y ÔgnvKv‡ji RUvi RUÕ M‡íi mwy PÎv I Ômixmc„ Õ M‡í Pviæ, cix I ebgvjxi Ae`wgZ †hŠb AvKv•ÿv I ؇›Øi Zjz bvq cwÖ ZeÜx e¨w³i Rxeb, gvbm Ges Rxeb msMvÖ g ev Aw¯ZÍ ¡ iÿvi c‡Ö PóvB wQj Avgv‡`i caÖ vb AvM‡Ö ni welq| IB mgq Bs‡iwR wkÿv I cvðvZ¨ ms¯‹w… Z beMwVZ ga¨weË †kwÖ Y Øviv cmÖ vwiZ n‡Z ïiæ Ki‡jI evsjvi MvÖ gxY mgvR‡K Zv Ley mvgvb¨B ¯úk© K‡i‡Q| MvÖ gxY mgvR ivóxª q cwieZ‡© bi cfÖ ve‡Ki Zjz bvq ¯v’ bxq, agx© q I mvs¯‹w… ZK Kw… ó-KvjPvi Øviv A‡bK †ewk wbqwšZ¿ n‡Zv (Siska & Habib, 2015)| cwÖ ZeÜx Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv ZvB e¨w³ gvb‡y li m‡½ m‡½ IB mg‡qi mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹w… ZK Ges agx© q Dcv`vb¸‡jv Kxfv‡e cwÖ ZewÜZv‡K cfÖ vweZ KiZ- ZvB GB c‡Ö Póvi gva¨‡g Z‡z j Avbvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

cÖwZewÜZvi GB mvgvwRK cÖfve e¨vL¨vq Avgiv eZ©gvb M‡elYvcÎwU‡Z cÖwZewÜZv cv‡Vi (Disability studies) †mvk¨vj I †gwW‡Kj g‡Wj‡K Avgv‡`i we‡køl‡Yi w_IwiwUK¨vj †d«g wn‡m‡e wb‡qwQ| †mvk¨vj g‡Wj I †gwW‡Kj g‡Wj cÖwZewÜZv‡K `yÕwU wfbœ †jÝ Øviv e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Q| †gwW‡Kj g‡Wj cÖwZewÜZv‡K e¨w³MZ GKwU Ac~Y©Zv Ges ÎæwU wn‡m‡e †`‡L (Union of the

Physically Impaired Against Segregation, 1976)| Gi wecix‡Z †mvk¨vj g‡Wj cÖwZewÜZv‡K mgvRm„ó e‡j g‡b K‡i| †mvk¨vj g‡Wj †`Lvq mgvR cÖwZeÜxi wfbœZv‡K MÖnY I †imcÝ Ki‡Z bv cvivq GKRb cÖwZeÜx mgv‡Ri Dbœqbg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ð AskMÖnY I Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, GKwU wkï we`¨vj‡q hvq bv -Gi KviY wn‡m‡e Zvi kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZv‡K `vqx Kiv nq †gwW‡Kj g‡W‡j| Ab¨w`‡K †mvk¨vj g‡Wj wkïwU we`¨vj‡q Abycw¯’wZ‡K wkïwUi e¨w³MZ ÎæwU‡K vqx bv K‡i mgvR‡K vqx K‡i| we`¨vjq ev mgvR hw` wkïwUi Rb¨ ûBj †Pqvi ev i¨v¤ú-Gi e¨e¯’v KiZ Z‡e wkïwU Ab¨ mevi g‡Zv ‹z‡j †h‡Z cviZ| †gwW‡Kj g‡Wj kvixwiK I gvbwmK wfbœZv‡K mgvR KZ…©K Av‡ivwcZ AÿgZv wPwýZ K‡i D³ e¨w³‡K mvgvwRK wewfbœ Kvh©µg n‡Z wew”Qbœ I eR©b K‡i (Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation, 1976) | d‡j cÖwZewÜZvi `iæY Gme gvbyl mgv‡R wbMÖ‡ni wkKvi nq| †mvk¨vj g‡Wj cÖwZewÜZv‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i, cÖwZewÜZv Rb¥MZ bq eis mgvR KZ…©K Av‡ivwcZ evav wn‡m‡e| Gme mvgvwRK evav ag©xq I mvs¯‹…wZK g~j¨‡eva, wkÿv, wk‡íi Dbœqb, †fŠ‡MvwjK MwZkxjZv I cuywRev`x A_©bxwZ Øviv wbqwš¿Z I cwiPvwjZ nq (Priestley, 2006; Siska & Habib, 2013)| evwn¨K Rb¥MZ ÎæwU wPwKrmvweÁv‡bi Kj¨v‡Y cybe©vmb Kiv †M‡jI mgv‡Ri `„wófw½RwbZ cÖwZewÜZv‡K eRvq ivL‡Z mgvR eva¨ K‡i| eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü Avgiv cÖwZeÜwZvi HwZnvwmK Ges †`kxq cUf‚wg we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ cÖwZewÜZvi †mvk¨vj g‡Wj‡K wfwË wn‡m‡e a‡iwQ|

M‡elYv c×wZK_vmvwnwZ¨K gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi †QvUM‡íi †gvU msL¨v wb‡q gZvšiÍ Av‡Q; msL¨vwU †jLK‡f‡` 177, 250 Ges 271 (e×y ‡`e fÆvPvh,© 2012; ˆmq` AvwRRjy nK, 2015; †gvt kvnRvnvb wgqv, 2008)| †QvUMí QvovI wZwb iPbv K‡i‡Qb 37wU Dcb¨vm, 27wU wK‡kvi‡Zvl Mí, 4wU wK‡kvi‡Zvl Dcb¨vm QvovI †ek wKQz KweZv, bvUK, ceÖ Ü-wbeÜ- w`bwjwc- wPwVcÎ (ˆmq` AvwRRjy nK, 2015)| gvwb‡Ki iPbvm¤v¢ i wekvj nIqvq M‡elYvi wmwiR c‡Ö Póvi GB As‡k ïay gvwb‡Ki iwPZ †QvUMí¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mxgve× ivLv n‡q‡Q| Avgiv m‡ev© ‡gvU 157wU †QvUMí GB M‡elYvq AšfÍ ³©z

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 11evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx10

K‡iwQ| mvwnZ¨ iPbv we‡klø YKv‡j †QvU-eo cwÖ ZwU PwiÎ Aa¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g cwÖ ZeÜx Pwiθ‡jv wPwýZ K‡iwQ| wPwýZ cwÖ ZeÜx Pwiθ‡jv we‡klø ‡Yi mgq Avgiv cwÖ ZewÜZvi KviY, aib, kvixwiK-gvbwmK Ø›Ø, cwÖ ZewÜZvi cwÖ Z mgv‡Ri w„ ófw½, wPwKrmv cfÖ w… Z welq †`Lvi †Póv K‡iwQ|

djvdj

cÖwZewÜZvi aibAvgv‡`i M‡elYvq AšÍfz©³ gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi 162wU M‡íi g‡a¨ 20wU M‡í cÖwZeÜx PwiÎ G‡m‡Q| Gme cÖwZeÜx Pwiθ‡jv‡K we‡kølY K‡i cuvP ai‡bi cÖwZeÜx PwiÎ Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB- h_v: kvixwiK, eyw×, kÖeY, evK I `„wó cÖwZewÜZv (mviwb 1)| †ewki fvM PwiÎ wfbœ wfbœ eq‡mi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡jI cÖvq me¸‡jv PwiÎB MÖvgxY cwi‡e‡ki cUf‚wg‡Z Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Pwiθ‡jv‡Z †hgb m`¨f‚wgô wkï i‡q‡Q †Zgwb ga¨eq¯‹ bvix I cyiæ‡liI mgv‡ek N‡U‡Q| Pwiθ‡jv mvaviYZ wb¤œ I wb¤œ-ga¨weË cwievi I A_©‰bwZK `‡ji AšÍfz©³| †ckvq wfÿzK n‡Z ïiæ K‡i Ab¨ cwiev‡i AvwkÖZ bvix I wkï i‡q‡Q| myZivs gvwb‡Ki †QvUM‡í cÖwZeÜx Pwiθ‡jv mywbw`©ófv‡e GKwU mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix|

gvwbK mvwn‡Z¨ cÖwZewÜZvi aviYvMZ KviY I Drm¸‡jv eûwea I ewPΨgq| †mLv‡b yN©Ubv wKsev Aciva Kg©KvÐ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i Rb¥MZfv‡e cÖwZewÜZv cÖvwßi eY©bv i‡q‡Q| ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ M‡í wfLy emšÍcy‡ii eKzÚ mvnvi evwo‡Z WvKvwZ Ki‡Z wM‡q Kuv‡a ek©vi AvNvZ cvq| wPwKrmvi Afv‡e wfLyi Wvb nvZwU Kg©ÿgZv nvivq Ges cÖwZewÜZvi wkKvi nq|

Avi Ggwb k³cÖvY wfLyi †h ïay GB AvkÖqUzKz cvBqvB webv wPwKrmvq I GK iKg webv h‡ZœB GK gvm gyg~ly© Ae¯’v KvUvBqv †m µ‡g µ‡g wbwðZ giY‡K Rq Kwiqv †dwjj| wKš‘ Wvb nvZwU Zvnvi Avi fv‡jv nBj bv| Mv‡Qi giv Wv‡ji g‡Zv ïKvBqv wMqv Aek AKg©Y¨ nBqv cwoj| cÖ_‡g AwZ K‡ó nvZUv †m GKUz bvwo‡Z cvwiZ, wKš‘ †kl ch©šÍ †m ÿgZvUzKzI Zvnvi bó nBqv †Mj| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 21)|

Ômixm„cÕ M‡í Pviæi ¯^vgx wQj eyw× cÖwZeÜx, hv‡K M‡í eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q ÔAvacvMjvÕ wn‡m‡e Avi GKgvÎ wkïcyÎ fzeb‡K †`L‡Z cvB Rb¥MZfv‡e ¯^vfvweK eyw×i weKv‡k evavcÖvß we‡kl wkï wn‡m‡e| hvi `iæb Pviæ `ywðšÍvMÖ¯Í n‡q c‡o g„Zz¨i ci Zvi wkïcyÎ fze‡bi Kx n‡e †f‡e| fze‡bi cÖwZewÜZv‡K GB M‡í †hfv‡e eY©bv Kiv nq-

N‡ii wfZi nB‡Z fzeb _yc_yc Kwiqv cv †dwjqv Avwmqv `uvovBj| †m AZ¨vðh© †gvUv| Zvnvi Mjvq `ywU LuvR Av‡Q, g‡b nq Mv‡jI LuvR cwo‡e| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 33|)

cÖwZewÜZv †h ïay Rb¥MZ wQj Zv bq, Gi cÖgvY †g‡j ÔRxweKvÕ bvgK †QvUM‡í| ÔRxweKvÕ M‡í Kvjyi †ckv ev †bkv wQj Bu`viv ev Kzqvq †b‡g nviv‡bv g~j¨evb e¯‘i †LuvR Kiv| †bkvi Uv‡b wKsev RxweKvi cÖ‡qvR‡bB †nvK Kvjy‡K KL‡bv Zvi cZ…K †ckv †hgb: Ni QvIqv, †eov euvav, KvV †PjvB Kiv cÖf„wZ †Zgb AvKl©Y KiZ bv| eis MÖv‡gi nvivY-Gi Kzqv Lbb wKsev Kzqvq nviv‡bv wRwbm †LuvRvi Rb¨ R‡ji wb‡P evievi A`„k¨ nIqv -Zv‡K †mB kke n‡Z †ivgvwÂZ KiZ| MÖv‡gi R‰bK K…‡ò›`y miKv‡ii †QvUeD‡qi nv‡Zi AbšÍ Bu`vivq †Lvqv †M‡j Kvjyi WvK c‡o| Kvjy m`¨ g¨v‡jwiqv R¡‡i Kvey kixi wb‡q GKwU UvKvi Rb¨ †Kvg‡i `uwo †eu‡a Bu`vivi Mfxi R‡j Wze †`q| wKš‘ wKQzÿ‡Yi g‡a¨ †m Bu`vivi cv‡o D‡V emvgvÎ bvK w`‡q i³ c‡o| hvi d‡j †m ZvrÿwYKfv‡e ewai n‡q hvq, hw`I c‡i Avevi Kv‡b ïb‡Z ïiæ K‡i| mvgwqK cÖwZewÜZv n‡jI G ai‡bi SzuwKc~Y© RxweKv †h Kvjyi Rxe‡b kÖæwZ cÖwZewÜZvi g‡Zv ANU‡bi KviY n‡Z cviZ-ZviB Avfvm GLv‡b cvIqv hvq|

ÔAÜÕ M‡í †g‡q †gvwnbx wQj AÜ-Rb¥vÜ wKbv †mB wel‡q †Kv‡bv Bw½Z †QvUMíwU‡Z cvIq hvqwb| wKš‘ Zvi evev mbvZb PµeZ©x gvÎvwZwi³ g`¨ †me‡bi iæb Qvcvbœ eQi eq‡m A܇Z¡i wkKvi nb e‡j D‡jøL cvIqv hvq| Avevi ÔgnvKv‡ji RUvi RUÕ M‡í eo †g‡q mywPÎv‡K Ava †evev, Ava Kvjv, Ava cvMj wn‡m‡e ewY©Z n‡Z †`L‡Z cvB| cvÎcÿ Zv‡K †`L‡Z G‡j Zvi A¯^vfvweK AvPi‡Yi ewntcÖKvk N‡U-

mviwb 1: GKbR‡i gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi †QvUM‡í cÖvß cÖwZeÜx Pwiθ‡jv:

kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZv

eyw× cÖwZewÜZv

kÖeY cÖwZewÜZv`„wó cÖwZewÜZv

evK cÖwZewÜZv

cÖv‰MwZnvwmKZvici?

iv‡mi †gjvbe Avjcbv

†j‡fj µwmsfq¼igxgvsmv

kvwšÍjZvi K_vmixm„c

†civbUvZvici?

†Kvb w`‡K

`yN©UbvRxweKvAÜ

Mv‡qbgnvKv‡ji RUvi RU

wfLy, ewmiM‡RbwfLvwibUzKAejvdzwjwefv

Puvw`i bb`Pviæi ¯^vgx I Pviæi wkïcyÎ fzeb

dzjevbynv‡ev

cvMjx †g‡qk¤¢yKvjy

†gvwnbx, mbvZb PµeZ©xbUe‡ii †g‡q

mywPÎv

cÖwZewÜZvi aib M‡íi bvg Pwi‡Îi bvg

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 13evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx12

K‡iwQ| mvwnZ¨ iPbv we‡klø YKv‡j †QvU-eo cwÖ ZwU PwiÎ Aa¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g cwÖ ZeÜx Pwiθ‡jv wPwýZ K‡iwQ| wPwýZ cwÖ ZeÜx Pwiθ‡jv we‡klø ‡Yi mgq Avgiv cwÖ ZewÜZvi KviY, aib, kvixwiK-gvbwmK Ø›Ø, cwÖ ZewÜZvi cwÖ Z mgv‡Ri w„ ófw½, wPwKrmv cfÖ w… Z welq †`Lvi †Póv K‡iwQ|

djvdj

cÖwZewÜZvi aibAvgv‡`i M‡elYvq AšÍfz©³ gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi 162wU M‡íi g‡a¨ 20wU M‡í cÖwZeÜx PwiÎ G‡m‡Q| Gme cÖwZeÜx Pwiθ‡jv‡K we‡kølY K‡i cuvP ai‡bi cÖwZeÜx PwiÎ Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB- h_v: kvixwiK, eyw×, kÖeY, evK I `„wó cÖwZewÜZv (mviwb 1)| †ewki fvM PwiÎ wfbœ wfbœ eq‡mi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡jI cÖvq me¸‡jv PwiÎB MÖvgxY cwi‡e‡ki cUf‚wg‡Z Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Pwiθ‡jv‡Z †hgb m`¨f‚wgô wkï i‡q‡Q †Zgwb ga¨eq¯‹ bvix I cyiæ‡liI mgv‡ek N‡U‡Q| Pwiθ‡jv mvaviYZ wb¤œ I wb¤œ-ga¨weË cwievi I A_©‰bwZK `‡ji AšÍfz©³| †ckvq wfÿzK n‡Z ïiæ K‡i Ab¨ cwiev‡i AvwkÖZ bvix I wkï i‡q‡Q| myZivs gvwb‡Ki †QvUM‡í cÖwZeÜx Pwiθ‡jv mywbw`©ófv‡e GKwU mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix|

gvwbK mvwn‡Z¨ cÖwZewÜZvi aviYvMZ KviY I Drm¸‡jv eûwea I ewPΨgq| †mLv‡b yN©Ubv wKsev Aciva Kg©KvÐ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i Rb¥MZfv‡e cÖwZewÜZv cÖvwßi eY©bv i‡q‡Q| ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ M‡í wfLy emšÍcy‡ii eKzÚ mvnvi evwo‡Z WvKvwZ Ki‡Z wM‡q Kuv‡a ek©vi AvNvZ cvq| wPwKrmvi Afv‡e wfLyi Wvb nvZwU Kg©ÿgZv nvivq Ges cÖwZewÜZvi wkKvi nq|

Avi Ggwb k³cÖvY wfLyi †h ïay GB AvkÖqUzKz cvBqvB webv wPwKrmvq I GK iKg webv h‡ZœB GK gvm gyg~ly© Ae¯’v KvUvBqv †m µ‡g µ‡g wbwðZ giY‡K Rq Kwiqv †dwjj| wKš‘ Wvb nvZwU Zvnvi Avi fv‡jv nBj bv| Mv‡Qi giv Wv‡ji g‡Zv ïKvBqv wMqv Aek AKg©Y¨ nBqv cwoj| cÖ_‡g AwZ K‡ó nvZUv †m GKUz bvwo‡Z cvwiZ, wKš‘ †kl ch©šÍ †m ÿgZvUzKzI Zvnvi bó nBqv †Mj| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 21)|

Ômixm„cÕ M‡í Pviæi ¯^vgx wQj eyw× cÖwZeÜx, hv‡K M‡í eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q ÔAvacvMjvÕ wn‡m‡e Avi GKgvÎ wkïcyÎ fzeb‡K †`L‡Z cvB Rb¥MZfv‡e ¯^vfvweK eyw×i weKv‡k evavcÖvß we‡kl wkï wn‡m‡e| hvi `iæb Pviæ `ywðšÍvMÖ¯Í n‡q c‡o g„Zz¨i ci Zvi wkïcyÎ fze‡bi Kx n‡e †f‡e| fze‡bi cÖwZewÜZv‡K GB M‡í †hfv‡e eY©bv Kiv nq-

N‡ii wfZi nB‡Z fzeb _yc_yc Kwiqv cv †dwjqv Avwmqv `uvovBj| †m AZ¨vðh© †gvUv| Zvnvi Mjvq `ywU LuvR Av‡Q, g‡b nq Mv‡jI LuvR cwo‡e| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 33|)

cÖwZewÜZv †h ïay Rb¥MZ wQj Zv bq, Gi cÖgvY †g‡j ÔRxweKvÕ bvgK †QvUM‡í| ÔRxweKvÕ M‡í Kvjyi †ckv ev †bkv wQj Bu`viv ev Kzqvq †b‡g nviv‡bv g~j¨evb e¯‘i †LuvR Kiv| †bkvi Uv‡b wKsev RxweKvi cÖ‡qvR‡bB †nvK Kvjy‡K KL‡bv Zvi cZ…K †ckv †hgb: Ni QvIqv, †eov euvav, KvV †PjvB Kiv cÖf„wZ †Zgb AvKl©Y KiZ bv| eis MÖv‡gi nvivY-Gi Kzqv Lbb wKsev Kzqvq nviv‡bv wRwbm †LuvRvi Rb¨ R‡ji wb‡P evievi A`„k¨ nIqv -Zv‡K †mB kke n‡Z †ivgvwÂZ KiZ| MÖv‡gi R‰bK K…‡ò›`y miKv‡ii †QvUeD‡qi nv‡Zi AbšÍ Bu`vivq †Lvqv †M‡j Kvjyi WvK c‡o| Kvjy m`¨ g¨v‡jwiqv R¡‡i Kvey kixi wb‡q GKwU UvKvi Rb¨ †Kvg‡i `uwo †eu‡a Bu`vivi Mfxi R‡j Wze †`q| wKš‘ wKQzÿ‡Yi g‡a¨ †m Bu`vivi cv‡o D‡V emvgvÎ bvK w`‡q i³ c‡o| hvi d‡j †m ZvrÿwYKfv‡e ewai n‡q hvq, hw`I c‡i Avevi Kv‡b ïb‡Z ïiæ K‡i| mvgwqK cÖwZewÜZv n‡jI G ai‡bi SzuwKc~Y© RxweKv †h Kvjyi Rxe‡b kÖæwZ cÖwZewÜZvi g‡Zv ANU‡bi KviY n‡Z cviZ-ZviB Avfvm GLv‡b cvIqv hvq|

ÔAÜÕ M‡í †g‡q †gvwnbx wQj AÜ-Rb¥vÜ wKbv †mB wel‡q †Kv‡bv Bw½Z †QvUMíwU‡Z cvIq hvqwb| wKš‘ Zvi evev mbvZb PµeZ©x gvÎvwZwi³ g`¨ †me‡bi iæb Qvcvbœ eQi eq‡m A܇Z¡i wkKvi nb e‡j D‡jøL cvIqv hvq| Avevi ÔgnvKv‡ji RUvi RUÕ M‡í eo †g‡q mywPÎv‡K Ava †evev, Ava Kvjv, Ava cvMj wn‡m‡e ewY©Z n‡Z †`L‡Z cvB| cvÎcÿ Zv‡K †`L‡Z G‡j Zvi A¯^vfvweK AvPi‡Yi ewntcÖKvk N‡U-

mviwb 1: GKbR‡i gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi †QvUM‡í cÖvß cÖwZeÜx Pwiθ‡jv:

kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZv

eyw× cÖwZewÜZv

kÖeY cÖwZewÜZv`„wó cÖwZewÜZv

evK cÖwZewÜZv

cÖv‰MwZnvwmKZvici?

iv‡mi †gjvbe Avjcbv

†j‡fj µwmsfq¼igxgvsmv

kvwšÍjZvi K_vmixm„c

†civbUvZvici?

†Kvb w`‡K

`yN©UbvRxweKvAÜ

Mv‡qbgnvKv‡ji RUvi RU

wfLy, ewmiM‡RbwfLvwibUzKAejvdzwjwefv

Puvw`i bb`Pviæi ¯^vgx I Pviæi wkïcyÎ fzeb

dzjevbynv‡ev

cvMjx †g‡qk¤¢yKvjy

†gvwnbx, mbvZb PµeZ©xbUe‡ii †g‡q

mywPÎv

cÖwZewÜZvi aib M‡íi bvg Pwi‡Îi bvg

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 13evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx12

Aa©bMœ Ae¯’vq DVv‡b MovMwo w`qv myvwPÎv wPrKvi Kwiqv Kuv‡`| gwiqv †M‡jI yÕevi weevn †m Kwi‡e bv, GB K_v mKj‡K eySvBqv w`evi †Póvq cvMj †g‡qUvi †hb cÖvY evwni nBqv hvIqvi Dcµg nq| (gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-3, 1982, c„. 358)

ÔZvici?Õ M‡í M‡Rb AvNvZRwbZ cÖwZewÜZvi wkKvi nq| M‡í KvYKvwj Muv‡qi Lv‡ji gvbyl‡L‡Kv Kzwg‡ii Avµg‡Yi mgq, M‡R‡bi gv Kzwg‡ii nvZ †_‡K wb‡R‡K iÿv Ki‡Z bv cvi‡jI M‡Rb‡K cÖv‡Y euvPv‡Z Lv‡ji wKbvivq m‡Rv‡i Qz‡o gv‡ib| M‡Rb cÖv‡Y euvP‡jI kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZvi wkKvi nq|

†mB wkïi eqm GLb c‡bi eQi| Luywo‡q Luywo‡q nuv‡U! †Uiv euvKv Ava ïK‡bv euv nvZUv G‡Kev‡iB A‡K‡Rv, Av½yj¸wj k³ n‡q †M‡Q, euv‡K bv| Wvb nv‡Z †ek †Rvi Av‡Q, we‡kl Kg©Zrci bq e‡U, KviY †Kv‡bv Kv‡RB cUzZv AR©b Kivi ah© Zvi †bB, wKš‘ nvZwU †hb me mg‡qB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Aw¯’i I PÂj n‡q _v‡K, A_ev AKv‡Ri Rb¨| (gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, 1982, c„. 304)

Ô†civbUvÕ M‡í G‡šÍ Avwji eD eyw× cÖwZeÜx dzjevby hv‡K M‡í Ô†evKv nvev †ZvZjvÕ ejv n‡q‡Q, hv Zvi gvbwmK D‡ËRbvi mgq Av‡iv †e‡o hvq (gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-10, c„. 407)| ÔMv‡qbÕ M‡íI bUe‡ii †g‡q‡K †evev Pwi‡Î †`L‡Z cvB hv‡K we‡q K‡iwQj Mv‡qb iv‡Rb (gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-10, c„. 435)| Avevi Ôfq¼iÕ M‡í dzwj, Ôiv‡mi †gjvÕ M‡í by‡jv LÄ AÜ wfLvwi Ges Ôbe AvjcbvÕ M‡í bUzK‡K Ges Ôfq¼iÕ M‡í dzwj‡K †Luvov wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z cvB (gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-9, c„. 411)| Ôbe Avjcbv Õ M‡í kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx bUz‡Ki fvB Pz‡bvi fvlvq GB cÖwZewÜZvi KviY wQj R‡b¥i mgq Kvbœvi Rb¨ †h AvQvo †`Iqv nq, bUzK †mB AvQv‡oB cÖwZeÜx n‡q‡Q|

Rb¥ Kvu `‡bi AvQv‡o †Lvu ov bv n‡j nq‡Zv MvwoPvcv coZ bv bUKz | ... Avu Z‡z i Zv‡K Av‡ Í AvQvo w`‡q c_Ö g Kvu `vb Kvu `v‡Z wK †Nbvœ R‡b¥wQj `jy iy wcwmi †h †m GK AvQv‡o GKUv cv †f‡½ †ewu K‡q w`‡qwQj bU‡z Ki| (gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK MšÖ v’ ejx, LÐ-9, 1985, c.„ 399)

gvwb‡Ki M‡í Avgiv 20wU cÖwZeÜx Pwi‡Îi †`Lv †c‡qwQ| wKQz wKQz PwiÎ gb¯ÍvwË¡K we‡kølY, mvgvwRK Rxeb-AvPvi, Zv‡`i cÖwZ mgv‡Ri `„wófw½ BZ¨vw` Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g gyL¨ n‡jI Av‡iv †ek wKQz PwiÎ mgv‡R ïay Zv‡`i mnve¯’vb Rvbvb w`‡q G‡Kev‡iB †MŠY †_‡K‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ-i kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx ewmi, Ô†civbUvÕ M‡íi eyw× cÖwZeÜx dzjevby, ÔMv‡qbÕ M‡íi bUe‡ii evK cÖwZeÜx †g‡q, Ôfq¼i Õ M‡íi kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx dzwj, Ôbe AvjcbvÕ M‡íi kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx bUzK, ÔgxgvsmvÕ M‡íi kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx wefv, ÔkvwšÍjZvi K_vÕ M‡íi kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx Puvw`i bb`, Ô†Kv‡bv w`‡KÕ M‡íi Gcvov-Icvovq Ny‡i †eov‡bv ÔcvMjx †g‡qÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx †g‡q, Ô`yN©UbvÕ M‡íi k¤¢y Ges Ômixm„cÕ M‡íi Pviæi eyw× cÖwZeÜx ^vgx I wkïcyÎ fyeb cÖf…wZ Pwi‡Îi bvg| wKš‘ Gme PwiÎ gyL¨ ev †MŠY hvB †nvK bv †Kb gvwbK mg‡q wesk kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡K cÖwZeÜx‡`i mgv‡R †Rviv‡jv mnve¯’vb Rvbvb †`q Ges cÖwZeÜx‡`i gb¯ÍË¡ I mvgvwRKxKiY m¤ú‡K© aviYv †c‡Z|

†ckv/ RxweKvcÖwZeÜx e¨w³ mgv‡R Kxfv‡e Awf‡hvwRZ n‡”Q wKsev mgv‡R wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb wUwK‡q ivLvi Rb¨ Rxeb hy× Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q- Zv M‡elYvi GB As‡k †`Lvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| gvwb‡Ki iPbvq me©‡gvU 20wU cÖwZeÜx Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ cyiæl 9 Rb, bvix 10 Rb Ges wkï wQj GKRb| cyiæl Pwiθ‡jv †ewki fvMB wQj wb¤œ Av‡qi cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix| cyiæl cÖwZeÜx Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ wfÿve„wˇK †ckv wn‡m‡e †e‡Q wb‡Z †`wL ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ wfLy I ewmi‡K Ges Ôiv‡mi †gjvÕi bvg bv Rvbv wfLvwi‡K| Ôbe AvjcbvÕ i bUz‡Ki †ckv m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv aviYv cvIqv hvq bv| ÔAÜÕ M‡íi mbvZb PµeZ©x GK`v Kg©gq Rxeb hvcb Ki‡jI e„× eq‡m G‡m Z_v Zvi Aemi mg‡q `„wó cÖwZeÜx n‡qwQ‡jb| Avi Ômixm„cÕ M‡íi Pviæi cÖwZeÜx ^vgx‡K Kg©nxb Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z †`wL| ÔZvici?Õ M‡íi kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx M‡Rb †ckv wn‡m‡e bvix msµvšÍ e¨emvq RwoZ n‡Z †`wL| Kvjyi †ckv wQj Kzqvq †b‡g nviv‡bv g~j¨evb e¯‘i †LuvR Kiv| bvix Pwiθ‡jvi g‡a¨ Aejv, †gvwnbx, dzjevbyy I b‡Ue‡ii †g‡q wQj weevwnZ I msmvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ| Avi dzwj, mywPÎv, wefv, Puvw`i bb` I nv‡ev cwiev‡ii evwK m`m¨‡`i g‡Zv cwiev‡ii g‡a¨B jvwjZ-cvwjZ nw”Qj| Avi wKQz Pwi‡Îi †ckv m¤ú‡K© †QvUMí¸‡jv‡Z úó aviYv cvIqv hvqwb|

ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ M‡í kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx wfLy GKw`b evRv‡ii GKRb e¨w³i wbKU mvnvh¨ cÖv_©bv Ki‡j ÔZvnvi gv_vi RUeuvav Pvc-Pvc iæÿ a~mi Pzj, †Kvg‡i Rov‡bv gvwUi g‡Zv gqjv †Quov b¨vKov, Avi `woi g‡Zv kxY© †`v`yj¨gvb nvZwUÕ (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK, 2015, c„. 23) †`‡L Zv‡K GKwU cqmv `vb K‡ib| Avi Gfv‡eB wfLyi Ôc„w_exi eû cyivZb e¨emvÕ wfÿve„wˇZ nv‡Z-Lwo N‡U| hw`I gvbwmK I kvixwiKfv‡e cÖwZewÜZv‡K wfLy †g‡b †bqwb; Z_vwc †m Rxeb avi‡bi mnR Dcvq wn‡m‡e cÖwZewÜZv‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i wfÿv K‡i|

K‡qK w`‡bi wfZ‡iB †m c„w_exi eû cyivZb e¨emvwUi GB cÖKvk¨Zg wefv‡Mi AvBbKvbyb me wkwLqv †dwjj| Av‡e`‡bi fw½ I fvlv Zvnvi Rb¥wfLvwii g‡Zv AvqË nBqv †Mj| kixi GLb Avi †m G‡Kev‡iB mvd K‡i bv, gv_vi Pzj Zvnvi µ‡gB RU euvwaqv `jv-`jv nBqv hvq Ges Zvnv‡Z A‡bK¸wj DKzb-cwievi w`‡bi ci w`b esk e„w× Kwiqv P‡j| wfLy gv‡S gv‡S L¨vcvi g‡Zv `yB nv‡Z gv_v PzjKvq wKš‘ evowZ Pzj KvwUqv †dwj‡Z fimv cvq bv| wfÿv Kwiqv †m GKwU †Quov †KvU cvBqv‡Q, Kuv‡ai ÿZwPýUv XvwKqv ivwLevi Rb¨ viæY ¸‡gv‡Ui mg‡qI †KvUUv †m Mv‡q PvcvBqv iv‡L| ïK‡bv nvZLvbv Zvnvi e¨emvi me‡P‡q †Rviv‡jv weÁvcb, GB A½wU XvwKqv ivwL‡j Zvnvi P‡j bv| †Kv‡Ui Wvbw`‡Ki nvZvwU †m ZvB eM‡ji KvQ nB‡Z wQuwoqv ev` w`qv‡Q| GKwU wU‡bi gM I GKwU jvwVI †m msMÖn Kwiqv jBqv‡Q| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 23)

ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ M‡í Avgiv Av‡iv `yÕwU cÖwZeÜx PwiÎ cuvPx I ewmi‡K wfÿve„wˇK †ckv wn‡m‡e †e‡Q wb‡Z †`L‡Z cvB| cuvPxi cv‡qi ÿZ wQj wbivgq‡hvM¨ wKš‘ mgv‡Ri AvbyK‚j¨ jv‡fi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e †m Zvi GB cÖwZewÜZv‡K wRB‡q iv‡L Ges GB Nv‡qi `iæb †m wfLyi ZzjbvqI †ewk Avq Ki‡Z mÿg nq|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 15evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx14

Aa©bMœ Ae¯’vq DVv‡b MovMwo w`qv myvwPÎv wPrKvi Kwiqv Kuv‡`| gwiqv †M‡jI yÕevi weevn †m Kwi‡e bv, GB K_v mKj‡K eySvBqv w`evi †Póvq cvMj †g‡qUvi †hb cÖvY evwni nBqv hvIqvi Dcµg nq| (gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-3, 1982, c„. 358)

ÔZvici?Õ M‡í M‡Rb AvNvZRwbZ cÖwZewÜZvi wkKvi nq| M‡í KvYKvwj Muv‡qi Lv‡ji gvbyl‡L‡Kv Kzwg‡ii Avµg‡Yi mgq, M‡R‡bi gv Kzwg‡ii nvZ †_‡K wb‡R‡K iÿv Ki‡Z bv cvi‡jI M‡Rb‡K cÖv‡Y euvPv‡Z Lv‡ji wKbvivq m‡Rv‡i Qz‡o gv‡ib| M‡Rb cÖv‡Y euvP‡jI kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZvi wkKvi nq|

†mB wkïi eqm GLb c‡bi eQi| Luywo‡q Luywo‡q nuv‡U! †Uiv euvKv Ava ïK‡bv euv nvZUv G‡Kev‡iB A‡K‡Rv, Av½yj¸wj k³ n‡q †M‡Q, euv‡K bv| Wvb nv‡Z †ek †Rvi Av‡Q, we‡kl Kg©Zrci bq e‡U, KviY †Kv‡bv Kv‡RB cUzZv AR©b Kivi ah© Zvi †bB, wKš‘ nvZwU †hb me mg‡qB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Aw¯’i I PÂj n‡q _v‡K, A_ev AKv‡Ri Rb¨| (gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, 1982, c„. 304)

Ô†civbUvÕ M‡í G‡šÍ Avwji eD eyw× cÖwZeÜx dzjevby hv‡K M‡í Ô†evKv nvev †ZvZjvÕ ejv n‡q‡Q, hv Zvi gvbwmK D‡ËRbvi mgq Av‡iv †e‡o hvq (gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-10, c„. 407)| ÔMv‡qbÕ M‡íI bUe‡ii †g‡q‡K †evev Pwi‡Î †`L‡Z cvB hv‡K we‡q K‡iwQj Mv‡qb iv‡Rb (gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-10, c„. 435)| Avevi Ôfq¼iÕ M‡í dzwj, Ôiv‡mi †gjvÕ M‡í by‡jv LÄ AÜ wfLvwi Ges Ôbe AvjcbvÕ M‡í bUzK‡K Ges Ôfq¼iÕ M‡í dzwj‡K †Luvov wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z cvB (gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-9, c„. 411)| Ôbe Avjcbv Õ M‡í kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx bUz‡Ki fvB Pz‡bvi fvlvq GB cÖwZewÜZvi KviY wQj R‡b¥i mgq Kvbœvi Rb¨ †h AvQvo †`Iqv nq, bUzK †mB AvQv‡oB cÖwZeÜx n‡q‡Q|

Rb¥ Kvu `‡bi AvQv‡o †Lvu ov bv n‡j nq‡Zv MvwoPvcv coZ bv bUKz | ... Avu Z‡z i Zv‡K Av‡ Í AvQvo w`‡q c_Ö g Kvu `vb Kvu `v‡Z wK †Nbvœ R‡b¥wQj `jy iy wcwmi †h †m GK AvQv‡o GKUv cv †f‡½ †ewu K‡q w`‡qwQj bU‡z Ki| (gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK MšÖ v’ ejx, LÐ-9, 1985, c.„ 399)

gvwb‡Ki M‡í Avgiv 20wU cÖwZeÜx Pwi‡Îi †`Lv †c‡qwQ| wKQz wKQz PwiÎ gb¯ÍvwË¡K we‡kølY, mvgvwRK Rxeb-AvPvi, Zv‡`i cÖwZ mgv‡Ri `„wófw½ BZ¨vw` Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g gyL¨ n‡jI Av‡iv †ek wKQz PwiÎ mgv‡R ïay Zv‡`i mnve¯’vb Rvbvb w`‡q G‡Kev‡iB †MŠY †_‡K‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ-i kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx ewmi, Ô†civbUvÕ M‡íi eyw× cÖwZeÜx dzjevby, ÔMv‡qbÕ M‡íi bUe‡ii evK cÖwZeÜx †g‡q, Ôfq¼i Õ M‡íi kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx dzwj, Ôbe AvjcbvÕ M‡íi kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx bUzK, ÔgxgvsmvÕ M‡íi kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx wefv, ÔkvwšÍjZvi K_vÕ M‡íi kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx Puvw`i bb`, Ô†Kv‡bv w`‡KÕ M‡íi Gcvov-Icvovq Ny‡i †eov‡bv ÔcvMjx †g‡qÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx †g‡q, Ô`yN©UbvÕ M‡íi k¤¢y Ges Ômixm„cÕ M‡íi Pviæi eyw× cÖwZeÜx ^vgx I wkïcyÎ fyeb cÖf…wZ Pwi‡Îi bvg| wKš‘ Gme PwiÎ gyL¨ ev †MŠY hvB †nvK bv †Kb gvwbK mg‡q wesk kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡K cÖwZeÜx‡`i mgv‡R †Rviv‡jv mnve¯’vb Rvbvb †`q Ges cÖwZeÜx‡`i gb¯ÍË¡ I mvgvwRKxKiY m¤ú‡K© aviYv †c‡Z|

†ckv/ RxweKvcÖwZeÜx e¨w³ mgv‡R Kxfv‡e Awf‡hvwRZ n‡”Q wKsev mgv‡R wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb wUwK‡q ivLvi Rb¨ Rxeb hy× Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q- Zv M‡elYvi GB As‡k †`Lvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| gvwb‡Ki iPbvq me©‡gvU 20wU cÖwZeÜx Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ cyiæl 9 Rb, bvix 10 Rb Ges wkï wQj GKRb| cyiæl Pwiθ‡jv †ewki fvMB wQj wb¤œ Av‡qi cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix| cyiæl cÖwZeÜx Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ wfÿve„wˇK †ckv wn‡m‡e †e‡Q wb‡Z †`wL ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ wfLy I ewmi‡K Ges Ôiv‡mi †gjvÕi bvg bv Rvbv wfLvwi‡K| Ôbe AvjcbvÕ i bUz‡Ki †ckv m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv aviYv cvIqv hvq bv| ÔAÜÕ M‡íi mbvZb PµeZ©x GK`v Kg©gq Rxeb hvcb Ki‡jI e„× eq‡m G‡m Z_v Zvi Aemi mg‡q `„wó cÖwZeÜx n‡qwQ‡jb| Avi Ômixm„cÕ M‡íi Pviæi cÖwZeÜx ^vgx‡K Kg©nxb Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z †`wL| ÔZvici?Õ M‡íi kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx M‡Rb †ckv wn‡m‡e bvix msµvšÍ e¨emvq RwoZ n‡Z †`wL| Kvjyi †ckv wQj Kzqvq †b‡g nviv‡bv g~j¨evb e¯‘i †LuvR Kiv| bvix Pwiθ‡jvi g‡a¨ Aejv, †gvwnbx, dzjevbyy I b‡Ue‡ii †g‡q wQj weevwnZ I msmvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ| Avi dzwj, mywPÎv, wefv, Puvw`i bb` I nv‡ev cwiev‡ii evwK m`m¨‡`i g‡Zv cwiev‡ii g‡a¨B jvwjZ-cvwjZ nw”Qj| Avi wKQz Pwi‡Îi †ckv m¤ú‡K© †QvUMí¸‡jv‡Z úó aviYv cvIqv hvqwb|

ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ M‡í kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx wfLy GKw`b evRv‡ii GKRb e¨w³i wbKU mvnvh¨ cÖv_©bv Ki‡j ÔZvnvi gv_vi RUeuvav Pvc-Pvc iæÿ a~mi Pzj, †Kvg‡i Rov‡bv gvwUi g‡Zv gqjv †Quov b¨vKov, Avi `woi g‡Zv kxY© †`v`yj¨gvb nvZwUÕ (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK, 2015, c„. 23) †`‡L Zv‡K GKwU cqmv `vb K‡ib| Avi Gfv‡eB wfLyi Ôc„w_exi eû cyivZb e¨emvÕ wfÿve„wˇZ nv‡Z-Lwo N‡U| hw`I gvbwmK I kvixwiKfv‡e cÖwZewÜZv‡K wfLy †g‡b †bqwb; Z_vwc †m Rxeb avi‡bi mnR Dcvq wn‡m‡e cÖwZewÜZv‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i wfÿv K‡i|

K‡qK w`‡bi wfZ‡iB †m c„w_exi eû cyivZb e¨emvwUi GB cÖKvk¨Zg wefv‡Mi AvBbKvbyb me wkwLqv †dwjj| Av‡e`‡bi fw½ I fvlv Zvnvi Rb¥wfLvwii g‡Zv AvqË nBqv †Mj| kixi GLb Avi †m G‡Kev‡iB mvd K‡i bv, gv_vi Pzj Zvnvi µ‡gB RU euvwaqv `jv-`jv nBqv hvq Ges Zvnv‡Z A‡bK¸wj DKzb-cwievi w`‡bi ci w`b esk e„w× Kwiqv P‡j| wfLy gv‡S gv‡S L¨vcvi g‡Zv `yB nv‡Z gv_v PzjKvq wKš‘ evowZ Pzj KvwUqv †dwj‡Z fimv cvq bv| wfÿv Kwiqv †m GKwU †Quov †KvU cvBqv‡Q, Kuv‡ai ÿZwPýUv XvwKqv ivwLevi Rb¨ viæY ¸‡gv‡Ui mg‡qI †KvUUv †m Mv‡q PvcvBqv iv‡L| ïK‡bv nvZLvbv Zvnvi e¨emvi me‡P‡q †Rviv‡jv weÁvcb, GB A½wU XvwKqv ivwL‡j Zvnvi P‡j bv| †Kv‡Ui Wvbw`‡Ki nvZvwU †m ZvB eM‡ji KvQ nB‡Z wQuwoqv ev` w`qv‡Q| GKwU wU‡bi gM I GKwU jvwVI †m msMÖn Kwiqv jBqv‡Q| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 23)

ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ M‡í Avgiv Av‡iv `yÕwU cÖwZeÜx PwiÎ cuvPx I ewmi‡K wfÿve„wˇK †ckv wn‡m‡e †e‡Q wb‡Z †`L‡Z cvB| cuvPxi cv‡qi ÿZ wQj wbivgq‡hvM¨ wKš‘ mgv‡Ri AvbyK‚j¨ jv‡fi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e †m Zvi GB cÖwZewÜZv‡K wRB‡q iv‡L Ges GB Nv‡qi `iæb †m wfLyi ZzjbvqI †ewk Avq Ki‡Z mÿg nq|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 15evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx14

evRv‡i XzwKevi gy‡LB GKwU wfLvwibx wfÿv Kwi‡Z e‡m| eqm Zvnvi †ewk bq, †`‡ni euvaywbI †ek Av‡Q| wKš‘ GKUv cv‡q nvUzi wbP nB‡Z cv‡qi cvZv ch©šÍ Zvnvi _K_‡K ˆZjv³ Nv|

GB Nv‡qi †Rv‡i †m wfLyi †P‡q †ewk †ivRMvi K‡i| †mRb¨ Nv-wU †m we‡kl h‡Zœ mvwi‡Z †`q bv| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 25)

Avevi mnR RxweKv AR©‡bi cš’v wn‡m‡e cÖwZewÜZv‡K e¨envi Kivi D`vniY wfLy I cuvPxi cvkvcvwk ewmi bvgK Pwi‡Î †`L‡Z cvB| wfLyi g‡Zv ewm‡ii cv wQj cÿvNvZMÖ¯Í Ges wfÿvcÖvwßi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e hv wKbv mn‡R †MvPixf‚Z nIqvi Rb¨ we‡kl Kvq`vq †g‡j ivLv n‡Zv|

...Iw`‡K ZvKvBqv wfLy †`wL‡Z cvq ZvnviB g‡Zv †Rvqvb vwoIjv GK LÄ wfLvwi LvwbK Zdv‡Z Avmb Kwiqv‡Q| Zvnvi Wvb nvZwUi g‡Zv GKwU cv nvUzi wb‡P ïKvBqv wMqv‡Q, we‡kl hZœmnKv‡i IB AskUzKz mvg‡b †gwjqv †m Avjøvi bv‡g qv cÖv_©bv Kwi‡Z‡Q| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 25)

ÔZvici?Õ M‡í kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx M‡R‡bi RxweKvi welqwU †ek D‡jøL‡hvM¨| cÖv_wgK wkÿv †kl Ki‡jI M‡Rb gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi covïbv †kl Kivi Av‡MB we`¨vjq Z¨vM K‡i| Zvov‡bv †Q‡ji g‡Zv M‡Rb M„‡n Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges gv‡S gv‡S wKQzw`‡bi R‡b¨ DavI n‡q hvq| Qq gvm ci hLb MÖv‡g Avevi wd‡i Av‡m ZLb M‡R‡bi †cvkvK-Avkv‡K cwieZ©b jÿ Kiv hvq|

mevB hLb fve‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i‡Q †h Av‡iv A‡b‡Ki g‡Zv †mI ywf©‡ÿi Ke‡j †M‡Q wPiw`‡bi g‡Zv, ZLb †m GKw`b wd‡i Gj| mvR‡cvkv‡Ki Zvi DbœwZ †`Lv †Mj A™¢zZ iK‡gi-wm‡éi cvÄvex, dvBb aywZ, PKP‡K evwY©k Kiv Ry‡Zv| (gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, 1982, c„. 304)

M‡R‡bi GB nVvr Avw_©K cwieZ©‡bi g~‡j i‡q‡Q bvixmsµvšÍ e¨emv| Rvbv hvq, Ae‡k‡l MÖv‡gi Av‡iv yÕRb jvjy I geye-Gi m‡½ †hvMmvR‡m bvix e¨emv ïiæ K‡i|

cÖwZeÜx Pwi‡Îi kvixwiK I gvbwmK Ae¯’vAvgiv cÖ_‡gB e‡jwQ, GB M‡elYv wmwi‡Ri gva¨‡g wesk kZvãx‡Z mgv‡R emevmiZ cÖwZeÜx Z_v e¨wZµgag©x gvby‡li wb‡R‡`i gb¯ÍvwË¡K Ae¯’v Ges Zv‡`i cÖwZ mgv‡Ri Acivci gvby‡li AvPvi-AvPviYB ev Kxiƒc wQj Zv †`Lvi cÖqvm Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q| e¨wZµgag©x gvbyl¸‡jv wK Zv‡`i cÖwZewÜZvi Kvi‡Y mgv‡Ri †evSv¯^iƒc cwiMwYZ n‡q mgvR wew”Qbœ n‡q emevm K‡i‡Q bvwK mgv‡RiB Ask wn‡m‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i mgv‡Ri Avi `kRb ¯^vfvweK gvby‡li g‡Zv Zv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b ¯^vfvweK wµqv-Kg© cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Q? Zv‡`i gvbwmK Ae¯’vB ev Kxiƒc wQj? Zviv wK cÖwZewÜZvi Kvi‡Y gvbwmK nxbgb¨Zvq fzM‡Zv? bvwK mgv‡Ri my¯’ gvbyl¸‡jvi cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb K‡i Zv‡`i g‡ZvB wb‡R‡`i Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ jovB Pvwj‡q wM‡q‡Q, Avkv-AvKv•ÿv, RweK Pvwn`v, MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi iUbv-M‡íi Ask wQj- Zv †`Lvi cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ M‡í WvKvwZ Ki‡Z wM‡q ek©vi AvNv‡Z wfLy kvixwiKfv‡e cÿvNvZMÖ¯ÍZvi wkKvi n‡jI ¯^vfvweK kvixwiK-gvbwmK kw³ ev ˆRweK Pvwn`vi NvUwZ jÿ Kiv hvq bv| cÿvNvZMÖ¯ÍZv cÖvwßi GK gv‡mi g‡a¨ `ye©j kix‡iI wfLy †hŠbÿzav cwiZ…wßi Rb¨ AvkÖq`vZv †cn¬v‡`i eD‡K Avq‡Z¡ Avbvi e¨_© cÖqvm Pvjvq| GgbwK Ab¨ wfÿzK cuvPx‡K †c‡Z Av‡iK kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx ewmi‡K Lyb Ki‡Z KzÉv‡eva K‡i bv| Avevi GKBfv‡e g‡bi ¯^vfvweK mnRvZ cÖe„wË wb‡R‡K mgv‡R cÖwZwôZ Kiv ev A‡b¨i myLx cvwievwiK Rxeb †`‡L wnsmvZ¥K fvebv- `yÕwUB Avgiv wfLyi fvebvq cÖwZdwjZ n‡Z †`L‡Z cvB|

Zvnvi Pvjvi cv‡k webœy gvwSi myLx cvwievwiK RxebUv Zvnv‡K wnsmvq RR©wiZ Kwiqv †`q| GK-GKw`b webœyi N‡i Av¸b aivBqv w`evi Rb¨ gb QUdU Kwiqv I‡V| b`xi av‡i L¨vcvi g‡Zv Nywi‡Z Nywi‡Z Zvnvi g‡b nq c„w_exi hZ Lv`¨ I hZ bvix Av‡Q GKv me Lj Kwi‡Z bv cvwi‡j Zvnvi Z…wß nB‡e bv| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 27)

cÖwZeÜx wfLy Zvi fvebv ïay Zvi Kíbv‡ZB iv‡Lwb mgq-my‡hvM g‡Zv Zv ev¯Í‡e msMwVZ Ki‡Z m‡e©v”P cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡q‡Q| †KD wfÿv bv w`‡q P‡j †M‡j wfLy Ôc_Pvix‡K GKwU wUUKvwi †`Iqvi g‡a¨ g‡bi R¡vjvÕ wgwU‡q wbZ| GKBfv‡e wfLyi AvkÖq`vZv †cn¬v‡`i eD-Gi Ici †hŠb jvjmv PwiZv_© Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q wfLy ivZ`ycy‡i †cn¬v‡`i N‡i Av¸b w`‡q cÖwZ‡kva †bq| †hŠb jvjmv QvovI †g‡q gvbyl‡K fv‡jvevmv, is-Zvgvkv Kiv Ges msmvi Kivi ^cœI wfLyi g‡a¨ wQj| cQ‡›`i mn-wfLvwibx cuvPx‡K Pzwi Kiv Lvevi w`‡q Lywk Kiv‡bv I cv‡k e‡m yÕPviwU i½-Zvgvkv K_v ejvi B”Qv wfLyi g‡b RvMÖZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| Ae‡k‡l cuvPx‡K Rxebm½x wn‡m‡e †c‡Z gwiqv n‡q D‡V †m c‡_i KuuvUv cÖwZØ›Øx ewmi‡K Lyb K‡i| Lyb cieZ©x wfLyi g‡b Ly‡bi Rb¨ Aciva †evaRb¥v‡bvi cwie‡Z© Zvi wb‡Ri mÿgZvi †MŠie †hb Zv‡K D™¢vwmZ K‡i|

cuvPx Av‡jv R¡vwj‡j wfLy cig Z…wßi m‡½ wb‡Ri KxwZ© Pvwnqv †`wLj| GKwUgvÎ nv‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ Agb †Rvqvb gvbylUv‡K Nv‡qj Kwiqv M‡e©i Zvnvi mxgv wQj bv| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 28)

ÔZvici?Õ M‡í Kzwg‡ii Avµg‡Yi iæb M‡Rb cÖv‡Y euvP‡jI kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZvi wkKvi nq| evg nvZwU M‡R‡bi A‡K‡Rv n‡q wM‡qwQj Ges Luywo‡q Luywo‡q nuvU‡Zv| kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZv we`¨gvb _vK‡jI M‡R‡bi kvixwiK kw³ wKsev gvbwmK mwnòzZv wQj Avðh©iKg| kvixwiKfv‡e Luywo‡q Luywo‡q nuvU‡jI Ges euv-nvZUv G‡Kev‡i A‡K‡Rv _vK‡jI M‡Rb ‹z‡j K¬vm †m‡fb ch©šÍ D‡VwQj| †ewki fvM mgq cixÿvi djvdj Lvivc n‡jI cÂg †kÖwY‡Z †m mevB‡K ZvK jvwM‡q cÖ_g n‡qwQj| cov‡jLvq GB ZvK jvMv‡bv QvovI M‡R‡bi Qwei AuvKvi nvZ AZ¨šÍ fv‡jv wQj|

Wªwqs-G Zvi nvZUv wQj cvKv| GKnv‡Z GZ mn‡R GZ fv‡jv Wªwqs †m Ki‡Z cviZ †h, Ab¨ †Q‡jiv nuv K‡i †P‡q _vKZ| Wªwqs gvóv‡ii †P‡q Zvi AuvKv cvLx I MvQ RxešÍ nZ †ewk| (gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, 1982, c„. 304)

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 17evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx16

evRv‡i XzwKevi gy‡LB GKwU wfLvwibx wfÿv Kwi‡Z e‡m| eqm Zvnvi †ewk bq, †`‡ni euvaywbI †ek Av‡Q| wKš‘ GKUv cv‡q nvUzi wbP nB‡Z cv‡qi cvZv ch©šÍ Zvnvi _K_‡K ˆZjv³ Nv|

GB Nv‡qi †Rv‡i †m wfLyi †P‡q †ewk †ivRMvi K‡i| †mRb¨ Nv-wU †m we‡kl h‡Zœ mvwi‡Z †`q bv| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 25)

Avevi mnR RxweKv AR©‡bi cš’v wn‡m‡e cÖwZewÜZv‡K e¨envi Kivi D`vniY wfLy I cuvPxi cvkvcvwk ewmi bvgK Pwi‡Î †`L‡Z cvB| wfLyi g‡Zv ewm‡ii cv wQj cÿvNvZMÖ¯Í Ges wfÿvcÖvwßi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e hv wKbv mn‡R †MvPixf‚Z nIqvi Rb¨ we‡kl Kvq`vq †g‡j ivLv n‡Zv|

...Iw`‡K ZvKvBqv wfLy †`wL‡Z cvq ZvnviB g‡Zv †Rvqvb vwoIjv GK LÄ wfLvwi LvwbK Zdv‡Z Avmb Kwiqv‡Q| Zvnvi Wvb nvZwUi g‡Zv GKwU cv nvUzi wb‡P ïKvBqv wMqv‡Q, we‡kl hZœmnKv‡i IB AskUzKz mvg‡b †gwjqv †m Avjøvi bv‡g qv cÖv_©bv Kwi‡Z‡Q| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 25)

ÔZvici?Õ M‡í kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx M‡R‡bi RxweKvi welqwU †ek D‡jøL‡hvM¨| cÖv_wgK wkÿv †kl Ki‡jI M‡Rb gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi covïbv †kl Kivi Av‡MB we`¨vjq Z¨vM K‡i| Zvov‡bv †Q‡ji g‡Zv M‡Rb M„‡n Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges gv‡S gv‡S wKQzw`‡bi R‡b¨ DavI n‡q hvq| Qq gvm ci hLb MÖv‡g Avevi wd‡i Av‡m ZLb M‡R‡bi †cvkvK-Avkv‡K cwieZ©b jÿ Kiv hvq|

mevB hLb fve‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i‡Q †h Av‡iv A‡b‡Ki g‡Zv †mI ywf©‡ÿi Ke‡j †M‡Q wPiw`‡bi g‡Zv, ZLb †m GKw`b wd‡i Gj| mvR‡cvkv‡Ki Zvi DbœwZ †`Lv †Mj A™¢zZ iK‡gi-wm‡éi cvÄvex, dvBb aywZ, PKP‡K evwY©k Kiv Ry‡Zv| (gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, 1982, c„. 304)

M‡R‡bi GB nVvr Avw_©K cwieZ©‡bi g~‡j i‡q‡Q bvixmsµvšÍ e¨emv| Rvbv hvq, Ae‡k‡l MÖv‡gi Av‡iv yÕRb jvjy I geye-Gi m‡½ †hvMmvR‡m bvix e¨emv ïiæ K‡i|

cÖwZeÜx Pwi‡Îi kvixwiK I gvbwmK Ae¯’vAvgiv cÖ_‡gB e‡jwQ, GB M‡elYv wmwi‡Ri gva¨‡g wesk kZvãx‡Z mgv‡R emevmiZ cÖwZeÜx Z_v e¨wZµgag©x gvby‡li wb‡R‡`i gb¯ÍvwË¡K Ae¯’v Ges Zv‡`i cÖwZ mgv‡Ri Acivci gvby‡li AvPvi-AvPviYB ev Kxiƒc wQj Zv †`Lvi cÖqvm Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q| e¨wZµgag©x gvbyl¸‡jv wK Zv‡`i cÖwZewÜZvi Kvi‡Y mgv‡Ri †evSv¯^iƒc cwiMwYZ n‡q mgvR wew”Qbœ n‡q emevm K‡i‡Q bvwK mgv‡RiB Ask wn‡m‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i mgv‡Ri Avi `kRb ¯^vfvweK gvby‡li g‡Zv Zv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b ¯^vfvweK wµqv-Kg© cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Q? Zv‡`i gvbwmK Ae¯’vB ev Kxiƒc wQj? Zviv wK cÖwZewÜZvi Kvi‡Y gvbwmK nxbgb¨Zvq fzM‡Zv? bvwK mgv‡Ri my¯’ gvbyl¸‡jvi cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb K‡i Zv‡`i g‡ZvB wb‡R‡`i Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ jovB Pvwj‡q wM‡q‡Q, Avkv-AvKv•ÿv, RweK Pvwn`v, MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi iUbv-M‡íi Ask wQj- Zv †`Lvi cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ M‡í WvKvwZ Ki‡Z wM‡q ek©vi AvNv‡Z wfLy kvixwiKfv‡e cÿvNvZMÖ¯ÍZvi wkKvi n‡jI ¯^vfvweK kvixwiK-gvbwmK kw³ ev ˆRweK Pvwn`vi NvUwZ jÿ Kiv hvq bv| cÿvNvZMÖ¯ÍZv cÖvwßi GK gv‡mi g‡a¨ `ye©j kix‡iI wfLy †hŠbÿzav cwiZ…wßi Rb¨ AvkÖq`vZv †cn¬v‡`i eD‡K Avq‡Z¡ Avbvi e¨_© cÖqvm Pvjvq| GgbwK Ab¨ wfÿzK cuvPx‡K †c‡Z Av‡iK kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx ewmi‡K Lyb Ki‡Z KzÉv‡eva K‡i bv| Avevi GKBfv‡e g‡bi ¯^vfvweK mnRvZ cÖe„wË wb‡R‡K mgv‡R cÖwZwôZ Kiv ev A‡b¨i myLx cvwievwiK Rxeb †`‡L wnsmvZ¥K fvebv- `yÕwUB Avgiv wfLyi fvebvq cÖwZdwjZ n‡Z †`L‡Z cvB|

Zvnvi Pvjvi cv‡k webœy gvwSi myLx cvwievwiK RxebUv Zvnv‡K wnsmvq RR©wiZ Kwiqv †`q| GK-GKw`b webœyi N‡i Av¸b aivBqv w`evi Rb¨ gb QUdU Kwiqv I‡V| b`xi av‡i L¨vcvi g‡Zv Nywi‡Z Nywi‡Z Zvnvi g‡b nq c„w_exi hZ Lv`¨ I hZ bvix Av‡Q GKv me Lj Kwi‡Z bv cvwi‡j Zvnvi Z…wß nB‡e bv| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 27)

cÖwZeÜx wfLy Zvi fvebv ïay Zvi Kíbv‡ZB iv‡Lwb mgq-my‡hvM g‡Zv Zv ev¯Í‡e msMwVZ Ki‡Z m‡e©v”P cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡q‡Q| †KD wfÿv bv w`‡q P‡j †M‡j wfLy Ôc_Pvix‡K GKwU wUUKvwi †`Iqvi g‡a¨ g‡bi R¡vjvÕ wgwU‡q wbZ| GKBfv‡e wfLyi AvkÖq`vZv †cn¬v‡`i eD-Gi Ici †hŠb jvjmv PwiZv_© Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q wfLy ivZ`ycy‡i †cn¬v‡`i N‡i Av¸b w`‡q cÖwZ‡kva †bq| †hŠb jvjmv QvovI †g‡q gvbyl‡K fv‡jvevmv, is-Zvgvkv Kiv Ges msmvi Kivi ^cœI wfLyi g‡a¨ wQj| cQ‡›`i mn-wfLvwibx cuvPx‡K Pzwi Kiv Lvevi w`‡q Lywk Kiv‡bv I cv‡k e‡m yÕPviwU i½-Zvgvkv K_v ejvi B”Qv wfLyi g‡b RvMÖZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| Ae‡k‡l cuvPx‡K Rxebm½x wn‡m‡e †c‡Z gwiqv n‡q D‡V †m c‡_i KuuvUv cÖwZØ›Øx ewmi‡K Lyb K‡i| Lyb cieZ©x wfLyi g‡b Ly‡bi Rb¨ Aciva †evaRb¥v‡bvi cwie‡Z© Zvi wb‡Ri mÿgZvi †MŠie †hb Zv‡K D™¢vwmZ K‡i|

cuvPx Av‡jv R¡vwj‡j wfLy cig Z…wßi m‡½ wb‡Ri KxwZ© Pvwnqv †`wLj| GKwUgvÎ nv‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ Agb †Rvqvb gvbylUv‡K Nv‡qj Kwiqv M‡e©i Zvnvi mxgv wQj bv| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z, †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 28)

ÔZvici?Õ M‡í Kzwg‡ii Avµg‡Yi iæb M‡Rb cÖv‡Y euvP‡jI kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZvi wkKvi nq| evg nvZwU M‡R‡bi A‡K‡Rv n‡q wM‡qwQj Ges Luywo‡q Luywo‡q nuvU‡Zv| kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZv we`¨gvb _vK‡jI M‡R‡bi kvixwiK kw³ wKsev gvbwmK mwnòzZv wQj Avðh©iKg| kvixwiKfv‡e Luywo‡q Luywo‡q nuvU‡jI Ges euv-nvZUv G‡Kev‡i A‡K‡Rv _vK‡jI M‡Rb ‹z‡j K¬vm †m‡fb ch©šÍ D‡VwQj| †ewki fvM mgq cixÿvi djvdj Lvivc n‡jI cÂg †kÖwY‡Z †m mevB‡K ZvK jvwM‡q cÖ_g n‡qwQj| cov‡jLvq GB ZvK jvMv‡bv QvovI M‡R‡bi Qwei AuvKvi nvZ AZ¨šÍ fv‡jv wQj|

Wªwqs-G Zvi nvZUv wQj cvKv| GKnv‡Z GZ mn‡R GZ fv‡jv Wªwqs †m Ki‡Z cviZ †h, Ab¨ †Q‡jiv nuv K‡i †P‡q _vKZ| Wªwqs gvóv‡ii †P‡q Zvi AuvKv cvLx I MvQ RxešÍ nZ †ewk| (gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, 1982, c„. 304)

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 17evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx16

GKwU nvZ I GKwU cv A‡K‡Rv n‡jI kix‡ii Ab¨vb¨ A½ Zvi †Rviv‡jv wQj Ges †Kv‡bv GKwU Kv‡Ri Rb¨ me©`v Aw¯’i I PÂj n‡q _vKZ| †jL‡Ki eY©bvq ÔGB eq‡m woi g‡Zv cvwK‡q †`‡ni gvsm‡ckx¸‡jv Zvi k³ n‡q †M‡Q, †ivMv kixiUv‡Z kw³ I mwnòzZv Avðh©iKgÕ (gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, c„. 304)| M‡Rb kvixwiK I gvbwmKfv‡e kw³kvjx n‡jI cÖwZewÜZvi Kvi‡Y AmnvqZ¡, nxbgb¨Zv Zvi †Pnvivq cÖwZwbqZ cÖwZdwjZ n‡Zv|

gy‡L ’vqx Qvc c‡o‡Q GKUv kÖvšÍ mKiæY wRÁvmvi, fvOv euvKv bvKUv †hb wRÁvmvi fv‡iB by‡q †M‡Q| Avi Kx fxiæ Zvi ywU †PvL! mevB †hb hLb ZLb Zv‡K gv‡i, Avcb ci †QvU eo †`eZv gvbyl bvix cyiæl †h †hLv‡b Av‡Q| wbiæcvq mnbkxjZvq †m †hb PzcPvc m‡q hvq| Amn¨ n‡j AšÍiv‡j Kuv‡`| ( LÐ-6, c„. 304)

Avevi ÔZvici?Õ M‡í eyw× cÖwZeÜx nv‡ev-†K eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q Ô†PvL U¨viv, nviwM‡ji g‡Zv †ivMv kixi I gyL w`‡q jvjvÕ cov wK‡kvix wn‡m‡e| nv‡ev kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx M‡Rb‡K cQ›` KiZ| fv‡jvevmvi me¸‡jv Dcv`vb †hgb: fv‡jvevmvi gvbylwUi cÖwZ we‡kl hZœ †bIqv, Lywk Kivi †Póv A_ev Cl©v‡eva nv‡evi AvPi‡Y cybtcyb cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| M‡Rb fvZ †e‡o w`‡Z ej‡j evwoi gv-gvwm-wcwmi Av‡M nv‡ev Av‡M GwM‡q Av‡m| M‡R‡bi †`Iqv Dcnv‡ii kvwo †c‡q †m Zv cwiavb K‡i Ny‡i †eovq| GB M‡Rb hLb e‡j KwUevRv‡i Zvi m‡½ hv‡e wKbv- †hLv‡b †M‡j nv‡ev KvR K‡i †L‡Z cvi‡e, kvwo-Mqbv ci‡Z cvi‡e; ZLb nv‡ev GKev‡K¨ ivwR n‡q hvq M‡R‡bi m‡½ hvIqvi Rb¨| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h, KwUevRv‡i M‡Rb bvix cvPvi e¨emv KiZ| Avevi NUbvi cwiµgvq nv‡ev M‡Rb‡K Ab¨ bvix dz‡ji m‡½ †`L‡Z †c‡q AevK nq Ges Av‡e‡Mi ekeZ©x n‡q M‡R‡biB †`Iqv †K‡ivwmb †X‡j AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i|

nv‡ev cv ¸wU‡q nv‡Z fi w`‡q e‡m nuv K‡i †`LwQj| gyL w`‡q Zvi jvjv Mwo‡q Mwo‡q †bŠKvi cvUvZ‡b R‡g‡Q| mm&c K‡i jvjv‡U‡b gyL eÜ K‡i †m D‡V uvovq, GK jv‡d Wv½vq c‡o, QzU †`q Muv‡qi w`‡K|

`~‡i _vbvi †cUv Nwo‡Z kUv evRevi LvwbK c‡o qv‡ji evwo‡Z ÔAv¸b! Av¸b!Õ wPrKvi I‡V| cvovi †jvK ˆn ˆn K‡i Qy‡U hvq| cy‡iv GK wUb †K‡ivwmb Mv‡q weQvbvq †X‡j nv‡ev Av¸b awi‡q w`‡q‡Q| N‡i ch©šÍ Av¸b a‡i †M‡Q `qv‡ji| (gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, 1982, c„.308)

mZy ivs cwÖ ZewÜZvi ai‡bi wfbZœ v _vK‡jI gvwb‡Ki iPbvi †ewki fvM Pwiθ‡jvi g‡a¨ Zv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b ¯vfvweK Kv‡R cwÖ ZewÜZv †Kv‡bv evu av n‡q `vu ovqwb| GKBfv‡e evOvwji MvÖ gxY mgv‡R Ab¨vb¨ vfvweK gvb‡y li g‡ZvB cwÖ ZeÜx Pwiθ‡jv‡Z fv‡jvevmv, Kíbv, msmvi Kivi cœ wVK †Zgwb nZvkv, †ÿvf, wnsmv, cwÖ Z‡kva †bIqvi ún„ v BZ¨vw` gvbwmK I Av‡ewMK ewkó¨ cwijwÿZ nq|

cÖwZewÜZvi cÖwZ evOvwj mgv‡Ri „wófw½ I MÖnY‡hvM¨Zvgvwb‡Ki †ewki fvM †QvUM‡í wesk kZvãxi MÖvgxY mgv‡R cÖwZeÜx e¨w³iv mgvR wew”Qbœ bq eis mgv‡RiB Ask wn‡m‡e cwiùzwUZ n‡q‡Q| cÖwZeÜx‡`i cwievi †_‡K wew”Qbœ bv K‡i cwiev‡iiB

m`m¨ wn‡m‡e cwiev‡ii Avi Ab¨ m`m¨‡`i m‡½ cÖwZeÜx‡`i fiY‡cvlY, †jLvcov I weevn †`Iqvi e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q hv D‡jøL‡hvM¨fv‡e cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q gvwb‡Ki iPbvq|

ÔZvici? Õ†QvUM‡í wkï eq‡m cÖvß AvNv‡Z kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx M‡R‡bi cÖwZ cwiev‡ii fiY‡cvlY I †jLvcov Kiv‡bvi cÖ‡Póv we‡klfv‡e jÿYxq| M‡R‡bi evg nvZwU A‡K‡Rv n‡q wM‡qwQj Ges Luywo‡q Luywo‡q nuvU‡Zv| M‡R‡bi gv‡qi Acg„Zz¨i GMvi gv‡mi g‡a¨ evev wMwik Avevi weevn e܇b Ave× n‡jI MíKv‡ii fvlvq ÔcÖ_g c‡ÿi GKgvÎ Luy‡Z †Q‡jÕ M‡Rb‡K gvbyl Kivi ZvwM‡` ¯‹z‡j fwZ© Kwi‡q †`q (gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, c„. 304)| wcZv wn‡m‡e cÖwZeÜx mšÍvb‡K †jLvcovi gva¨‡g ^vej¤^x Kivi vwqZ¡ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq|

Ômixm„cÕ M‡í gv Pviæi Zvi eyw× cÖwZeÜx fze‡bi Rb¨ ¯^vfvweK DwØMœZv wQj| wZwb †`L‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb gv‡qi AeZ©gv‡b GKwU eyw× cÖwZeÜx wkï‡K cwievi Kxfv‡e †`Lfvj K‡i| †mRb¨ †m mvgwqK mg‡qi Rb¨ Kvkx ågY Ki‡Z P‡j hvb| Kvkx _vKvKv‡j eyw× cÖwZeÜx fzeb‡K Lvjv cix I M„ncwiPvwiKv c‡Ùi Kv‡Q †i‡L hvb| gv‡qi AeZ©gv‡b cwiev‡ii AvcbRb GKwU cÖwZeÜx wkï‡K Kxfv‡e hZœ-AvwË K‡i- Zv Pviæ I c‡Ùi K_‡cvK_‡b dz‡U D‡V‡Q-

cÙ RvbvBj mK‡ji fvemve g›` bq| Avevi fv‡jvI bq wKš‘| y‡qi gvSvgvwS| cix Zvi †evb‡cv‡K wVK mgqg‡Zv bv †nvK WvwKqv LvIqvBqv‡Q, gvi Rb¨ nvD-nvD Kwiqv Kuvw`‡j †fvjv‡bvi †PóvI †h K‡i bvB Ggb bq| Z‡e †Pv‡L †Pv‡L I‡K †KD iv‡L bvB| Kvj `ycyi‡ejv fzeb Pzwc Pzwc cjvB‡ZwQj, cÙ †`wL‡Z cvBqv †Kó‡K w`qv aivBqv Avwbqv‡Q| †Mvjgvj ïwbqv Avwmqv ebgvjx Zv‡K K‡qK NÈv N‡i eÜ Kwiqv ivwLqvwQj| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 43)

Avevi gv Pviæi g„Zz¨i ci i³ m¤^Ünxb ebgvjx eyw× cÖwZeÜx wkï fze‡bi jvjb-cvj‡bi `vwqZ¡ †bq| gvZ…nviv fze‡bi mve©ÿwYK †`Lfv‡ji Rb¨ GKRb M„ncwiPviK‡K wb‡qvM †`q| ebgvjx fze‡bi m‡½ LvIqv-`vIqv, m‡½ wb‡q Ny‡i †eov‡bv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i, fze‡bi Ôeyw×i RoZv webóÕ Kivi bvbv ai‡bi cÖ‡Póv Ae¨vnZ iv‡L|

†Kó‡K †m Ab¨ †Kv‡bv KvR Kwi‡Z wb‡la Kwiqv w`qv‡Q-fzeb‡K me©`v †Pv‡L †Pv‡L ivwL‡e| LvIqvi mgq ebgvjx fzeb‡K Kv‡Q LvB‡Z emvq, cÖvqB Zvnv‡K m‡½ jBqv †gvUi Pvwcqv †eovB‡Z hvq, Aemi mg‡q Kv‡Q WvwKqv Zvnvi m‡½ K_v e‡j, Zvnv‡K bvbvb welq wkLvBevi †Póv K‡i| ...Zvi eyw×i RoZv webó Kwi‡e GB Zvnvi B”Qv| Kv‡Ri g‡Zv GKUv KvR cvBqv ebgvjx fvwi myLx| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 47)

ebgvjxi GB wkÿv cÖ‡Póv ïay fv‡jvevmv ev `vwqZ¡‡eva †_‡K bq eis cÖwZewÜZvi cÖwZ BwZevPK g‡bvfve evievi cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| ebgvjx aviYv K‡i, eyw× cÖwZeÜx wkïi gv‡SI wkLb †hvM¨Zv i‡q‡Q, Zvi fvlvq ÔI‡K Pviæw` ( fze‡bi gv) †evKv K‡i †i‡LwQj, Avm‡j I †evKv bq|Õ (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 47)| ebgvjx GB g‡bvfv‡ei cwieZ©b

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 19evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx18

GKwU nvZ I GKwU cv A‡K‡Rv n‡jI kix‡ii Ab¨vb¨ A½ Zvi †Rviv‡jv wQj Ges †Kv‡bv GKwU Kv‡Ri Rb¨ me©`v Aw¯’i I PÂj n‡q _vKZ| †jL‡Ki eY©bvq ÔGB eq‡m woi g‡Zv cvwK‡q †`‡ni gvsm‡ckx¸‡jv Zvi k³ n‡q †M‡Q, †ivMv kixiUv‡Z kw³ I mwnòzZv Avðh©iKgÕ (gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, c„. 304)| M‡Rb kvixwiK I gvbwmKfv‡e kw³kvjx n‡jI cÖwZewÜZvi Kvi‡Y AmnvqZ¡, nxbgb¨Zv Zvi †Pnvivq cÖwZwbqZ cÖwZdwjZ n‡Zv|

gy‡L ’vqx Qvc c‡o‡Q GKUv kÖvšÍ mKiæY wRÁvmvi, fvOv euvKv bvKUv †hb wRÁvmvi fv‡iB by‡q †M‡Q| Avi Kx fxiæ Zvi ywU †PvL! mevB †hb hLb ZLb Zv‡K gv‡i, Avcb ci †QvU eo †`eZv gvbyl bvix cyiæl †h †hLv‡b Av‡Q| wbiæcvq mnbkxjZvq †m †hb PzcPvc m‡q hvq| Amn¨ n‡j AšÍiv‡j Kuv‡`| ( LÐ-6, c„. 304)

Avevi ÔZvici?Õ M‡í eyw× cÖwZeÜx nv‡ev-†K eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q Ô†PvL U¨viv, nviwM‡ji g‡Zv †ivMv kixi I gyL w`‡q jvjvÕ cov wK‡kvix wn‡m‡e| nv‡ev kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx M‡Rb‡K cQ›` KiZ| fv‡jvevmvi me¸‡jv Dcv`vb †hgb: fv‡jvevmvi gvbylwUi cÖwZ we‡kl hZœ †bIqv, Lywk Kivi †Póv A_ev Cl©v‡eva nv‡evi AvPi‡Y cybtcyb cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| M‡Rb fvZ †e‡o w`‡Z ej‡j evwoi gv-gvwm-wcwmi Av‡M nv‡ev Av‡M GwM‡q Av‡m| M‡R‡bi †`Iqv Dcnv‡ii kvwo †c‡q †m Zv cwiavb K‡i Ny‡i †eovq| GB M‡Rb hLb e‡j KwUevRv‡i Zvi m‡½ hv‡e wKbv- †hLv‡b †M‡j nv‡ev KvR K‡i †L‡Z cvi‡e, kvwo-Mqbv ci‡Z cvi‡e; ZLb nv‡ev GKev‡K¨ ivwR n‡q hvq M‡R‡bi m‡½ hvIqvi Rb¨| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h, KwUevRv‡i M‡Rb bvix cvPvi e¨emv KiZ| Avevi NUbvi cwiµgvq nv‡ev M‡Rb‡K Ab¨ bvix dz‡ji m‡½ †`L‡Z †c‡q AevK nq Ges Av‡e‡Mi ekeZ©x n‡q M‡R‡biB †`Iqv †K‡ivwmb †X‡j AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i|

nv‡ev cv ¸wU‡q nv‡Z fi w`‡q e‡m nuv K‡i †`LwQj| gyL w`‡q Zvi jvjv Mwo‡q Mwo‡q †bŠKvi cvUvZ‡b R‡g‡Q| mm&c K‡i jvjv‡U‡b gyL eÜ K‡i †m D‡V uvovq, GK jv‡d Wv½vq c‡o, QzU †`q Muv‡qi w`‡K|

`~‡i _vbvi †cUv Nwo‡Z kUv evRevi LvwbK c‡o qv‡ji evwo‡Z ÔAv¸b! Av¸b!Õ wPrKvi I‡V| cvovi †jvK ˆn ˆn K‡i Qy‡U hvq| cy‡iv GK wUb †K‡ivwmb Mv‡q weQvbvq †X‡j nv‡ev Av¸b awi‡q w`‡q‡Q| N‡i ch©šÍ Av¸b a‡i †M‡Q `qv‡ji| (gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, 1982, c„.308)

mZy ivs cwÖ ZewÜZvi ai‡bi wfbZœ v _vK‡jI gvwb‡Ki iPbvi †ewki fvM Pwiθ‡jvi g‡a¨ Zv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b ¯vfvweK Kv‡R cwÖ ZewÜZv †Kv‡bv evu av n‡q `vu ovqwb| GKBfv‡e evOvwji MvÖ gxY mgv‡R Ab¨vb¨ vfvweK gvb‡y li g‡ZvB cwÖ ZeÜx Pwiθ‡jv‡Z fv‡jvevmv, Kíbv, msmvi Kivi cœ wVK †Zgwb nZvkv, †ÿvf, wnsmv, cwÖ Z‡kva †bIqvi ún„ v BZ¨vw` gvbwmK I Av‡ewMK ewkó¨ cwijwÿZ nq|

cÖwZewÜZvi cÖwZ evOvwj mgv‡Ri „wófw½ I MÖnY‡hvM¨Zvgvwb‡Ki †ewki fvM †QvUM‡í wesk kZvãxi MÖvgxY mgv‡R cÖwZeÜx e¨w³iv mgvR wew”Qbœ bq eis mgv‡RiB Ask wn‡m‡e cwiùzwUZ n‡q‡Q| cÖwZeÜx‡`i cwievi †_‡K wew”Qbœ bv K‡i cwiev‡iiB

m`m¨ wn‡m‡e cwiev‡ii Avi Ab¨ m`m¨‡`i m‡½ cÖwZeÜx‡`i fiY‡cvlY, †jLvcov I weevn †`Iqvi e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q hv D‡jøL‡hvM¨fv‡e cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q gvwb‡Ki iPbvq|

ÔZvici? Õ†QvUM‡í wkï eq‡m cÖvß AvNv‡Z kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx M‡R‡bi cÖwZ cwiev‡ii fiY‡cvlY I †jLvcov Kiv‡bvi cÖ‡Póv we‡klfv‡e jÿYxq| M‡R‡bi evg nvZwU A‡K‡Rv n‡q wM‡qwQj Ges Luywo‡q Luywo‡q nuvU‡Zv| M‡R‡bi gv‡qi Acg„Zz¨i GMvi gv‡mi g‡a¨ evev wMwik Avevi weevn e܇b Ave× n‡jI MíKv‡ii fvlvq ÔcÖ_g c‡ÿi GKgvÎ Luy‡Z †Q‡jÕ M‡Rb‡K gvbyl Kivi ZvwM‡` ¯‹z‡j fwZ© Kwi‡q †`q (gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, c„. 304)| wcZv wn‡m‡e cÖwZeÜx mšÍvb‡K †jLvcovi gva¨‡g ^vej¤^x Kivi vwqZ¡ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq|

Ômixm„cÕ M‡í gv Pviæi Zvi eyw× cÖwZeÜx fze‡bi Rb¨ ¯^vfvweK DwØMœZv wQj| wZwb †`L‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb gv‡qi AeZ©gv‡b GKwU eyw× cÖwZeÜx wkï‡K cwievi Kxfv‡e †`Lfvj K‡i| †mRb¨ †m mvgwqK mg‡qi Rb¨ Kvkx ågY Ki‡Z P‡j hvb| Kvkx _vKvKv‡j eyw× cÖwZeÜx fzeb‡K Lvjv cix I M„ncwiPvwiKv c‡Ùi Kv‡Q †i‡L hvb| gv‡qi AeZ©gv‡b cwiev‡ii AvcbRb GKwU cÖwZeÜx wkï‡K Kxfv‡e hZœ-AvwË K‡i- Zv Pviæ I c‡Ùi K_‡cvK_‡b dz‡U D‡V‡Q-

cÙ RvbvBj mK‡ji fvemve g›` bq| Avevi fv‡jvI bq wKš‘| y‡qi gvSvgvwS| cix Zvi †evb‡cv‡K wVK mgqg‡Zv bv †nvK WvwKqv LvIqvBqv‡Q, gvi Rb¨ nvD-nvD Kwiqv Kuvw`‡j †fvjv‡bvi †PóvI †h K‡i bvB Ggb bq| Z‡e †Pv‡L †Pv‡L I‡K †KD iv‡L bvB| Kvj `ycyi‡ejv fzeb Pzwc Pzwc cjvB‡ZwQj, cÙ †`wL‡Z cvBqv †Kó‡K w`qv aivBqv Avwbqv‡Q| †Mvjgvj ïwbqv Avwmqv ebgvjx Zv‡K K‡qK NÈv N‡i eÜ Kwiqv ivwLqvwQj| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 43)

Avevi gv Pviæi g„Zz¨i ci i³ m¤^Ünxb ebgvjx eyw× cÖwZeÜx wkï fze‡bi jvjb-cvj‡bi `vwqZ¡ †bq| gvZ…nviv fze‡bi mve©ÿwYK †`Lfv‡ji Rb¨ GKRb M„ncwiPviK‡K wb‡qvM †`q| ebgvjx fze‡bi m‡½ LvIqv-`vIqv, m‡½ wb‡q Ny‡i †eov‡bv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i, fze‡bi Ôeyw×i RoZv webóÕ Kivi bvbv ai‡bi cÖ‡Póv Ae¨vnZ iv‡L|

†Kó‡K †m Ab¨ †Kv‡bv KvR Kwi‡Z wb‡la Kwiqv w`qv‡Q-fzeb‡K me©`v †Pv‡L †Pv‡L ivwL‡e| LvIqvi mgq ebgvjx fzeb‡K Kv‡Q LvB‡Z emvq, cÖvqB Zvnv‡K m‡½ jBqv †gvUi Pvwcqv †eovB‡Z hvq, Aemi mg‡q Kv‡Q WvwKqv Zvnvi m‡½ K_v e‡j, Zvnv‡K bvbvb welq wkLvBevi †Póv K‡i| ...Zvi eyw×i RoZv webó Kwi‡e GB Zvnvi B”Qv| Kv‡Ri g‡Zv GKUv KvR cvBqv ebgvjx fvwi myLx| (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 47)

ebgvjxi GB wkÿv cÖ‡Póv ïay fv‡jvevmv ev `vwqZ¡‡eva †_‡K bq eis cÖwZewÜZvi cÖwZ BwZevPK g‡bvfve evievi cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| ebgvjx aviYv K‡i, eyw× cÖwZeÜx wkïi gv‡SI wkLb †hvM¨Zv i‡q‡Q, Zvi fvlvq ÔI‡K Pviæw` ( fze‡bi gv) †evKv K‡i †i‡LwQj, Avm‡j I †evKv bq|Õ (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 47)| ebgvjx GB g‡bvfv‡ei cwieZ©b

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 19evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx18

g~jZ fze‡bi cÖwZ Zvi Zxÿè ch©‡eÿY mnvqZv K‡i‡Q| ebgvjx Zvi e„× gv‡K wbw`©ó mg‡q Ilya LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ cwiev‡ii KvD‡K Av‡`k w`‡qwQ‡jb| cwiev‡ii †mB m`m¨ fz‡j †M‡jI fzeb AcÖZ¨vwkZfv‡e Zv g‡b iv‡L Ges Nwo‡Z QÕUv evRvi NÈv co‡j Zv ebgvjx‡K Rvbvq| fze‡bi Giƒc Af‚Zc~e© cwieZ©b ebgvjx‡K gy» K‡i| ebgvjxi g‡a¨ wek¦vm ˆZwi nq, Dchy³ cÖ‡Póv Ges hZœ Ki‡j AvPi‡Yi cwieZ©b Avbqb Kiv m¤¢e|

mvgvwRKfv‡e cÖwZeÜxiv mnRfv‡e M„nxZ I mnvqZv †c‡jI memgq Zv †h AbyK‚‡j wQj Zv bq| KL‡bv KL‡bv cÖwZeÜx‡`i SzuwKc~Y© Rxe‡bi w`‡K †V‡j †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZeÜx wkïi gv Zvi cÖwZeÜx wkï wb‡q µgvMZ D`MÖxe, ywðšÍv cÖwZeÜx wkïi mgv‡R AwbwðZ Rxe‡bi cÖwZdwjZ K‡i| Ômixm„cÕ M‡í gv Pviæ eyw× cÖwZeÜx fze‡bi Rb¨ Avkw¼Z n‡q cÖkœ K‡iwQj, ÔAvwg †h wPiKvj euvPe bv cÙ, ZLb Kx n‡e?Õ (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 43)| gv‡qi Avk¼v Ag~jK nqwb| gv Pviæi g„Zz¨i ci Avcb Lvjv cix Zvi wbR ^v‡_© eyw× cÖwZeÜx fzeb‡K GKvKx ARvbv MšÍ‡e¨i D‡Ï‡k¨ GKwU †Uª‡b Zz‡j †`q|

fiY‡cvlY I †jLvcovi m‡½ m‡½ gvwb‡Ki M‡í D‡V G‡m‡Q wesk kZvãx‡Z cwÖ ZeÜx †g‡q‡K mgqg‡Zv weevn m¤úv`‡bi e¨e v’ Kivi| ÔAÜÕ M‡í mbvZb PµeZx© i GKgvÎ †g‡q w„ ó cwÖ ZeÜx †gvwnbxi we‡qi Rb¨ eo †`vZjv evwo I bM` A‡_i© e¨e v’ †i‡LwQ‡jb| cwÖ ZeÜx †gvwnbxi m‡½ AvB‡bi QvÎ wMwiRv Kgz v‡ii we‡q m¤úbœ nq Ges c_Ö g K‡qK eQi †m kï¦ ievwo‡Z wM‡q msmvi K‡i| †mLv‡b c_Ö gw`‡K hšY¿ v †c‡jI cieZx© mg‡q RvgvB-kv¦ ïwo-bb`-Gi msmv‡i †m ÔcwÖ ZcwËÕ ARb© K‡iwQj|

mgv‡R kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx M‡R‡bi evev wMwik, „wó cÖwZeÜx †g‡q †gvwnbxi evev mbvZb ev cÖwZ‡ekx ebgvjxi g‡Zv `vwqZ¡ m‡PZb gvby‡li mÜvb †hgb cvIqv hvq, †Zgwb cixi g‡Zv wkïi cÖwZ AgvbweK AvPi‡Yi gvby‡liI †`Lv †g‡j| Gfv‡e gvwb‡Ki iPbvq cÖwZeÜx Pwi‡Îi cÖwZ cwiev‡ii m`‡m¨i AvPvi-AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g ZrKvjxb mgv‡RiB wPÎ dz‡U D‡V‡Q| cwievi †hgb cÖwZeÜx mšÍvb‡K jvjb-cvjb, wkÿv I weevn cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q †Zgwb mgvRI cÖwZeÜx‡`i msmv‡i ev we`¨vj‡q ¯^vfvweKfv‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Q|

ch©v‡jvPbvgvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi †ewki fvM †QvUMí MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi †cÖÿvc‡U wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨wZµgag©x PwiÎ Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q| GB e¨wZµgawg©Zv †hgb kvixwiK, gvbwmK, Rb¥MZ †Zgwb Rb¥MZ bq; cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM, cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v wKsev RxweKvi Kvi‡Y †h n‡Z cv‡i Zvi cÖgvY †g‡j gvwb‡Ki †QvUM‡í| Ômixm„cÕ M‡í Pviæi wkïcyÎ fzeb‡K †`L‡Z cvB Rb¥MZfv‡e ¯^vfvweK eyw×i weKv‡k evavcÖvß we‡kl wkï wn‡m‡e| Avevi ÔAÜÕ M‡í †g‡q †gvwnbx wQj „wó cÖwZeÜx, Ôfq¼iÕ M‡í dzwj kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx, ÔMv‡qbÕ M‡í bUe‡ii †g‡q evK cÖwZeÜx, Ô†civbUvÕ M‡í dzjevby‡K Ges ÔgnvKv‡ji RUvi RUÕ M‡í eo †g‡q mywPÎv‡K †`L‡Z cvB eyw× cÖwZeÜx iƒ‡c| DwjøwLZ Pwiθ‡jv wQj Rb¥MZfv‡e e¨wZµgag©x| Avi ÔZvici?Õ M‡í KvYKvwj Muv‡qi M‡Rb Ges Ôbe Avjcbv Õ M‡í bUzK cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’vi Kvi‡Y kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZvi wkKvi nq| ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ M‡í wfLy evwo‡Z WvKvwZ Ki‡Z wM‡q Kuv‡a ek©vi AvNvZcÖvß n‡q wPwKrmvi Afv‡e Z_v RxweKvi Kvi‡Y kvixwiK

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cwÖ ZewÜZvi GB wewfbZœ v _vK‡jI gvwb‡Ki M‡í cwÖ ZeÜx e¨w³ Avi mevi g‡ZvB cwievi I mgvR v¦ iv Mn„ xZ n‡q‡Q| mgvR Zv‡`i Avjv`v K‡iwb| eis MvÖ gxY mgvR I cwiev‡ii we`¨gvb m‡y hvM-mwy eavi Øviv cwÖ ZeÜx‡`i mgv‡R jvwjZ-cvwjZ K‡i‡Q| Giƒ‡c cwievi I mgv‡R †mvk¨vj g‡W‡ji Aw¯‡Í Zi¡ / Abky xj‡bi cgÖ vY cvIqv hvq| `wÿY Gwkqvq cwÖ ZewÜZv I mgvR welqK ÷vwW‡ZI †`Lv hvq †h, mgv‡Ri cwÖ ZeÜx gvb‡y li Rxeb-aviY Kxfv‡e cwievi, mgvR Ges ag© Z_v ms¯‹w… Z Øviv cfÖ vweZ nq (wmmKv I nvexe, 2015)| AvVv‡iv-Dwbk kZ‡K evOvwj mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv wQj GKvbeœ Zx© cwieviwfwËK| GLv‡b K‡qK cRÖ b¥ †hgb bvbv-bvbx, v`v-`v`x, gvgv-PvPv, Lvjv-dcz ,y fvwMbv-fvwZRv, fvwMbx-fvwZwR mevB GK‡Î GKB cwiev‡i emevm Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| cwiev‡ii cwÖ ZwU m`m¨B n‡”Q cwiev‡ii Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| e¨w³i Ici mgvR I cwiev‡ii kvmb wQj †Rviv‡jv (†Mvjvg giy wk`, 2015)| cwievi¸‡jv eׄ -weaev-AweevwnZ-cwÖ ZeÜx-†eKvi mK‡ji cwÖ Zcvjb K‡i Ges wbivcËv cÖ vb K‡i| gvwb‡Ki †QvUMí¸‡jv‡ZI Avgiv cwievi¸‡jv‡K Zv‡`i cwÖ ZeÜx m`‡m¨i vwqZ¡ wb‡Z I cwÖ Zcvjb Ki‡Z †`L‡Z cvB| Ômixmc„ Õ M‡í AvacvMjv ¯vgx‡K wek eQi I ewy × cwÖ ZeÜx wkïcÎy fez ‡bi cwÖ Zcvjb Ki‡Z Pviæi cvkvcvwk AvkqÖ `vZv ebgvjx‡KI †`Lv †M‡Q| ÔAÜÕ M‡í gvZn… viv w„ ó cwÖ ZeÜx †g‡q †gvwnbx‡K Zvi wcZv mbvZb PµeZx© B †`Lfvj K‡i weevn †`b| ÔgnvKv‡ji RUvi RUÕ M‡í †QvU †g‡qi weev‡ni c‡~ e© eo †g‡q cwÖ ZeÜx mwy PÎv‡K Av‡M we‡q †`Iqv KZe© ¨ e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| Ô†civbUvÕ M‡í djz evby I ÔMv‡qbÕ M‡í bUe‡ii cwÖ ZeÜx †g‡q ce~ © n‡ZB weevwnZ wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z cvB| ÔZvici?Õ M‡í M‡Rb‡K kvixwiK cwÖ ZewÜZv m‡ËI¡ mgv‡Ri Avi kUv wkïi g‡ZvB ‹‡z j fwZ© Kwi‡q †`Iqv nq| mZy ivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, Ab¨vb¨ m`‡m¨i g‡Zv cwÖ ZeÜx m`m¨ivI GKBfv‡e GKwU cwiev‡i cwÖ ZcvwjZ n‡”Q Ges cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK KgK© v‡Ð fw‚ gKv ivL‡Q|

Dcgnv‡`‡k ag© cÖwZewÜZv‡K mgvR I e¨w³gvb‡m LvcLvIqv‡Z Ab¨Zg iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| cÖwZewÜZv‡K mnRfv‡e †g‡b wb‡Z Ges cÖwZeÜx‡`i mnRfv‡e MÖnY Kivi gvbwmKZv ˆZwi Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q ag©| wn›`y a‡g© cÖwZewÜZv‡K c~e©R‡b¥i Kg©dj wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| `y¯’ I cÖwZeÜx‡K mvnvh¨ Kiv‡K m„wóKZ©vi AvbyK‚j¨ I ^M©jv‡fi Dcvq wn‡m‡e †`Lv nq (Narayan,

2004)| †eŠ×a‡g© cÖwZewÜZvi Rb¨ e¨w³we‡kl‡K vqx K‡i bv eis Zvi cÖwZ mnvbyf‚wZkxj nq Ges eZ©gvb fv‡jv Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g fv‡M¨i cwieZ©b n‡e e‡j Avkv K‡i (Gupta, 2011)| Ab¨w`‡K Bmjvg a‡g© ^v¯’¨‡K m„wóKZ©vi vb Ges †ivM-e¨wa I cÖwZewÜZv‡K m„wóKZ©vi cÖwZ wek¦vm ’vc‡bi cixÿv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq (Bhatty, Moten, Tawakkul & Amer, 2009)| gvwb‡Ki †QvUM‡íI jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, cÖwZewÜZv‡K Rxe‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e †g‡b wb‡”Q cwievi I mgvR Ges e¨w³ wb‡RI| cÖwZewÜZvi welq wb‡q †Kv‡bv †ÿvf ev AbyZßZv `„wó‡MvPixf‚Z nqwb| eis wfLy, †gvwnbx, dzjevby, M‡Rb Zv‡`i ¯^vfvweK Rxeb hvc‡bi P¨v‡jĸ‡jv Avi `kRb m`‡m¨i g‡ZvB MÖnY K‡i‡Q|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 21evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx20

g~jZ fze‡bi cÖwZ Zvi Zxÿè ch©‡eÿY mnvqZv K‡i‡Q| ebgvjx Zvi e„× gv‡K wbw`©ó mg‡q Ilya LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ cwiev‡ii KvD‡K Av‡`k w`‡qwQ‡jb| cwiev‡ii †mB m`m¨ fz‡j †M‡jI fzeb AcÖZ¨vwkZfv‡e Zv g‡b iv‡L Ges Nwo‡Z QÕUv evRvi NÈv co‡j Zv ebgvjx‡K Rvbvq| fze‡bi Giƒc Af‚Zc~e© cwieZ©b ebgvjx‡K gy» K‡i| ebgvjxi g‡a¨ wek¦vm ˆZwi nq, Dchy³ cÖ‡Póv Ges hZœ Ki‡j AvPi‡Yi cwieZ©b Avbqb Kiv m¤¢e|

mvgvwRKfv‡e cÖwZeÜxiv mnRfv‡e M„nxZ I mnvqZv †c‡jI memgq Zv †h AbyK‚‡j wQj Zv bq| KL‡bv KL‡bv cÖwZeÜx‡`i SzuwKc~Y© Rxe‡bi w`‡K †V‡j †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZeÜx wkïi gv Zvi cÖwZeÜx wkï wb‡q µgvMZ D`MÖxe, ywðšÍv cÖwZeÜx wkïi mgv‡R AwbwðZ Rxe‡bi cÖwZdwjZ K‡i| Ômixm„cÕ M‡í gv Pviæ eyw× cÖwZeÜx fze‡bi Rb¨ Avkw¼Z n‡q cÖkœ K‡iwQj, ÔAvwg †h wPiKvj euvPe bv cÙ, ZLb Kx n‡e?Õ (ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK m¤úvw`Z †kÖô gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, 2015, c„. 43)| gv‡qi Avk¼v Ag~jK nqwb| gv Pviæi g„Zz¨i ci Avcb Lvjv cix Zvi wbR ^v‡_© eyw× cÖwZeÜx fzeb‡K GKvKx ARvbv MšÍ‡e¨i D‡Ï‡k¨ GKwU †Uª‡b Zz‡j †`q|

fiY‡cvlY I †jLvcovi m‡½ m‡½ gvwb‡Ki M‡í D‡V G‡m‡Q wesk kZvãx‡Z cwÖ ZeÜx †g‡q‡K mgqg‡Zv weevn m¤úv`‡bi e¨e v’ Kivi| ÔAÜÕ M‡í mbvZb PµeZx© i GKgvÎ †g‡q w„ ó cwÖ ZeÜx †gvwnbxi we‡qi Rb¨ eo †`vZjv evwo I bM` A‡_i© e¨e v’ †i‡LwQ‡jb| cwÖ ZeÜx †gvwnbxi m‡½ AvB‡bi QvÎ wMwiRv Kgz v‡ii we‡q m¤úbœ nq Ges c_Ö g K‡qK eQi †m kï¦ ievwo‡Z wM‡q msmvi K‡i| †mLv‡b c_Ö gw`‡K hšY¿ v †c‡jI cieZx© mg‡q RvgvB-kv¦ ïwo-bb`-Gi msmv‡i †m ÔcwÖ ZcwËÕ ARb© K‡iwQj|

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ch©v‡jvPbvgvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi †ewki fvM †QvUMí MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi †cÖÿvc‡U wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨wZµgag©x PwiÎ Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q| GB e¨wZµgawg©Zv †hgb kvixwiK, gvbwmK, Rb¥MZ †Zgwb Rb¥MZ bq; cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM, cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v wKsev RxweKvi Kvi‡Y †h n‡Z cv‡i Zvi cÖgvY †g‡j gvwb‡Ki †QvUM‡í| Ômixm„cÕ M‡í Pviæi wkïcyÎ fzeb‡K †`L‡Z cvB Rb¥MZfv‡e ¯^vfvweK eyw×i weKv‡k evavcÖvß we‡kl wkï wn‡m‡e| Avevi ÔAÜÕ M‡í †g‡q †gvwnbx wQj „wó cÖwZeÜx, Ôfq¼iÕ M‡í dzwj kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx, ÔMv‡qbÕ M‡í bUe‡ii †g‡q evK cÖwZeÜx, Ô†civbUvÕ M‡í dzjevby‡K Ges ÔgnvKv‡ji RUvi RUÕ M‡í eo †g‡q mywPÎv‡K †`L‡Z cvB eyw× cÖwZeÜx iƒ‡c| DwjøwLZ Pwiθ‡jv wQj Rb¥MZfv‡e e¨wZµgag©x| Avi ÔZvici?Õ M‡í KvYKvwj Muv‡qi M‡Rb Ges Ôbe Avjcbv Õ M‡í bUzK cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’vi Kvi‡Y kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZvi wkKvi nq| ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ M‡í wfLy evwo‡Z WvKvwZ Ki‡Z wM‡q Kuv‡a ek©vi AvNvZcÖvß n‡q wPwKrmvi Afv‡e Z_v RxweKvi Kvi‡Y kvixwiK

cÖwZewÜZvi wkKvi nq| Avevi GKBfv‡e, ÔRxweKvÕ M‡í RxweKvi cÖ‡qvR‡b Bu`vivq †Lvqv wRwbm †LuvRvi `iæb cieZ©x‡Z Kv‡b ïb‡Z †c‡jI Kvjy ÿYKv‡ji Rb¨ n‡jI ewaiZv cÖvß n‡qwQj| Gfv‡e gvwb‡Ki †QvUM‡í wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨wZµgag©x Pwi‡Îi mgv‡ek jÿ Kiv hvq|

cwÖ ZewÜZvi GB wewfbZœ v _vK‡jI gvwb‡Ki M‡í cwÖ ZeÜx e¨w³ Avi mevi g‡ZvB cwievi I mgvR v¦ iv Mn„ xZ n‡q‡Q| mgvR Zv‡`i Avjv`v K‡iwb| eis MvÖ gxY mgvR I cwiev‡ii we`¨gvb m‡y hvM-mwy eavi Øviv cwÖ ZeÜx‡`i mgv‡R jvwjZ-cvwjZ K‡i‡Q| Giƒ‡c cwievi I mgv‡R †mvk¨vj g‡W‡ji Aw¯‡Í Zi¡ / Abky xj‡bi cgÖ vY cvIqv hvq| `wÿY Gwkqvq cwÖ ZewÜZv I mgvR welqK ÷vwW‡ZI †`Lv hvq †h, mgv‡Ri cwÖ ZeÜx gvb‡y li Rxeb-aviY Kxfv‡e cwievi, mgvR Ges ag© Z_v ms¯‹w… Z Øviv cfÖ vweZ nq (wmmKv I nvexe, 2015)| AvVv‡iv-Dwbk kZ‡K evOvwj mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv wQj GKvbeœ Zx© cwieviwfwËK| GLv‡b K‡qK cRÖ b¥ †hgb bvbv-bvbx, v`v-`v`x, gvgv-PvPv, Lvjv-dcz ,y fvwMbv-fvwZRv, fvwMbx-fvwZwR mevB GK‡Î GKB cwiev‡i emevm Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| cwiev‡ii cwÖ ZwU m`m¨B n‡”Q cwiev‡ii Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| e¨w³i Ici mgvR I cwiev‡ii kvmb wQj †Rviv‡jv (†Mvjvg giy wk`, 2015)| cwievi¸‡jv eׄ -weaev-AweevwnZ-cwÖ ZeÜx-†eKvi mK‡ji cwÖ Zcvjb K‡i Ges wbivcËv cÖ vb K‡i| gvwb‡Ki †QvUMí¸‡jv‡ZI Avgiv cwievi¸‡jv‡K Zv‡`i cwÖ ZeÜx m`‡m¨i vwqZ¡ wb‡Z I cwÖ Zcvjb Ki‡Z †`L‡Z cvB| Ômixmc„ Õ M‡í AvacvMjv ¯vgx‡K wek eQi I ewy × cwÖ ZeÜx wkïcÎy fez ‡bi cwÖ Zcvjb Ki‡Z Pviæi cvkvcvwk AvkqÖ `vZv ebgvjx‡KI †`Lv †M‡Q| ÔAÜÕ M‡í gvZn… viv w„ ó cwÖ ZeÜx †g‡q †gvwnbx‡K Zvi wcZv mbvZb PµeZx© B †`Lfvj K‡i weevn †`b| ÔgnvKv‡ji RUvi RUÕ M‡í †QvU †g‡qi weev‡ni c‡~ e© eo †g‡q cwÖ ZeÜx mwy PÎv‡K Av‡M we‡q †`Iqv KZe© ¨ e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| Ô†civbUvÕ M‡í djz evby I ÔMv‡qbÕ M‡í bUe‡ii cwÖ ZeÜx †g‡q ce~ © n‡ZB weevwnZ wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z cvB| ÔZvici?Õ M‡í M‡Rb‡K kvixwiK cwÖ ZewÜZv m‡ËI¡ mgv‡Ri Avi kUv wkïi g‡ZvB ‹‡z j fwZ© Kwi‡q †`Iqv nq| mZy ivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, Ab¨vb¨ m`‡m¨i g‡Zv cwÖ ZeÜx m`m¨ivI GKBfv‡e GKwU cwiev‡i cwÖ ZcvwjZ n‡”Q Ges cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK KgK© v‡Ð fw‚ gKv ivL‡Q|

Dcgnv‡`‡k ag© cÖwZewÜZv‡K mgvR I e¨w³gvb‡m LvcLvIqv‡Z Ab¨Zg iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| cÖwZewÜZv‡K mnRfv‡e †g‡b wb‡Z Ges cÖwZeÜx‡`i mnRfv‡e MÖnY Kivi gvbwmKZv ˆZwi Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q ag©| wn›`y a‡g© cÖwZewÜZv‡K c~e©R‡b¥i Kg©dj wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| `y¯’ I cÖwZeÜx‡K mvnvh¨ Kiv‡K m„wóKZ©vi AvbyK‚j¨ I ^M©jv‡fi Dcvq wn‡m‡e †`Lv nq (Narayan,

2004)| †eŠ×a‡g© cÖwZewÜZvi Rb¨ e¨w³we‡kl‡K vqx K‡i bv eis Zvi cÖwZ mnvbyf‚wZkxj nq Ges eZ©gvb fv‡jv Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g fv‡M¨i cwieZ©b n‡e e‡j Avkv K‡i (Gupta, 2011)| Ab¨w`‡K Bmjvg a‡g© ^v¯’¨‡K m„wóKZ©vi vb Ges †ivM-e¨wa I cÖwZewÜZv‡K m„wóKZ©vi cÖwZ wek¦vm ’vc‡bi cixÿv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq (Bhatty, Moten, Tawakkul & Amer, 2009)| gvwb‡Ki †QvUM‡íI jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, cÖwZewÜZv‡K Rxe‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e †g‡b wb‡”Q cwievi I mgvR Ges e¨w³ wb‡RI| cÖwZewÜZvi welq wb‡q †Kv‡bv †ÿvf ev AbyZßZv `„wó‡MvPixf‚Z nqwb| eis wfLy, †gvwnbx, dzjevby, M‡Rb Zv‡`i ¯^vfvweK Rxeb hvc‡bi P¨v‡jĸ‡jv Avi `kRb m`‡m¨i g‡ZvB MÖnY K‡i‡Q|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 21evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx20

Dcgnv‡`kxq k¦vkZ (K¬vwmK¨vj) mvwnZ¨¸‡jv‡Z cÖwZeÜx‡`i cÖwZ BwZevPK g‡bvfv‡ei cÖgvY D‡jøL cvB| gnvfvi‡Zi a„Zivóª AÜ n‡qI cieZ©x mg‡q ivRv wn‡m‡e ivR¨kvm‡bi Rb¨ AwawôZ nb| ivgvq‡Y weL¨vZ `vk©wbK I mswnZvKvi gywb Aóeµ weKjv½ n‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges Zvi †`‡ni AvUwU ¯’vb euvKv wQj (myaxiP›`ª miKvi, 2003)| A‰ØZev` I mg`k©b wel‡q `vk©wbK Aóe‡µi `k©b Aóeµ MxZv bv‡g wekwU Aa¨v‡q msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| GKBfv‡e ga¨hy‡Mi mvwn‡Z¨I cÖwZeÜx‡`i cÖwZ A‡bK BwZevPK g‡bvfve mgfv‡e cwijwÿZ nq| cÖwZeÜx‡`i †Kv‡bv we‡kl we‡kl Kv‡R cvi`wk©Zv Ges †mB ÿZv Abyhvqx wbw`©ó Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ nIqvi Z_¨vw` cvIqv hvq| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, ga¨hy‡M fvi‡Z evK I kÖæwZ cÖwZeÜx‡`i miKvwi †Mvcbxq `wjj-`¯Ív‡eR Abywjwc cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ ivRv KZ…©K wb‡qvM †`Iqv n‡Zv| (bvivqY, 2004)| Dcgnv‡`‡ki Abykvmb Ges HwZn¨ cÖwZeÜx‡`i cÖwZ cÖwZK‚j bq eis A‡bKvs‡k AbyK‚j f‚wgKv †i‡L‡Q|

eZ©gvb M‡elYvq Avgiv GKwU mg‡qi GKRb †jL‡Ki gva¨‡g cÖwZewÜZv‡K Zz‡j Avbvi †Póv K‡iwQ| †hwU †Kv‡bvfv‡eB mvaviYxKiY Kiv hvq bv| Dciš‘, wesk kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a© fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k bMivqY ïiæ n‡jI eZ©gvb M‡elYvwU‡Z ïay MÖvgxY cUf‚wg‡Z cÖwZewÜZvi GKwU LÐwPÎ cvIqv hvq| myZivs ’vbxq cUf‚wg‡Z cÖwZeÜx cv‡Vi GKwU weivU Ask Abvwe¯‹…Z i‡q †M‡Q| cÖwZewÜZv‡K mwVKfv‡e Abyave‡bi m‡½ †`kxq HwZn¨, BwZnvm Ges Gi mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK †cÖÿvc‡Ui †evaMg¨Zv AZ¨šÍ iæZ¡c~Y©| ïay wesk kZvãx bq G‡`‡ki Avengvb Kv‡ji BwZnvm I HwZn¨ †_‡K cÖwZeÜx welqK M‡elYv Avgv‡`i cÖwZewÜZv wel‡q Kvh©Kix Abyave‡b we‡kl f‚wgKv ivL‡e|

Avgiv †`L‡Z †Póv K‡iwQ †mvk¨vj g‡Wj hLb cvðv‡Z¨i mgmvgwqK aviYv I Av‡›`vjb wVK ZLb wesk kZvãxi c_Ö gv‡a© G‡`‡ki MvÖ gxY mgv‡R †mvk¨vj g‡W‡ji aviYv jvwjZ Ki‡Q| cwÖ ZeÜx e¨w³‡K c_„ KxKiY bv K‡i Zv‡K mgv‡R GKxfZ‚ n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q| eZg© v‡b GKxfZ‚ wkÿv Ges mgvR MV‡bi †h Av‡›`vjb weke¦ ¨vcx Pj‡Q; Avgv‡`i MvÖ gxY mgv‡R Ges mvs¯‹w… ZK HwZn¨ Zv eû Av‡M †_‡KB †Rviv‡jvfv‡e enb Ki‡Q| Dchcy© wi we‡`kx aviYv Ges g‡Wj‡K mivmwi AbKy iY bv K‡i Kxfv‡e G‡`kxq AvengvbKv‡ji mvs¯‹w… ZK, mvgvwRK I HwZnvwmK Dcv`vb we‡klø ‡Yi gva¨‡g cwÖ ZewÜZvi mg¨K aviYv jvf Kiv hvq-G M‡elYv †mB †ciÖ Yv‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i|

Z_¨cÄx1. †MvcxKvbv_ ivq‡PŠayix. (2008) gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq: Rxeb`„wó I wkíixwZ, KjKvZv:

†`ÕR cvewjwks, c„. 144

2. †Mvjvg gyiwk`. (2015). †i‡bmÝ evsjvi †i‡bmÝ, XvKv: Aemi cÖKvkbv ms¯’v, c„. 176

3. eyׇ`e fÆvPvh©. (2012). cy‡o hvq Rxeb bk¦i, KjKvZv: b¨vkbvj eyK G‡RwÝ cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 102

4. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq. (1982). gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-3, KjKvZv: MÖš’vjq cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 469

5. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq. (1982). gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, KjKvZv: MÖš’vjq cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 420

6. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq. (1983). gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-9, KjKvZv: MÖš’vjq cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 439

7. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq. (1984). gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-10, KjKvZv: MÖš’vjq cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 438

8. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq. (1985). gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-12, KjKvZv: MÖš’vjq cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 391

9. ˆmq` AvwRRjy nK. (2015). †kôÖ gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, XvKv: Aemi cKÖ vkbv ms¯v’ , c.„ 784

10.myaxiP›`ª miKvi. (2003). †cŠivwYK Awfavb, KwjKvZv, Gg.wm. miKvi A¨vÛ mÝ cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 599

11. Priestley, M. (2006). Developing disability studies programmes: the

international context. In B. Watermeyer, L. Swartz, T. Lorenzo, M. Schneider & M. Priestley (Eds). Disability and social change: a South African agenda. (pp.19-30). Cape Town: Human Science Research Council (HSRC) Press.

12. Bhatty, I., Moten, A. A., Tawakkul, M. & Amer, M. (2009). Disability in Islam:

Insights into Theology, Law, History, and Practice, In Catherine A. Marshall, Elizabeth Kendall, Mariah Gover (Eds), Disabilities: Insights from across fields and around the World, Westport: Praeger Publishers, p.157-176.

13.Gupta, V.B. (2011). How Hindus cope with disability. Journal of Religion,

Disability & Health, 15(1),72-78.

14.Narayan, J. (2004). Persons with Disabilities in India: a special educator’s

personal perspective. Disability Studies Quarterly, 24(2).

15.Siska, J. & Habib, A. (2015). Disability in South Asia: Hitorical understanding

through family, religion and support structure. Specialini Pedagogoka, 4, pp. 478-488

16. Siska, J. & Habib, A. (2013). Attitudes towards disability and inclusion

in Bangladesh: from history to practice, International Journal of Inclusion Education, 17: 4, pp. 393-405

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 23evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx22

Dcgnv‡`kxq k¦vkZ (K¬vwmK¨vj) mvwnZ¨¸‡jv‡Z cÖwZeÜx‡`i cÖwZ BwZevPK g‡bvfv‡ei cÖgvY D‡jøL cvB| gnvfvi‡Zi a„Zivóª AÜ n‡qI cieZ©x mg‡q ivRv wn‡m‡e ivR¨kvm‡bi Rb¨ AwawôZ nb| ivgvq‡Y weL¨vZ `vk©wbK I mswnZvKvi gywb Aóeµ weKjv½ n‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges Zvi †`‡ni AvUwU ¯’vb euvKv wQj (myaxiP›`ª miKvi, 2003)| A‰ØZev` I mg`k©b wel‡q `vk©wbK Aóe‡µi `k©b Aóeµ MxZv bv‡g wekwU Aa¨v‡q msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| GKBfv‡e ga¨hy‡Mi mvwn‡Z¨I cÖwZeÜx‡`i cÖwZ A‡bK BwZevPK g‡bvfve mgfv‡e cwijwÿZ nq| cÖwZeÜx‡`i †Kv‡bv we‡kl we‡kl Kv‡R cvi`wk©Zv Ges †mB ÿZv Abyhvqx wbw`©ó Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ nIqvi Z_¨vw` cvIqv hvq| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, ga¨hy‡M fvi‡Z evK I kÖæwZ cÖwZeÜx‡`i miKvwi †Mvcbxq `wjj-`¯Ív‡eR Abywjwc cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ ivRv KZ…©K wb‡qvM †`Iqv n‡Zv| (bvivqY, 2004)| Dcgnv‡`‡ki Abykvmb Ges HwZn¨ cÖwZeÜx‡`i cÖwZ cÖwZK‚j bq eis A‡bKvs‡k AbyK‚j f‚wgKv †i‡L‡Q|

eZ©gvb M‡elYvq Avgiv GKwU mg‡qi GKRb †jL‡Ki gva¨‡g cÖwZewÜZv‡K Zz‡j Avbvi †Póv K‡iwQ| †hwU †Kv‡bvfv‡eB mvaviYxKiY Kiv hvq bv| Dciš‘, wesk kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a© fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k bMivqY ïiæ n‡jI eZ©gvb M‡elYvwU‡Z ïay MÖvgxY cUf‚wg‡Z cÖwZewÜZvi GKwU LÐwPÎ cvIqv hvq| myZivs ’vbxq cUf‚wg‡Z cÖwZeÜx cv‡Vi GKwU weivU Ask Abvwe¯‹…Z i‡q †M‡Q| cÖwZewÜZv‡K mwVKfv‡e Abyave‡bi m‡½ †`kxq HwZn¨, BwZnvm Ges Gi mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK †cÖÿvc‡Ui †evaMg¨Zv AZ¨šÍ iæZ¡c~Y©| ïay wesk kZvãx bq G‡`‡ki Avengvb Kv‡ji BwZnvm I HwZn¨ †_‡K cÖwZeÜx welqK M‡elYv Avgv‡`i cÖwZewÜZv wel‡q Kvh©Kix Abyave‡b we‡kl f‚wgKv ivL‡e|

Avgiv †`L‡Z †Póv K‡iwQ †mvk¨vj g‡Wj hLb cvðv‡Z¨i mgmvgwqK aviYv I Av‡›`vjb wVK ZLb wesk kZvãxi c_Ö gv‡a© G‡`‡ki MvÖ gxY mgv‡R †mvk¨vj g‡W‡ji aviYv jvwjZ Ki‡Q| cwÖ ZeÜx e¨w³‡K c_„ KxKiY bv K‡i Zv‡K mgv‡R GKxfZ‚ n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q| eZg© v‡b GKxfZ‚ wkÿv Ges mgvR MV‡bi †h Av‡›`vjb weke¦ ¨vcx Pj‡Q; Avgv‡`i MvÖ gxY mgv‡R Ges mvs¯‹w… ZK HwZn¨ Zv eû Av‡M †_‡KB †Rviv‡jvfv‡e enb Ki‡Q| Dchcy© wi we‡`kx aviYv Ges g‡Wj‡K mivmwi AbKy iY bv K‡i Kxfv‡e G‡`kxq AvengvbKv‡ji mvs¯‹w… ZK, mvgvwRK I HwZnvwmK Dcv`vb we‡klø ‡Yi gva¨‡g cwÖ ZewÜZvi mg¨K aviYv jvf Kiv hvq-G M‡elYv †mB †ciÖ Yv‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i|

Z_¨cÄx1. †MvcxKvbv_ ivq‡PŠayix. (2008) gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq: Rxeb`„wó I wkíixwZ, KjKvZv:

†`ÕR cvewjwks, c„. 144

2. †Mvjvg gyiwk`. (2015). †i‡bmÝ evsjvi †i‡bmÝ, XvKv: Aemi cÖKvkbv ms¯’v, c„. 176

3. eyׇ`e fÆvPvh©. (2012). cy‡o hvq Rxeb bk¦i, KjKvZv: b¨vkbvj eyK G‡RwÝ cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 102

4. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq. (1982). gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-3, KjKvZv: MÖš’vjq cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 469

5. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq. (1982). gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-6, KjKvZv: MÖš’vjq cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 420

6. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq. (1983). gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-9, KjKvZv: MÖš’vjq cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 439

7. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq. (1984). gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-10, KjKvZv: MÖš’vjq cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 438

8. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq. (1985). gvwbK MÖš’vejx, LÐ-12, KjKvZv: MÖš’vjq cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 391

9. ˆmq` AvwRRjy nK. (2015). †kôÖ gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, XvKv: Aemi cKÖ vkbv ms¯v’ , c.„ 784

10.myaxiP›`ª miKvi. (2003). †cŠivwYK Awfavb, KwjKvZv, Gg.wm. miKvi A¨vÛ mÝ cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, c„. 599

11. Priestley, M. (2006). Developing disability studies programmes: the

international context. In B. Watermeyer, L. Swartz, T. Lorenzo, M. Schneider & M. Priestley (Eds). Disability and social change: a South African agenda. (pp.19-30). Cape Town: Human Science Research Council (HSRC) Press.

12. Bhatty, I., Moten, A. A., Tawakkul, M. & Amer, M. (2009). Disability in Islam:

Insights into Theology, Law, History, and Practice, In Catherine A. Marshall, Elizabeth Kendall, Mariah Gover (Eds), Disabilities: Insights from across fields and around the World, Westport: Praeger Publishers, p.157-176.

13.Gupta, V.B. (2011). How Hindus cope with disability. Journal of Religion,

Disability & Health, 15(1),72-78.

14.Narayan, J. (2004). Persons with Disabilities in India: a special educator’s

personal perspective. Disability Studies Quarterly, 24(2).

15.Siska, J. & Habib, A. (2015). Disability in South Asia: Hitorical understanding

through family, religion and support structure. Specialini Pedagogoka, 4, pp. 478-488

16. Siska, J. & Habib, A. (2013). Attitudes towards disability and inclusion

in Bangladesh: from history to practice, International Journal of Inclusion Education, 17: 4, pp. 393-405

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 23evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx22

mvims‡ÿc

GB M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨ wQj evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i 2010 mv‡j cÖewZ©Z m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c×wZi wewfbœ w`K g~j¨vqb Kiv| D³ w`K¸‡jv g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z wM‡q m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi ˆewk󨸇jv chv©‡jvPbvi cvkvcvwk m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖYq‡b mgm¨v¸‡jv wPwýZ Kivi cÖqvm Pvjv‡bv n‡q‡Q| D³ M‡elYvwU cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wewfbœ WKz‡g›Um we‡køl‡Yi cvkvcvwk gva¨wgK ͇ii wkÿv_©x-wkÿK‡`i †dvKvm MÖæc wWmKvkb (GdwWwR) MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GdwRwW‡Z AskMÖnYKvix 12 Rb wkÿ‡Ki mK‡jB wewfbœ wel‡qi mnKvix wkÿK| Ab¨w`‡K GdwRwW‡Z AskMÖnYKvix 15 Rb wkÿv_©x XvKvi GKwU †emiKvwi D”P we`¨vj‡qi `kg †kÖwYi wkÿv_©x hviv 2017 mv‡j GmGmwm cixÿv_©x wQj| M‡elYvi djvd‡j †`Lv hvq, m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c×wZi Ici GL‡bv mKj wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi AvIZvq Av‡mbwb| AwaKvsk we`¨vjq ¯^D‡`¨v‡M cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi mvg_©¨ AR©b K‡iwb, m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c×wZi gva¨‡g mvdj¨ AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ wkÿv_©x I AwffveKMY MvBW I †KvwPswbf©i n‡q co‡Qb, †gŠwjK DÏxcK Zwi Kiv KwVb Ges mgqmv‡cÿ Ges m‡e©vcwi wkÿv_©xiv m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi`v‡bi Rb¨ eZ©gvb cÖ`Ë mgq‡K h‡_ó g‡b K‡i bv| M‡elYvq AskMÖnYKvixMY D³ mgm¨v¸‡jv mgvav‡b MZvbyMwbK DÏxcK QvovB cÖkœ¸‡jv‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i Ávb, `ÿZv I `„wófw½ cwigvcK Kiv hvq wKbv †m welqwU †f‡e †`L‡Z gZvgZ w`‡q‡Qb|

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f‚wgKv2010 mv‡j KvVv‡gve× cÖ‡kœi bvg cvwë‡q gva¨wgK ch©v‡q GmGmwm cix¶vq evsjv cÖ_g cÎ Ges ag© wk¶v wel‡q cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c×wZ Pvjy n‡qwQj| eZ©gv‡b †RGmwm I GmGmwm cixÿvmn gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi cÖvq me wel‡q Ges ch©v‡qi evsjvmn kvLvwfwËK welq¸‡jv‡Z m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c×wZ‡Z Af¨šÍixY I cvewjK cixÿv cÖPwjZ Av‡Q Ges m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi wj‡L Avgv‡`i wkÿv_©xiv Afvebxq mvd‡j¨i ¯^vÿi †i‡L P‡j‡Q weMZ K‡qK eQi hveZ| Z‡e Ôm„Rbkxj c×wZ Pvjy n‡j †KvwPs, M„n wk¶K Ges †bvU-MvB‡Wi Ici wk¶v_©x‡`i wbf©ikxjZv K‡g Avm‡eÕ e‡j †h Avkv Kiv n‡qwQj Zv c~iY n‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b nq bv| Gi Aek¨ wewea KviY i‡q‡Q| eo KviY n‡jv wkÿK‡`i m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖeZ©‡bi jÿ¨, D‡Ïk¨ I cÖYq‡bi cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© A¯úó, Am¤ú~Y© aviYv| G aviYv Av‡iv NYxf‚Z n‡q‡Q mv¤úÖwZKKv‡j gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv Awa`ßi (gvDwk) cÖKvwkZ cÖwZ‡e`‡b| cÖeZ©‡bi Pvi eQi ci m¤úvw`Z M‡elYvag©x cÖwZ‡e`‡b cÖKvk ÔgvÎ 55 fvM we`¨vj‡qi wk¶K G c×wZ‡Z cÖkœ Ki‡Z m¶g| 19 fvM we`¨vj‡qi wk¶K evB‡i _‡K cÖkœcÎ wK‡b cix¶v †bb| Avi 26 fvM we`¨vjq wKQy wel‡qi cÖkœ wb‡Riv ˆZwi K‡i, Avi wKQy cÖkœ Ab¨ we`¨vjq †_‡K msMÖn ev wK‡b G‡b cix¶v wb‡q _v‡KÕ (hyMvšÍi 20.1.14)|

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B‡Zvg‡a¨ m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c×wZi myôy ev¯Íevq‡b †m‡KÛvwi GWy‡Kkb †m±i †W‡fjc‡g›U cÖ‡R± KZ©„K (GmBGmwWwc) gva¨wgK, D”P gva¨wgK, `vwLj I Avwjg ¯Í‡ii gv÷vi †U«Bbvi wn‡m‡e 12 w`be¨vcx cÖvq 13 nvRvi 950 Rb wk¶K‡K cÖwk¶Y †`Iqv n‡q‡Q (ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK 19 A‡±vei, 2016)| wKš‘ cÖeZ©‡bi Qq eQi ciI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ wb‡q weZK© I mgv‡jvPbv Pjgvb Av‡Q|

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖeZ©‡bi cUf‚wgMYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii wkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb A‡bK¸‡jv wkÿv cÖKí cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| cÖKí¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg cÖKí n‡”Q †m‡KÛvwi GWz‡Kkb †m±i †W‡fjf‡g›U cÖ‡R± (GmBGmwWwc)| GmBGmwWwcÕi Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kg©m~wP n‡”Q gva¨wgK I D”Pgva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii cix¶v c×wZi ms¯‹vi| G j‡¶¨ B‡Zvg‡a¨ gva¨wgK ch©v‡q m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZ Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q| m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZ wk¶vi ¸YMZ gv‡bvbœq‡bi RvZxq j¶¨gvÎv AR©‡b GKwU AMÖvwaKvi Kg©m~wP wn‡m‡e Zvrch©c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Z m¶g| m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZ cÖeZ©‡bi d‡j wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g e¨vcK BwZevPK cwieZ©b cÖZ¨vwkZ| bZzb c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_©x‡`i m„Rbkxj cÖwZfv Z_v Ávb, Abyaveb, cÖ‡qvM, we‡kølY, ms‡kølY I g~j¨vqb ¶gZv mwVKfv‡e weKwkZ n‡e| RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, wewfbœ wk¶v‡evW© Ges GmBGmwWwcÕi mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póvq m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZ cÖeZ©‡bi G Kg©hÁ ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡”Q| gva¨wgK wk¶vi gv‡bvbœq‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e 2010 mv‡j MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi GmGmwm cix¶v m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZ‡Z †bIqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kbv †`q| G wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx 2010 I 2011 mv‡ji GmGmwm cix¶vq K‡qKwU wel‡qi cixÿv m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZ‡Z AbywôZ nq| welq¸‡jv n‡jv: evsjv cÖ_g cÎ, ag©wkÿv, imvqb, mvaviY weÁvb, mvgvwRKweÁvb, f‚‡Mvj I e¨emvq cwiwPwZ| 2012 mv‡j Aby‡ôq GmGmwm cix¶vq c`v_©weÁvb, RxeweÁvb, wnmveweÁvb, e¨emvq D‡`¨vM, evwYwR¨K f‚‡Mvj, A_©bxwZ, †cŠibxwZ, BwZnvm, K…wlwk¶v, Mvn©¯’¨ A_©bxwZ I Kw¤úDUvi wk¶v wel‡q m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZ Kvh©Ki n‡e| MwYZ I D”PZi MwY‡Zi cix¶v AvcvZZ c~‡e©i g~j¨vqb c×wZ‡Z AbywôZ n‡e| (GmBGmwWwc, 2014)| m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖeZ©‡bi c‡ÿ hyw³ w`‡q Aa¨vcK Avãyjøvn Avey mvqx` gZvgZ †`b †h, ÔGKRb QvÎ ev QvÎxi c‡ÿ cÖ‡kœvËi gyL¯’ Kivi g‡Zv Kómva¨ I wbi_©K e¨vcvi Avi wKQyB n‡Z cv‡i bv| GB wbg©g kÖg wkÿvRxeb‡K `ywe©ln K‡i †Zv‡j †Zv e‡UB †mB m‡½ Zvi wPšÍv, eyw× I Kíbv cÖwZfvi ù~wZ©‡KI eܨv K‡i †d‡j| ZvB H cÖkœc×wZ e`‡j m„Rbkxj c×wZ Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q| m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZ‡Z gyL‡¯’i RvqMv †bB| QvÎQvÎx‡K †Kej Zvi cvV¨eBwU gb w`‡q fv‡jv K‡i ey‡S ey‡S co‡Z n‡e, g‡bi Avb‡›` gRv K‡i evievi ïay c‡o †h‡Z n‡e| GUzKz Ki‡jB †h †Kv‡bv QvÎQvÎx cixÿvq h‡_ó fv‡jv dj Ki‡Z cvi‡e|Õ wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb, ÔAvgv‡`i MZvbyMwZK cixÿv c×wZ‡Z cÖkœ Kiv n‡Zv mxwgZ wKQz cÖ‡kœi †fZi †_‡K| ZvB QvÎQvÎxiv gyL¯’ KiZ nv‡Z‡Mvbv wKQz cÖkœ| d‡j cvV¨eB‡qi GKUv weivU Ask Zv‡`i Áv‡bi evB‡i †_‡K †hZ| Ab¨w`‡K m„Rbkxj c×wZ‡Z QvÎQvÎx‡`i †Kv‡bvwKQzB gyL¯’ Ki‡Z nq bv, wKš‘ co‡Z nq cy‡iv cvV¨eBwU| †Kbbv GB c×wZ‡Z cÖkœ Kiv nq †MvUv cvV¨eBwUi meLvb †_‡K| ZvQvov GB c×wZ‡Z memgq cixÿvq Av‡m bZzb cÖkœ| d‡j cÖkœ Kgb covi †Kv‡bv Avkv GLv‡b †bB| ZvB QvÎQvÎx‡`i Av‡Mi g‡Zv Aí wKQy cÖkœ co‡j Avi P‡j bv, †MvUv eB‡qi cÖwZwU P¨vÞvi ey‡S ey‡S evievi co‡Z nq|Õ (GmBGmwWwc, 2014)|

M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨eZg© vb M‡elYvwU wb‡¤vœ ³ welq¸‡jvi chv© ‡jvPbv I mgvav‡bi w`K wb‡`k© bvi D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q|

K) m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi ewk󨸇jv ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv|L) m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖYq‡b mgm¨v¸‡jv wPwý Kiv|M) m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_©x‡`i mgm¨v¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiv mgvav‡bi c_

wb‡`©k Kiv|

M‡elYv c×wZ M‡elYvwU cwiPvjbv Kivi †ÿ‡Î cÖavbZ ¸YMZ M‡elYvi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni c×wZ¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| m„Rbkxj cÖkœ m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ `wjj, miKvwi mvKz©jvi, cÖwkÿY g¨vbyqvj, MYgva¨‡g cÖKvwkZ cÖwZ‡e`b ch©v‡jvPbv Kivi cvkvcvwk GdwRwWÕi gva¨‡g wkÿK I wkÿv_©x‡`i gZvgZ MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GdwRwW‡Z AskMÖnYKvix 12 Rb wkÿ‡Ki mK‡jB †`‡ki wewfbœ AÂj †_‡K AvMZ miKvwi-†emiKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi wewfbœ wel‡qi mnKvix wkÿK| GdwRwW‡Z AskMÖnYKvix 15 Rb wkÿv_©x XvKvi GKwU †emiKvwi D”P we`¨vj‡qi `kg †kÖwYi wkÿv_©x hviv 2017 mv‡j GmGmwm cixÿvq AskMÖnY Ki‡e| 12 Rb cÖwkÿYv_©x wkÿ‡Ki g‡a¨ 3 Rb evsjv, 3 Rb MwYZ, 2 Rb evsjv‡`k I wek¦ cwiPq, 2 Rb e¨emvq wkÿv, 2 Rb weÁvb wkÿvi wkÿK wQ‡jb|

1. eøyg-Gi wkLb‡ÿÎ I m„Rbkxj cÖkœgvwK©b wkÿv g‡bvweÁvbx †eÄvwgb eøyg (Benjamin Samuel Bloom) wkL‡bi †ÿ·K (Domains

of Learning) wZbfv‡e wPwýZ K‡iwQ‡jb| D‡jøL¨, eøyg 1956 mv‡j †hfv‡e wkL‡bi wZbwU †ÿ·K wPwýZ K‡iwQ‡jb †m¸‡jv 2001 mv‡j Zvi wkl¨ Anderson & Krathwohl KZ…©K mvgvb¨ cwigvwR©Z nq| wk¶v_©x‡`i AwR©Ze¨ ¶Zvi cÖ_g Ask wPšÍb ÿZv‡ÿÎ (Cognitive Domain-eyw×e„wËK/wPšÍb‡¶Î), wØZxq Ask Av‡ewMK‡¶Î (Affective Domain) Ges Z…Zxq Ask g‡bv‡cwkR‡¶‡Îi (Psychomotor Domain) m‡½ mswkøó| wPšÍb`ÿZvi g~j I cwigvwR©Z Dc¯Íi¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc|

m„wó Kiv (Creating)g~j¨vqb Kiv (Evaluating)we‡kølY Kiv (Analysing)cÖ‡qvM Kiv (Applying)eyS‡Z cviv (Understanding)¯§iY Kiv (Remembering)

g~j wkLb‡ÿÎ (1956)

cwigvwR©Z wkLb‡ÿÎ(2001)

g~j¨vqb (Evaluation)ms‡kølY(Synthesis)we‡kølY (Analysis)cÖ‡qvM (Application)Abyaveb (Comprehension) Ávb (knowledge)

Drm: Anderson, L. & Krathwohl, D. A . (2001).

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 27evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx26

B‡Zvg‡a¨ m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c×wZi myôy ev¯Íevq‡b †m‡KÛvwi GWy‡Kkb †m±i †W‡fjc‡g›U cÖ‡R± KZ©„K (GmBGmwWwc) gva¨wgK, D”P gva¨wgK, `vwLj I Avwjg ¯Í‡ii gv÷vi †U«Bbvi wn‡m‡e 12 w`be¨vcx cÖvq 13 nvRvi 950 Rb wk¶K‡K cÖwk¶Y †`Iqv n‡q‡Q (ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK 19 A‡±vei, 2016)| wKš‘ cÖeZ©‡bi Qq eQi ciI m„Rbkxj cÖkœ wb‡q weZK© I mgv‡jvPbv Pjgvb Av‡Q|

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖeZ©‡bi cUf‚wgMYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii wkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb A‡bK¸‡jv wkÿv cÖKí cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| cÖKí¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg cÖKí n‡”Q †m‡KÛvwi GWz‡Kkb †m±i †W‡fjf‡g›U cÖ‡R± (GmBGmwWwc)| GmBGmwWwcÕi Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kg©m~wP n‡”Q gva¨wgK I D”Pgva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii cix¶v c×wZi ms¯‹vi| G j‡¶¨ B‡Zvg‡a¨ gva¨wgK ch©v‡q m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZ Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q| m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZ wk¶vi ¸YMZ gv‡bvbœq‡bi RvZxq j¶¨gvÎv AR©‡b GKwU AMÖvwaKvi Kg©m~wP wn‡m‡e Zvrch©c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Z m¶g| m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZ cÖeZ©‡bi d‡j wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g e¨vcK BwZevPK cwieZ©b cÖZ¨vwkZ| bZzb c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_©x‡`i m„Rbkxj cÖwZfv Z_v Ávb, Abyaveb, cÖ‡qvM, we‡kølY, ms‡kølY I g~j¨vqb ¶gZv mwVKfv‡e weKwkZ n‡e| RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, wewfbœ wk¶v‡evW© Ges GmBGmwWwcÕi mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póvq m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZ cÖeZ©‡bi G Kg©hÁ ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡”Q| gva¨wgK wk¶vi gv‡bvbœq‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e 2010 mv‡j MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi GmGmwm cix¶v m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZ‡Z †bIqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kbv †`q| G wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx 2010 I 2011 mv‡ji GmGmwm cix¶vq K‡qKwU wel‡qi cixÿv m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZ‡Z AbywôZ nq| welq¸‡jv n‡jv: evsjv cÖ_g cÎ, ag©wkÿv, imvqb, mvaviY weÁvb, mvgvwRKweÁvb, f‚‡Mvj I e¨emvq cwiwPwZ| 2012 mv‡j Aby‡ôq GmGmwm cix¶vq c`v_©weÁvb, RxeweÁvb, wnmveweÁvb, e¨emvq D‡`¨vM, evwYwR¨K f‚‡Mvj, A_©bxwZ, †cŠibxwZ, BwZnvm, K…wlwk¶v, Mvn©¯’¨ A_©bxwZ I Kw¤úDUvi wk¶v wel‡q m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZ Kvh©Ki n‡e| MwYZ I D”PZi MwY‡Zi cix¶v AvcvZZ c~‡e©i g~j¨vqb c×wZ‡Z AbywôZ n‡e| (GmBGmwWwc, 2014)| m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖeZ©‡bi c‡ÿ hyw³ w`‡q Aa¨vcK Avãyjøvn Avey mvqx` gZvgZ †`b †h, ÔGKRb QvÎ ev QvÎxi c‡ÿ cÖ‡kœvËi gyL¯’ Kivi g‡Zv Kómva¨ I wbi_©K e¨vcvi Avi wKQyB n‡Z cv‡i bv| GB wbg©g kÖg wkÿvRxeb‡K `ywe©ln K‡i †Zv‡j †Zv e‡UB †mB m‡½ Zvi wPšÍv, eyw× I Kíbv cÖwZfvi ù~wZ©‡KI eܨv K‡i †d‡j| ZvB H cÖkœc×wZ e`‡j m„Rbkxj c×wZ Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q| m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZ‡Z gyL‡¯’i RvqMv †bB| QvÎQvÎx‡K †Kej Zvi cvV¨eBwU gb w`‡q fv‡jv K‡i ey‡S ey‡S co‡Z n‡e, g‡bi Avb‡›` gRv K‡i evievi ïay c‡o †h‡Z n‡e| GUzKz Ki‡jB †h †Kv‡bv QvÎQvÎx cixÿvq h‡_ó fv‡jv dj Ki‡Z cvi‡e|Õ wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb, ÔAvgv‡`i MZvbyMwZK cixÿv c×wZ‡Z cÖkœ Kiv n‡Zv mxwgZ wKQz cÖ‡kœi †fZi †_‡K| ZvB QvÎQvÎxiv gyL¯’ KiZ nv‡Z‡Mvbv wKQz cÖkœ| d‡j cvV¨eB‡qi GKUv weivU Ask Zv‡`i Áv‡bi evB‡i †_‡K †hZ| Ab¨w`‡K m„Rbkxj c×wZ‡Z QvÎQvÎx‡`i †Kv‡bvwKQzB gyL¯’ Ki‡Z nq bv, wKš‘ co‡Z nq cy‡iv cvV¨eBwU| †Kbbv GB c×wZ‡Z cÖkœ Kiv nq †MvUv cvV¨eBwUi meLvb †_‡K| ZvQvov GB c×wZ‡Z memgq cixÿvq Av‡m bZzb cÖkœ| d‡j cÖkœ Kgb covi †Kv‡bv Avkv GLv‡b †bB| ZvB QvÎQvÎx‡`i Av‡Mi g‡Zv Aí wKQy cÖkœ co‡j Avi P‡j bv, †MvUv eB‡qi cÖwZwU P¨vÞvi ey‡S ey‡S evievi co‡Z nq|Õ (GmBGmwWwc, 2014)|

M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨eZg© vb M‡elYvwU wb‡¤vœ ³ welq¸‡jvi chv© ‡jvPbv I mgvav‡bi w`K wb‡`k© bvi D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q|

K) m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi ewk󨸇jv ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv|L) m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖYq‡b mgm¨v¸‡jv wPwý Kiv|M) m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_©x‡`i mgm¨v¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiv mgvav‡bi c_

wb‡`©k Kiv|

M‡elYv c×wZ M‡elYvwU cwiPvjbv Kivi †ÿ‡Î cÖavbZ ¸YMZ M‡elYvi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni c×wZ¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| m„Rbkxj cÖkœ m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ `wjj, miKvwi mvKz©jvi, cÖwkÿY g¨vbyqvj, MYgva¨‡g cÖKvwkZ cÖwZ‡e`b ch©v‡jvPbv Kivi cvkvcvwk GdwRwWÕi gva¨‡g wkÿK I wkÿv_©x‡`i gZvgZ MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GdwRwW‡Z AskMÖnYKvix 12 Rb wkÿ‡Ki mK‡jB †`‡ki wewfbœ AÂj †_‡K AvMZ miKvwi-†emiKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi wewfbœ wel‡qi mnKvix wkÿK| GdwRwW‡Z AskMÖnYKvix 15 Rb wkÿv_©x XvKvi GKwU †emiKvwi D”P we`¨vj‡qi `kg †kÖwYi wkÿv_©x hviv 2017 mv‡j GmGmwm cixÿvq AskMÖnY Ki‡e| 12 Rb cÖwkÿYv_©x wkÿ‡Ki g‡a¨ 3 Rb evsjv, 3 Rb MwYZ, 2 Rb evsjv‡`k I wek¦ cwiPq, 2 Rb e¨emvq wkÿv, 2 Rb weÁvb wkÿvi wkÿK wQ‡jb|

1. eøyg-Gi wkLb‡ÿÎ I m„Rbkxj cÖkœgvwK©b wkÿv g‡bvweÁvbx †eÄvwgb eøyg (Benjamin Samuel Bloom) wkL‡bi †ÿ·K (Domains

of Learning) wZbfv‡e wPwýZ K‡iwQ‡jb| D‡jøL¨, eøyg 1956 mv‡j †hfv‡e wkL‡bi wZbwU †ÿ·K wPwýZ K‡iwQ‡jb †m¸‡jv 2001 mv‡j Zvi wkl¨ Anderson & Krathwohl KZ…©K mvgvb¨ cwigvwR©Z nq| wk¶v_©x‡`i AwR©Ze¨ ¶Zvi cÖ_g Ask wPšÍb ÿZv‡ÿÎ (Cognitive Domain-eyw×e„wËK/wPšÍb‡¶Î), wØZxq Ask Av‡ewMK‡¶Î (Affective Domain) Ges Z…Zxq Ask g‡bv‡cwkR‡¶‡Îi (Psychomotor Domain) m‡½ mswkøó| wPšÍb`ÿZvi g~j I cwigvwR©Z Dc¯Íi¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc|

m„wó Kiv (Creating)g~j¨vqb Kiv (Evaluating)we‡kølY Kiv (Analysing)cÖ‡qvM Kiv (Applying)eyS‡Z cviv (Understanding)¯§iY Kiv (Remembering)

g~j wkLb‡ÿÎ (1956)

cwigvwR©Z wkLb‡ÿÎ(2001)

g~j¨vqb (Evaluation)ms‡kølY(Synthesis)we‡kølY (Analysis)cÖ‡qvM (Application)Abyaveb (Comprehension) Ávb (knowledge)

Drm: Anderson, L. & Krathwohl, D. A . (2001).

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 27evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx26

eøy‡gi wkLb †ÿ‡Îi cwigvwR©Z iƒ‡ci wKQz ˆewkó¨ cwijwÿZ nq| eøyg †hLv‡b wPšÍb`ÿZvi cÖwZwU ¯Íi bvgevPK kã w`‡q e¨L¨v K‡iwQ‡jb †mLv‡b cwigvwR©Z †ÿ‡Î wµqvevPK kã e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| Anderson & Krathwohl-Gi g‡Z, wPšÍb †h‡nZz GKwU ^wµq cÖwµqv ZvB wPšÍb`ÿZvi wewfbœ Íi †evSv‡Z bv‡gi †P‡q wµqv †ewk cÖ‡qvR¨| Avevi Ávb †h‡nZz wPšÍ‡bi GKwU dj ZvB wPšÍb ÿZvi ¯Íi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z Ávb bv e‡j g‡b Kiv ev §iY Kiv †ewk cÖ‡hvR¨|

2. wPšÍb`¶Zvi ͇ii web¨vm Abyqvqx m„Rbkxj cÖkœm„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖeZ©‡bi mgq wPšÍb`¶Zvi QqwU ¯Íi‡K KvwV‡b¨i µgvbymv‡i wb‡¤œv³ PviwU ¯Í‡i web¨¯Í Kiv n‡q‡Q|

3. cÖ‡kœi DÏxcK (bZzb cwiw¯’wZ) Zwii †KŠkjò cvV¨cy¯ÍK †_‡K AwR©Z Ávb‡K †Kv‡bv NUbvi m‡½ m¤ú„³ K‡i DÏxcK cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e

Ges DÏxcK cÖYq‡bi mgq welqe¯‘i wfwˇZ `¶Zvi ¯Íi‡K we‡ePbvq †i‡L cwiw¯’wZwbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|

ò DÏxcK n‡e †gŠwjK (Unique), GwU cvV¨cy¯Í‡K mivmwi _vK‡e bv| DÏxcK wn‡m‡e mivmwi cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki †Kv‡bv Ask/Aby‡”Q` e¨eüZ n‡e bv|

ò KLbI KLbI wm‡jevmewnf‚©Z †Kv‡bv cÖeÜ, Mí, †QvUMí Ges KweZv †_‡K mivmwi D×…wZ†`Iqv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e G‡¶‡Î j¶ ivL‡Z n‡e DÏxcKwU †hb cÖ‡qvM I D”PZi `¶ZvicÖkœ Zwii Pvwn`v c~i‡Y m¶g nq|

ò DÏxc‡Ki fvlv n‡e AvKl©Yxq, mn‡R †evaMg¨ Ges hZ`~i m¤¢e msw¶ß (DÏxcK 6/7 ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ nIqv evÃbxq)|

ò DÏxcK cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki welqe¯‘i m‡½ m¤ú„³ n‡Z n‡e Ges welqe¯‘i Ici wfwË K‡i cÖYxZn‡e|

ò cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki GKvwaK Aa¨vq mgš^q K‡iI DÏxcK Zwi Kiv hv‡e|ò cÎcwÎKv, †idv‡iÝ eB, cÖeÜ, †iwWI I †Uwjwfk‡b cÖPvwiZ wewfbœ Z_¨ ev NUbv, cÖvgvY¨

wPÎ, weÁvcb I weÁvcb wPÎ BZ¨vw` DÏxc‡Ki Drm wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i|ò msw¶ß Aby‡”Q`, gvbwPÎ, mviwY, MÖvd, WvqvMÖvg, †jLwPÎ, Qwe BZ¨vw` A_ev G¸‡jvi

mgš^‡q DÏxcK Zwi n‡e|ò `„k¨K‡í cÖ‡kœi DËi mivmwi _vK‡e bv, Z‡e DËi Kivi †¶‡Î wk¶v_©x‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|

(GmBGmwWwc: 2012)

4. DÏxcK m¤ú‡K© mZ©KZvg~jK wb‡`©kbv†Kv‡bv RvwZ, ÿz`ª b„‡Mvôx, ag©, eY©, †MvÎ, ivR‰bwZK Av`k©, †`k, AÂj, †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv I mve©‡fŠgZ¡, fvlv, BwZnvm, HwZn¨, ms¯‹…wZ I g~j¨‡eva‡K †nq K‡i ev AvNvZ K‡i DÏxcK Ges cÖkœ cÖYqb Kiv hv‡e bv| ivR‰bwZK ev ag©xq e¨w³Z¡ A_ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨w³Z¡‡K AeÁv ev AkÖ×v K‡iI DÏxcK Ges cÖkœ cÖYqb Kiv hv‡e bv| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, KvwiKzjv‡gi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ Abyhvqx cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K wk¶v_©xi wPšÍv Kivi `¶Zv †Kvb ¯Í‡i Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q Zv g~j¨vqb KivB cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb I cix¶vi D‡Ïk¨| wnsmv ev we‡Øl Qov‡Z cv‡i, gvbnvwbi NUbv NU‡Z cv‡i Ggb DÏxcK ev cÖkœ †Kv‡bvfv‡eB cÖYqb Kiv hv‡e bv| (GmBGmwWwc: 2014)

5. m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi MVb KvVv‡gvGKwU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi ïiæ‡Z GKwU bZzb cwiw¯’wZhy³ DÏxcK Ges DÏxcK mswkøó PviwU cÖkœ _v‡K| cÖkœ PviwU KvwV‡b¨i µgvbymv‡i _v‡K| GKwU m„Rbkxj cÖkœ wPšÍb`¶Zvi wewfbœ ¯Íi hvPvB Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZwU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi Rb¨ 10 b¤^i eivÏ _vK‡e|K. m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi cÖ_g AskwU (K) Ávb ¯Í‡ii hv mnR I wbZvšÍB ¯§„wZwbf©i| cÖkœwU ¯§„wZwbf©i n‡jI Zv †hb A_©en Ges wk¶Yxq nq| G AskwUi Rb¨ 1 b¤^i eivÏ _vK‡e|

GwU n‡jv wPšÍb`¶Zvi me©wb¤œ ¯Íi| Gi A_© n‡”Q c~‡e© Rvbv †Kv‡bv wKQy ¯§iY Kiv| Gi g‡a¨ †h me welq AšÍf©y³ †m¸‡jv n‡jv : mvaviY kãmg~n, we‡kl Z_¨, ZË¡, c×wZ, cÖwµqv, aviYv Ges bxwZgvjv BZ¨vw` §iY Kiv ev wPb‡Z cviv| Ávb ¯Í‡ii cÖkœ ˆZwi Kiv mnR| Ávb ¯Í‡ii cÖ‡kœi DËi mivmwi cvV¨cy¯Í‡K cvIqv hvq|

Abyaveb n‡jv †Kv‡bv wel‡qi A_© †evSvi `¶Zv| Zv n‡Z cv‡i Z_¨, bxwZgvjv, m~Î, wbqg, c×wZ, cÖwµqv BZ¨vw` eyS‡Z cviv| eyS‡Z cvi‡j e¨vL¨v A_ev Abyev` Kiv hvq| eyS‡Z cvi‡jB †gŠwLKfv‡e Ges cÖZxK, MÖvd, mviwY I wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ welqe¯Íy Dc¯’vcb Kiv m¤¢e nq| G ai‡bi cÖ‡kœi DËi †`Iqvi Rb¨ Ávb ¯Í‡ii Zzjbvq AwaKZi `¶Zvi cÖ‡qvRb| wkLb Ges g~j¨vqb -Gi Rb¨ Abyaveb ͇ii cÖ‡kœi e¨envi iæZ¡c~Y©|

cÖ‡qvM ej‡Z eySvq c~‡e©i †kLv welq‡K bZzb †Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZ‡Z e¨envi Kivi `¶Zv| AvBb, wewa, ZË¡, m~Î, wbqg, c×wZ, aviYv, bxwZ BZ¨vw`i cÖ‡qvM n‡Z cv‡i| cÖ‡qvM `¶Zv ¯Í‡i AšÍf©y³ _vK‡Z cv‡i PvU© I MÖvd ˆZwi Kiv; c×wZi mwVK e¨envi I cÖ`k©b Ges wnmvewbKvk Kiv|

D”PZi wPšÍb-`¶Zv ej‡Z †evSvq †Kv‡bv wel‡qi we‡kølY (we‡kl †_‡K mvaviY), ms‡kølY (mvaviY †_‡K we‡kl) Ges g~j¨vqb (wePvi-we‡ePbv, hyw³)| †Kv‡bv mgMÖ welq, aviYv ev welqe¯‘‡K wewfbœ Dcv`vb ev As‡k wef³ Kiv Ges Zv‡`i g‡a¨ m¤úK© wPwýZ Kiv| welq mswkøó GK¸”Q Z_¨/Dcv`vb/Ask msMwVZ Ges mgMÖ‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv| wewfbœ Drm †_‡K Z_¨ ev aviYv msMÖn K‡i Zv w`‡q GKwU KvVv‡gv ev bKkv ˆZwi Kiv| †Kv‡bv gZvgZ, KvR, mgvavb Ges c×wZi g~j¨ wePvi Kiv| `¶Zvi m‡e©v”P ¯Íi wn‡m‡e Gi g‡a¨ wb¤œZi ¯Í‡ii Ab¨ me wPšÍb`¶Zv¸‡jv AšÍf©y³ _v‡K| c~‡e©i Rvbv Z_¨/ZË¡ (Ávb) e¨envi K‡i bZzb †Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wePvi-we‡kølY Kivi, wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Ges g~j¨vq‡bi `¶ZvB n‡jv D”PZi wPšÍb-`¶Zv |

Ávb ¯Íi

Abyaveb ¯Íi

cÖ‡qvM ¯Íi

D”PZi wPšÍb`¶Zv ¯Íi

(GmBGmwWwc: 2014)

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 29evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx28

eøy‡gi wkLb †ÿ‡Îi cwigvwR©Z iƒ‡ci wKQz ˆewkó¨ cwijwÿZ nq| eøyg †hLv‡b wPšÍb`ÿZvi cÖwZwU ¯Íi bvgevPK kã w`‡q e¨L¨v K‡iwQ‡jb †mLv‡b cwigvwR©Z †ÿ‡Î wµqvevPK kã e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| Anderson & Krathwohl-Gi g‡Z, wPšÍb †h‡nZz GKwU ^wµq cÖwµqv ZvB wPšÍb`ÿZvi wewfbœ Íi †evSv‡Z bv‡gi †P‡q wµqv †ewk cÖ‡qvR¨| Avevi Ávb †h‡nZz wPšÍ‡bi GKwU dj ZvB wPšÍb ÿZvi ¯Íi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z Ávb bv e‡j g‡b Kiv ev §iY Kiv †ewk cÖ‡hvR¨|

2. wPšÍb`¶Zvi ͇ii web¨vm Abyqvqx m„Rbkxj cÖkœm„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖeZ©‡bi mgq wPšÍb`¶Zvi QqwU ¯Íi‡K KvwV‡b¨i µgvbymv‡i wb‡¤œv³ PviwU ¯Í‡i web¨¯Í Kiv n‡q‡Q|

3. cÖ‡kœi DÏxcK (bZzb cwiw¯’wZ) Zwii †KŠkjò cvV¨cy¯ÍK †_‡K AwR©Z Ávb‡K †Kv‡bv NUbvi m‡½ m¤ú„³ K‡i DÏxcK cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e

Ges DÏxcK cÖYq‡bi mgq welqe¯‘i wfwˇZ `¶Zvi ¯Íi‡K we‡ePbvq †i‡L cwiw¯’wZwbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|

ò DÏxcK n‡e †gŠwjK (Unique), GwU cvV¨cy¯Í‡K mivmwi _vK‡e bv| DÏxcK wn‡m‡e mivmwi cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki †Kv‡bv Ask/Aby‡”Q` e¨eüZ n‡e bv|

ò KLbI KLbI wm‡jevmewnf‚©Z †Kv‡bv cÖeÜ, Mí, †QvUMí Ges KweZv †_‡K mivmwi D×…wZ†`Iqv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e G‡¶‡Î j¶ ivL‡Z n‡e DÏxcKwU †hb cÖ‡qvM I D”PZi `¶ZvicÖkœ Zwii Pvwn`v c~i‡Y m¶g nq|

ò DÏxc‡Ki fvlv n‡e AvKl©Yxq, mn‡R †evaMg¨ Ges hZ`~i m¤¢e msw¶ß (DÏxcK 6/7 ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ nIqv evÃbxq)|

ò DÏxcK cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki welqe¯‘i m‡½ m¤ú„³ n‡Z n‡e Ges welqe¯‘i Ici wfwË K‡i cÖYxZn‡e|

ò cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki GKvwaK Aa¨vq mgš^q K‡iI DÏxcK Zwi Kiv hv‡e|ò cÎcwÎKv, †idv‡iÝ eB, cÖeÜ, †iwWI I †Uwjwfk‡b cÖPvwiZ wewfbœ Z_¨ ev NUbv, cÖvgvY¨

wPÎ, weÁvcb I weÁvcb wPÎ BZ¨vw` DÏxc‡Ki Drm wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i|ò msw¶ß Aby‡”Q`, gvbwPÎ, mviwY, MÖvd, WvqvMÖvg, †jLwPÎ, Qwe BZ¨vw` A_ev G¸‡jvi

mgš^‡q DÏxcK Zwi n‡e|ò `„k¨K‡í cÖ‡kœi DËi mivmwi _vK‡e bv, Z‡e DËi Kivi †¶‡Î wk¶v_©x‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|

(GmBGmwWwc: 2012)

4. DÏxcK m¤ú‡K© mZ©KZvg~jK wb‡`©kbv†Kv‡bv RvwZ, ÿz`ª b„‡Mvôx, ag©, eY©, †MvÎ, ivR‰bwZK Av`k©, †`k, AÂj, †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv I mve©‡fŠgZ¡, fvlv, BwZnvm, HwZn¨, ms¯‹…wZ I g~j¨‡eva‡K †nq K‡i ev AvNvZ K‡i DÏxcK Ges cÖkœ cÖYqb Kiv hv‡e bv| ivR‰bwZK ev ag©xq e¨w³Z¡ A_ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨w³Z¡‡K AeÁv ev AkÖ×v K‡iI DÏxcK Ges cÖkœ cÖYqb Kiv hv‡e bv| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, KvwiKzjv‡gi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ Abyhvqx cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K wk¶v_©xi wPšÍv Kivi `¶Zv †Kvb ¯Í‡i Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q Zv g~j¨vqb KivB cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb I cix¶vi D‡Ïk¨| wnsmv ev we‡Øl Qov‡Z cv‡i, gvbnvwbi NUbv NU‡Z cv‡i Ggb DÏxcK ev cÖkœ †Kv‡bvfv‡eB cÖYqb Kiv hv‡e bv| (GmBGmwWwc: 2014)

5. m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi MVb KvVv‡gvGKwU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi ïiæ‡Z GKwU bZzb cwiw¯’wZhy³ DÏxcK Ges DÏxcK mswkøó PviwU cÖkœ _v‡K| cÖkœ PviwU KvwV‡b¨i µgvbymv‡i _v‡K| GKwU m„Rbkxj cÖkœ wPšÍb`¶Zvi wewfbœ ¯Íi hvPvB Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZwU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi Rb¨ 10 b¤^i eivÏ _vK‡e|K. m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi cÖ_g AskwU (K) Ávb ¯Í‡ii hv mnR I wbZvšÍB ¯§„wZwbf©i| cÖkœwU ¯§„wZwbf©i n‡jI Zv †hb A_©en Ges wk¶Yxq nq| G AskwUi Rb¨ 1 b¤^i eivÏ _vK‡e|

GwU n‡jv wPšÍb`¶Zvi me©wb¤œ ¯Íi| Gi A_© n‡”Q c~‡e© Rvbv †Kv‡bv wKQy ¯§iY Kiv| Gi g‡a¨ †h me welq AšÍf©y³ †m¸‡jv n‡jv : mvaviY kãmg~n, we‡kl Z_¨, ZË¡, c×wZ, cÖwµqv, aviYv Ges bxwZgvjv BZ¨vw` §iY Kiv ev wPb‡Z cviv| Ávb ¯Í‡ii cÖkœ ˆZwi Kiv mnR| Ávb ¯Í‡ii cÖ‡kœi DËi mivmwi cvV¨cy¯Í‡K cvIqv hvq|

Abyaveb n‡jv †Kv‡bv wel‡qi A_© †evSvi `¶Zv| Zv n‡Z cv‡i Z_¨, bxwZgvjv, m~Î, wbqg, c×wZ, cÖwµqv BZ¨vw` eyS‡Z cviv| eyS‡Z cvi‡j e¨vL¨v A_ev Abyev` Kiv hvq| eyS‡Z cvi‡jB †gŠwLKfv‡e Ges cÖZxK, MÖvd, mviwY I wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ welqe¯Íy Dc¯’vcb Kiv m¤¢e nq| G ai‡bi cÖ‡kœi DËi †`Iqvi Rb¨ Ávb ¯Í‡ii Zzjbvq AwaKZi `¶Zvi cÖ‡qvRb| wkLb Ges g~j¨vqb -Gi Rb¨ Abyaveb ͇ii cÖ‡kœi e¨envi iæZ¡c~Y©|

cÖ‡qvM ej‡Z eySvq c~‡e©i †kLv welq‡K bZzb †Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZ‡Z e¨envi Kivi `¶Zv| AvBb, wewa, ZË¡, m~Î, wbqg, c×wZ, aviYv, bxwZ BZ¨vw`i cÖ‡qvM n‡Z cv‡i| cÖ‡qvM `¶Zv ¯Í‡i AšÍf©y³ _vK‡Z cv‡i PvU© I MÖvd ˆZwi Kiv; c×wZi mwVK e¨envi I cÖ`k©b Ges wnmvewbKvk Kiv|

D”PZi wPšÍb-`¶Zv ej‡Z †evSvq †Kv‡bv wel‡qi we‡kølY (we‡kl †_‡K mvaviY), ms‡kølY (mvaviY †_‡K we‡kl) Ges g~j¨vqb (wePvi-we‡ePbv, hyw³)| †Kv‡bv mgMÖ welq, aviYv ev welqe¯‘‡K wewfbœ Dcv`vb ev As‡k wef³ Kiv Ges Zv‡`i g‡a¨ m¤úK© wPwýZ Kiv| welq mswkøó GK¸”Q Z_¨/Dcv`vb/Ask msMwVZ Ges mgMÖ‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv| wewfbœ Drm †_‡K Z_¨ ev aviYv msMÖn K‡i Zv w`‡q GKwU KvVv‡gv ev bKkv ˆZwi Kiv| †Kv‡bv gZvgZ, KvR, mgvavb Ges c×wZi g~j¨ wePvi Kiv| `¶Zvi m‡e©v”P ¯Íi wn‡m‡e Gi g‡a¨ wb¤œZi ¯Í‡ii Ab¨ me wPšÍb`¶Zv¸‡jv AšÍf©y³ _v‡K| c~‡e©i Rvbv Z_¨/ZË¡ (Ávb) e¨envi K‡i bZzb †Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wePvi-we‡kølY Kivi, wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Ges g~j¨vq‡bi `¶ZvB n‡jv D”PZi wPšÍb-`¶Zv |

Ávb ¯Íi

Abyaveb ¯Íi

cÖ‡qvM ¯Íi

D”PZi wPšÍb`¶Zv ¯Íi

(GmBGmwWwc: 2014)

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 29evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx28

L. m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi wØZxq Ask (L) n‡jv Abyaveb ¯Í‡ii cÖkœ| Gi gva¨‡g wk¶vµ‡gi AvIZvq cvV¨eB‡qi welqe¯‘ Abyaveb Kivi ¶gZv hvPvB Kiv nq| cvV¨eB‡q wewfbœ NUbv ev welqe¯‘i weeiY †`Iqv _v‡K| G ai‡bi cÖ‡kœ mivmwi cvV¨eB‡qi Abyiƒc weeiY Rvb‡Z PvIqv nq bv| G‡¶‡Î wk¶v_©x‡K welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v ev eY©bv w`‡Z ejv nq| cÖ‡kœi G As‡ki Rb¨ 2 b¤^i eivÏ _vK‡e|

M. cÖ‡kœi Z…Zxq AskwU (M) n‡jv cÖ‡qvM ¯Í‡ii cÖkœ| m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi G AskwU fv‡jvgv‡bi bZzb cwiw¯’wZhy³ DÏxc‡Ki Ici wbf©ikxj| A_©vr DÏxcK hw` Lye gvbm¤úbœ nq Z‡e cÖ‡qvM `¶Zvi cÖkœwU cÖYqb Kiv m¤¢e| G cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ cvV¨cy¯Í‡K _vK‡e| cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Z_¨ Ges Gi Abyaveb DÏxc‡K ewY©Z bZzb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wk¶v_©x cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e| cvV¨eB‡qi welqe¯‘ wk¶v_©x fv‡jvfv‡e co‡j †m wel‡q Zvi úó aviYv n‡e Ges †mUv bZzb †¶‡Î wk¶v_©xi cÖ‡qvM Kivi ¶gZvB cÖ‡qvM ¶Zv| cÖ‡kœi G As‡ki Rb¨ 3 b¤^i eivÏ _vK‡e|

N. m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi PZz_© AskwU (N) n‡”Q D”PZi `¶Zvi cÖkœ| G ¯Í‡ii cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xi wePvi-we‡ePbv Kivi `¶Zv, †Kv‡bv welq ev NUbv we‡kølY Kivi `¶Zv, wm×všÍ †bIqvi `¶Zv BZ¨vw` hvPvB Kiv nq| G cÖ‡kœi DËi Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ cvV¨cy¯Í‡K _vK‡e Ges mswkøó Z_¨ bZzb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z e¨envi K‡i wk¶v_©x Zvi wePvi-we‡køl‡Yi, wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi I g~j¨vq‡bi `¶Zv cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM cv‡e| cÖ‡kœi PZz_© AskwUi Rb¨ 4 b¤^i eivÏ _vK‡e| (GmBGmwWwc: 2014)

6. m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi wewfbœ As‡ki DËi cÖ`vb I cÖkœ Zwi m¤ú‡K© wb‡`©kbv2012 mv‡j m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`vb I m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖYqb msµvšÍ GKwU wb‡`©kbv Rvwi K‡i gva¨wgK I D”Pgva¨wgK wkÿv †evW©| G‡Z m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi cÖwZwU As‡ki Dˇii mxgv wbw`©ó K‡i †`Iqvi K_v ejv nq| GKBm‡½ ejv nq †h, we`¨vjq ch©v‡q ¯^-¯^ †kÖwY wkÿ‡Ki m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖYqb eva¨Zvg~jK| ¯^-¯^ cÖwZôvb mswkøó wel‡qi wkÿK w`‡q cÖvK-wbe©vPbx I wbe©vPbx cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb Ki‡e| GKBm‡½ ejv nq †h, cÖvK-wbe©vPbx I wbe©vPbx cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ †evW© n‡Z mieivn Kiv n‡e bv| D³ wb‡`©kbvwU wQj wb¤œiƒc|

gva¨wgK I D”Pgva¨wgK wk¶v †evW©, XvKvwww.dhakaeducationboard.gov.bd

weÁwßweÁwß bs: 538/gva¨/cix/2003/126 ZvwiL: 13/06/2012

welq: m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c×wZ ev¯Íevq‡b ch©‡eÿK I civgk©K KwgwUi wm×všÍ cÖm‡½|m~Î : wkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi ¯§viK bs: wkg/kv: 11/wewea-6/2004 (Ask-2)/276 ZvwiL : 17/04/2012|

Dch©y³ welq I m~Î †gvZv‡eK Avcbv‡K Rvbv‡bv hv‡”Q †h, 2012 wkÿve‡l© beg †kÖwY n‡Z m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi Dˇii ˆ`N©¨ ÔKÕ Ask (Ávbg~jK) m‡e©v”P 3 ev‡K¨, ÔLÕ Ask (Abyavebg~jK) m‡e©v”P 5 ev‡K¨, ÔMÕ Ask (cÖ‡qvMg~jK) m‡e©v”P 12 ev‡K¨ Ges ÔNÕ Ask (D”PZi ÿZvg~jK) m‡e©v”P 15 ev‡K¨ mxwgZ _vK‡e| Z‡e weÁvb, MwYZ wKsev Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q cÖgvYvw`m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ mvgvb¨ †ewk ev‡K¨i cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Zv MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e|1| we`¨vjq ch©v‡q ^-¯^ †kÖwY wkÿ‡Ki m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖYqb eva¨Zvg~jK|2| ¯^-¯^ cÖwZôvb mswkøó wel‡qi wkÿK w`‡q cÖvK-wbe©vPbx I wbe©vPbx cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb Ki‡e| Z‡e

†evW© bgybv cÖkœ cÖYqb K‡i I‡qemvB‡U cÖ`k©b Ki‡e|3| cÖvK-wbe©vPbx I wbe©vPbx cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ †evW© n‡Z mieivn Kiv n‡e bv|

cÖ‡dmi W. Gm Gg Iqvwn`y¾vgvbcix¶v wbqš¿Kgva¨wgK I D”Pgva¨wgK wk¶v †evW©, XvKvssc@dhakaeducationboard.gov.bd

†dvb : 9669815, 8625732, 8625743cÖwZôvb cÖavb G †ev‡W©i AvIZvaxb mswkøó wk¶v cÖwZôvb

M‡elYvq cÖvß djvdj

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ wb‡q RvZxq MYgva¨‡g cÖKvwkZ cÖwZ‡e`b I wbe‡Üi we‡kølY

2010 mv‡j m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖeZ©‡bi ïiæ †_‡K G wb‡q ZK©-weZ©K Ges cÿ-wecÿ gZvgZ ïiæ n‡q‡Q hv Qq eQi ci 2016 mv‡j G‡mI _v‡gwb| ïiæ‡Z weZ©K wQj bvgKiY wb‡q| ÔZLb AwffveK mgv‡Ri GKvsk Ges †`k e‡iY¨ wk¶vwe`‡`iI K‡qKRb Gi we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQ‡jb G e‡j †h, GwU wk¶v_©x‡`i Rb¨ fq I AvZ‡¼i n‡e| †kl ch©šÍ ÔKvVv‡gve×Õ k‡ãi AvZ¼ ~ixKi‡Y m„Rbkxj cÖkœ bvg w`‡q hvÎv ïiæ nq (wiqv`, 2015)| Gi ci †_‡K weZ©K Pjgvb Av‡Q| eZ©gv‡b ZK©-weZ©‡Ki gvÎv wfbœ wfbœ iƒc wb‡q‡Q| mv¤úÖwZKKv‡ji wewfbœ wcÖ›U wgwWqvq cÖKvwkZ wewfbœ msev` I wbe‡Üi Av‡jvPbvq hv D‡V G‡m‡Q Zv wb¤œiƒc-

ò ÔcÖkœ c×wZ bq, wk¶v c×wZ m„Rbkxj nIqv cÖ‡qvRbÕwk¶Kiv m„RbkxjZv †ev‡Sb bv| m„RbkxjZv bv †evSvi Kvi‡Y wk¶K-wk¶v_©x DfqB SzuuK‡Qb MvBW eB‡qi w`‡K| AwffveK QyU‡Qb †KvwPs †m›Uv‡ii w`‡K| cÖvB‡fU wUDU‡ii w`‡K| m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c×wZ nIqvi Kvi‡YB GB wecwË n‡q‡Q| wk¶v c×wZ m„Rbkxj n‡Z n‡e, cÖkœ c×wZ bq|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 31evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx30

L. m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi wØZxq Ask (L) n‡jv Abyaveb ¯Í‡ii cÖkœ| Gi gva¨‡g wk¶vµ‡gi AvIZvq cvV¨eB‡qi welqe¯‘ Abyaveb Kivi ¶gZv hvPvB Kiv nq| cvV¨eB‡q wewfbœ NUbv ev welqe¯‘i weeiY †`Iqv _v‡K| G ai‡bi cÖ‡kœ mivmwi cvV¨eB‡qi Abyiƒc weeiY Rvb‡Z PvIqv nq bv| G‡¶‡Î wk¶v_©x‡K welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v ev eY©bv w`‡Z ejv nq| cÖ‡kœi G As‡ki Rb¨ 2 b¤^i eivÏ _vK‡e|

M. cÖ‡kœi Z…Zxq AskwU (M) n‡jv cÖ‡qvM ¯Í‡ii cÖkœ| m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi G AskwU fv‡jvgv‡bi bZzb cwiw¯’wZhy³ DÏxc‡Ki Ici wbf©ikxj| A_©vr DÏxcK hw` Lye gvbm¤úbœ nq Z‡e cÖ‡qvM `¶Zvi cÖkœwU cÖYqb Kiv m¤¢e| G cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ cvV¨cy¯Í‡K _vK‡e| cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Z_¨ Ges Gi Abyaveb DÏxc‡K ewY©Z bZzb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wk¶v_©x cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e| cvV¨eB‡qi welqe¯‘ wk¶v_©x fv‡jvfv‡e co‡j †m wel‡q Zvi úó aviYv n‡e Ges †mUv bZzb †¶‡Î wk¶v_©xi cÖ‡qvM Kivi ¶gZvB cÖ‡qvM ¶Zv| cÖ‡kœi G As‡ki Rb¨ 3 b¤^i eivÏ _vK‡e|

N. m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi PZz_© AskwU (N) n‡”Q D”PZi `¶Zvi cÖkœ| G ¯Í‡ii cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xi wePvi-we‡ePbv Kivi `¶Zv, †Kv‡bv welq ev NUbv we‡kølY Kivi `¶Zv, wm×všÍ †bIqvi `¶Zv BZ¨vw` hvPvB Kiv nq| G cÖ‡kœi DËi Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ cvV¨cy¯Í‡K _vK‡e Ges mswkøó Z_¨ bZzb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z e¨envi K‡i wk¶v_©x Zvi wePvi-we‡køl‡Yi, wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi I g~j¨vq‡bi `¶Zv cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM cv‡e| cÖ‡kœi PZz_© AskwUi Rb¨ 4 b¤^i eivÏ _vK‡e| (GmBGmwWwc: 2014)

6. m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi wewfbœ As‡ki DËi cÖ`vb I cÖkœ Zwi m¤ú‡K© wb‡`©kbv2012 mv‡j m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`vb I m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖYqb msµvšÍ GKwU wb‡`©kbv Rvwi K‡i gva¨wgK I D”Pgva¨wgK wkÿv †evW©| G‡Z m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi cÖwZwU As‡ki Dˇii mxgv wbw`©ó K‡i †`Iqvi K_v ejv nq| GKBm‡½ ejv nq †h, we`¨vjq ch©v‡q ¯^-¯^ †kÖwY wkÿ‡Ki m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖYqb eva¨Zvg~jK| ¯^-¯^ cÖwZôvb mswkøó wel‡qi wkÿK w`‡q cÖvK-wbe©vPbx I wbe©vPbx cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb Ki‡e| GKBm‡½ ejv nq †h, cÖvK-wbe©vPbx I wbe©vPbx cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ †evW© n‡Z mieivn Kiv n‡e bv| D³ wb‡`©kbvwU wQj wb¤œiƒc|

gva¨wgK I D”Pgva¨wgK wk¶v †evW©, XvKvwww.dhakaeducationboard.gov.bd

weÁwßweÁwß bs: 538/gva¨/cix/2003/126 ZvwiL: 13/06/2012

welq: m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c×wZ ev¯Íevq‡b ch©‡eÿK I civgk©K KwgwUi wm×všÍ cÖm‡½|m~Î : wkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi ¯§viK bs: wkg/kv: 11/wewea-6/2004 (Ask-2)/276 ZvwiL : 17/04/2012|

Dch©y³ welq I m~Î †gvZv‡eK Avcbv‡K Rvbv‡bv hv‡”Q †h, 2012 wkÿve‡l© beg †kÖwY n‡Z m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi Dˇii ˆ`N©¨ ÔKÕ Ask (Ávbg~jK) m‡e©v”P 3 ev‡K¨, ÔLÕ Ask (Abyavebg~jK) m‡e©v”P 5 ev‡K¨, ÔMÕ Ask (cÖ‡qvMg~jK) m‡e©v”P 12 ev‡K¨ Ges ÔNÕ Ask (D”PZi ÿZvg~jK) m‡e©v”P 15 ev‡K¨ mxwgZ _vK‡e| Z‡e weÁvb, MwYZ wKsev Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q cÖgvYvw`m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ mvgvb¨ †ewk ev‡K¨i cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Zv MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e|1| we`¨vjq ch©v‡q ^-¯^ †kÖwY wkÿ‡Ki m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖYqb eva¨Zvg~jK|2| ¯^-¯^ cÖwZôvb mswkøó wel‡qi wkÿK w`‡q cÖvK-wbe©vPbx I wbe©vPbx cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb Ki‡e| Z‡e

†evW© bgybv cÖkœ cÖYqb K‡i I‡qemvB‡U cÖ`k©b Ki‡e|3| cÖvK-wbe©vPbx I wbe©vPbx cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ †evW© n‡Z mieivn Kiv n‡e bv|

cÖ‡dmi W. Gm Gg Iqvwn`y¾vgvbcix¶v wbqš¿Kgva¨wgK I D”Pgva¨wgK wk¶v †evW©, XvKvssc@dhakaeducationboard.gov.bd

†dvb : 9669815, 8625732, 8625743cÖwZôvb cÖavb G †ev‡W©i AvIZvaxb mswkøó wk¶v cÖwZôvb

M‡elYvq cÖvß djvdj

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ wb‡q RvZxq MYgva¨‡g cÖKvwkZ cÖwZ‡e`b I wbe‡Üi we‡kølY

2010 mv‡j m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖeZ©‡bi ïiæ †_‡K G wb‡q ZK©-weZ©K Ges cÿ-wecÿ gZvgZ ïiæ n‡q‡Q hv Qq eQi ci 2016 mv‡j G‡mI _v‡gwb| ïiæ‡Z weZ©K wQj bvgKiY wb‡q| ÔZLb AwffveK mgv‡Ri GKvsk Ges †`k e‡iY¨ wk¶vwe`‡`iI K‡qKRb Gi we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQ‡jb G e‡j †h, GwU wk¶v_©x‡`i Rb¨ fq I AvZ‡¼i n‡e| †kl ch©šÍ ÔKvVv‡gve×Õ k‡ãi AvZ¼ ~ixKi‡Y m„Rbkxj cÖkœ bvg w`‡q hvÎv ïiæ nq (wiqv`, 2015)| Gi ci †_‡K weZ©K Pjgvb Av‡Q| eZ©gv‡b ZK©-weZ©‡Ki gvÎv wfbœ wfbœ iƒc wb‡q‡Q| mv¤úÖwZKKv‡ji wewfbœ wcÖ›U wgwWqvq cÖKvwkZ wewfbœ msev` I wbe‡Üi Av‡jvPbvq hv D‡V G‡m‡Q Zv wb¤œiƒc-

ò ÔcÖkœ c×wZ bq, wk¶v c×wZ m„Rbkxj nIqv cÖ‡qvRbÕwk¶Kiv m„RbkxjZv †ev‡Sb bv| m„RbkxjZv bv †evSvi Kvi‡Y wk¶K-wk¶v_©x DfqB SzuuK‡Qb MvBW eB‡qi w`‡K| AwffveK QyU‡Qb †KvwPs †m›Uv‡ii w`‡K| cÖvB‡fU wUDU‡ii w`‡K| m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c×wZ nIqvi Kvi‡YB GB wecwË n‡q‡Q| wk¶v c×wZ m„Rbkxj n‡Z n‡e, cÖkœ c×wZ bq|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 31evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx30

Avgv‡`i wk¶v c×wZ m„Rbkxj n‡jB mgm¨v _vK‡e bv| (Ôgva¨wgK wk¶vi gv‡bvbœq‡b KiYxqÕ kxl©K GK gZwewbgq mfvÕ) (evsjvwU«weDb wi‡cvU©, †g 26, 2016)

òm„Rbkxj c×wZi mvZwU cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`vb cÖwµqvi weiæ‡× gvbeeÜb K‡i‡Q cÖvq `kwU miKvwi-†emiKvwi evjK I evwjKv we`¨vj‡qi wk¶v_©xiv| wk¶v_©x‡`i vwe †Rvi K‡i wk¶v gš¿Yvjq AviI GKwU iPbvg~jK AwZwi³ cÖkœ Pvwc‡q w`‡”Q| Aciw`‡K, be¨w³K cÖkœ 10wU Kwg‡q 30wU‡Z A_©vr 30 b¤^‡i Avbvi cuvqZviv Ki‡Q e‡j Awf‡hvM Zv‡`i| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 60 b¤^i †_‡K e„w× K‡i 70 b¤^‡i cwiYZ Kivi Ac‡Póv e‡Üi ZvwM‡` gvbee܇b Ask wb‡q‡Q nvRvi nvRvi wk¶v_©x| (ˆ`wbK RbKÉ, 30 †m‡Þ¤^i 2016)

ò m„Rbkx‡j ÔKuvPvÕ wk¶KivBAvU eQi Av‡M †`‡k gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wk¶ve¨e¯’vi Avg~j cwieZ©b K‡i m„Rbkxj c×wZ Pvjy n‡jI wk¶Kiv GL‡bv Zv AvZ¥¯’ Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| cÖkœ cÖYqb wKsev DËicÎ g~j¨vq‡bi m¶gZvI AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb Zuviv| m„Rbkxj c×wZi Ici GLb ch©šÍ h_vh_ cÖwk¶YI cvbwb me wk¶K| G‡Z wk¶v_©x‡`i h_vh_ cvV`v‡b e¨_© n‡”Qb Zuviv| Avi Zv‡Z wk¶v_©x‡`i GKwU cÖRb¥ ¸YMZ wk¶v †_‡K ewÂZ n‡”Q| †kl ch©šÍ Zv‡`i †KvwPs wKsev evRv‡ii †bvU-MvB‡Wi IciB wbf©i Ki‡Z n‡”Q| m„Rbkxj bv †evSvq A‡bK †¶‡Î wk¶KivB MvBW eB‡qi kiYvcbœ n‡”Qb| d‡j cix¶vq †Kv‡bv iK‡g wRwcG 5 RyU‡jI wk¶v_©xiv wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZ© cix¶vq MYnv‡i †dj Ki‡Q| GKB wel‡q AwffveK mgš^q cwil‡`i mvaviY m¤úv`K bxcv myjZvbv e‡jb, m„Rbkxj c×wZwU Lvivc bv| wKš‘ cÖ‡qvMUv wVKg‡Zv n‡”Q bv| wk¶KivB GL‡bv G c×wZ ey‡S DV‡Z cv‡ibwb| d‡j Zuviv h_vh_fv‡e cvV`vb Ki‡ZI cvi‡Qb bv| hvi Kvi‡Y wk¶v_©xiv Ac~iYxq ¶wZi wkKvi n‡”Q| ÔwimvP© di A¨vWfv݇g›U Ae KgwcøU GWz‡KkbÕ bv‡gi GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`‡b ejv n‡q‡Q, m„Rbkxj wk¶ve¨e¯’vi m‡½ GL‡bv Af¨¯Í n‡Z cvi‡Q bv wk¶v_©xiv| wel‡qi cwigvYI †e‡o‡Q| †m Abyhvqx wk¶Kiv †kÖwYK‡¶ cvV`v‡bi ch©vß mgqI cv‡”Qb bv| cÖwk¶YcÖvß wk¶‡Ki AfveI i‡q‡Q| †mB NvUwZ c~i‡Y AwffveKiv mšÍv‡bi K_v we‡ePbv K‡i M„nwk¶K I †KvwPs †m›Uv‡ii Ici wbf©i Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡”Qb| gva¨wgK I D”P wk¶v (gvDwk) Awa`߇ii A¨vK‡mm A¨vÛ †KvqvwjwU A¨vmy‡iÝ BDwb‡Ui (GwKDGBD) KZ…©K 18 nvRvi 598wU gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi g‡a¨ mvZ nvRvi 276wU cÖwZôvb mycviwfkbK…Z cÖwZôv‡bi Ici †deªæqvwi 2016 M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`b Abymv‡i, wbR¯^ wk¶Kiv m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖYqb K‡ib, Ggb we`¨vj‡qi msL¨v wZb nvRvi 714wU (51.04 kZvsk)| wk¶Kiv Ab¨ we`¨vj‡qi mnvqZvq m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖYqb K‡ib, Ggb we`¨vj‡qi msL¨v yB nvRvi 62wU (28.34 kZvsk)| evB‡i †_‡K cÖkœ msMÖn K‡i, Ggb we`¨vj‡qi msL¨v GK nvRvi 365wU (18.76 kZvsk)| (ˆ`wbK Kv‡ji KÉ 11 A‡±vei, 2016)

wkÿK‡`i GdwRwW †_‡K cÖvß djvdjGdwRwW‡Z AskMÖnYKvix wewfbœ wel‡qi 12 Rb †kÖwY wkÿ‡Ki D‡Ï¨‡k cÖkœ wQj mevB m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c×wZi Ici cÖwkÿY †c‡q‡Q wKbv, m„Rbkxj cÖkœ Zviv wb‡Riv ˆZwi K‡ib ev Ab¨ ¯’vb †_‡K wK‡b Av‡bb, m„Rbkxj cÖkœ wkÿv_©x‡`i m„RbkxjZv weKv‡k KZUv Ae`vb ivL‡Q, m„Rbkxj cÖYq‡b

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ gvwb bvÕ

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GLbI cÖwkÿY cvbwb| evwK 3 Rb GKw`‡bi Bb nvDm cÖwkÿY †c‡q‡Qb †hLv‡b wb‡Riwe`¨vjq I Ab¨ we`¨vj‡qi gv÷vi †UªbviMY cÖwkÿY w`‡q‡Qb|

ò AskMÖnYKvix 12wU we`¨vj‡qi gvÎ 3wU miKvwi we`¨vjq wb‡Riv cÖkœ K‡ib| Aewkó 9wUwe`¨vj‡qi wkÿKMY ^xKvi K‡i‡Qb Zviv Ab¨ ’vb †_‡K cÖkœ msMÖn K‡ib Ges A‡bK †ÿ‡Î 9/10wU we`¨vjq mw¤§wjZfv‡e wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ eÈb K‡i wb‡q cÖkœ¸‡jv Zwi K‡ib|

ò m„Rbkxj cÖkœ wkÿv_©x‡`i m„RbkxjZv weKv‡k Ae`vb ivL‡Q wKbv †m wel‡q wkÿKMYmw›`nvb| KviY Zviv g‡b K‡ib wkÿv_©x I AwffveKMY cvV¨cy¯ÍK cov †_‡K MvBWwfwËKm„Rbkxj cÖkœ Abykxjb‡K †ewk cÖ‡qvRbxq I jvfRbK g‡b K‡ib|

ò m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi †ÿ‡Î wkÿKMY †ek wKQz mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb e‡j gZ cÖKvk K‡ib|†m¸‡jv n‡jv ch©vß aviYv I cÖwkÿ‡Ki Afve, cÖkœ Kivi Rb¨ h‡_ó mgq Kg bv cvIqv, KviY †ewki fvM †ÿ‡Î wZb Pvi w`‡bi †bvwU‡k cÖkœ Rgv w`‡Z ejv nq, GKRb wkÿK‡K2/3wU wel‡q cÖkœ Ki‡Z nq, cÖwZwU wel‡q 50wU GgwmwKD cÖkœmn bqwU DÏxcK Ges QwÎkwU cÖkœ Kiv kÖg I Kómva¨|

ò MvBW eB‡qi wbf©iZvi K_v mevB ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| MvBW wbf©iZvi KviY wn‡m‡e mgqmíZv, AwaK cÖkœ, cvV¨cy¯Í‡K ch©vß Z_¨ bv _vKv‡K vqx K‡i‡Qb|

ò wkÿKiv mevB e‡j‡Qb ïay cvV¨cy KÍ e¨envi K‡i, wbR¯ wPšvÍ -fvebvq †gŠwjK DÏxcK ˆZwi GKwU m¤úY~ © ckÖ cœ Î Zwi Ki‡Z b~ bZg c‡ÿ GK mßvn jvM‡e hv GKRb wkÿK KLbB cvb bv|

wkÿv_©x‡`i GdwRwW †_‡K cÖvß djvdj`kg †kÖwYi weÁvb, e¨emvq wkÿv I gvbweK kvLvi 15 Rb wkÿv_©xi AskMÖn‡Y AbywôZ GdwRwW‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i mwµq Ask MÖnY wQj| Zv‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖkœ wQj m„Rbkxj cÖkœ‡K Zviv fq cvq wKbv, DËi †`Iqvi Rb¨ eivÏK…Z mgq Rb¨ h‡_ó wKbv, MvBW eB e¨envi K‡i wKbv Ges †Kb K‡i, m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î Kx ai‡bi mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nq? DcwiD³ cÖ‡kœi Rev‡e AskMÖnYKvix wkÿK‡`i gZvgZ wb¤œiƒc:ò mKj wkÿv_©x „pZvi m‡½ e‡j‡Q, m„Rbkxj cÖkœ‡K Zviv fq cvq bv| G RvZxq cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g

Zv‡`i wbR¯^ fw½‡Z †jLvi h‡_ó my‡hvM Av‡Q|ò DËi †`Iqvi Rb¨ eivÏK…Z mgq †gv‡UB h‡_ó bq| fv‡jv K‡i DÏxcK¸‡jv covi mgq

cvIqv hvq bv| fv‡jv K‡i DÏxcK co‡Z †M‡j mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi †`Iqv hvq bv| A‡bK mgq mg‡qi Afv‡e Rvbv DËi bv wj‡L Avm‡Z nq|

ò mKj wkÿv_©x ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Q, Zviv MvBW eB e¨envi K‡i| A‡b‡K GKB wel‡q GKvwaK MvBW eB e¨envi K‡i| MvBW eB †_‡K Zviv m„Rbkxj cÖkœ Abykxjb K‡i _v‡K|

ò A‡bK cÖ‡kœ cÖ‡qvMg~jK I D”PZi `ÿZvi DËi †`Iqvi gZ †Kv‡bv Z_¨ _v‡K bv| ZLb Zviv wKQz ey‡S DV‡Z cv‡i bv Kxfv‡e DËi mvRv‡e|

¨

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 33evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx32

Avgv‡`i wk¶v c×wZ m„Rbkxj n‡jB mgm¨v _vK‡e bv| (Ôgva¨wgK wk¶vi gv‡bvbœq‡b KiYxqÕ kxl©K GK gZwewbgq mfvÕ) (evsjvwU«weDb wi‡cvU©, †g 26, 2016)

òm„Rbkxj c×wZi mvZwU cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`vb cÖwµqvi weiæ‡× gvbeeÜb K‡i‡Q cÖvq `kwU miKvwi-†emiKvwi evjK I evwjKv we`¨vj‡qi wk¶v_©xiv| wk¶v_©x‡`i vwe †Rvi K‡i wk¶v gš¿Yvjq AviI GKwU iPbvg~jK AwZwi³ cÖkœ Pvwc‡q w`‡”Q| Aciw`‡K, be¨w³K cÖkœ 10wU Kwg‡q 30wU‡Z A_©vr 30 b¤^‡i Avbvi cuvqZviv Ki‡Q e‡j Awf‡hvM Zv‡`i| iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 60 b¤^i †_‡K e„w× K‡i 70 b¤^‡i cwiYZ Kivi Ac‡Póv e‡Üi ZvwM‡` gvbee܇b Ask wb‡q‡Q nvRvi nvRvi wk¶v_©x| (ˆ`wbK RbKÉ, 30 †m‡Þ¤^i 2016)

ò m„Rbkx‡j ÔKuvPvÕ wk¶KivBAvU eQi Av‡M †`‡k gva¨wgK I D”P gva¨wgK wk¶ve¨e¯’vi Avg~j cwieZ©b K‡i m„Rbkxj c×wZ Pvjy n‡jI wk¶Kiv GL‡bv Zv AvZ¥¯’ Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| cÖkœ cÖYqb wKsev DËicÎ g~j¨vq‡bi m¶gZvI AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb Zuviv| m„Rbkxj c×wZi Ici GLb ch©šÍ h_vh_ cÖwk¶YI cvbwb me wk¶K| G‡Z wk¶v_©x‡`i h_vh_ cvV`v‡b e¨_© n‡”Qb Zuviv| Avi Zv‡Z wk¶v_©x‡`i GKwU cÖRb¥ ¸YMZ wk¶v †_‡K ewÂZ n‡”Q| †kl ch©šÍ Zv‡`i †KvwPs wKsev evRv‡ii †bvU-MvB‡Wi IciB wbf©i Ki‡Z n‡”Q| m„Rbkxj bv †evSvq A‡bK †¶‡Î wk¶KivB MvBW eB‡qi kiYvcbœ n‡”Qb| d‡j cix¶vq †Kv‡bv iK‡g wRwcG 5 RyU‡jI wk¶v_©xiv wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZ© cix¶vq MYnv‡i †dj Ki‡Q| GKB wel‡q AwffveK mgš^q cwil‡`i mvaviY m¤úv`K bxcv myjZvbv e‡jb, m„Rbkxj c×wZwU Lvivc bv| wKš‘ cÖ‡qvMUv wVKg‡Zv n‡”Q bv| wk¶KivB GL‡bv G c×wZ ey‡S DV‡Z cv‡ibwb| d‡j Zuviv h_vh_fv‡e cvV`vb Ki‡ZI cvi‡Qb bv| hvi Kvi‡Y wk¶v_©xiv Ac~iYxq ¶wZi wkKvi n‡”Q| ÔwimvP© di A¨vWfv݇g›U Ae KgwcøU GWz‡KkbÕ bv‡gi GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`‡b ejv n‡q‡Q, m„Rbkxj wk¶ve¨e¯’vi m‡½ GL‡bv Af¨¯Í n‡Z cvi‡Q bv wk¶v_©xiv| wel‡qi cwigvYI †e‡o‡Q| †m Abyhvqx wk¶Kiv †kÖwYK‡¶ cvV`v‡bi ch©vß mgqI cv‡”Qb bv| cÖwk¶YcÖvß wk¶‡Ki AfveI i‡q‡Q| †mB NvUwZ c~i‡Y AwffveKiv mšÍv‡bi K_v we‡ePbv K‡i M„nwk¶K I †KvwPs †m›Uv‡ii Ici wbf©i Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡”Qb| gva¨wgK I D”P wk¶v (gvDwk) Awa`߇ii A¨vK‡mm A¨vÛ †KvqvwjwU A¨vmy‡iÝ BDwb‡Ui (GwKDGBD) KZ…©K 18 nvRvi 598wU gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi g‡a¨ mvZ nvRvi 276wU cÖwZôvb mycviwfkbK…Z cÖwZôv‡bi Ici †deªæqvwi 2016 M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`b Abymv‡i, wbR¯^ wk¶Kiv m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖYqb K‡ib, Ggb we`¨vj‡qi msL¨v wZb nvRvi 714wU (51.04 kZvsk)| wk¶Kiv Ab¨ we`¨vj‡qi mnvqZvq m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖYqb K‡ib, Ggb we`¨vj‡qi msL¨v yB nvRvi 62wU (28.34 kZvsk)| evB‡i †_‡K cÖkœ msMÖn K‡i, Ggb we`¨vj‡qi msL¨v GK nvRvi 365wU (18.76 kZvsk)| (ˆ`wbK Kv‡ji KÉ 11 A‡±vei, 2016)

wkÿK‡`i GdwRwW †_‡K cÖvß djvdjGdwRwW‡Z AskMÖnYKvix wewfbœ wel‡qi 12 Rb †kÖwY wkÿ‡Ki D‡Ï¨‡k cÖkœ wQj mevB m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c×wZi Ici cÖwkÿY †c‡q‡Q wKbv, m„Rbkxj cÖkœ Zviv wb‡Riv ˆZwi K‡ib ev Ab¨ ¯’vb †_‡K wK‡b Av‡bb, m„Rbkxj cÖkœ wkÿv_©x‡`i m„RbkxjZv weKv‡k KZUv Ae`vb ivL‡Q, m„Rbkxj cÖYq‡b

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ gvwb bvÕ

Kx ai‡bi mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nb Ges G mgm¨v †gvKvwejvi †ÿ‡Î Zv‡`i gZvgZ Kx? DcwiD³ cÖ‡kœi Av‡jv‡K AskMÖnYKvix wkÿK‡`i gZvgZ wb¤œiƒc-ò 6 Rb wkÿK cÖK‡íi Aaxb wZb w`‡bi m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi Ici cÖwkÿY †c‡q‡Qb| 3 Rb

GLbI cÖwkÿY cvbwb| evwK 3 Rb GKw`‡bi Bb nvDm cÖwkÿY †c‡q‡Qb †hLv‡b wb‡Riwe`¨vjq I Ab¨ we`¨vj‡qi gv÷vi †UªbviMY cÖwkÿY w`‡q‡Qb|

ò AskMÖnYKvix 12wU we`¨vj‡qi gvÎ 3wU miKvwi we`¨vjq wb‡Riv cÖkœ K‡ib| Aewkó 9wUwe`¨vj‡qi wkÿKMY ^xKvi K‡i‡Qb Zviv Ab¨ ’vb †_‡K cÖkœ msMÖn K‡ib Ges A‡bK †ÿ‡Î 9/10wU we`¨vjq mw¤§wjZfv‡e wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ eÈb K‡i wb‡q cÖkœ¸‡jv Zwi K‡ib|

ò m„Rbkxj cÖkœ wkÿv_©x‡`i m„RbkxjZv weKv‡k Ae`vb ivL‡Q wKbv †m wel‡q wkÿKMYmw›`nvb| KviY Zviv g‡b K‡ib wkÿv_©x I AwffveKMY cvV¨cy¯ÍK cov †_‡K MvBWwfwËKm„Rbkxj cÖkœ Abykxjb‡K †ewk cÖ‡qvRbxq I jvfRbK g‡b K‡ib|

ò m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi †ÿ‡Î wkÿKMY †ek wKQz mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb e‡j gZ cÖKvk K‡ib|†m¸‡jv n‡jv ch©vß aviYv I cÖwkÿ‡Ki Afve, cÖkœ Kivi Rb¨ h‡_ó mgq Kg bv cvIqv, KviY †ewki fvM †ÿ‡Î wZb Pvi w`‡bi †bvwU‡k cÖkœ Rgv w`‡Z ejv nq, GKRb wkÿK‡K2/3wU wel‡q cÖkœ Ki‡Z nq, cÖwZwU wel‡q 50wU GgwmwKD cÖkœmn bqwU DÏxcK Ges QwÎkwU cÖkœ Kiv kÖg I Kómva¨|

ò MvBW eB‡qi wbf©iZvi K_v mevB ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| MvBW wbf©iZvi KviY wn‡m‡e mgqmíZv, AwaK cÖkœ, cvV¨cy¯Í‡K ch©vß Z_¨ bv _vKv‡K vqx K‡i‡Qb|

ò wkÿKiv mevB e‡j‡Qb ïay cvV¨cy KÍ e¨envi K‡i, wbR¯ wPšvÍ -fvebvq †gŠwjK DÏxcK ˆZwi GKwU m¤úY~ © ckÖ cœ Î Zwi Ki‡Z b~ bZg c‡ÿ GK mßvn jvM‡e hv GKRb wkÿK KLbB cvb bv|

wkÿv_©x‡`i GdwRwW †_‡K cÖvß djvdj`kg †kÖwYi weÁvb, e¨emvq wkÿv I gvbweK kvLvi 15 Rb wkÿv_©xi AskMÖn‡Y AbywôZ GdwRwW‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i mwµq Ask MÖnY wQj| Zv‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖkœ wQj m„Rbkxj cÖkœ‡K Zviv fq cvq wKbv, DËi †`Iqvi Rb¨ eivÏK…Z mgq Rb¨ h‡_ó wKbv, MvBW eB e¨envi K‡i wKbv Ges †Kb K‡i, m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î Kx ai‡bi mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nq? DcwiD³ cÖ‡kœi Rev‡e AskMÖnYKvix wkÿK‡`i gZvgZ wb¤œiƒc:ò mKj wkÿv_©x „pZvi m‡½ e‡j‡Q, m„Rbkxj cÖkœ‡K Zviv fq cvq bv| G RvZxq cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g

Zv‡`i wbR¯^ fw½‡Z †jLvi h‡_ó my‡hvM Av‡Q|ò DËi †`Iqvi Rb¨ eivÏK…Z mgq †gv‡UB h‡_ó bq| fv‡jv K‡i DÏxcK¸‡jv covi mgq

cvIqv hvq bv| fv‡jv K‡i DÏxcK co‡Z †M‡j mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi †`Iqv hvq bv| A‡bK mgq mg‡qi Afv‡e Rvbv DËi bv wj‡L Avm‡Z nq|

ò mKj wkÿv_©x ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Q, Zviv MvBW eB e¨envi K‡i| A‡b‡K GKB wel‡q GKvwaK MvBW eB e¨envi K‡i| MvBW eB †_‡K Zviv m„Rbkxj cÖkœ Abykxjb K‡i _v‡K|

ò A‡bK cÖ‡kœ cÖ‡qvMg~jK I D”PZi `ÿZvi DËi †`Iqvi gZ †Kv‡bv Z_¨ _v‡K bv| ZLb Zviv wKQz ey‡S DV‡Z cv‡i bv Kxfv‡e DËi mvRv‡e|

¨

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 33evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx32

M‡elYv djvdj ch©v‡jvPbvG M‡elYvq wewfbœ wcÖ›U wgwWqvq cÖKvwkZ wewfbœ msev`, we‡klÁ I wkÿvwe`‡`i wjwLZ cÖeÜ, wewfbœ mfv-†mwgbv‡i cÖ`Ë e³e¨ I M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`b ch©v‡jvPbvi cvkvcvwk wkÿK I wkÿv_©x‡`i gZvgZ MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖvß djvdj¸‡jv we‡kølY Ki‡j GKB ai‡bi wPÎ cvIqv hvq| M‡elYv djvdj ch©v‡jvPbv †`Lv hvq, 2014 mv‡j Awdm Av‡`k Rvwi K‡i wk¶v gš¿Yvjq msM„nxZ cÖkœc‡Î cix¶v †bIqv evwZj †NvlYv K‡i wbR¯^ D‡`¨v‡M ¯^ ¯^ cÖwZôvb‡K cÖkœ Kivi e¨vcv‡i wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡i| GKBm‡½ †hme ¯‹zj, K‡jR, gv`ªvmv m„Rbkxj cÖkœcÎ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv Zv‡`i GgwcI evwZj Kiv n‡e e‡j ûuwkqvi Kiv n‡jI cwiw¯’wZi †Kv‡bv DbœwZ nqwb| †Kbbv evB‡i †_‡K cÖkœ msMÖn K‡i, Ggb we`¨vj‡qi msL¨v 2016 mv‡ji †kl w`‡K G‡mI 18.76 kZvsk| wkÿK‡`i cÖ`Ë cÖwkÿY Ach©vß cÖZxqgvb n‡q‡Q, d‡j wkÿK I wkÿv_©x Df‡qiB MvBWwbf©iZv †e‡o‡Q| wk¶v_©x‡`i g‡Zv wkÿKMYI GKB wel‡qi Rb¨ GKvwaK MvBW eB e¨envi K‡ib| cÖkœcÎ cÖYq‡bi mgq GKwU cÖ‡kœi G‡KK Ask G‡KK MvBW †_‡K Zz‡j w`‡”Qb Zuviv| K¬v‡m h_vh_ cvV bv †c‡q wk¶v_©xivI MvB‡WB AvkÖq LyuR‡Q| cvkvcvwk mKvj-mܨv †KvwPs‡q †`Šov‡Z n‡”Q| mšÍvb‡`i wRwcG cÖvwßi wbðqZvq AwffveKMYI †KvwPswbf©i n‡q c‡o‡Qb| Ab¨w`‡K wewfbœ msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ wewfbœ cÖwZ‡e`b, †mwgbvi I Av‡jvPbv mfvi e³e¨ I cÖwZwµqv we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv hvq, m„Rbkxj c×wZi bvgKiY I cÖeZ©‡bi c‡¶i eyw×RxexMYI Qq eQi †k‡l G‡m G c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi †bwZevPK cÖwZwµqv †`‡L A‡bKUv nZvk| W. Rvdi BKevj g‡b K‡ib, ÔA‡bK wk¶KB m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi gv_vgyÐz wKQyB ai‡Z cvi‡Qb bvÕ (Kv‡ji KÉ, 11 A‡±vei, 2016)| Ab¨w`‡K †h mKj wkÿK m„Rbkxj cÖkœ ˆZwi Ki‡Z AvZ¥wek¦vmx Ges mÿg ZvivI mg‡qi Afv‡e fv‡jv cÖkœ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| mí mg‡qi g‡a¨ AwaK cÖkœ Ki‡Z wM‡q cÖ‡kœi gvb a‡i ivL‡Z cvi‡Q bv|

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1. m„Rbkxj cÖkœ Pvjy ivLvi wel‡q wkÿK I wkÿv_©x‡`i wbKU †_‡K cybivq gZvgZ MÖnY KiviRb¨ RvZxqwfwËK GKwU M‡elYv cwiPvjbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

2. Avgiv c‡Ö kiœ mR„ bkxjZv PvB bvwK Dˇii mR„ bkxjZv PvB †m e¨vc‡i wm×všMÍ nÖ Y Kiv Riæwi|3. 7wU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ mgq 2 NÈv 20 wg. A_©vr 140 wgwbU| 11wU

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4. GKwU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ wkÿv‡evW© †gvU 35 jvBb wba©viY K‡i‡Q †hLv‡b Ávbg~jK (3 jvBb), Abyavebg~jK (5 jvBb), cÖ‡qvMg~jK (12 jvBb) Ges D”PZi `ÿZvcÖ‡kœi (15 jvBb)|

5. International English Language Testing System (IELTS)-Gi wjwLZ cixÿvi wbqg Abyhvqx 250 k‡ãi GKwU cÖeÜ wjL‡Z eivÏK…Z mgq 40 wgwbU Ges 150 k‡ãi iPbvwjL‡Z eivÏK…Z mgq 20 wgwbU| †mB w`K we‡ePbv K‡i †gvU 35 jvB‡bi (35 x 14) 490k‡ãi DËi wjL‡Z eZ©gvb eivÏK…Z mgq c~btwe‡ePbvi vwe iv‡L|

6. wkÿv_©x‡`i m„RbkxjZv I wPšÍb`ÿZvi weKvk hw` Kvg¨ nq Zvn‡j cÖwZwU cixÿvq cÖ‡kœimsL¨v Kwg‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i wPšÍv K‡i DËi †jLvi Dc‡hvMx cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e|

7. eZ©gvb m„Rbkxj cÖkœ KZUv Ôeøyg †UKmbwgÕ†K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Q †m wel‡q wkÿvweÁvbwe‡klÁ‡`i gZvgZ †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb|

8. lô †kÖwYi Rb¨ †h ai‡bi cÖkœ Øv`k †kÖwYi wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ GKB aib I gv‡bi cÖkœ Kiv KZUv †hŠw³K Zv we‡ePbvi vwe iv‡L|

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Z_¨m~Î1. BKevj, gyn¤§` Rvdi (2016), m„Rbkxj c×wZ wb‡q wKQy K_v, evsjvwbDR

†Uv‡qw›U‡dvi.Kg, Avc‡WU 06/03/20162. gva¨wgK I D”Pgva¨wgK wk¶v †evW©, XvKv (2012), m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c×wZ ev¯Íevq‡b

ch©‡eÿK I civgk©K KwgwUi wm×všÍ cÖm‡½| wkÿv gš¿Yvjq3. †m‡KÛvwi GWz‡Kkb †m±i †W‡fjc‡g›U cÖ‡R± -GmBGmwWwc, (2014), m„Rbkxj cÖkœcÖÎ

cÖYqb, cwi‡kvab I DËicÎ g~j¨vqb wel‡q welqwfwËK wk¶K cÖwk¶Y: D”Pgva¨wgK ¯ÍiÑe¨emvq bxwZ I cÖ‡qvM

4. evsjvwU«weDb (2016), ÔcÖkœ c×wZ bq, wk¶v c×wZ m„Rbkxj nIqv cÖ‡qvRbÕ evsjvwU«weDb wi‡cvU© 17:39, †g 26, 2016

5. wiqv`, †kL kvnevR (2015), ÔcÖZ¨vwkZ wkÿvÕ my‡jLv cÖKvkbx, 36 evsjvevRvi, XvKv6. ˆ`wbK RbKÉ (2016), Ôm„Rbkxj cÖkœ gvwb bvÕ PÆMÖv‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i gvbeeÜb,

https://www.dailyjanakantha.com7. ˆ`wbK Kv‡ji KÉ (2016), m„Rbkx‡j ÔKuvPvÕ wk¶KivBÕ, cÖ_g cvZv,

www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/first-page/2016/10/.../4152908. Anderson, L. & Krathwohl, D. A . (2001). Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching

and Assessing: A Revision of BloomÕs Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, New York: Longma www.apsna.org/resource/resmgr/2014/apsna_ guidelineshowcompletef.pdf

9. http://www.ielts-exam.net/academic_writing_samples_task_1/

10. http://www.ielts-exam.net/ielts_writing_samples_task_2/

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†Uv‡qw›U‡dvi.Kg, Avc‡WU 06/03/20162. gva¨wgK I D”Pgva¨wgK wk¶v †evW©, XvKv (2012), m„Rbkxj cÖkœ c×wZ ev¯Íevq‡b

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5. wiqv`, †kL kvnevR (2015), ÔcÖZ¨vwkZ wkÿvÕ my‡jLv cÖKvkbx, 36 evsjvevRvi, XvKv6. ˆ`wbK RbKÉ (2016), Ôm„Rbkxj cÖkœ gvwb bvÕ PÆMÖv‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i gvbeeÜb,

https://www.dailyjanakantha.com7. ˆ`wbK Kv‡ji KÉ (2016), m„Rbkx‡j ÔKuvPvÕ wk¶KivBÕ, cÖ_g cvZv,

www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/first-page/2016/10/.../4152908. Anderson, L. & Krathwohl, D. A . (2001). Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching

and Assessing: A Revision of BloomÕs Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, New York: Longma www.apsna.org/resource/resmgr/2014/apsna_ guidelineshowcompletef.pdf

9. http://www.ielts-exam.net/academic_writing_samples_task_1/

10. http://www.ielts-exam.net/ielts_writing_samples_task_2/

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Avgv‡`i †`‡ki wkïivI ¯‹‡z j kvixwiK Ges gvbwmK kvw¯Í †fvM K‡i| G mKj kvw¯iÍ NUbv mevB †R‡bI vfvweKfv‡e †g‡b †bq| Z‡e cwÖ Z eQi KZ msL¨K wk¶v_x© we`¨vj‡q kvw¯Í †fvM K‡i Zvi †Kv‡bv cwimsL¨vbgj~ K Z_¨ †bB| KviY Avgv‡`i †`‡k G wel‡q †miKg M‡elYv ev mgx¶v Pvjv‡bv nqwb| ïay ˆ`wbK cwÎKvi gva¨‡g ¯‹‡z j wk¶K KZK©… fqven kvw¯iÍ wKQy wKQy Lei cKÖ vwkZ nq| †hgb- xcy Bmjvg bv‡g 13 eQ‡ii GKwU †Q‡j we`¨vj‡q wk¶K KZK©… kvixwiK kvw¯Í cvevi Kvi‡Y nvmcvZv‡j gviv hvq (The Star Weekend Magazine, July, 2005)| mvZ¶xiv miKvwi D”P we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wel‡qi wk¶K weÁvbvMvi †_‡K Kvu wP G‡b 14 Rb Qv‡Îi Pjz †K‡U †`b (ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK 13- 31 Rjy vB 2008)| XvKvi cwðg ivgciy vi Lv‡j` †g‡gvwiqvj nvB¯‹‡z j Bs‡iwR wel‡q cov bv cvivi Kvi‡Y wk¶K wk¶v_x© ‡`i †eZ w`‡q †eaoK wcUwz b †`b| wcUwz bi AvNv‡Z lô †kwÖ Yi 22 Rb wk¶v_x© ‡K AvnZ Ae¯v’ q XvKv †gwW‡Kj K‡jR nvmcvZv‡j fwZ© Kiv nq (ˆ`wbK evsjvevRvi cwÎKv, b‡f¤i 21, 2011)| A_v© r cwÖ Z gvm ev eQiB G ai‡Yi wewfbœ Lei cKÖ vwkZ nq, hvi gva¨‡g wkïwk¶vq we`¨gvb fqven kvw¯iÍ cwiw¯w’ Z m¤ú‡© K Rvbv hvq| ZvB eZg© vb M‡elYvi gj~ D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q wkïi wk¶vq Mn„ I we`¨vj‡q †hme kvw¯Í †`Iqv nq, Zvi chv© ‡jvPbv Kiv|

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m‡ei me©gq wbqš¿K wQ‡jb wcZvgvZv, wk¶K I mgv‡Ri eq¯‹ e¨w³MY| GQvov †mKv‡j g‡bvweÁv‡bi h‡_ó DbœwZ bv nIqvq AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB wk¶vc×wZ KZ¸‡jv KvíwbK I cwikÖgwbf©i aviYvi Ici cÖwZwôZ wQj| wesk kZvãx‡Z KzBw›Uwjqb, Bivmgvm, K‡gwbqvm, Ru¨v Ru¨vK iæ‡kv, d«‡q‡ej, nve©vU, d«vwÝm cvK©vi, Rb wWDB cÖgyL kvw¯Így³ wkï‡Kw›`ªK wk¶vi Ici †Rvi †`b (gv‡jK Ges Ab¨vb¨, 2009)| eZ©gvb mg‡q wk¶v AR©b Kiv wk¶v_©xi KvR Avi wk¶‡Y mvnvh¨ Kiv wk¶‡Ki KvR| Z‡e `yf©vM¨RbK n‡jI mwZ¨ †h, GL‡bv Avgv‡`i wk¶ve¨e¯’v m¤ú~©Yfv‡e wk¶v_©x‡K›`ªxK n‡q I‡Vwb (gv‡jK Ges Ab¨vb¨, 2009)| eû Awffve‡Ki aviYv †QvU‡ejvq gviai K‡i `wnK kvw¯Í bv w`‡j wkï bó n‡q hvq (Bmjvg, 2008)|

¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k cÖv_wgK wk¶vi †¶‡Î wewfbœ wk¶v Kwgkb I KwgwU MwVZ n‡q‡Q, †hgbÑ Kz`iZ-B-Ly`v wk¶v Kwgkb-1972, evsjv‡`k RvZxq wk¶v Kwgkb-1988, RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ cÖYqb KwgwU-2000, RvZxq wk¶v Kwgkb-2003, RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ-2010| cÖwZwU Kwgkb I KwgwU‡Z wkïi ˆ`wnK, gvbwmK, mvgvwRK, Av‡ewMK I ˆbwZK w`Kmg~‡ni mymvgÄm¨c~Y© ea©b I AMÖMwZ wbwðZ Kivi j¶¨ wba©viY Kiv nq| A_©©vr wk¶vi gva¨‡g wkïi me©©v½xY weKv‡ki K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| †mB m‡½ 21 GwcÖj 2008 cÖv_wgK wk¶v Awa`ßi KZ…©K Òwkï wk¶v_©x‡`i cÖwZ h_vh_ AvPiY wbwðZKiYÓ welqK GKwU Aby‡ivag~jK ¯§viKwjwc Rvwi K‡i| G ¯§viKwjwc‡Z †`‡k we`¨gvb mKj cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q Aa¨vqbiZ wkï wk¶v_©x‡`i cÖwZ kvixwiK I gvbwmK wbh©vZb, K‡VviZv I wZi®‹vimn mKj cÖKvi AevwÃZ AvPiY †_‡K weiZ _vKvi Rb¨ mswkøó mKj‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z Ges we`¨vjq e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwUi mnvqZvq cvwievwiK ch©v‡q m‡PZbZv m„wói D‡`¨vM wb‡Z Aby‡iva Rvbv‡bv nq| G‡Z AviI ejv nq †h, †`‡ki cÖPwjZ bvix I wkï wbh©vZb gb AvBb Abyhvqx wkï‡`i kvixwiK I gvbwmK wbh©vZb GKwU kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Aciva (www.dpe.gov.bd)| 9 AvM÷, 2010 mv‡j wk¶v gš¿Yvj‡qi mwPe ¯^v¶wiZ GK cwic‡Î miKvwi-†emiKvwi ¯‹zj- K‡jR- gv`ªvmv, KvwiMwi cÖwZôvb I wek¦we`¨vjqmn me ai‡bi wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b wk¶v_©x‡`i kvixwiK kvw¯Í m¤ú~Y© wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q| G wb‡`©kbvi ci †Kv‡bv wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi wk¶v_©x‡`i kvixwiK kvw¯Í †`Iqv n‡j evsjv‡`k `Ðwewa 1860 I 1974 mv‡ji wkï AvBb Ges †¶Îwe‡k‡l wefvMxq e¨e¯’v †bIqv n‡e (ˆ`wbK †WmwUwb, 10 AvM÷, 2010)|

wewfbœ wk¶v Kwgkb, wk¶v KwgwU, wk¶v Aa¨v‡`k, wkï AwaKvi Kb‡fbkb, RvZxq wkïbxwZ BZ¨vw` _vKv m‡Ë¡I wkïwk¶vq cÖPwjZ A_P Abby‡gvw`Z kvw¯Íi d‡j Zv‡`i mvgvwRK, Av‡ewMK I gvbwmK weKv‡k †h ¶wZKi cÖfve c‡o, †m m¤ú‡K© wcZvgvZv/AwffveK, wk¶K, wk¶vbxwZwe`, wk¶vµgwe`, wk¶v cÖkvmK I e¨e¯’vcKmn mKj‡K m‡PZb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| KviY Zuviv bv ey‡S, wkïi cÖ‡qvRb ev Ae¯’v g~j¨vqb bv K‡i, A‡bK mgq Ggb ai‡bi wKQy AvPiY ev KvR K‡ib †hUv wkï‡`i Rb¨ kvw¯Í¯^iƒc| d‡j wkï‡`i weKvk evavcÖvß nq Ges Zviv ‹z‡ji cov‡jLvi cÖwZ Abxnv cÖKvk K‡i, ¯‹zj cvjvq I GK mgq Zviv ¯‹zj †_‡K S‡i c‡o| cwiYv‡g Aciv‡a Rwo‡q c‡o, †gavi AcPq nq Ges Awk¶vi nvi e„w× cvq|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 39evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx38

M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨1. M„‡n wkïi AcÖZ¨vwkZ AvPiY wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ gv-evev Ges Ab¨ cwiPh©vKvixMY wkïi Ici Kx

ai‡bi kvw¯Í cÖ‡qvM K‡ib Zvi ^iƒc DrNvUb;

2. we`¨vj‡q wkïi cVb-cvVb cÖwµqv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ wk¶K †h me A-Aby‡gvw`Z kvw¯Í evAcÖZ¨vwkZ AvPiY K‡ib Zvi ^iƒc I cÖ‡qv‡Mi gvÎv wbiƒcY;

3. we`¨vj‡q I M„‡n wj½‡f‡` wkï‡`i Ici Av‡ivwcZ kvw¯Íi aiY we‡kølY;

4. kvw¯Í cÖ`v‡bi Kvi‡Y wkïi wk¶vMZ K…Zx AR©‡b Kxiƒc ZviZg¨ N‡U Zv we‡kølY|

M‡elYv c×wZwbev© wPZ Dc‡Rjv mvfvi †_‡K 10wU (7wU miKvwi I 3wU †iwR÷vW© †emiKvwi) cvÖ _wgK we`¨vjq‡K ˆ`ePqb cwÖ µqvq wbev© Pb Kiv nq| wbev© wPZ we`¨vj‡q Aa¨vqbiZ cÂg †kwÖ Yi wk¶v_x© ‡`i wbev© Pb Kiv nq| (KviY- cÂg †kwÖ Y n‡jv cvÖ _wgK chv© ‡qi mgvcbx avc, c_Ö g †kwÖ Y †_‡K hw` Ae¨vnZfv‡e kvw Í cvq Zvn‡j cÂg †kwÖ Y‡Z G‡m kvw¯iÍ h_v© _ cfÖ ve †`Lv m¤e¢ n‡e)| cwÖ ZwU †kwÖ Y †_‡K 20 Rb K‡i †gvU 200 Rb wk¶v_x© ‡K bgby vq AšfÍ ³©z Kivi cwiKíbv _vK‡jI wewfbœ Kvi‡Y †gvU 185 Rb wk¶v_x© | cÂg †kwÖ Y‡Z wkÿv`vbiZ †gvU 33 Rb wkÿK, cÂg †kwÖ Y‡Z Aa¨vqbiZ †gvU wk¶v_x© i kZKiv k fvM A_v© r 20 Rb AwffveK‡K D‡Ïk¨gj~ K c×wZ‡Z wbev© Pb Kiv nq| M‡elYvq bgby vi msL¨v A_v© r n= 238 (185+33+20)| gvV chv© ‡qi Z_¨ msM‡Ö ni Rb¨ mv¶vrKvi †KŠkj Abmy Z„ nq| cvÖ K-hvPvBKZ… mv¶vrKvi Abmy w~ Pi mvnv‡h¨ cZÖ ¨¶ mv¶vrKv‡ii gva¨‡g 3wU j (wk¶v_x© , wk¶K I AwffveK) †_‡K cvÖ _wgK Z_¨ msMnÖ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Dciš‘ †mÝvm wi‡cv© U I Ab¨vb¨ M‡elYvKg© †_‡KI wKQy Z_¨ eZg© vb ceÖ ‡Ü e¨envi Kiv nq| m‡ev© cwi cvÖ ß Z_¨vw` wewfbœ ˆewk‡ó¨i wfwˇZ †kwÖ Ye× I mviwYeä K‡i cwimsL¨vb c×wZ‡Z (Mo, ga¨gv I kZKiv) Dc¯v’ cb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

M‡elYvi djvdjmsM„nxZ DcvˇK cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx mviwb, e¨vL¨v I µg †Uey‡jkb K‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wb‡¤œ 3 ai‡bi DcvˇK we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb- wk¶K m¤úwK©Z DcvË, AwffveK m¤úwK©Z DcvË, wk¶v_©x m¤úwK©Z DcvË|

wk¶K m¤úwK©Z DcvËwk¶K‡`i wj½, msL¨v I wk¶vMZ †hvM¨ZvÑ DËi`vZv 33 Rb wk¶‡Ki g‡a¨ 27 Rb (81.82)% gwnjv, 6 Rb (18.18)% cyiæl wbwe©‡k‡l D‡Ïk¨g~jK fv‡e bgybv wn‡m‡e msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ 9 Rb (27.27)% Gm.Gm.wm/mggvb, 10 Rb (30.30)% GBP.Gm.wm/mggvb, 9 Rb (27.27)% mœvZK/mggvb, 5 Rb (15.15)% mœvZ‡KvËi/mggvb ch©v‡qi wk¶K|

wk¶K‡`i eqm Abyhvqx msL¨vÑ DËi`vZv wk¶K‡`i eqm 23- 55 eQi ch©šÍ| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ 28 Rb (84.84)% 30- 49 eQi eq‡mi g‡a¨ Avevi 20-29 Ges 55-59 G eq‡mi wk¶‡Ki msL¨v Kg, me©‡gvU 3 Rb (9.09)%|

wk¶K‡`i gvwmK Avq (UvKvq) msµvšÍ Z_¨Ñ DËi`vZv wk¶K‡`i me©wb¤œ gvwmK Avq 0Ñ 5000 UvKv Ges m‡e©v”P gvwmK Avq 10001 Ñ D‡aŸ©| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ 51.52% Gi gvwmK Avq 7001Ñ 10,000 UvKvi g‡a¨, 6.06% wk¶‡Ki gvwmK Avq 10,000 UvKvi D‡aŸ©|

†ckv m¤úwK©Z cÖkœÑ Òwk¶KZv GKwU gnr †ckvÓ-G Dw³i gZvgZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 29 Rb (87.88)% Ôm¤ú~Y© GKgZÕ, 4 Rb (12.12)% ÔGKgZÕ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| ÔAvswkK GKgZÕ, ÔGKgZ bqÕ Ges Ô†gv‡UB GKgZ bqÕ G e³‡e¨ †Kv‡bv gZvgZ cÖKvk K‡ibwb|

wk¶KZv †ckvq mš‘wóÑ wk¶K‡`i gZvgZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 13 Rb (40.63)% Ômš‘óÕ, 11 Rb m¤ú~Y© mš‘ó, 8 Rb (25)% †ckvMZ †¶‡Î ÔAvswkK mš‘óÕ| Ô†gv‡UB mš‘ó bqÕ G e¨vcv‡i †KD †Kv‡bv gšÍe¨ K‡ibwb|

wk¶v_©x‡`i kvw¯Í cÖ`vbÑ wk¶K‡`i gZvgZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 13 Rb (39.39)% kvw¯Í †`b| Avevi 20 Rb (60.61)% wk¶K wk¶v_©x‡`i kvw¯Í cÖ`v‡b weiZ _v‡Kb|

wk¶KZv †ckv †e‡Q †bIqvi KviYÑ wb‡Pi 1 bs mviwb‡Z wk¶K‡`i msL¨v, †ckv MÖn‡Yi KviYmn kZKiv nvi †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

Rxe‡bi eªZ wQjgnr †ckv

wk¶KZv †ckvq mb¥vb †ewkAb¨ †Kv‡bv fvj PvKwi bv cvIqvq

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kZvskmsL¨v*†ckv MÖn‡Yi KviY

mviwb Ñ 1, wk¶KZv †ckv‡K †e‡Q †bIqvi †¶‡Î gZvgZ (N=33)

Drm: wbR¯^ msM„nxZ gvV Z_¨

* GKvwaK DËi MÖnY‡hvM¨, ZvB N-Gi gvb 33 †_‡K †ewk n‡e| G mviwb‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q , wk¶KZv †ckv †e‡Q †bevi †¶‡Î 25 Rb (75.76)% Ôgnr †ckvÕ G hyw³‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q‡Qb| gvÎ 4 Rb (12.12)%Õ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv fvj PvKwi bv cvIqviÕ Kvi‡Y G †ckv‡K †e‡Q wb‡q‡Qb|

wk¶v_©x‡`i kvw¯Í cÖ`v‡bi aibÑ wk¶Kiv wk¶v_©x‡`i Kx ai‡bi kvw¯Í †`b, Zv we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 9 Rb (27.27)% wk¶K gvbwmK kvw¯Í †`b, 10 Rb (30.30)% wk¶K wk¶v_©x‡`i Ab¨v‡qi K_v AwffveK‡K e‡j †`evi fq †`Lvb Ges 15 Rb (45.45)% wk¶K DËi cÖ`v‡b weiZ wQ‡jb|

wk¶v_©x‡`i kvw¯Í cÖ`v‡bi KviYÑ wk¶K I AwffveKM‡Yi gZvgZ we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv| wk¶K‡`i g‡a¨ 11 Rb (33.33)% Rvwb‡q‡Qb, wkÿv_©xiv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ gvivgvwi Kivi Rb¨ †ewk kvw¯Í cvq, 9 Rb (27.27)% Rvwb‡q‡Qb, †jLvcov bv Kivi Rb¨ kvw¯Í cvq| AwffveK KZ…©K 77.78% wk¶v_©x †jLvcov bv Kivi Rb¨, 5.56% AwZwi³ wUwf †`Lvi Rb¨ kvixwiK kvw¯Í †fvM K‡i|

kvw¯Í cÖ`v‡b wj½ we‡f`Ñ wk¶K‡`i gZvgZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 15 Rb (45.45)% e‡j‡Qb, †Q‡j wk¶v_©xiv †ewk kvw¯Í cvq| †Q‡j‡`i †ewk kvw¯Í cvIqvi KviY Db¥y³ cÖ‡kœi gZvgZ¸‡jv ¸”Qfv‡e

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 41evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx40

M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨1. M„‡n wkïi AcÖZ¨vwkZ AvPiY wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ gv-evev Ges Ab¨ cwiPh©vKvixMY wkïi Ici Kx

ai‡bi kvw¯Í cÖ‡qvM K‡ib Zvi ^iƒc DrNvUb;

2. we`¨vj‡q wkïi cVb-cvVb cÖwµqv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ wk¶K †h me A-Aby‡gvw`Z kvw¯Í evAcÖZ¨vwkZ AvPiY K‡ib Zvi ^iƒc I cÖ‡qv‡Mi gvÎv wbiƒcY;

3. we`¨vj‡q I M„‡n wj½‡f‡` wkï‡`i Ici Av‡ivwcZ kvw¯Íi aiY we‡kølY;

4. kvw¯Í cÖ`v‡bi Kvi‡Y wkïi wk¶vMZ K…Zx AR©‡b Kxiƒc ZviZg¨ N‡U Zv we‡kølY|

M‡elYv c×wZwbev© wPZ Dc‡Rjv mvfvi †_‡K 10wU (7wU miKvwi I 3wU †iwR÷vW© †emiKvwi) cvÖ _wgK we`¨vjq‡K ˆ`ePqb cwÖ µqvq wbev© Pb Kiv nq| wbev© wPZ we`¨vj‡q Aa¨vqbiZ cÂg †kwÖ Yi wk¶v_x© ‡`i wbev© Pb Kiv nq| (KviY- cÂg †kwÖ Y n‡jv cvÖ _wgK chv© ‡qi mgvcbx avc, c_Ö g †kwÖ Y †_‡K hw` Ae¨vnZfv‡e kvw Í cvq Zvn‡j cÂg †kwÖ Y‡Z G‡m kvw¯iÍ h_v© _ cfÖ ve †`Lv m¤e¢ n‡e)| cwÖ ZwU †kwÖ Y †_‡K 20 Rb K‡i †gvU 200 Rb wk¶v_x© ‡K bgby vq AšfÍ ³©z Kivi cwiKíbv _vK‡jI wewfbœ Kvi‡Y †gvU 185 Rb wk¶v_x© | cÂg †kwÖ Y‡Z wkÿv`vbiZ †gvU 33 Rb wkÿK, cÂg †kwÖ Y‡Z Aa¨vqbiZ †gvU wk¶v_x© i kZKiv k fvM A_v© r 20 Rb AwffveK‡K D‡Ïk¨gj~ K c×wZ‡Z wbev© Pb Kiv nq| M‡elYvq bgby vi msL¨v A_v© r n= 238 (185+33+20)| gvV chv© ‡qi Z_¨ msM‡Ö ni Rb¨ mv¶vrKvi †KŠkj Abmy Z„ nq| cvÖ K-hvPvBKZ… mv¶vrKvi Abmy w~ Pi mvnv‡h¨ cZÖ ¨¶ mv¶vrKv‡ii gva¨‡g 3wU j (wk¶v_x© , wk¶K I AwffveK) †_‡K cvÖ _wgK Z_¨ msMnÖ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Dciš‘ †mÝvm wi‡cv© U I Ab¨vb¨ M‡elYvKg© †_‡KI wKQy Z_¨ eZg© vb ceÖ ‡Ü e¨envi Kiv nq| m‡ev© cwi cvÖ ß Z_¨vw` wewfbœ ˆewk‡ó¨i wfwˇZ †kwÖ Ye× I mviwYeä K‡i cwimsL¨vb c×wZ‡Z (Mo, ga¨gv I kZKiv) Dc¯v’ cb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

M‡elYvi djvdjmsM„nxZ DcvˇK cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx mviwb, e¨vL¨v I µg †Uey‡jkb K‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wb‡¤œ 3 ai‡bi DcvˇK we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb- wk¶K m¤úwK©Z DcvË, AwffveK m¤úwK©Z DcvË, wk¶v_©x m¤úwK©Z DcvË|

wk¶K m¤úwK©Z DcvËwk¶K‡`i wj½, msL¨v I wk¶vMZ †hvM¨ZvÑ DËi`vZv 33 Rb wk¶‡Ki g‡a¨ 27 Rb (81.82)% gwnjv, 6 Rb (18.18)% cyiæl wbwe©‡k‡l D‡Ïk¨g~jK fv‡e bgybv wn‡m‡e msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ 9 Rb (27.27)% Gm.Gm.wm/mggvb, 10 Rb (30.30)% GBP.Gm.wm/mggvb, 9 Rb (27.27)% mœvZK/mggvb, 5 Rb (15.15)% mœvZ‡KvËi/mggvb ch©v‡qi wk¶K|

wk¶K‡`i eqm Abyhvqx msL¨vÑ DËi`vZv wk¶K‡`i eqm 23- 55 eQi ch©šÍ| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ 28 Rb (84.84)% 30- 49 eQi eq‡mi g‡a¨ Avevi 20-29 Ges 55-59 G eq‡mi wk¶‡Ki msL¨v Kg, me©‡gvU 3 Rb (9.09)%|

wk¶K‡`i gvwmK Avq (UvKvq) msµvšÍ Z_¨Ñ DËi`vZv wk¶K‡`i me©wb¤œ gvwmK Avq 0Ñ 5000 UvKv Ges m‡e©v”P gvwmK Avq 10001 Ñ D‡aŸ©| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ 51.52% Gi gvwmK Avq 7001Ñ 10,000 UvKvi g‡a¨, 6.06% wk¶‡Ki gvwmK Avq 10,000 UvKvi D‡aŸ©|

†ckv m¤úwK©Z cÖkœÑ Òwk¶KZv GKwU gnr †ckvÓ-G Dw³i gZvgZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 29 Rb (87.88)% Ôm¤ú~Y© GKgZÕ, 4 Rb (12.12)% ÔGKgZÕ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| ÔAvswkK GKgZÕ, ÔGKgZ bqÕ Ges Ô†gv‡UB GKgZ bqÕ G e³‡e¨ †Kv‡bv gZvgZ cÖKvk K‡ibwb|

wk¶KZv †ckvq mš‘wóÑ wk¶K‡`i gZvgZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 13 Rb (40.63)% Ômš‘óÕ, 11 Rb m¤ú~Y© mš‘ó, 8 Rb (25)% †ckvMZ †¶‡Î ÔAvswkK mš‘óÕ| Ô†gv‡UB mš‘ó bqÕ G e¨vcv‡i †KD †Kv‡bv gšÍe¨ K‡ibwb|

wk¶v_©x‡`i kvw¯Í cÖ`vbÑ wk¶K‡`i gZvgZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 13 Rb (39.39)% kvw¯Í †`b| Avevi 20 Rb (60.61)% wk¶K wk¶v_©x‡`i kvw¯Í cÖ`v‡b weiZ _v‡Kb|

wk¶KZv †ckv †e‡Q †bIqvi KviYÑ wb‡Pi 1 bs mviwb‡Z wk¶K‡`i msL¨v, †ckv MÖn‡Yi KviYmn kZKiv nvi †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

Rxe‡bi eªZ wQjgnr †ckv

wk¶KZv †ckvq mb¥vb †ewkAb¨ †Kv‡bv fvj PvKwi bv cvIqvq

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27.2775.7642.4212.12

kZvskmsL¨v*†ckv MÖn‡Yi KviY

mviwb Ñ 1, wk¶KZv †ckv‡K †e‡Q †bIqvi †¶‡Î gZvgZ (N=33)

Drm: wbR¯^ msM„nxZ gvV Z_¨

* GKvwaK DËi MÖnY‡hvM¨, ZvB N-Gi gvb 33 †_‡K †ewk n‡e| G mviwb‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q , wk¶KZv †ckv †e‡Q †bevi †¶‡Î 25 Rb (75.76)% Ôgnr †ckvÕ G hyw³‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q‡Qb| gvÎ 4 Rb (12.12)%Õ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv fvj PvKwi bv cvIqviÕ Kvi‡Y G †ckv‡K †e‡Q wb‡q‡Qb|

wk¶v_©x‡`i kvw¯Í cÖ`v‡bi aibÑ wk¶Kiv wk¶v_©x‡`i Kx ai‡bi kvw¯Í †`b, Zv we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 9 Rb (27.27)% wk¶K gvbwmK kvw¯Í †`b, 10 Rb (30.30)% wk¶K wk¶v_©x‡`i Ab¨v‡qi K_v AwffveK‡K e‡j †`evi fq †`Lvb Ges 15 Rb (45.45)% wk¶K DËi cÖ`v‡b weiZ wQ‡jb|

wk¶v_©x‡`i kvw¯Í cÖ`v‡bi KviYÑ wk¶K I AwffveKM‡Yi gZvgZ we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv| wk¶K‡`i g‡a¨ 11 Rb (33.33)% Rvwb‡q‡Qb, wkÿv_©xiv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ gvivgvwi Kivi Rb¨ †ewk kvw¯Í cvq, 9 Rb (27.27)% Rvwb‡q‡Qb, †jLvcov bv Kivi Rb¨ kvw¯Í cvq| AwffveK KZ…©K 77.78% wk¶v_©x †jLvcov bv Kivi Rb¨, 5.56% AwZwi³ wUwf †`Lvi Rb¨ kvixwiK kvw¯Í †fvM K‡i|

kvw¯Í cÖ`v‡b wj½ we‡f`Ñ wk¶K‡`i gZvgZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 15 Rb (45.45)% e‡j‡Qb, †Q‡j wk¶v_©xiv †ewk kvw¯Í cvq| †Q‡j‡`i †ewk kvw¯Í cvIqvi KviY Db¥y³ cÖ‡kœi gZvgZ¸‡jv ¸”Qfv‡e

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 41evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx40

we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| m‡e©v”P 12 Rb (36.36)% wk¶K e‡j‡Qb, †Q‡jiv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e GKUz †ewk yó I PÂj cÖK…wZi, †QvUvQywU I jvdvjvwd Kivi Rb¨ †ewk kvw¯Í cvq|

wk¶v_©x‡`i Rb¨ Kvh©Ki kvw¯Í aibÑ wk¶K‡`i gZvgZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 2 Rb (18.18)% wk¶K kvixwiK kvw¯Íi c‡¶, 3 Rb (27.27)% wk¶K gvbwmK kvw¯Íi c‡¶ gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| 4 Rb (36.36)% wk¶K kvixwiK I gvbwmK Dfq kvw¯Í‡K Kvh©Ki e‡j‡Qb| Avi 2 Rb (18.18)% wk¶K wb‡R‡`i g‡Zv K‡i e‡j‡Qb, wkï‡`i g‡b Kó bv w`‡q fv‡jv K‡i eywS‡q ejv fv‡jv| GQvov evwK 22 Rb (66.67)% wk¶K DËi cÖ`v‡b weiZ wQ‡jb|

kvw¯Íi d‡j cov‡kvbvi gvb Dbœqb Ges Dbœq‡bi aibÑ kvw¯Íi d‡j wk¶v_©x‡`i cov‡kvbvi Kx ai‡bi gvb Dbœqb nq Zv wb‡Pi 2 bs mviwb‡Z kZKiv nv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

G mviwb‡Z †`Lv hvq, m‡ev© ”P 8 Rb (44.44)% e‡j‡Qb, kvw¯cÍ vÖ ß wk¶v_x© iv kvw¯iÍ K_v f‡z j wM‡q mevi m‡½ †Ljvajy v K‡i| GQvov 1 Rb c‡Ö kœ ms‡hvwRZ gš‡Í e¨i evB‡i e‡j‡Qb, kvw¯iÍ d‡j wk¶v_x© iv ¯‹‡z j Avmv eÜ K‡i †`q| wk¶K‡`i g‡a¨ 18 Rb (54.55)% DËi †`Iqv †_‡K weiZ wQ‡jb|

kvw¯ÍcÖvß wk¶v_©x‡`i Av‡eM cÖKv‡ki aib- wb‡Pi 4 bs mviwb‡Z wk¶K‡`i msL¨v, kvw¯ÍcÖv߇`i Av‡eM cÖKv‡ki aib kZKiv nv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

kvw¯Í cvIqv wk¶v_©x‡`i mvgvwRKZvq AskMÖnYÑ wb‡Pi 3 bs mviwb‡Z wk¶K‡`i msL¨v, kvw¯Í cvIqv‡`i mvgvwRKfv‡e wewfbœ Kg©Kv‡Ð AskMÖnY kZKiv nv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

†jLvcovq DbœwZ nqAvPi‡Yi DbœwZ cwijw¶Z nq

`yóvwg K‡i bv¯‹zj KvgvB K‡i bv

Kv¬ ‡mi mgq †Ljvajy v †_‡K weiZ _v‡KAb¨vb¨

11124431

64.7170.5923.5323.5317.655.88

kZvskmsL¨v*wk¶v_©x‡`i gvb Dbœq‡bi aib

mviwb Ñ 2, kvw¯Íi d‡j wk¶v_©x‡`i cov‡kvbvi gvb Dbœq‡bi ai‡bi †¶‡Î wk¶K‡`i gZvgZ (N=33)

Drm: wbR¯^ msM„nxZ gvV Z_¨

* GKvwaK DËi MÖnY‡hvM¨, ZvB N-Gi gvb 33 †_‡K †ewk n‡e| m‡e©v”P 12 Rb (70.59)% wk¶K e‡j‡Qb, wk¶v_©x‡`i AvPi‡bi DbœwZ cwijw¶Z nq|

kvw¯Íi K_v fy‡j wM‡q mevi m‡½ †Ljvayjv K‡ikvw¯Íi K_v g‡b †i‡L Ab¨vq K‡i bv

kvw¯Í †c‡qI ¯^vfvweK _v‡K

864

44.4433.3322.22

msL¨vmvgvwRKZvq AskMÖn‡Yi aib

mviwb Ñ 3, kvw¯Í cvIqv wk¶v_©x‡`i mvgvwRKZvq AskMÖnY Kivi †¶‡Î wk¶K‡`i gZvgZ (N=18)

Drm: wbR¯^ msM„nxZ gvV Z_¨

kZvsk

kvw¯Í †c‡q KvbœvKvwU K‡ifq †c‡q ¯‹z‡j Av‡m bv

mncvVxi Rb¨ kvw¯Í †c‡j Zvi m‡½ gvivgvwi †ewk K‡ime mgq PzcPvc _v‡K

2156

14.297.1435.7142.86

msL¨vAv‡eM cÖKv‡ki aib kZvsk

mviwb Ñ 4, kvw¯ÍcÖvß wk¶v_©x‡`i Av‡eM cÖKv‡ki ai‡bi †¶‡Î wk¶K‡`i gZvgZ (N=14)

Drm: wbR¯^ msM„nxZ gvV Z_¨

G mviwb‡Z †`Lv hvq, m‡e©v”P 6 Rb (42.86)% gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, kvw¯ÍcÖvßiv me mgq PzcPvc _v‡K, 1 Rb (7.14)% gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, kvw¯ÍcÖvßiv fq †c‡q ‹z‡j Av‡m bv| A_©vr, kvw¯Íi d‡j wk¶v_©xiv Av‡ewMKfv‡e wech©¯Í _v‡K Ges Zv‡`i g‡a¨ ivM, fq †e‡o hvq| GQvov 20 Rb (60.61)% DËi cÖ`v‡b weiZ wQ‡jb|

wk¶‡Ki w„ ó‡Z wk¶v_x© ‡`i iæZi Aciva- wk¶K‡`i gZvgZ ”Qfv‡e we‡klø Y Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ 8 Rb (24.24)% DËi †`Iqv †_‡K weiZ wQ‡jb| m‡ev© ”P 16 Rb (64)% e‡j‡Qb, ¸iæZi Aciva¸‡jv n‡jv- ‹‡z j mncvVxi m‡½ óy vwg Kiv, gvivgvwi Kiv, D”P¯‡i K_v ejv, wKj-Po †`Iqv, wPgwU †`Iqv, Ab¨‡K em‡Z bv †`Iqv BZ¨vw`| 2 Rb (8)% e‡j‡Qb, G‡K Aci‡K Kjg w`‡q AvNvZ Kiv, BU w`‡q wXj †g‡i i³ †ei K‡i †`Iqv, w÷‡ji †¯‹j w`‡q AvNvZ K‡i †K‡U †djv, j¨vs †g‡i †d‡j †`Iqv| Z‡e 1 Rb (4)% e‡j‡Qb, Ôwe`¨vj‡q Abcy w¯Z’ _vKvÕ wk¶v_x© ‡`i iæZi Aciva|

miKvwi wb‡lavÁv AvB‡bi e¨vcv‡i AeMwZ I gZvgZ- DËi`vZv 32 Rb (96.97)% wk¶K wb‡lavÁv AvB‡bi e¨vcv‡i AeMZ Av‡Qb, 1 Rb DËi †`Iqv †_‡K weiZ wQ‡jb| AvB‡bi e¨vcv‡i 10 Rb (31.25)% gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, gviai Kiv n‡j wk¶v_©xiv ¯‹z‡j Avm‡e bv, Zv‡`i g‡b fxwZ Rb¥v‡e, Dcw¯’wZ K‡g hv‡e| G‡Z S‡i covi nvi e„w× cv‡e| 22 Rb (66.67)% gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, AvBb _vK‡jI †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î †ewk wk¶v_©x _vKvq gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ kvmb Ki‡Z nq|

AwffveK m¤ú©wKZ DcvË

AwffveK‡`i msL¨v, wj½ I eqm - cÂg †kÖwYi wk¶v_©x‡`i 20 Rb Awffve‡Ki g‡a¨ 16 Rb (80)% gwnjv, 4 Rb (20)% cyiæl‡K wbwe©‡k‡l D‡Ïk¨g~jKfv‡e bgybv wn‡m‡e msMÖn Kiv n‡qwQj| Zv‡`i eqm 25-50 eQi, 40% Awffve‡Ki eqm 26Ñ30 eQ‡ii g‡a¨, 5% Awffve‡Ki eqm 21Ñ25, 41Ñ45-Gi g‡a¨|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 43evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx42

we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| m‡e©v”P 12 Rb (36.36)% wk¶K e‡j‡Qb, †Q‡jiv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e GKUz †ewk yó I PÂj cÖK…wZi, †QvUvQywU I jvdvjvwd Kivi Rb¨ †ewk kvw¯Í cvq|

wk¶v_©x‡`i Rb¨ Kvh©Ki kvw¯Í aibÑ wk¶K‡`i gZvgZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 2 Rb (18.18)% wk¶K kvixwiK kvw¯Íi c‡¶, 3 Rb (27.27)% wk¶K gvbwmK kvw¯Íi c‡¶ gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| 4 Rb (36.36)% wk¶K kvixwiK I gvbwmK Dfq kvw¯Í‡K Kvh©Ki e‡j‡Qb| Avi 2 Rb (18.18)% wk¶K wb‡R‡`i g‡Zv K‡i e‡j‡Qb, wkï‡`i g‡b Kó bv w`‡q fv‡jv K‡i eywS‡q ejv fv‡jv| GQvov evwK 22 Rb (66.67)% wk¶K DËi cÖ`v‡b weiZ wQ‡jb|

kvw¯Íi d‡j cov‡kvbvi gvb Dbœqb Ges Dbœq‡bi aibÑ kvw¯Íi d‡j wk¶v_©x‡`i cov‡kvbvi Kx ai‡bi gvb Dbœqb nq Zv wb‡Pi 2 bs mviwb‡Z kZKiv nv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

G mviwb‡Z †`Lv hvq, m‡ev© ”P 8 Rb (44.44)% e‡j‡Qb, kvw¯cÍ vÖ ß wk¶v_x© iv kvw¯iÍ K_v f‡z j wM‡q mevi m‡½ †Ljvajy v K‡i| GQvov 1 Rb c‡Ö kœ ms‡hvwRZ gš‡Í e¨i evB‡i e‡j‡Qb, kvw¯iÍ d‡j wk¶v_x© iv ¯‹‡z j Avmv eÜ K‡i †`q| wk¶K‡`i g‡a¨ 18 Rb (54.55)% DËi †`Iqv †_‡K weiZ wQ‡jb|

kvw¯ÍcÖvß wk¶v_©x‡`i Av‡eM cÖKv‡ki aib- wb‡Pi 4 bs mviwb‡Z wk¶K‡`i msL¨v, kvw¯ÍcÖv߇`i Av‡eM cÖKv‡ki aib kZKiv nv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

kvw¯Í cvIqv wk¶v_©x‡`i mvgvwRKZvq AskMÖnYÑ wb‡Pi 3 bs mviwb‡Z wk¶K‡`i msL¨v, kvw¯Í cvIqv‡`i mvgvwRKfv‡e wewfbœ Kg©Kv‡Ð AskMÖnY kZKiv nv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

†jLvcovq DbœwZ nqAvPi‡Yi DbœwZ cwijw¶Z nq

`yóvwg K‡i bv¯‹zj KvgvB K‡i bv

Kv¬ ‡mi mgq †Ljvajy v †_‡K weiZ _v‡KAb¨vb¨

11124431

64.7170.5923.5323.5317.655.88

kZvskmsL¨v*wk¶v_©x‡`i gvb Dbœq‡bi aib

mviwb Ñ 2, kvw¯Íi d‡j wk¶v_©x‡`i cov‡kvbvi gvb Dbœq‡bi ai‡bi †¶‡Î wk¶K‡`i gZvgZ (N=33)

Drm: wbR¯^ msM„nxZ gvV Z_¨

* GKvwaK DËi MÖnY‡hvM¨, ZvB N-Gi gvb 33 †_‡K †ewk n‡e| m‡e©v”P 12 Rb (70.59)% wk¶K e‡j‡Qb, wk¶v_©x‡`i AvPi‡bi DbœwZ cwijw¶Z nq|

kvw¯Íi K_v fy‡j wM‡q mevi m‡½ †Ljvayjv K‡ikvw¯Íi K_v g‡b †i‡L Ab¨vq K‡i bv

kvw¯Í †c‡qI ¯^vfvweK _v‡K

864

44.4433.3322.22

msL¨vmvgvwRKZvq AskMÖn‡Yi aib

mviwb Ñ 3, kvw¯Í cvIqv wk¶v_©x‡`i mvgvwRKZvq AskMÖnY Kivi †¶‡Î wk¶K‡`i gZvgZ (N=18)

Drm: wbR¯^ msM„nxZ gvV Z_¨

kZvsk

kvw¯Í †c‡q KvbœvKvwU K‡ifq †c‡q ¯‹z‡j Av‡m bv

mncvVxi Rb¨ kvw¯Í †c‡j Zvi m‡½ gvivgvwi †ewk K‡ime mgq PzcPvc _v‡K

2156

14.297.1435.7142.86

msL¨vAv‡eM cÖKv‡ki aib kZvsk

mviwb Ñ 4, kvw¯ÍcÖvß wk¶v_©x‡`i Av‡eM cÖKv‡ki ai‡bi †¶‡Î wk¶K‡`i gZvgZ (N=14)

Drm: wbR¯^ msM„nxZ gvV Z_¨

G mviwb‡Z †`Lv hvq, m‡e©v”P 6 Rb (42.86)% gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, kvw¯ÍcÖvßiv me mgq PzcPvc _v‡K, 1 Rb (7.14)% gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, kvw¯ÍcÖvßiv fq †c‡q ‹z‡j Av‡m bv| A_©vr, kvw¯Íi d‡j wk¶v_©xiv Av‡ewMKfv‡e wech©¯Í _v‡K Ges Zv‡`i g‡a¨ ivM, fq †e‡o hvq| GQvov 20 Rb (60.61)% DËi cÖ`v‡b weiZ wQ‡jb|

wk¶‡Ki w„ ó‡Z wk¶v_x© ‡`i iæZi Aciva- wk¶K‡`i gZvgZ ”Qfv‡e we‡klø Y Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ 8 Rb (24.24)% DËi †`Iqv †_‡K weiZ wQ‡jb| m‡ev© ”P 16 Rb (64)% e‡j‡Qb, ¸iæZi Aciva¸‡jv n‡jv- ‹‡z j mncvVxi m‡½ óy vwg Kiv, gvivgvwi Kiv, D”P¯‡i K_v ejv, wKj-Po †`Iqv, wPgwU †`Iqv, Ab¨‡K em‡Z bv †`Iqv BZ¨vw`| 2 Rb (8)% e‡j‡Qb, G‡K Aci‡K Kjg w`‡q AvNvZ Kiv, BU w`‡q wXj †g‡i i³ †ei K‡i †`Iqv, w÷‡ji †¯‹j w`‡q AvNvZ K‡i †K‡U †djv, j¨vs †g‡i †d‡j †`Iqv| Z‡e 1 Rb (4)% e‡j‡Qb, Ôwe`¨vj‡q Abcy w¯Z’ _vKvÕ wk¶v_x© ‡`i iæZi Aciva|

miKvwi wb‡lavÁv AvB‡bi e¨vcv‡i AeMwZ I gZvgZ- DËi`vZv 32 Rb (96.97)% wk¶K wb‡lavÁv AvB‡bi e¨vcv‡i AeMZ Av‡Qb, 1 Rb DËi †`Iqv †_‡K weiZ wQ‡jb| AvB‡bi e¨vcv‡i 10 Rb (31.25)% gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, gviai Kiv n‡j wk¶v_©xiv ¯‹z‡j Avm‡e bv, Zv‡`i g‡b fxwZ Rb¥v‡e, Dcw¯’wZ K‡g hv‡e| G‡Z S‡i covi nvi e„w× cv‡e| 22 Rb (66.67)% gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, AvBb _vK‡jI †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î †ewk wk¶v_©x _vKvq gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ kvmb Ki‡Z nq|

AwffveK m¤ú©wKZ DcvË

AwffveK‡`i msL¨v, wj½ I eqm - cÂg †kÖwYi wk¶v_©x‡`i 20 Rb Awffve‡Ki g‡a¨ 16 Rb (80)% gwnjv, 4 Rb (20)% cyiæl‡K wbwe©‡k‡l D‡Ïk¨g~jKfv‡e bgybv wn‡m‡e msMÖn Kiv n‡qwQj| Zv‡`i eqm 25-50 eQi, 40% Awffve‡Ki eqm 26Ñ30 eQ‡ii g‡a¨, 5% Awffve‡Ki eqm 21Ñ25, 41Ñ45-Gi g‡a¨|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 43evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx42

AwffveK‡`i wk¶vMZ †hvM¨ZvÑ AwffveK‡`i wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv cÖ_g †kÖwY- ¯œvZ‡KvËi ch©šÍ| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ 8 Rb (40)% 1gÑ 10g †kÖwY ch©šÍ, 4 Rb (20)% Gm. Gm. wm ch©šÍ, 8 Rb (40)% GBP. Gm. wmÑ œvZ‡KvËi ch©šÍ|

AwffveK‡`i †ckv I gvwmK AvqÑ AwffveKMY wewfbœ †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ, †hgbÑ w`bgRyi, †VjvIqvjv, wiKkvIqvjv, f¨vbPvjK, evwoi Kv‡Ri †jvK, Mv‡g©›UmKg©x, iswgw¯¿, ivRwgw¯¿ BZ¨vw`| Z‡e bgybv wnmv‡e me †kÖwYi AwffveK‡K cvIqv hvqwb| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ 12 Rb (60)% M„wnwb, 4 Rb (20)% K…wl I ¶z`ª e¨emv, 4 Rb (20)% PvKwi K‡ib| Zv‡`i Avq me©wb¤œ 3000 UvKv †_‡K 10000 UvKvi D‡aŸ©| 7 Rb (35)%-Gi Avq 10001 †_‡K Z`ya©, 3 Rb (15)%-Gi Avq 7001Ñ10000 UvKvi g‡a¨|

AwffveK‡`i evmM„n I cwiev‡ii aibÑ AwffveK‡`i 60% cvKv N‡i, 15% wUb‡kW N‡i, 10% Avav cvKv N‡i, 10% gvwUi N‡i Ges 5% Szcwo N‡i evm K‡i| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ 16 Rb (80)% GKK cwiev‡i, 4 Rb (20)% †hŠ_ cwiev‡i evm K‡i| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv fMœ cwievi e¨e¯’v †bB|

cÂg †kÖwY‡Z Aa¨vqbiZ wk¶v_©xi cov‡jLvi gvbÑ wb‡Pi 5 bs mviwb‡Z AwffveK‡`i msL¨v cÂg †kÖwY‡Z Aa¨vqbiZ wk¶v_©xi cov‡jLvi gvb m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ kZKiv nv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

gvia‡ii d‡j wk¶v_©xi cov‡jLvi DbœwZ I gvbwmK ¶wZ- AwffveK‡`i gZvgZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 70% e‡j‡Qb cov‡jLvq ÔwKQyUv DbœwZ nqÕ, 20% e‡j‡Qb LyeB DbœwZ nq, 10% e‡j‡Qb Ô†gv‡UB DbœwZ nq bvÕ| Avevi, 70% e‡j‡Qb gvia‡ii d‡j wk¶v_©xi gvbwmK ¶wZ nq, 10% AwffveK gvbwmK ¶wZ nq wKbv Rv‡bb bv|

gviai bv K‡i †jLvcov I gvbwmK Dbwœ Z Kivi DcvqÑ wb‡Pi 7 bs mviwb‡Z AwffveK‡`i msL¨v, wk¶v_x© ‡K gviai bv K‡i †jLvcov I gvbwmK Dbwœ Z Kivi Dcv‡qi Z_¨ kZKiv nv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

G mviwb we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 45% wk¶v_©xi cov‡jLvi gvb Ô†gvUvgywU fv Õ ai‡bi|

mšÍvb‡K gvia‡ii †¶‡Î wj½ we‡f`Ñ AwffveK‡`i gZvgZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq 2 Rb (10)% DËi †`Iqv †_‡K weiZ wQ‡jb, 55.56% †Q‡j I †g‡q‡K mgvb-mgvbfv‡e gviai K‡ib| 44.44% e‡j‡Qb, †Q‡j‡`i yóvwg, PÂjZv I cov‡jLvq Ag‡bv‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ †Q‡j‡K †ewk gviai K‡ib|

AwffveK KZ…©K wk¶v_©x‡K gvia‡ii aibÑ Aci c„ôvi 6 bs mviwb‡Z AwffveK‡`i msL¨v Ges wk¶v_©x‡K gvia‡ii aib m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ kZKiv nv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

‡jv

mviwb Ñ 5, wk¶v_©xi cov‡jLvi gvb m¤úwK©Z Awffve‡Ki gZvgZ ( =20)N

Drm: wbR¯^ msM„nxZ gvV Z_¨

LyeB fv‡jvfv‡jv

†gvUvgywU fv‡jv

389

154045

kZvskmsL¨vcov‡jLvi gvb

nv‡Zi Kv‡Q hv cvB Zv w`‡qB AvNvZ KivnvZ w`‡q Po-_vào †`Iqv

nvjKv wKQy w`‡q gviv (cvLv/†¯‹j/†cwÝj/LvZv)Kvb gjv †`Iqv

Ab¨vb¨ (agK †`Iqv, eKv †`Iqv)

313522

16.6772.2227.7811.1111.11

msL¨v*gvia‡ii aib kZvsk

mviwb Ñ 6, AwffveK KZ…©K wk¶v_©x‡K gvia‡ii aib m¤úwK©Z gZvgZ (N=18)

* GKvwaK DËi MÖnY‡hvM¨, ZvB N-Gi gvb 18 †_‡K †ewk n‡e| G mviwb we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 13 Rb(72.22)% AwffveK ÔnvZ w`‡q Po-_và‡oiÕ gva¨‡g AvNvZ K‡ib|

Drm: wbR¯^ msM„nxZ gvV Z_¨

* GKvwaK DËi MÖnY‡hvM¨, ZvB N-Gi gvb †ewk n‡e| G mviwb we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 15 Rb (75)% e‡j‡Qb, gviai bv K‡i Ôfv‡jvfv‡e eywS‡q e‡jÕ wk¶v_©xi †jLvcov I gvbwmK DbœwZ Kiv hvq| gvÎ1 Rb e‡j‡Qb, Ôwk¶v_©x hv Pvq ZvB Ki‡Z w`‡qÕ Zvi †jLvcov I gvbwmK DbœwZ Kiv hvq|

fv fv‡e eywS‡q e‡jeÜzmyjf AvPiY K‡i

AwaK mgq Zvi †cQ‡b e¨q K‡i†m hv Pvq ZvB Ki‡Z w`‡q

†Ljvayjv I wPËwe‡bv`‡bi mgq evwo‡q w`‡q

‡jv 158912

754045510

msL¨v*DbœwZ Kivi Dcvq kZvsk

mviwb Ñ 7, gviai bv K‡i †jLvcov I gvbwmK Dbwœ Z Kivi †¶‡Î Awffve‡Ki gZvgZ ( =20)N

Drm: wbR¯^ msM„nxZ gvV Z_¨

miKvwi wb‡lavÁv AvB‡bi e¨vcv‡i AeMZ Ges gZvgZÑ gZvgZ we‡klø ‡Y †`Lv hvq, 75% miKvwi AvB‡bi e¨vcv‡i AeMZ Av‡Qb, evwK 25% AveMZ bq| Avevi, 70% AwffveK AvBb _vKv m‡ËI¡ mšvÍ b‡K gviai ev kvmb Kivi c¶cvZx, 30% e‡j‡Qb, AvBb K‡i miKvi fv‡jv K‡i‡Q| KviY gviai ev eKvSKv Kiv wVK bq| G‡Z mšvÍ b‡`i ¶wZ nq, Zv‡`i ewy S‡q cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 45evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx44

AwffveK‡`i wk¶vMZ †hvM¨ZvÑ AwffveK‡`i wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv cÖ_g †kÖwY- ¯œvZ‡KvËi ch©šÍ| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ 8 Rb (40)% 1gÑ 10g †kÖwY ch©šÍ, 4 Rb (20)% Gm. Gm. wm ch©šÍ, 8 Rb (40)% GBP. Gm. wmÑ œvZ‡KvËi ch©šÍ|

AwffveK‡`i †ckv I gvwmK AvqÑ AwffveKMY wewfbœ †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ, †hgbÑ w`bgRyi, †VjvIqvjv, wiKkvIqvjv, f¨vbPvjK, evwoi Kv‡Ri †jvK, Mv‡g©›UmKg©x, iswgw¯¿, ivRwgw¯¿ BZ¨vw`| Z‡e bgybv wnmv‡e me †kÖwYi AwffveK‡K cvIqv hvqwb| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ 12 Rb (60)% M„wnwb, 4 Rb (20)% K…wl I ¶z`ª e¨emv, 4 Rb (20)% PvKwi K‡ib| Zv‡`i Avq me©wb¤œ 3000 UvKv †_‡K 10000 UvKvi D‡aŸ©| 7 Rb (35)%-Gi Avq 10001 †_‡K Z`ya©, 3 Rb (15)%-Gi Avq 7001Ñ10000 UvKvi g‡a¨|

AwffveK‡`i evmM„n I cwiev‡ii aibÑ AwffveK‡`i 60% cvKv N‡i, 15% wUb‡kW N‡i, 10% Avav cvKv N‡i, 10% gvwUi N‡i Ges 5% Szcwo N‡i evm K‡i| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ 16 Rb (80)% GKK cwiev‡i, 4 Rb (20)% †hŠ_ cwiev‡i evm K‡i| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv fMœ cwievi e¨e¯’v †bB|

cÂg †kÖwY‡Z Aa¨vqbiZ wk¶v_©xi cov‡jLvi gvbÑ wb‡Pi 5 bs mviwb‡Z AwffveK‡`i msL¨v cÂg †kÖwY‡Z Aa¨vqbiZ wk¶v_©xi cov‡jLvi gvb m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ kZKiv nv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

gvia‡ii d‡j wk¶v_©xi cov‡jLvi DbœwZ I gvbwmK ¶wZ- AwffveK‡`i gZvgZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 70% e‡j‡Qb cov‡jLvq ÔwKQyUv DbœwZ nqÕ, 20% e‡j‡Qb LyeB DbœwZ nq, 10% e‡j‡Qb Ô†gv‡UB DbœwZ nq bvÕ| Avevi, 70% e‡j‡Qb gvia‡ii d‡j wk¶v_©xi gvbwmK ¶wZ nq, 10% AwffveK gvbwmK ¶wZ nq wKbv Rv‡bb bv|

gviai bv K‡i †jLvcov I gvbwmK Dbwœ Z Kivi DcvqÑ wb‡Pi 7 bs mviwb‡Z AwffveK‡`i msL¨v, wk¶v_x© ‡K gviai bv K‡i †jLvcov I gvbwmK Dbwœ Z Kivi Dcv‡qi Z_¨ kZKiv nv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

G mviwb we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 45% wk¶v_©xi cov‡jLvi gvb Ô†gvUvgywU fv Õ ai‡bi|

mšÍvb‡K gvia‡ii †¶‡Î wj½ we‡f`Ñ AwffveK‡`i gZvgZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq 2 Rb (10)% DËi †`Iqv †_‡K weiZ wQ‡jb, 55.56% †Q‡j I †g‡q‡K mgvb-mgvbfv‡e gviai K‡ib| 44.44% e‡j‡Qb, †Q‡j‡`i yóvwg, PÂjZv I cov‡jLvq Ag‡bv‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ †Q‡j‡K †ewk gviai K‡ib|

AwffveK KZ…©K wk¶v_©x‡K gvia‡ii aibÑ Aci c„ôvi 6 bs mviwb‡Z AwffveK‡`i msL¨v Ges wk¶v_©x‡K gvia‡ii aib m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ kZKiv nv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

‡jv

mviwb Ñ 5, wk¶v_©xi cov‡jLvi gvb m¤úwK©Z Awffve‡Ki gZvgZ ( =20)N

Drm: wbR¯^ msM„nxZ gvV Z_¨

LyeB fv‡jvfv‡jv

†gvUvgywU fv‡jv

389

154045

kZvskmsL¨vcov‡jLvi gvb

nv‡Zi Kv‡Q hv cvB Zv w`‡qB AvNvZ KivnvZ w`‡q Po-_vào †`Iqv

nvjKv wKQy w`‡q gviv (cvLv/†¯‹j/†cwÝj/LvZv)Kvb gjv †`Iqv

Ab¨vb¨ (agK †`Iqv, eKv †`Iqv)

313522

16.6772.2227.7811.1111.11

msL¨v*gvia‡ii aib kZvsk

mviwb Ñ 6, AwffveK KZ…©K wk¶v_©x‡K gvia‡ii aib m¤úwK©Z gZvgZ (N=18)

* GKvwaK DËi MÖnY‡hvM¨, ZvB N-Gi gvb 18 †_‡K †ewk n‡e| G mviwb we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 13 Rb(72.22)% AwffveK ÔnvZ w`‡q Po-_và‡oiÕ gva¨‡g AvNvZ K‡ib|

Drm: wbR¯^ msM„nxZ gvV Z_¨

* GKvwaK DËi MÖnY‡hvM¨, ZvB N-Gi gvb †ewk n‡e| G mviwb we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 15 Rb (75)% e‡j‡Qb, gviai bv K‡i Ôfv‡jvfv‡e eywS‡q e‡jÕ wk¶v_©xi †jLvcov I gvbwmK DbœwZ Kiv hvq| gvÎ1 Rb e‡j‡Qb, Ôwk¶v_©x hv Pvq ZvB Ki‡Z w`‡qÕ Zvi †jLvcov I gvbwmK DbœwZ Kiv hvq|

fv fv‡e eywS‡q e‡jeÜzmyjf AvPiY K‡i

AwaK mgq Zvi †cQ‡b e¨q K‡i†m hv Pvq ZvB Ki‡Z w`‡q

†Ljvayjv I wPËwe‡bv`‡bi mgq evwo‡q w`‡q

‡jv 158912

754045510

msL¨v*DbœwZ Kivi Dcvq kZvsk

mviwb Ñ 7, gviai bv K‡i †jLvcov I gvbwmK Dbwœ Z Kivi †¶‡Î Awffve‡Ki gZvgZ ( =20)N

Drm: wbR¯^ msM„nxZ gvV Z_¨

miKvwi wb‡lavÁv AvB‡bi e¨vcv‡i AeMZ Ges gZvgZÑ gZvgZ we‡klø ‡Y †`Lv hvq, 75% miKvwi AvB‡bi e¨vcv‡i AeMZ Av‡Qb, evwK 25% AveMZ bq| Avevi, 70% AwffveK AvBb _vKv m‡ËI¡ mšvÍ b‡K gviai ev kvmb Kivi c¶cvZx, 30% e‡j‡Qb, AvBb K‡i miKvi fv‡jv K‡i‡Q| KviY gviai ev eKvSKv Kiv wVK bq| G‡Z mšvÍ b‡`i ¶wZ nq, Zv‡`i ewy S‡q cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 45evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx44

wk¶v_©x m¤úwK©Z DcvË

wk¶v_x© ‡`i msL¨v I wj½Ñ cÂg †kwÖ Yi 106 Rb (59.30)% †g‡qwkï, 79 Rb (42.70)% †Q‡jwkï, †gvU 185 Rb wk¶v_x© ‡K †Q‡j-†g‡q wbwe‡© k‡l D‡Ïk¨gj~ Kfv‡e bgby v wn‡m‡e msMnÖ Kiv n‡qwQj|

kvw Í cÖ v‡b wj½wfwËK wk¶KÑ wk¶v_x© ‡`i gZvgZ we‡klø ‡Y †`Lv hvq, 104 Rb (64.60)% e‡j‡Q gwnjv wk¶K, 82 Rb (50.93)% e‡j‡Q ciy æl wk¶K kvw Í †`q, 24 Rb DËi †`Iqv †_‡K weiZ wQj|

we`¨vj‡q eqm Abyhvqx kvw¯ÍcÖvwßÑ wb‡Pi 8 bs mviwb‡Z wk¶v_©x‡`i we`¨vj‡q kvw¯ÍcÖvwßi †¶‡Î eqm Abyhvqx gZvgZ µm †Uey‡jk‡bi gva¨‡g Z_¨ kZKiv nv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

we`¨vj‡q kvw¯ÍcÖvwßi d‡j gvbwmK Ae¯’vÑ wk¶v_©x‡`i gZvgZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, we`¨vj‡q kvw¯ÍcÖvwßi d‡j 113 Rb (61.08)% cieZ©x w`b kvw¯Í cvIqvi f‡q fv‡jv K‡i c‡o Av‡m, 35 Rb (18.92)% e‡j‡Q LyeB Lvivc jv‡M, 10 Rb (5.41)% e‡j‡Q, Ô¯‹z‡j Avm‡Z B‡”Q K‡i bvÕ|

gviai Qvov Ab¨ Dcv‡q cov‡jLv fv‡jv KivÑ wk¶v_©x‡`i gZvgZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 174 Rb (94.08)% e‡j‡Q we`¨vj‡q kvw¯Í bv w`‡q Ôfv‡jvfv‡e eywS‡q ej‡jÕ, 71 Rb (38.80)% e‡j‡Q, K¬v‡mB cov wkwL‡q w`‡j Zv‡`i cov‡jLv fv‡jv nq|

we`¨vj‡q kvw¯ÍcÖvwßi aibÑ wb‡Pi 10 bs mviwb‡Z wk¶v_©x‡`i msL¨v Ges kvw¯ÍcÖvwßi aib m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©x‡`i gZvgZ kZKiv nv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

mvaviY wnmv‡e cÂg †kwÖ Yi wk¶v_x© i eqm aiv nq 10/11 eQi| wKš‘ Z_¨ msM‡Ö n 09Ñ13+ chš© Í wk¶v_x© ‡`i cvIqv wM‡q‡Q| Zv‡`i gZvgZ we‡klø ‡Y †`Lv hvq, 09 Ges 13+ eQ‡ii c‡Ö Z¨‡KB kvw Í cvq| †gvU 170 Rb (91.89)% kvw Í cvq, 15 Rb (8.11)% kvw Í cvq bv|

we`¨vj‡q kvw¯Í‡fv‡Mi KviYÑ 9 bs mviwb‡Z wk¶v_©x‡`i msL¨v Ges kvw¯Í‡fv‡Mi KviY m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©x‡`i gZvgZ kZKiv nv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

wb‡Pi

mviwb Ñ 8, we`¨vj‡q kvw¯ÍcÖvwßi †¶‡Î eqm Abyhvqx wk¶v_©x‡`i gZvgZ (N=185)

Drm: wbR¯^ msM„nxZ gvV Z_¨

kZvskwk¶v_©xi eqm(eQ‡i)

kvw¯ÍcÖvwßi †¶‡Î gZvgZ

09101112

13+†gvU

580433210170

Ñ753Ñ15

2.7043.2423.2417.305.4191.89

Ñ3.782.701.62

Ñ8.11

bvnu¨vbvnu¨v

Drm: wbR¯^ msM„nxZ gvV Z_¨

cov bv cvivi Rb¨evwoi KvR Kiv nq bv e‡j

mncvVxi m‡½ `yóvwg Kivi Rb¨K¬vm duvwK †`evi Rb¨

wej‡¤^ ¯‹z‡j Avmvi Rb¨AwZwi³ †Ljvayjv Kivi Rb¨

Ab¨vb¨ (†ewk K_vi ejvi Rb¨)

9448895623286

50.8125.9548.1130.2712.4315.143.24

kZvskmsL¨v*kvw¯ÍcÖvwßi KviY

mviwb Ñ 9, we`¨vj‡q kvw¯Í‡fv‡Mi KviY m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©x‡`i gZvgZ (N=185)

* GKvwaK DËi MnÖ Y‡hvM¨, ZvB N-Gi gvb †ewk n‡e| G mviwb we‡klø ‡Y †`Lv hvq, we`¨vj‡q 94 Rb (50.81)% wk¶v_x© Ôcov bv civi Rb¨Õ, 6 Rb (3.24)% ÔKv¬ ‡m †ewk K_vi ejvi Rb¨Õ kvw¯‡Í fvM K‡i|

Drm: wbR¯^ msM„nxZ gvV Z_¨

†eÎvNvZ K‡iKvb a‡i `uvo Kwi‡q iv‡L

†Uwe‡ji wb‡P gv_v XywK‡q iv‡L†e‡Âi wb‡P gv_v XywK‡q iv‡LKov/Lvivc fvlvq eKzwb †`q

†Rv‡i agKvqWv÷vi w`‡q gv‡i

Ab¨vb¨ (eywS‡q e‡j, †e‡Â `uvo Kwi‡q iv‡L)

279354764286

14.5950.272.702.163.7834.5915.143.24

kZvskmsL¨v*kvw¯ÍcÖvwßi KviY

mviwb Ñ 10, we`¨vj‡q kvw¯ÍcÖvwßi aib m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©x‡`i gZvgZ (N=185)

* GKvwaK DËi MnÖ Y‡hvM¨, ZvB N-Gi gvb †ewk n‡e| G mviwb we‡klø ‡Y †`Lv hvq, we`¨vj‡q 93 Rb‡K(50.27)% ÔKvb a‡i `vu o Kwi‡q ivLvÕ nq, 4 Rb‡K (2.16)% Ô†e‡Âi wb‡P gv_v Xwz K‡q ivLvÕ nq|

Drm: wbR¯^ msM„nxZ gvV Z_¨

Bs‡iwRAsKevsjvweÁvb

mgvR weÁvbag©

Ab¨vb¨ (nv‡Zi KvR, kixi PP©v, msMxZ)

49673414242120

30.0641.1020.868.5914.7212.8812.27

kZvskmsL¨v*wel‡qi wk¶K

mviwb Ñ 11, we`¨vj‡q welqwfwËK wk¶‡Ki kvw¯Íi e¨vcv‡i wk¶v_©x‡`i gZvgZ (N=163)

we`¨vj‡q †Kvb wel‡qi wk¶K †ewk kvw Í †`qÑ wb‡Pi 11 bs mviwb‡Z wk¶v_x© ‡`i msL¨v Ges we`¨vj‡q †Kvb wel‡qi wk¶K †ewk kvw Í †`q G e¨vcv‡i Zv‡`i gZvgZ kZKiv nv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 47evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx46

wk¶v_©x m¤úwK©Z DcvË

wk¶v_x© ‡`i msL¨v I wj½Ñ cÂg †kwÖ Yi 106 Rb (59.30)% †g‡qwkï, 79 Rb (42.70)% †Q‡jwkï, †gvU 185 Rb wk¶v_x© ‡K †Q‡j-†g‡q wbwe‡© k‡l D‡Ïk¨gj~ Kfv‡e bgby v wn‡m‡e msMnÖ Kiv n‡qwQj|

kvw Í cÖ v‡b wj½wfwËK wk¶KÑ wk¶v_x© ‡`i gZvgZ we‡klø ‡Y †`Lv hvq, 104 Rb (64.60)% e‡j‡Q gwnjv wk¶K, 82 Rb (50.93)% e‡j‡Q ciy æl wk¶K kvw Í †`q, 24 Rb DËi †`Iqv †_‡K weiZ wQj|

we`¨vj‡q eqm Abyhvqx kvw¯ÍcÖvwßÑ wb‡Pi 8 bs mviwb‡Z wk¶v_©x‡`i we`¨vj‡q kvw¯ÍcÖvwßi †¶‡Î eqm Abyhvqx gZvgZ µm †Uey‡jk‡bi gva¨‡g Z_¨ kZKiv nv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

we`¨vj‡q kvw¯ÍcÖvwßi d‡j gvbwmK Ae¯’vÑ wk¶v_©x‡`i gZvgZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, we`¨vj‡q kvw¯ÍcÖvwßi d‡j 113 Rb (61.08)% cieZ©x w`b kvw¯Í cvIqvi f‡q fv‡jv K‡i c‡o Av‡m, 35 Rb (18.92)% e‡j‡Q LyeB Lvivc jv‡M, 10 Rb (5.41)% e‡j‡Q, Ô¯‹z‡j Avm‡Z B‡”Q K‡i bvÕ|

gviai Qvov Ab¨ Dcv‡q cov‡jLv fv‡jv KivÑ wk¶v_©x‡`i gZvgZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 174 Rb (94.08)% e‡j‡Q we`¨vj‡q kvw¯Í bv w`‡q Ôfv‡jvfv‡e eywS‡q ej‡jÕ, 71 Rb (38.80)% e‡j‡Q, K¬v‡mB cov wkwL‡q w`‡j Zv‡`i cov‡jLv fv‡jv nq|

we`¨vj‡q kvw¯ÍcÖvwßi aibÑ wb‡Pi 10 bs mviwb‡Z wk¶v_©x‡`i msL¨v Ges kvw¯ÍcÖvwßi aib m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©x‡`i gZvgZ kZKiv nv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

mvaviY wnmv‡e cÂg †kwÖ Yi wk¶v_x© i eqm aiv nq 10/11 eQi| wKš‘ Z_¨ msM‡Ö n 09Ñ13+ chš© Í wk¶v_x© ‡`i cvIqv wM‡q‡Q| Zv‡`i gZvgZ we‡klø ‡Y †`Lv hvq, 09 Ges 13+ eQ‡ii c‡Ö Z¨‡KB kvw Í cvq| †gvU 170 Rb (91.89)% kvw Í cvq, 15 Rb (8.11)% kvw Í cvq bv|

we`¨vj‡q kvw¯Í‡fv‡Mi KviYÑ 9 bs mviwb‡Z wk¶v_©x‡`i msL¨v Ges kvw¯Í‡fv‡Mi KviY m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©x‡`i gZvgZ kZKiv nv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

wb‡Pi

mviwb Ñ 8, we`¨vj‡q kvw¯ÍcÖvwßi †¶‡Î eqm Abyhvqx wk¶v_©x‡`i gZvgZ (N=185)

Drm: wbR¯^ msM„nxZ gvV Z_¨

kZvskwk¶v_©xi eqm(eQ‡i)

kvw¯ÍcÖvwßi †¶‡Î gZvgZ

09101112

13+†gvU

580433210170

Ñ753Ñ15

2.7043.2423.2417.305.4191.89

Ñ3.782.701.62

Ñ8.11

bvnu¨vbvnu¨v

Drm: wbR¯^ msM„nxZ gvV Z_¨

cov bv cvivi Rb¨evwoi KvR Kiv nq bv e‡j

mncvVxi m‡½ `yóvwg Kivi Rb¨K¬vm duvwK †`evi Rb¨

wej‡¤^ ¯‹z‡j Avmvi Rb¨AwZwi³ †Ljvayjv Kivi Rb¨

Ab¨vb¨ (†ewk K_vi ejvi Rb¨)

9448895623286

50.8125.9548.1130.2712.4315.143.24

kZvskmsL¨v*kvw¯ÍcÖvwßi KviY

mviwb Ñ 9, we`¨vj‡q kvw¯Í‡fv‡Mi KviY m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©x‡`i gZvgZ (N=185)

* GKvwaK DËi MnÖ Y‡hvM¨, ZvB N-Gi gvb †ewk n‡e| G mviwb we‡klø ‡Y †`Lv hvq, we`¨vj‡q 94 Rb (50.81)% wk¶v_x© Ôcov bv civi Rb¨Õ, 6 Rb (3.24)% ÔKv¬ ‡m †ewk K_vi ejvi Rb¨Õ kvw¯‡Í fvM K‡i|

Drm: wbR¯^ msM„nxZ gvV Z_¨

†eÎvNvZ K‡iKvb a‡i `uvo Kwi‡q iv‡L

†Uwe‡ji wb‡P gv_v XywK‡q iv‡L†e‡Âi wb‡P gv_v XywK‡q iv‡LKov/Lvivc fvlvq eKzwb †`q

†Rv‡i agKvqWv÷vi w`‡q gv‡i

Ab¨vb¨ (eywS‡q e‡j, †e‡Â `uvo Kwi‡q iv‡L)

279354764286

14.5950.272.702.163.7834.5915.143.24

kZvskmsL¨v*kvw¯ÍcÖvwßi KviY

mviwb Ñ 10, we`¨vj‡q kvw¯ÍcÖvwßi aib m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_©x‡`i gZvgZ (N=185)

* GKvwaK DËi MnÖ Y‡hvM¨, ZvB N-Gi gvb †ewk n‡e| G mviwb we‡klø ‡Y †`Lv hvq, we`¨vj‡q 93 Rb‡K(50.27)% ÔKvb a‡i `vu o Kwi‡q ivLvÕ nq, 4 Rb‡K (2.16)% Ô†e‡Âi wb‡P gv_v Xwz K‡q ivLvÕ nq|

Drm: wbR¯^ msM„nxZ gvV Z_¨

Bs‡iwRAsKevsjvweÁvb

mgvR weÁvbag©

Ab¨vb¨ (nv‡Zi KvR, kixi PP©v, msMxZ)

49673414242120

30.0641.1020.868.5914.7212.8812.27

kZvskmsL¨v*wel‡qi wk¶K

mviwb Ñ 11, we`¨vj‡q welqwfwËK wk¶‡Ki kvw¯Íi e¨vcv‡i wk¶v_©x‡`i gZvgZ (N=163)

we`¨vj‡q †Kvb wel‡qi wk¶K †ewk kvw Í †`qÑ wb‡Pi 11 bs mviwb‡Z wk¶v_x© ‡`i msL¨v Ges we`¨vj‡q †Kvb wel‡qi wk¶K †ewk kvw Í †`q G e¨vcv‡i Zv‡`i gZvgZ kZKiv nv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 47evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx46

hvq, 133 Rb (76.44)% evwo‡Z kvw¯Í cvq| ZvB AwffveK‡`i Rb¨ mšÍvb cwiPvjbvi e¨vcv‡i BwZevPK w`K wb‡`©kbvmn we`¨vjq KwgwUi gva¨‡g cÖwk¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

ò wk¶v_©x‡`i gZvgZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 55.17% wk¶v_©x we`¨vj‡q kvw¯Í †fvM K‡i| ZvB, wk¶v½‡Y gvbm¤§Z wk¶v wbwðZ Ki‡Z Ges wkï‡`i wk¶v`vb cÖwµqvq A‡nZzK kvw¯Í cwinvi K‡i fqgy³ I Avb›`gq wkLbevÜe cwi‡ek m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| hv‡Z wkïiv wk¶v MÖn‡Y AvMÖnx n‡q I‡V|

ò DËi`vZv wk¶K‡`i g‡a¨ m‡e©v”P msL¨K A_©vr 25% †ckvMZ †¶‡Î ÔAvswkK mš‘óÕ| G AvswkK mš‘wói KviY wn‡m‡e Zv‡`i †eZb KvVv‡gvmn wk¶vmsµvšÍ Kv‡Ri evB‡i wewfbœ KvR, †hgbÑ Rb¥ wbeÜb, RbmsL¨v MYbv (Av`gïgvwi), wkï MYbv, †fvUvi ZvwjKv cÖYqb, m¨vwb‡Ukb mßvn, wUKv`vb Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb, I.Gg.G‡mi Pvj weZiY BZ¨vw` Kv‡Ri K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| ZvB Gme Kv‡R Kg `vwqZ¡ w`‡q mvwe©K welq‡K ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i we‡ePbvq †i‡L Ggb GKwU wk¶v cwiw¯’wZ ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e †hLv‡b wk¶Kiv wkï‡`i kvw¯Í †`Iqvi K_v wPšÍv Ki‡eb bv|

ò cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q AbyK‚j wk¶v cwi‡ek Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e, †hLv‡b AvmevecÎ Ges wk¶K- wk¶v_©xi fvimvg¨c~Y© AbycvZ eRvq _v‡K| KviY gvV ch©v‡q Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni mgq †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv we`¨vj‡q 80 R‡bi AwaK wk¶v_©x GKB kvLvq cov‡jLv Ki‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q|

ò M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, 42.42% wk¶K mœvZK/mggvb, ¯œvZ‡KvËi/mggvb ch©vq wWwMÖi AwaKvix| djvdj we‡køl‡Y †`Lv †M‡Q, m‡e©v”P msL¨K 25% wk¶K AvswkK mš‘ó Ges Zviv mevB wk¶v_©x‡`i kvw¯Í †`b| we`¨vj‡q wk¶v_©x‡`i cÖwZ kvw¯Í e‡Üi †¶‡Î AvBb Kvh©Kix Ki‡Z n‡jI Zv‡`i †ckvq mš‘wói gvÎv evov‡bvi D‡`¨vM wb‡Z n‡e|

Dcmsnvi

M‡elYvi djvdj we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wk¶K e‡j‡Qb, wb‡lag~jK AvBb _vK‡jI we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z †ewk wk¶v_©x _vKvi Kvi‡Y cÖ‡qvR‡b kvw¯Í w`‡Z nq| Z‡e Zviv kvw¯Í‡K kvmb ej‡Z ¯^v”Q›`¨‡eva K‡ib| A‡bK wk¶K A_©vr 40.63% Ômš‘óÕ, 25% ÔAvswkK mš‘óÕ, Avevi A‡b‡K Ab¨ †Kv‡bv fv‡jv PvKwi bv cvIqvi Kvi‡Y G †ckv †e‡Q wb‡q‡Qb| AwffveK‡`i Avw_©K Ae¯’v †gvUvgywU fv‡jv ai‡bi Ges Zviv gvwUi Ni †_‡K ïiæ K‡i cvKv N‡i emevm K‡ib| 70.59% wk¶K Ges 70% AwffveKMY g‡b K‡ib, kvw¯Í w`‡j wk¶v_©x‡`i cov‡jLvi gvb Ges AvPiY wKQyUv fv‡jv nq| †Kv‡bv wk¶v_©x e‡j‡Q kvw¯Íi d‡j Zv‡`i cov‡jLvi gvb fv‡jv nq, Avevi †KD e‡j‡Q fv‡jv nq bv| kvw¯Íi †¶‡Î †`Lv †M‡Q, †Q‡j wk¶v_©xiv ^fvemyjf PÂj I yó cÖK…wZi Rb¨ †ewk kvw¯Í cvq| ZvB S‡i covi nvi †ewk Ges we`¨vj‡q Dcw¯’wZ Zzjbvg~jK fv‡e Kg|

wk¶v_©xiv Rvwb‡q‡Q, Zviv evwo‡Z Ges we`¨vj‡q Dfq RvqMvq kvw¯Í †fvM K‡i, Z‡e Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e evwo‡Z kvw¯Í †ewk †fvM K‡i| evwo‡Z gv‡qi ciB evev me‡P‡q †ewk kvw¯Í †`b Ges evwoi Ab¨ m`m¨ivI Zv‡`i kvw¯Í †`b| wKš‘ wk¶v_©xiv cÖ_‡g wk¶K Ges evev‡K fq cvq|

mycvwikgvjv

ò M‡elYvi djvdj we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 39.39% wk¶K kvw¯Í †`b Ges 66.67% wk¶K wk¶v_©x‡`i kvw¯Í †`Iqvi c¶cvwZ| ZvB kvixwiK I gvbwmK kvw¯Íi weiæ‡× miKvi cÖYqbK…Z AvB‡bi h_vh_ cÖ‡qv‡Mi e¨e¯’v wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

ò M‡elYvi djvdj we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 25% AwffveK miKvwi wb‡lavÁvi e¨vcv‡i AeMZ bq| ZvB AvBb m¤ú©‡K cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwiK‡K Rvbv‡bvi e¨e¯’v miKvi‡K mywbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

ò wk¶K‡`i h_vh_fv‡e wk¶KZv I BwZevPK k„sLjv‡eva eRvq ivLvi e¨vcv‡i Ges we`¨vjq e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwUi m`m¨‡`i cÖwk¶Y w`‡Z n‡e|

ò M‡elYvi djvdj we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, M„‡n 70% AwffveK wk¶v_©x‡`i kvw¯Í †`Iqvi c¶cvZx| ZvQvov m‡e©v”P kvw¯Í cvIqvi ¯’vb m¤ú©‡K wk¶v_©x‡`i gZvgZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv

evwo‡Z †Kvb m`m¨ †ewk kvw¯Í †`qÑ wk¶v_©x‡`i gZvgZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 83 Rb (47.43)% e‡j‡Q evwo‡Z gv †ewk kvw¯Í †`q, 6 Rb (1.71)% e‡j‡Q evwoi Ab¨ m`m¨ †hgbÑ gvgv, KvKv, dzcy kvw¯Í †`q|

†ewk kvw Í I fq cvevi v’ bÑ wk¶v_x© ‡`i gZvgZ we‡klø ‡Y †`Lv hvq, 133 Rb (76.44)% e‡j‡Q evwo‡Z, 96 Rb (55.17)% e‡j‡Q we`¨vj‡q kvw Í †`Iqv nq| wb‡Pi 12 bs mviwb‡Z wk¶v_x© ‡`i msL¨v Ges we`¨vj‡q I evwoi m`m¨‡`i cwÖ Z fq cvIqv m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i gZvgZ kZKiv nv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

* GKvwaK DËi MnÖ Y‡hvM¨, ZvB N-Gi gvb †ewk n‡e| G mviwb we‡klø ‡Y †`Lv hvq, 67 Rb (41.10)%e‡j‡Q we`¨vj‡q As‡Ki wk¶K †ewk kvw¯Í †`q|

wk¶KevevgvfvB†evb

Ab¨ †KD

122797512106

65.9542.7040.546.495.413.24

kZvskmsL¨v*we`¨vj‡q I evwoi m`m¨

mviwb Ñ 12, we`¨vj‡q I evwoi m`m¨‡`i cwÖ Z fq cvIqv m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_x© ‡`i gZvgZ ( =185)N

Drm: wbR¯^ msM„nxZ gvV Z_¨

* GKvwaK DËi MnÖ Y‡hvM¨, ZvB N-Gi gvb †ewk n‡e| G mviwb we‡klø ‡Y †`Lv hvq, 122 Rb (65.95)%e‡j‡Q Zviv we`¨vj‡qi wk¶K‡K me‡P‡q †ewk fq cvq| Ab¨ Av‡iKwU c‡Ö kiœ Dˇi †`Lv †M‡Q, 133 Rb(71.89)% wk¶v_x© e‡j‡Q evwo‡Z †ewk kvw Í †`Iqv nq| A_P fq cIqvi †¶‡Î we`¨vj‡qi wk¶‡Ki ¯v’ bc_Ö ‡g Av‡Q| ZvB ejv hvq, wk¶Kiv A‡bK †¶‡Î AvB‡bi wb‡lavÁv _vKvq gZ cKÖ v‡k Gwo‡q †M‡Qb|A‡iKwU c‡Ö kiœ Dˇi 83 Rb (47.43)% e‡j‡Q evwo‡Z gv †ewk kvw Í †`q| wKš‘ GLv‡b †`Lv hv‡”Q Zvivgv‡qi †P‡q evev‡K †ewk fq cvq| A_v© r gv kvw Í †ewk w`‡jI gv‡qi m‡½ mšvÍ ‡bi GKUv AvwZ¥K m¤úK© Av‡Q|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 49evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx48

hvq, 133 Rb (76.44)% evwo‡Z kvw¯Í cvq| ZvB AwffveK‡`i Rb¨ mšÍvb cwiPvjbvi e¨vcv‡i BwZevPK w`K wb‡`©kbvmn we`¨vjq KwgwUi gva¨‡g cÖwk¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

ò wk¶v_©x‡`i gZvgZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 55.17% wk¶v_©x we`¨vj‡q kvw¯Í †fvM K‡i| ZvB, wk¶v½‡Y gvbm¤§Z wk¶v wbwðZ Ki‡Z Ges wkï‡`i wk¶v`vb cÖwµqvq A‡nZzK kvw¯Í cwinvi K‡i fqgy³ I Avb›`gq wkLbevÜe cwi‡ek m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| hv‡Z wkïiv wk¶v MÖn‡Y AvMÖnx n‡q I‡V|

ò DËi`vZv wk¶K‡`i g‡a¨ m‡e©v”P msL¨K A_©vr 25% †ckvMZ †¶‡Î ÔAvswkK mš‘óÕ| G AvswkK mš‘wói KviY wn‡m‡e Zv‡`i †eZb KvVv‡gvmn wk¶vmsµvšÍ Kv‡Ri evB‡i wewfbœ KvR, †hgbÑ Rb¥ wbeÜb, RbmsL¨v MYbv (Av`gïgvwi), wkï MYbv, †fvUvi ZvwjKv cÖYqb, m¨vwb‡Ukb mßvn, wUKv`vb Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb, I.Gg.G‡mi Pvj weZiY BZ¨vw` Kv‡Ri K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| ZvB Gme Kv‡R Kg `vwqZ¡ w`‡q mvwe©K welq‡K ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i we‡ePbvq †i‡L Ggb GKwU wk¶v cwiw¯’wZ ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e †hLv‡b wk¶Kiv wkï‡`i kvw¯Í †`Iqvi K_v wPšÍv Ki‡eb bv|

ò cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q AbyK‚j wk¶v cwi‡ek Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e, †hLv‡b AvmevecÎ Ges wk¶K- wk¶v_©xi fvimvg¨c~Y© AbycvZ eRvq _v‡K| KviY gvV ch©v‡q Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni mgq †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv we`¨vj‡q 80 R‡bi AwaK wk¶v_©x GKB kvLvq cov‡jLv Ki‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q|

ò M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, 42.42% wk¶K mœvZK/mggvb, ¯œvZ‡KvËi/mggvb ch©vq wWwMÖi AwaKvix| djvdj we‡køl‡Y †`Lv †M‡Q, m‡e©v”P msL¨K 25% wk¶K AvswkK mš‘ó Ges Zviv mevB wk¶v_©x‡`i kvw¯Í †`b| we`¨vj‡q wk¶v_©x‡`i cÖwZ kvw¯Í e‡Üi †¶‡Î AvBb Kvh©Kix Ki‡Z n‡jI Zv‡`i †ckvq mš‘wói gvÎv evov‡bvi D‡`¨vM wb‡Z n‡e|

Dcmsnvi

M‡elYvi djvdj we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wk¶K e‡j‡Qb, wb‡lag~jK AvBb _vK‡jI we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z †ewk wk¶v_©x _vKvi Kvi‡Y cÖ‡qvR‡b kvw¯Í w`‡Z nq| Z‡e Zviv kvw¯Í‡K kvmb ej‡Z ¯^v”Q›`¨‡eva K‡ib| A‡bK wk¶K A_©vr 40.63% Ômš‘óÕ, 25% ÔAvswkK mš‘óÕ, Avevi A‡b‡K Ab¨ †Kv‡bv fv‡jv PvKwi bv cvIqvi Kvi‡Y G †ckv †e‡Q wb‡q‡Qb| AwffveK‡`i Avw_©K Ae¯’v †gvUvgywU fv‡jv ai‡bi Ges Zviv gvwUi Ni †_‡K ïiæ K‡i cvKv N‡i emevm K‡ib| 70.59% wk¶K Ges 70% AwffveKMY g‡b K‡ib, kvw¯Í w`‡j wk¶v_©x‡`i cov‡jLvi gvb Ges AvPiY wKQyUv fv‡jv nq| †Kv‡bv wk¶v_©x e‡j‡Q kvw¯Íi d‡j Zv‡`i cov‡jLvi gvb fv‡jv nq, Avevi †KD e‡j‡Q fv‡jv nq bv| kvw¯Íi †¶‡Î †`Lv †M‡Q, †Q‡j wk¶v_©xiv ^fvemyjf PÂj I yó cÖK…wZi Rb¨ †ewk kvw¯Í cvq| ZvB S‡i covi nvi †ewk Ges we`¨vj‡q Dcw¯’wZ Zzjbvg~jK fv‡e Kg|

wk¶v_©xiv Rvwb‡q‡Q, Zviv evwo‡Z Ges we`¨vj‡q Dfq RvqMvq kvw¯Í †fvM K‡i, Z‡e Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e evwo‡Z kvw¯Í †ewk †fvM K‡i| evwo‡Z gv‡qi ciB evev me‡P‡q †ewk kvw¯Í †`b Ges evwoi Ab¨ m`m¨ivI Zv‡`i kvw¯Í †`b| wKš‘ wk¶v_©xiv cÖ_‡g wk¶K Ges evev‡K fq cvq|

mycvwikgvjv

ò M‡elYvi djvdj we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 39.39% wk¶K kvw¯Í †`b Ges 66.67% wk¶K wk¶v_©x‡`i kvw¯Í †`Iqvi c¶cvwZ| ZvB kvixwiK I gvbwmK kvw¯Íi weiæ‡× miKvi cÖYqbK…Z AvB‡bi h_vh_ cÖ‡qv‡Mi e¨e¯’v wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

ò M‡elYvi djvdj we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 25% AwffveK miKvwi wb‡lavÁvi e¨vcv‡i AeMZ bq| ZvB AvBb m¤ú©‡K cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwiK‡K Rvbv‡bvi e¨e¯’v miKvi‡K mywbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

ò wk¶K‡`i h_vh_fv‡e wk¶KZv I BwZevPK k„sLjv‡eva eRvq ivLvi e¨vcv‡i Ges we`¨vjq e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwUi m`m¨‡`i cÖwk¶Y w`‡Z n‡e|

ò M‡elYvi djvdj we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, M„‡n 70% AwffveK wk¶v_©x‡`i kvw¯Í †`Iqvi c¶cvZx| ZvQvov m‡e©v”P kvw¯Í cvIqvi ¯’vb m¤ú©‡K wk¶v_©x‡`i gZvgZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv

evwo‡Z †Kvb m`m¨ †ewk kvw¯Í †`qÑ wk¶v_©x‡`i gZvgZ we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq, 83 Rb (47.43)% e‡j‡Q evwo‡Z gv †ewk kvw¯Í †`q, 6 Rb (1.71)% e‡j‡Q evwoi Ab¨ m`m¨ †hgbÑ gvgv, KvKv, dzcy kvw¯Í †`q|

†ewk kvw Í I fq cvevi v’ bÑ wk¶v_x© ‡`i gZvgZ we‡klø ‡Y †`Lv hvq, 133 Rb (76.44)% e‡j‡Q evwo‡Z, 96 Rb (55.17)% e‡j‡Q we`¨vj‡q kvw Í †`Iqv nq| wb‡Pi 12 bs mviwb‡Z wk¶v_x© ‡`i msL¨v Ges we`¨vj‡q I evwoi m`m¨‡`i cwÖ Z fq cvIqv m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i gZvgZ kZKiv nv‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

* GKvwaK DËi MnÖ Y‡hvM¨, ZvB N-Gi gvb †ewk n‡e| G mviwb we‡klø ‡Y †`Lv hvq, 67 Rb (41.10)%e‡j‡Q we`¨vj‡q As‡Ki wk¶K †ewk kvw¯Í †`q|

wk¶KevevgvfvB†evb

Ab¨ †KD

122797512106

65.9542.7040.546.495.413.24

kZvskmsL¨v*we`¨vj‡q I evwoi m`m¨

mviwb Ñ 12, we`¨vj‡q I evwoi m`m¨‡`i cwÖ Z fq cvIqv m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_x© ‡`i gZvgZ ( =185)N

Drm: wbR¯^ msM„nxZ gvV Z_¨

* GKvwaK DËi MnÖ Y‡hvM¨, ZvB N-Gi gvb †ewk n‡e| G mviwb we‡klø ‡Y †`Lv hvq, 122 Rb (65.95)%e‡j‡Q Zviv we`¨vj‡qi wk¶K‡K me‡P‡q †ewk fq cvq| Ab¨ Av‡iKwU c‡Ö kiœ Dˇi †`Lv †M‡Q, 133 Rb(71.89)% wk¶v_x© e‡j‡Q evwo‡Z †ewk kvw Í †`Iqv nq| A_P fq cIqvi †¶‡Î we`¨vj‡qi wk¶‡Ki ¯v’ bc_Ö ‡g Av‡Q| ZvB ejv hvq, wk¶Kiv A‡bK †¶‡Î AvB‡bi wb‡lavÁv _vKvq gZ cKÖ v‡k Gwo‡q †M‡Qb|A‡iKwU c‡Ö kiœ Dˇi 83 Rb (47.43)% e‡j‡Q evwo‡Z gv †ewk kvw Í †`q| wKš‘ GLv‡b †`Lv hv‡”Q Zvivgv‡qi †P‡q evev‡K †ewk fq cvq| A_v© r gv kvw Í †ewk w`‡jI gv‡qi m‡½ mšvÍ ‡bi GKUv AvwZ¥K m¤úK© Av‡Q|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 49evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx48

* Kg©m~wP mgš^qKvix, AM©vbvB‡Rkbvj †W‡fjc‡g›U GÛ GWz‡Kkb BDwbU, Kbmvb© BDwbfv‡m©j|purba_du@yahoo.com

A_P evwo‡Z gv †ewk kvw¯Í †`b| †h me wk¶K gviai ev eKvSKv K‡ib, Zviv †gvUvgywU, G‡Kev‡iB Lvivc ai‡bi wk¶K| we`¨vj‡q cov‡jLv fv‡jvfv‡e eywS‡q †mLv‡bB wkwL‡q †`Iqv †nvK †mUv wk¶v_©xiv Pvq, A_©vr Zviv cov‡jLv Ki‡Z AvMÖnx| A_P †`Lv †M‡Q, cov‡jLv bv cvivi Rb¨ kZKiv 27.27% wk¶v_©x kvw¯Í †fvM K‡i| cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z 81.82% gwnjv wk¶K, 18.18% cyiæl wk¶K| we`¨vj‡q cÖvq mKj wel‡qi wk¶KB kvw¯Í †`b| gwnjv wk¶Kiv Rvwb‡q‡Qb, Zviv gv‡qi g‡Zv kvmb K‡ib| wKš‘ 64.60% wk¶v_©x Rvwb‡q‡Q, we`¨vj‡q gwnjv wk¶KMY †ewk kvw¯Í †`b| Avevi 41.10% e‡j‡Q As‡Ki wk¶K †ewk kvw¯Í †`b| nv‡Zi KvR, kixiPP©v, msMxZ BZ¨vw` m„Rbkxj wel‡qi wk¶K‡`i KvQ †_‡KI wk¶v_©xiv kvw¯Í †c‡q _v‡K| wk¶Kiv Rvwb‡q‡Qb Zviv gvbwmK kw¯Í †`b bv| m„Rbkxj Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g Ges gvivgvwi Ki‡j Zviv G‡K Ac‡ii m‡½ mg‡SvZv Zwi K‡i †`b| me wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ nv‡Zi †jLv 1 c„ôv n‡j yó‡`i Rb¨ 5/6 c„ôv nq| GUv GK ai‡bi gvbwmK kvw¯Í| GLbI †eÎvNvZ Kiv, †Uwe‡ji wb‡P gv_v XzwK‡q ivLv, Wv÷vi w`‡q AvNvZ Kiv BZ¨vw` KwVb kvw¯Í cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|

wk¶v_©x‡`i mvgvwRK weKvk m¤ú‡K© wk¶K‡`i KvQ †_‡K Rvbv hvq, mncvVxi m‡½ gvivgvwi n‡j ev G Rb¨ wk¶‡Ki Kv‡Q kvw¯Í †c‡j c‡i we`¨vj‡qi evB‡i wM‡q Zviv m¨v‡UjvBU Ges evsjv, wnw›` Qwe †`‡L †m Kvq`vq gvivgvwi K‡i| A_©vr Zv‡`i Kvw•ÿZ mvgvwRK weKvk e¨vnZ nq| hviv kvw¯Í †fvM K‡i Zviv †kÖwY‡Z memgq PzcPvc Ae¯’vq _v‡K, Ab¨‡`i m‡½ †Ljvayjv Kg K‡i| Avevi hviv kw¯Í cvq Zviv f‡q we`¨vj‡q Av‡m bv| A_©vr Zviv Av‡ewMKfv‡e wech©¯Í _v‡K|

Z_¨ wb‡`©k

Etauge, Claire and Rathus, A Spencer,1995 : The World of Children, London, Harcourt Brace College Publications.

International Save the Children Report (2005) Against Violence Against Children, Regional consultation for the UN study, Islamabad, Pakistan.

The Star Weekend Magazine, Volume 4, Issue 55, July 29, 2005

www.dpe.gov.bd

http:// www.hrw.org/en/content/a-violent-education

Bmjvg, †gv. gwZDj (2008) wkï- wK‡kvi‡`i wkóvPvi wk¶v, (wØZxq ms ‹iY), XvKv, Rwgb cKÖ vkbv|

ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK, RyjvB 13Ñ 19, 2008

ˆ`wbK †WmwUwb, AvM÷ 10, 2010

ˆ`wbK evsjvevRvi cwÎKv, b‡f¤^i 21, 2011

gv‡jK, Avãyj; cÖgyL, 2009: wk¶vweÁvb I evsjv‡`‡k wk¶v, evsjv‡`k we`¨vjq gÄyix Kwgkb, AvMviMuvI, XvKv|

iv‡mj, evUªvÛ, Avikv` AvwRR Ab~w`Z, 1997: wk¶v I mgvR KvVv‡gv, evsjv GKv‡Wwg, XvKv|

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Etauge, Claire and Rathus, A Spencer,1995 : The World of Children, London, Harcourt Brace College Publications.

International Save the Children Report (2005) Against Violence Against Children, Regional consultation for the UN study, Islamabad, Pakistan.

The Star Weekend Magazine, Volume 4, Issue 55, July 29, 2005

www.dpe.gov.bd

http:// www.hrw.org/en/content/a-violent-education

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BAFEDI n s p i r i n g E x c e l l e n c e

BRAC Institute of Educational DevelopmentBRAC University (BIED, BRACU)