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Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Iraq War EconomyIraq War EconomyDisplacement and Living ConditionsDisplacement and Living ConditionsKhalid M. KhalidKhalid M. KhalidProgramme AssociateProgramme AssociateUNDP IraqUNDP Iraq
Iraq War EconomyIraq War EconomyDisplacement and Living ConditionsDisplacement and Living ConditionsKhalid M. KhalidKhalid M. KhalidProgramme AssociateProgramme AssociateUNDP IraqUNDP Iraq
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
ContentsContentsContentsContents
• Iraq pre 2003 warIraq pre 2003 war• Status shortly after the warStatus shortly after the war• Displacement and violence: post-Samarra bombingDisplacement and violence: post-Samarra bombing• How things stand todayHow things stand today
• Iraq pre 2003 warIraq pre 2003 war• Status shortly after the warStatus shortly after the war• Displacement and violence: post-Samarra bombingDisplacement and violence: post-Samarra bombing• How things stand todayHow things stand today
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Introduction: First 11 YearsIntroduction: First 11 YearsIntroduction: First 11 YearsIntroduction: First 11 Years
Much of what is happening today has roots the Ba’th regime Much of what is happening today has roots the Ba’th regime rule that started 1968rule that started 1968 • Violent changes of regime since 1958Violent changes of regime since 1958• Ba’th regime coup, 1968: profound and forced social Ba’th regime coup, 1968: profound and forced social
and economic changesand economic changes• Basic strategy: concentrate power in state’s handsBasic strategy: concentrate power in state’s hands• Nationalization campaign culminating in Nationalization campaign culminating in nationalization of oil in 1972nationalization of oil in 1972
Much of what is happening today has roots the Ba’th regime Much of what is happening today has roots the Ba’th regime rule that started 1968rule that started 1968 • Violent changes of regime since 1958Violent changes of regime since 1958• Ba’th regime coup, 1968: profound and forced social Ba’th regime coup, 1968: profound and forced social
and economic changesand economic changes• Basic strategy: concentrate power in state’s handsBasic strategy: concentrate power in state’s hands• Nationalization campaign culminating in Nationalization campaign culminating in nationalization of oil in 1972nationalization of oil in 1972
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Introduction: First 11 YearsIntroduction: First 11 YearsIntroduction: First 11 YearsIntroduction: First 11 Years
• Income from oil rose tenfold to form 87% of total Income from oil rose tenfold to form 87% of total revenuesrevenues• Development projects in Education, welfare, Development projects in Education, welfare, industry, and capital projectsindustry, and capital projects
• Income from oil rose tenfold to form 87% of total Income from oil rose tenfold to form 87% of total revenuesrevenues• Development projects in Education, welfare, Development projects in Education, welfare, industry, and capital projectsindustry, and capital projects
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Introduction: First 11 YearsIntroduction: First 11 YearsIntroduction: First 11 YearsIntroduction: First 11 Years
• Revenues financed building strong political Revenues financed building strong political basebase• Oppress opposition or buy them off with financial Oppress opposition or buy them off with financial benefits, especially the militarybenefits, especially the military• Huge development projects opened opportunities for Huge development projects opened opportunities for
the business people who had connections the business people who had connections with the regimewith the regime
• Revenues financed building strong political Revenues financed building strong political basebase• Oppress opposition or buy them off with financial Oppress opposition or buy them off with financial benefits, especially the militarybenefits, especially the military• Huge development projects opened opportunities for Huge development projects opened opportunities for
the business people who had connections the business people who had connections with the regimewith the regime
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Introduction: Iraq-Iran WarIntroduction: Iraq-Iran WarIntroduction: Iraq-Iran WarIntroduction: Iraq-Iran War
• Foreign currency reserve over $35 BillionForeign currency reserve over $35 Billion• Drop in oil revenues with increase in war Drop in oil revenues with increase in war expenditureexpenditure• Foreign dept by end of war in 1988: $80 BillionForeign dept by end of war in 1988: $80 Billion• Abandonment of development projectsAbandonment of development projects• Massive layoffs in industry and agriculture Massive layoffs in industry and agriculture workforceworkforce• Privatization: selling of 70 large factories and most Privatization: selling of 70 large factories and most of of agricultural land to private sectoragricultural land to private sector• Infrastructure in need of repairInfrastructure in need of repair
• Foreign currency reserve over $35 BillionForeign currency reserve over $35 Billion• Drop in oil revenues with increase in war Drop in oil revenues with increase in war expenditureexpenditure• Foreign dept by end of war in 1988: $80 BillionForeign dept by end of war in 1988: $80 Billion• Abandonment of development projectsAbandonment of development projects• Massive layoffs in industry and agriculture Massive layoffs in industry and agriculture workforceworkforce• Privatization: selling of 70 large factories and most Privatization: selling of 70 large factories and most of of agricultural land to private sectoragricultural land to private sector• Infrastructure in need of repairInfrastructure in need of repair
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Introduction: Kuwait WarIntroduction: Kuwait WarIntroduction: Kuwait WarIntroduction: Kuwait War
• More of Iraq’s infrastructure was destroyed in six More of Iraq’s infrastructure was destroyed in six weeks of bombing than the 8 years of war with weeks of bombing than the 8 years of war with IranIran• Sanctions eroded what was left of the economic Sanctions eroded what was left of the economic base of the countrybase of the country• Severely harmed civiliansSeverely harmed civilians• Devaluated Dinar from ID1=$3 to ID1000=$1Devaluated Dinar from ID1=$3 to ID1000=$1• Increase in emigration of Iraqi brainIncrease in emigration of Iraqi brain• Rapid deterioration in the living standardsRapid deterioration in the living standards
• More of Iraq’s infrastructure was destroyed in six More of Iraq’s infrastructure was destroyed in six weeks of bombing than the 8 years of war with weeks of bombing than the 8 years of war with IranIran• Sanctions eroded what was left of the economic Sanctions eroded what was left of the economic base of the countrybase of the country• Severely harmed civiliansSeverely harmed civilians• Devaluated Dinar from ID1=$3 to ID1000=$1Devaluated Dinar from ID1=$3 to ID1000=$1• Increase in emigration of Iraqi brainIncrease in emigration of Iraqi brain• Rapid deterioration in the living standardsRapid deterioration in the living standards
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Part 1: 2003 Change of RegimePart 1: 2003 Change of RegimePart 1: 2003 Change of RegimePart 1: 2003 Change of Regime
““Iraq is the world’s best known conflict, but the least Iraq is the world’s best known conflict, but the least well known humanitarian crisis”well known humanitarian crisis”Antonio Guterres, UN High Commissioner for RefugeesAntonio Guterres, UN High Commissioner for Refugees
• Iraq Living Conditions Survey (ILCS) 2004Iraq Living Conditions Survey (ILCS) 2004
““Iraq is the world’s best known conflict, but the least Iraq is the world’s best known conflict, but the least well known humanitarian crisis”well known humanitarian crisis”Antonio Guterres, UN High Commissioner for RefugeesAntonio Guterres, UN High Commissioner for Refugees
• Iraq Living Conditions Survey (ILCS) 2004Iraq Living Conditions Survey (ILCS) 2004
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Acute Electricity ShortageAcute Electricity ShortageAcute Electricity ShortageAcute Electricity Shortage
• 58% of the population were deprived of stable 58% of the population were deprived of stable electricity supplyelectricity supply• Power cuts could last as much as 12 hoursPower cuts could last as much as 12 hours• One third of the population had alternate power One third of the population had alternate power supply such as home or street generatorssupply such as home or street generators• Power generation was reduced from the pre-war Power generation was reduced from the pre-war level of 3,958 MW to 500 MWlevel of 3,958 MW to 500 MW
• 58% of the population were deprived of stable 58% of the population were deprived of stable electricity supplyelectricity supply• Power cuts could last as much as 12 hoursPower cuts could last as much as 12 hours• One third of the population had alternate power One third of the population had alternate power supply such as home or street generatorssupply such as home or street generators• Power generation was reduced from the pre-war Power generation was reduced from the pre-war level of 3,958 MW to 500 MWlevel of 3,958 MW to 500 MW
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Water and Sanitation ProblemsWater and Sanitation ProblemsWater and Sanitation ProblemsWater and Sanitation Problems
• 40% of population reported sewage flooding40% of population reported sewage flooding• 62% of population were dissatisfied with solid waste 62% of population were dissatisfied with solid waste
disposaldisposal• 54% of households have piped water, only 29% have 54% of households have piped water, only 29% have
stable supply of safe drinking waterstable supply of safe drinking water• Rural areas and the southern regions suffered the Rural areas and the southern regions suffered the mostmost
• 40% of population reported sewage flooding40% of population reported sewage flooding• 62% of population were dissatisfied with solid waste 62% of population were dissatisfied with solid waste
disposaldisposal• 54% of households have piped water, only 29% have 54% of households have piped water, only 29% have
stable supply of safe drinking waterstable supply of safe drinking water• Rural areas and the southern regions suffered the Rural areas and the southern regions suffered the mostmost
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Economic HardshipEconomic HardshipEconomic HardshipEconomic Hardship
• 55% of families have a low economic status55% of families have a low economic status• 60% of population owned less than 8 durable goods60% of population owned less than 8 durable goods• 57% of population did not have proper employment57% of population did not have proper employment• 51% of families could not provide for one or more of: 51% of families could not provide for one or more of:
keeping house warm in winter, cool in keeping house warm in winter, cool in summer, changing furniture, buying second summer, changing furniture, buying second hand hand clothes, eating meat or chicken 3 times a clothes, eating meat or chicken 3 times a weekweek• 36% of households could not earn $60 a week36% of households could not earn $60 a week
• 55% of families have a low economic status55% of families have a low economic status• 60% of population owned less than 8 durable goods60% of population owned less than 8 durable goods• 57% of population did not have proper employment57% of population did not have proper employment• 51% of families could not provide for one or more of: 51% of families could not provide for one or more of:
keeping house warm in winter, cool in keeping house warm in winter, cool in summer, changing furniture, buying second summer, changing furniture, buying second hand hand clothes, eating meat or chicken 3 times a clothes, eating meat or chicken 3 times a weekweek• 36% of households could not earn $60 a week36% of households could not earn $60 a week
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Decline of Education StandardsDecline of Education StandardsDecline of Education StandardsDecline of Education Standards
• 74% literacy in youth ages 15-24: higher than 74% literacy in youth ages 15-24: higher than average population, however lower than age average population, however lower than age group group 25-3425-34• 89% enrolment rate for boys versus 74% for girls89% enrolment rate for boys versus 74% for girls• North region which previously was lower than other North region which previously was lower than other
regions have become the best region in regions have become the best region in educational levelseducational levels
• 74% literacy in youth ages 15-24: higher than 74% literacy in youth ages 15-24: higher than average population, however lower than age average population, however lower than age group group 25-3425-34• 89% enrolment rate for boys versus 74% for girls89% enrolment rate for boys versus 74% for girls• North region which previously was lower than other North region which previously was lower than other
regions have become the best region in regions have become the best region in educational levelseducational levels
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Serious Child MalnutritionSerious Child MalnutritionSerious Child MalnutritionSerious Child Malnutrition
• 12% of children between six months and five years 12% of children between six months and five years are underweightare underweight• 8% suffer from acute malnutrition8% suffer from acute malnutrition• 23% suffer from chronic malnutrition23% suffer from chronic malnutrition• South regions showed highest levels of South regions showed highest levels of malnourished childrenmalnourished children• 4% in north region: lowest regions but still high4% in north region: lowest regions but still high• Malnutrition linked to educational level of head of Malnutrition linked to educational level of head of household more than economic statushousehold more than economic status• Effectiveness of ration card systemEffectiveness of ration card system• Male and female children identical levelsMale and female children identical levels
• 12% of children between six months and five years 12% of children between six months and five years are underweightare underweight• 8% suffer from acute malnutrition8% suffer from acute malnutrition• 23% suffer from chronic malnutrition23% suffer from chronic malnutrition• South regions showed highest levels of South regions showed highest levels of malnourished childrenmalnourished children• 4% in north region: lowest regions but still high4% in north region: lowest regions but still high• Malnutrition linked to educational level of head of Malnutrition linked to educational level of head of household more than economic statushousehold more than economic status• Effectiveness of ration card systemEffectiveness of ration card system• Male and female children identical levelsMale and female children identical levels
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
IllnessIllnessIllnessIllness
• 14% of children under five were sick in two weeks 14% of children under five were sick in two weeks preceding survey and is higher (58%) in preceding survey and is higher (58%) in children children under one year of ageunder one year of age• Contamination of piped water is the cause of the Contamination of piped water is the cause of the many cases of water-borne diseasemany cases of water-borne disease• 15% chronic illness in men, 7% chronic illness in 15% chronic illness in men, 7% chronic illness in womenwomen• Problems mostly in age group 20-29, result of war Problems mostly in age group 20-29, result of war with Iranwith Iran• Considerable amounts in age groups 10-19 and 30-Considerable amounts in age groups 10-19 and 30-4949• Illness related to 2003 showed more incidence in Illness related to 2003 showed more incidence in children under 9 than age group 20-29children under 9 than age group 20-29
• 14% of children under five were sick in two weeks 14% of children under five were sick in two weeks preceding survey and is higher (58%) in preceding survey and is higher (58%) in children children under one year of ageunder one year of age• Contamination of piped water is the cause of the Contamination of piped water is the cause of the many cases of water-borne diseasemany cases of water-borne disease• 15% chronic illness in men, 7% chronic illness in 15% chronic illness in men, 7% chronic illness in womenwomen• Problems mostly in age group 20-29, result of war Problems mostly in age group 20-29, result of war with Iranwith Iran• Considerable amounts in age groups 10-19 and 30-Considerable amounts in age groups 10-19 and 30-4949• Illness related to 2003 showed more incidence in Illness related to 2003 showed more incidence in children under 9 than age group 20-29children under 9 than age group 20-29
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
HousingHousingHousingHousing
• Few squatter houses in 2004 in Iraqi citiesFew squatter houses in 2004 in Iraqi cities• Some improvised houses found in rural areas in Some improvised houses found in rural areas in Wasit, Maysan, and KurdistanWasit, Maysan, and Kurdistan• High level of house ownershipHigh level of house ownership• High level of crowding, more in rural areasHigh level of crowding, more in rural areas• Crowding related to the economic status of the Crowding related to the economic status of the familyfamily
• Few squatter houses in 2004 in Iraqi citiesFew squatter houses in 2004 in Iraqi cities• Some improvised houses found in rural areas in Some improvised houses found in rural areas in Wasit, Maysan, and KurdistanWasit, Maysan, and Kurdistan• High level of house ownershipHigh level of house ownership• High level of crowding, more in rural areasHigh level of crowding, more in rural areas• Crowding related to the economic status of the Crowding related to the economic status of the familyfamily
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Summary of Living Conditions in 2004Summary of Living Conditions in 2004Summary of Living Conditions in 2004Summary of Living Conditions in 2004
• Serious problems in supply of basic infrastructure Serious problems in supply of basic infrastructure services (water, electricity)services (water, electricity)• Widespread of long-term economic hardshipsWidespread of long-term economic hardships• Serious child malnutritionSerious child malnutrition• Stalled education achievementsStalled education achievements• Economy in transition with an increase in private Economy in transition with an increase in private sector and self-employmentsector and self-employment• Differences among regions: the south worst offDifferences among regions: the south worst off
• Serious problems in supply of basic infrastructure Serious problems in supply of basic infrastructure services (water, electricity)services (water, electricity)• Widespread of long-term economic hardshipsWidespread of long-term economic hardships• Serious child malnutritionSerious child malnutrition• Stalled education achievementsStalled education achievements• Economy in transition with an increase in private Economy in transition with an increase in private sector and self-employmentsector and self-employment• Differences among regions: the south worst offDifferences among regions: the south worst off
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Post-Samarra IraqPost-Samarra IraqPost-Samarra IraqPost-Samarra Iraq
• Core of the political crisisCore of the political crisis• Power sharingPower sharing• Distribution of National WealthDistribution of National Wealth• Review of the ConstitutionReview of the Constitution
• Bombing of Askari shrine in Samarra marked the Bombing of Askari shrine in Samarra marked the beginning of unprecedented sectarian beginning of unprecedented sectarian violence violence in Iraqin Iraq
• Core of the political crisisCore of the political crisis• Power sharingPower sharing• Distribution of National WealthDistribution of National Wealth• Review of the ConstitutionReview of the Constitution
• Bombing of Askari shrine in Samarra marked the Bombing of Askari shrine in Samarra marked the beginning of unprecedented sectarian beginning of unprecedented sectarian violence violence in Iraqin Iraq
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
New Dimensions in DisplacementNew Dimensions in DisplacementNew Dimensions in DisplacementNew Dimensions in Displacement
• Pre-2003 displacement in Iraq:Pre-2003 displacement in Iraq:• Displacement of KurdsDisplacement of Kurds• Forced displacement during the Iraq-Iran warForced displacement during the Iraq-Iran war• Emigration due to discriminatory practices, Emigration due to discriminatory practices, oppression, economic hardshipoppression, economic hardship
• Increase in size of displacement, many-folds after Increase in size of displacement, many-folds after Samarra bombingSamarra bombing
• Pre-2003 displacement in Iraq:Pre-2003 displacement in Iraq:• Displacement of KurdsDisplacement of Kurds• Forced displacement during the Iraq-Iran warForced displacement during the Iraq-Iran war• Emigration due to discriminatory practices, Emigration due to discriminatory practices, oppression, economic hardshipoppression, economic hardship
• Increase in size of displacement, many-folds after Increase in size of displacement, many-folds after Samarra bombingSamarra bombing
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
IDP Numbers: UNHCRIDP Numbers: UNHCRIDP Numbers: UNHCRIDP Numbers: UNHCR
• Difficulty in number of IDPsDifficulty in number of IDPs• Most IDPs do not live in campsMost IDPs do not live in camps• Many IDPs do not registerMany IDPs do not register• Difficulty to survey displacement areasDifficulty to survey displacement areas• Insufficient national capacitiesInsufficient national capacities
• UN IDP figures:UN IDP figures:• UNHCR: 148,000 in the period 2003-2005UNHCR: 148,000 in the period 2003-2005
• Difficulty in number of IDPsDifficulty in number of IDPs• Most IDPs do not live in campsMost IDPs do not live in camps• Many IDPs do not registerMany IDPs do not register• Difficulty to survey displacement areasDifficulty to survey displacement areas• Insufficient national capacitiesInsufficient national capacities
• UN IDP figures:UN IDP figures:• UNHCR: 148,000 in the period 2003-2005UNHCR: 148,000 in the period 2003-2005
Internally Displaced People in Iraq, September Internally Displaced People in Iraq, September 20072007
Northern Governorates 800,900
Central Governorates 740,500
Southern Governorates 714,600
Total 2,256,000
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
IDP Numbers: Ministry of Displaced and MigrationIDP Numbers: Ministry of Displaced and MigrationIDP Numbers: Ministry of Displaced and MigrationIDP Numbers: Ministry of Displaced and Migration
•MoDM IDP figures: 999,772 (163,574 families) in MoDM IDP figures: 999,772 (163,574 families) in November 2007November 2007• 36% of IDPs are in Baghdad36% of IDPs are in Baghdad• 12%-15% of Baghdad’s population have been 12%-15% of Baghdad’s population have been displaceddisplaced
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
IDPs in BaghdadIDPs in BaghdadIDPs in BaghdadIDPs in Baghdad
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
IDPs in BaghdadIDPs in BaghdadIDPs in BaghdadIDPs in Baghdad
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Ethnicity Distribution in IraqEthnicity Distribution in IraqEthnicity Distribution in IraqEthnicity Distribution in Iraq
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
IDPs Living Conditions: ShelterIDPs Living Conditions: ShelterIDPs Living Conditions: ShelterIDPs Living Conditions: Shelter
• IDPs requirements beyond capacity of government IDPs requirements beyond capacity of government at federal and governorate levelsat federal and governorate levels• IDPs movement are restricted in governorates of IDPs movement are restricted in governorates of Kurdistan and KirkukKurdistan and Kirkuk• Biggest problem for IDPs is to find shelterBiggest problem for IDPs is to find shelter• MoDM implemented only two camps in Baghdad and MoDM implemented only two camps in Baghdad and
12 others in remaining governorates12 others in remaining governorates
• IDPs requirements beyond capacity of government IDPs requirements beyond capacity of government at federal and governorate levelsat federal and governorate levels• IDPs movement are restricted in governorates of IDPs movement are restricted in governorates of Kurdistan and KirkukKurdistan and Kirkuk• Biggest problem for IDPs is to find shelterBiggest problem for IDPs is to find shelter• MoDM implemented only two camps in Baghdad and MoDM implemented only two camps in Baghdad and
12 others in remaining governorates12 others in remaining governorates
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
IDPs Living Conditions: FoodIDPs Living Conditions: FoodIDPs Living Conditions: FoodIDPs Living Conditions: Food
• IOM shows that 70% of IDPs in Anbar, Baghdad, IOM shows that 70% of IDPs in Anbar, Baghdad, Najaf, and Dhi Qar are not receiving PDS Najaf, and Dhi Qar are not receiving PDS rationsrations• Lost of livelihood resulted in greater dependence on Lost of livelihood resulted in greater dependence on
the ration cardthe ration card• Few families were issued special ration cardsFew families were issued special ration cards
• IOM shows that 70% of IDPs in Anbar, Baghdad, IOM shows that 70% of IDPs in Anbar, Baghdad, Najaf, and Dhi Qar are not receiving PDS Najaf, and Dhi Qar are not receiving PDS rationsrations• Lost of livelihood resulted in greater dependence on Lost of livelihood resulted in greater dependence on
the ration cardthe ration card• Few families were issued special ration cardsFew families were issued special ration cards
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
IDPs Living Conditions: HealthIDPs Living Conditions: HealthIDPs Living Conditions: HealthIDPs Living Conditions: Health
• IOM study shows that serious health problems IOM study shows that serious health problems among IDPsamong IDPs• Few health facilities available, mostly in bad shapeFew health facilities available, mostly in bad shape• Percentages of IDPs with medical problemsPercentages of IDPs with medical problems
• IOM study shows that serious health problems IOM study shows that serious health problems among IDPsamong IDPs• Few health facilities available, mostly in bad shapeFew health facilities available, mostly in bad shape• Percentages of IDPs with medical problemsPercentages of IDPs with medical problems
Salahuddin 15%
Kerbala 19%
Maysan 29%
Anbar 34%
Diyala 52%
Muthana 59%
Babil 61%
Kirkuk 73%
Wasit 96%
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
IDPs Living Conditions: SchoolingIDPs Living Conditions: SchoolingIDPs Living Conditions: SchoolingIDPs Living Conditions: Schooling
• Great difficulties in resuming schooling:Great difficulties in resuming schooling:• Schooling not a priority under displacement Schooling not a priority under displacement
conditionsconditions• Difficulty in obtaining transfer documentationDifficulty in obtaining transfer documentation• No school near campNo school near camp• Children to help with income generationChildren to help with income generation
• Great difficulties in resuming schooling:Great difficulties in resuming schooling:• Schooling not a priority under displacement Schooling not a priority under displacement
conditionsconditions• Difficulty in obtaining transfer documentationDifficulty in obtaining transfer documentation• No school near campNo school near camp• Children to help with income generationChildren to help with income generation
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Displacement of MinoritiesDisplacement of MinoritiesDisplacement of MinoritiesDisplacement of Minorities
• Minorities migrated to Kurdistan or outside IraqMinorities migrated to Kurdistan or outside Iraq• Personally subjected to violence or places of Personally subjected to violence or places of worship attackedworship attacked• Discrimination increased after Samarra bombingDiscrimination increased after Samarra bombing• Minorities such as Christians, Sabi’a, Izidis in Minorities such as Christians, Sabi’a, Izidis in Baghdad, Basrah, Mosul, Kirkuk, and Diyala Baghdad, Basrah, Mosul, Kirkuk, and Diyala were were kidnapped, attacked, and requested to kidnapped, attacked, and requested to change change religionreligion
• Minorities migrated to Kurdistan or outside IraqMinorities migrated to Kurdistan or outside Iraq• Personally subjected to violence or places of Personally subjected to violence or places of worship attackedworship attacked• Discrimination increased after Samarra bombingDiscrimination increased after Samarra bombing• Minorities such as Christians, Sabi’a, Izidis in Minorities such as Christians, Sabi’a, Izidis in Baghdad, Basrah, Mosul, Kirkuk, and Diyala Baghdad, Basrah, Mosul, Kirkuk, and Diyala were were kidnapped, attacked, and requested to kidnapped, attacked, and requested to change change religionreligion
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Displacement: MigrationDisplacement: MigrationDisplacement: MigrationDisplacement: Migration
• Nearly 2 Million Iraqis are displaced outside IraqNearly 2 Million Iraqis are displaced outside Iraq• Most have migrated to Syria and JordanMost have migrated to Syria and Jordan• Ability of neighbouring countries to accommodate Ability of neighbouring countries to accommodate such large numbers is reaching fatiguesuch large numbers is reaching fatigue• Entry restrictions to these countries has made it Entry restrictions to these countries has made it difficult for Iraqis to find a save havendifficult for Iraqis to find a save haven
• Nearly 2 Million Iraqis are displaced outside IraqNearly 2 Million Iraqis are displaced outside Iraq• Most have migrated to Syria and JordanMost have migrated to Syria and Jordan• Ability of neighbouring countries to accommodate Ability of neighbouring countries to accommodate such large numbers is reaching fatiguesuch large numbers is reaching fatigue• Entry restrictions to these countries has made it Entry restrictions to these countries has made it difficult for Iraqis to find a save havendifficult for Iraqis to find a save haven
Displaced Iraqis in the Region
Syria 1.2 – 1.4 Million
Jordan 500,000 – 750,000
Egypt Up to 70,000Iran 57,000Lebanon 20,000-40,000Turkey 10,000Gulf States 200,000
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Displacement: MigrationDisplacement: MigrationDisplacement: MigrationDisplacement: Migration
• Iraqis are the leading nationality seeking assylum in Iraqis are the leading nationality seeking assylum in industrialized countriesindustrialized countries
• 22,200 applied for asylum in 2006 and 19,800 in first 22,200 applied for asylum in 2006 and 19,800 in first six months of 2007six months of 2007
• Iraqis are the leading nationality seeking assylum in Iraqis are the leading nationality seeking assylum in industrialized countriesindustrialized countries
• 22,200 applied for asylum in 2006 and 19,800 in first 22,200 applied for asylum in 2006 and 19,800 in first six months of 2007six months of 2007
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Displacement: Iraqi Refugees around the worldDisplacement: Iraqi Refugees around the worldDisplacement: Iraqi Refugees around the worldDisplacement: Iraqi Refugees around the world
Germany 36,200UK 22,000Netherlands 21,800Sweden 23,600Australia 11,100Denmark 9,900Norway 8,700
US 19,800Switzerland 5,000Canada 4,000Finland 1,600Italy 1,300France 1,300Hungary 1,200
Bulgaria 1,200Austria 1,200Greece 820New Zealand 820Armenia 460Romania 450Ireland 340
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Displacement: MigrationDisplacement: MigrationDisplacement: MigrationDisplacement: Migration
• Shortage of humanitarian resources to care for Shortage of humanitarian resources to care for refugees in Jordan and Syriarefugees in Jordan and Syria• Iraqis could not work legally in SyriaIraqis could not work legally in Syria• Growing number of girls and women are forced into Growing number of girls and women are forced into
sex trade to earn money for livingsex trade to earn money for living• In Jordan only 30% of Iraqis have workIn Jordan only 30% of Iraqis have work• Majority of Iraqis in Jordan are middle class that live Majority of Iraqis in Jordan are middle class that live
out of savings or remittanceout of savings or remittance• Iraqis in Jordan are becoming increasing vulnerable Iraqis in Jordan are becoming increasing vulnerable
due to depletion of resourcesdue to depletion of resources
• Shortage of humanitarian resources to care for Shortage of humanitarian resources to care for refugees in Jordan and Syriarefugees in Jordan and Syria• Iraqis could not work legally in SyriaIraqis could not work legally in Syria• Growing number of girls and women are forced into Growing number of girls and women are forced into
sex trade to earn money for livingsex trade to earn money for living• In Jordan only 30% of Iraqis have workIn Jordan only 30% of Iraqis have work• Majority of Iraqis in Jordan are middle class that live Majority of Iraqis in Jordan are middle class that live
out of savings or remittanceout of savings or remittance• Iraqis in Jordan are becoming increasing vulnerable Iraqis in Jordan are becoming increasing vulnerable
due to depletion of resourcesdue to depletion of resources
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Civilian ProtectionCivilian ProtectionCivilian ProtectionCivilian Protection
• The sheer violence directed against Iraqi civilians is The sheer violence directed against Iraqi civilians is unparalleled in any emergency in the worldunparalleled in any emergency in the world
• Perpetrators of violence are: armed groups, criminal Perpetrators of violence are: armed groups, criminal gangs, extremists, militias, as well as gangs, extremists, militias, as well as
operations by operations by security and military forcessecurity and military forces• The majority of casualties are innocent civiliansThe majority of casualties are innocent civilians
• The sheer violence directed against Iraqi civilians is The sheer violence directed against Iraqi civilians is unparalleled in any emergency in the worldunparalleled in any emergency in the world
• Perpetrators of violence are: armed groups, criminal Perpetrators of violence are: armed groups, criminal gangs, extremists, militias, as well as gangs, extremists, militias, as well as
operations by operations by security and military forcessecurity and military forces• The majority of casualties are innocent civiliansThe majority of casualties are innocent civilians
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
War Related DeathWar Related DeathWar Related DeathWar Related Death
• In the aftermath of 2003 invasion:In the aftermath of 2003 invasion:•18,000 to 29,000 Iraqis have died (ILCS, 18,000 to 29,000 Iraqis have died (ILCS,
Lancet: 98,000)Lancet: 98,000)• 12% of deaths were children12% of deaths were children• Orphanage measured 6% than JordanOrphanage measured 6% than Jordan
• The 2006 Lancet report shows:The 2006 Lancet report shows:• Violent death has reached 601,000 (with lower Violent death has reached 601,000 (with lower
bound 95% confidence interval 426,000 bound 95% confidence interval 426,000 violent violent deathsdeaths• 1000 Iraqis killed every single day in the first half 1000 Iraqis killed every single day in the first half
of 2006. Less than tenth of them being of 2006. Less than tenth of them being noticed noticed by public serveillance mechanisms by public serveillance mechanisms (UN: total (UN: total recorded civilian deaths in 2006 recorded civilian deaths in 2006 is34,452)is34,452)• 800,000 suffered blast wounds800,000 suffered blast wounds• Over 7% of adult male population killed in Over 7% of adult male population killed in violenceviolence
• In the aftermath of 2003 invasion:In the aftermath of 2003 invasion:•18,000 to 29,000 Iraqis have died (ILCS, 18,000 to 29,000 Iraqis have died (ILCS,
Lancet: 98,000)Lancet: 98,000)• 12% of deaths were children12% of deaths were children• Orphanage measured 6% than JordanOrphanage measured 6% than Jordan
• The 2006 Lancet report shows:The 2006 Lancet report shows:• Violent death has reached 601,000 (with lower Violent death has reached 601,000 (with lower
bound 95% confidence interval 426,000 bound 95% confidence interval 426,000 violent violent deathsdeaths• 1000 Iraqis killed every single day in the first half 1000 Iraqis killed every single day in the first half
of 2006. Less than tenth of them being of 2006. Less than tenth of them being noticed noticed by public serveillance mechanisms by public serveillance mechanisms (UN: total (UN: total recorded civilian deaths in 2006 recorded civilian deaths in 2006 is34,452)is34,452)• 800,000 suffered blast wounds800,000 suffered blast wounds• Over 7% of adult male population killed in Over 7% of adult male population killed in violenceviolence
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
War Related DeathWar Related DeathWar Related DeathWar Related Death
(Lancet findings continued) (Lancet findings continued) • Number of civilians killed by coalition increasedNumber of civilians killed by coalition increased
(Lancet findings continued) (Lancet findings continued) • Number of civilians killed by coalition increasedNumber of civilians killed by coalition increased
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
War Related DeathWar Related DeathWar Related DeathWar Related Death
• Civilian fatalities increased since May 2003 to reach Civilian fatalities increased since May 2003 to reach a peak of 3,700 in November 2006a peak of 3,700 in November 2006
• Civilian fatalities increased since May 2003 to reach Civilian fatalities increased since May 2003 to reach a peak of 3,700 in November 2006a peak of 3,700 in November 2006
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
BombingsBombingsBombingsBombings
• Multiple fatality bombings: 1,613 (35% suicide)Multiple fatality bombings: 1,613 (35% suicide)• Multiple fatality bombings: 1,613 (35% suicide)Multiple fatality bombings: 1,613 (35% suicide)
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Brain SlainBrain SlainBrain SlainBrain Slain
• Many educated people had to leave the country prior Many educated people had to leave the country prior to 2003 war because of lack of freedoms, to 2003 war because of lack of freedoms,
political oppression, and economic hardshippolitical oppression, and economic hardship• After 2003 university professors and doctors were After 2003 university professors and doctors were specifically targetedspecifically targeted• Out of the 23,000 registered doctors, 17,000 left the Out of the 23,000 registered doctors, 17,000 left the
country after 2003, 2000 were killed, 250 country after 2003, 2000 were killed, 250 kidnappedkidnapped
• Many educated people had to leave the country prior Many educated people had to leave the country prior to 2003 war because of lack of freedoms, to 2003 war because of lack of freedoms,
political oppression, and economic hardshippolitical oppression, and economic hardship• After 2003 university professors and doctors were After 2003 university professors and doctors were specifically targetedspecifically targeted• Out of the 23,000 registered doctors, 17,000 left the Out of the 23,000 registered doctors, 17,000 left the
country after 2003, 2000 were killed, 250 country after 2003, 2000 were killed, 250 kidnappedkidnapped
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Crime: Looting and KidnappingCrime: Looting and KidnappingCrime: Looting and KidnappingCrime: Looting and Kidnapping
• Looting crimes began 9 April 2003 with the fall of Looting crimes began 9 April 2003 with the fall of BaghdadBaghdad• Looting targeted vital public institutions including Looting targeted vital public institutions including schools, libraries, hospitals, electricity schools, libraries, hospitals, electricity installationsinstallations• 50,000 irreplaceable artifacts dating back to 5000 50,000 irreplaceable artifacts dating back to 5000 years were stolen from the National Museumyears were stolen from the National Museum
• Looting crimes began 9 April 2003 with the fall of Looting crimes began 9 April 2003 with the fall of BaghdadBaghdad• Looting targeted vital public institutions including Looting targeted vital public institutions including schools, libraries, hospitals, electricity schools, libraries, hospitals, electricity installationsinstallations• 50,000 irreplaceable artifacts dating back to 5000 50,000 irreplaceable artifacts dating back to 5000 years were stolen from the National Museumyears were stolen from the National Museum
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Crime: Looting the National MuseumCrime: Looting the National MuseumCrime: Looting the National MuseumCrime: Looting the National Museum
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Crime: Looting the National MuseumCrime: Looting the National MuseumCrime: Looting the National MuseumCrime: Looting the National Museum
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Crime: Looting and KidnappingCrime: Looting and KidnappingCrime: Looting and KidnappingCrime: Looting and Kidnapping
• Multinational Forces only protected Ministry of Oil Multinational Forces only protected Ministry of Oil and Ministry of Interiorand Ministry of Interior
• Kidnapping became the most profiting profession in Kidnapping became the most profiting profession in the countrythe country
• Brookings: 40 kidnappings per dayBrookings: 40 kidnappings per day• Ministry of Interior: 5,000 kidnapped Dec 03 – Apr 05Ministry of Interior: 5,000 kidnapped Dec 03 – Apr 05• Ransoms start $250,000, negotiated to $30,000Ransoms start $250,000, negotiated to $30,000
• Multinational Forces only protected Ministry of Oil Multinational Forces only protected Ministry of Oil and Ministry of Interiorand Ministry of Interior
• Kidnapping became the most profiting profession in Kidnapping became the most profiting profession in the countrythe country
• Brookings: 40 kidnappings per dayBrookings: 40 kidnappings per day• Ministry of Interior: 5,000 kidnapped Dec 03 – Apr 05Ministry of Interior: 5,000 kidnapped Dec 03 – Apr 05• Ransoms start $250,000, negotiated to $30,000Ransoms start $250,000, negotiated to $30,000
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
PrisonsPrisonsPrisonsPrisons
• Ministry of Human Rights: 20,000 prisoners held with Ministry of Human Rights: 20,000 prisoners held with MNF, 21,000 in government prisonsMNF, 21,000 in government prisons
• Brookings: 25,100 with MNF, ~37,000 with Brookings: 25,100 with MNF, ~37,000 with governmentgovernment• Prison problems: overcrowding, lack of judicial Prison problems: overcrowding, lack of judicial oversightoversight• Many held for long periods. Reports of abuseMany held for long periods. Reports of abuse• Recent improvements, with promise to allow Recent improvements, with promise to allow inspectioninspection
• Ministry of Human Rights: 20,000 prisoners held with Ministry of Human Rights: 20,000 prisoners held with MNF, 21,000 in government prisonsMNF, 21,000 in government prisons
• Brookings: 25,100 with MNF, ~37,000 with Brookings: 25,100 with MNF, ~37,000 with governmentgovernment• Prison problems: overcrowding, lack of judicial Prison problems: overcrowding, lack of judicial oversightoversight• Many held for long periods. Reports of abuseMany held for long periods. Reports of abuse• Recent improvements, with promise to allow Recent improvements, with promise to allow inspectioninspection
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
• Many surveys and assessments conducted since Many surveys and assessments conducted since 20042004• Widely varying results makes it hard to have an Widely varying results makes it hard to have an indication about trendsindication about trends• Difficulty with conducting surveysDifficulty with conducting surveys
• Limitations in national capacitiesLimitations in national capacities• Precarious security situationPrecarious security situation
• Many surveys and assessments conducted since Many surveys and assessments conducted since 20042004• Widely varying results makes it hard to have an Widely varying results makes it hard to have an indication about trendsindication about trends• Difficulty with conducting surveysDifficulty with conducting surveys
• Limitations in national capacitiesLimitations in national capacities• Precarious security situationPrecarious security situation
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
• Polls to measure perceptions about situation in IraqPolls to measure perceptions about situation in Iraq• Central Organization for Statisitics and Central Organization for Statisitics and Information Technology (COSIT) pollInformation Technology (COSIT) poll• D3 Systems poll for BBC, ABC, ARD TV, USA D3 Systems poll for BBC, ABC, ARD TV, USA
TodayToday• Both polls conducted in Feb/March 2007Both polls conducted in Feb/March 2007
• Polls to measure perceptions about situation in IraqPolls to measure perceptions about situation in Iraq• Central Organization for Statisitics and Central Organization for Statisitics and Information Technology (COSIT) pollInformation Technology (COSIT) poll• D3 Systems poll for BBC, ABC, ARD TV, USA D3 Systems poll for BBC, ABC, ARD TV, USA
TodayToday• Both polls conducted in Feb/March 2007Both polls conducted in Feb/March 2007
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: Overall, how would you say Q: Overall, how would you say things are goingthings are going in in your life these days? Would you say things are very your life these days? Would you say things are very good, quite good, quite bad, or very bad?good, quite good, quite bad, or very bad?
Q: Overall, how would you say Q: Overall, how would you say things are goingthings are going in in your life these days? Would you say things are very your life these days? Would you say things are very good, quite good, quite bad, or very bad?good, quite good, quite bad, or very bad?
2007 2005 2004
% % %
Very Good 8 22 13
Quite Good 31 49 57
Quite Bad 32 18 14
Very Bad 28 11 15
Refused/don’t know - 1 1
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: What is your expectation for how things overall in Q: What is your expectation for how things overall in your life will be in your life will be in a year from nowa year from now? Will things be ? Will things be much better, somewhat better, about the same, much better, somewhat better, about the same, somewhat worse, or much worse?somewhat worse, or much worse?
Q: What is your expectation for how things overall in Q: What is your expectation for how things overall in your life will be in your life will be in a year from nowa year from now? Will things be ? Will things be much better, somewhat better, about the same, much better, somewhat better, about the same, somewhat worse, or much worse?somewhat worse, or much worse?
2007 2005 2004
% % %
Much Better 12 35 37
Somewhat Better 23 29 34
About the Same 32 14 9
Somewhat Worse 25 7 3
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: What is the single Q: What is the single biggest problembiggest problem facing your life facing your life
these days?these days? Q: What is the single Q: What is the single biggest problembiggest problem facing your life facing your life
these days?these days?
2007 2005 2004
% % %
Net: Security issues 48 18 25
Net: Political/military issues 13 n.a. 2
Net: Economic issues 17 15 21
Net: social issues 22 16 18
Net: Personal issues 1 7 4
Other - 4 2
No problem - 31 18
No opinion - 9 8
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: Do you think your Q: Do you think your children will have a better lifechildren will have a better life
than you, worse, or about the same?than you, worse, or about the same? Q: Do you think your Q: Do you think your children will have a better lifechildren will have a better life
than you, worse, or about the same?than you, worse, or about the same?
%
Better 42
Worse 37
About the Same 21
Refused/don’t know -
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate rate security situationsecurity situation as very good, quite good, quite as very good, quite good, quite bad, or very bad? bad, or very bad?
Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate rate security situationsecurity situation as very good, quite good, quite as very good, quite good, quite bad, or very bad? bad, or very bad?
2007 2005 2004
% % %
Very good 17 31 20
Quite good 30 30 29
Quite bad 21 17 21
Very bad 32 21 29
Refused/don’t know - 1 1
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate rate availability of jobsavailability of jobs as very good, quite good, quite as very good, quite good, quite bad, or very bad? bad, or very bad?
Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate rate availability of jobsavailability of jobs as very good, quite good, quite as very good, quite good, quite bad, or very bad? bad, or very bad?
2007 2005 2004
% % %
Very good 3 11 7
Quite good 17 27 19
Quite bad 44 23 23
Very bad 35 34 46
Refused/don’t know - 5 6
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate rate supply of electricitysupply of electricity as very good, quite good, as very good, quite good, quite bad, or very bad? quite bad, or very bad?
Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate rate supply of electricitysupply of electricity as very good, quite good, as very good, quite good, quite bad, or very bad? quite bad, or very bad?
2007 2005 2004
% % %
Very good 2 11 8
Quite good 11 35 27
Quite bad 37 30 28
Very bad 51 24 37
Refused/don’t know - 1 1
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate rate availability of clean wateravailability of clean water as very good, quite as very good, quite good, quite bad, or very bad? good, quite bad, or very bad?
Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate rate availability of clean wateravailability of clean water as very good, quite as very good, quite good, quite bad, or very bad? good, quite bad, or very bad?
2007 2005 2004
% % %
Very good 9 19 20
Quite good 22 39 31
Quite bad 35 27 22
Very bad 34 15 26
Refused/don’t know - - 1
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate rate availability medical careavailability medical care as very good, quite good, as very good, quite good, quite bad, or very bad? quite bad, or very bad?
Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate rate availability medical careavailability medical care as very good, quite good, as very good, quite good, quite bad, or very bad? quite bad, or very bad?
2007 2005 2004
% % %
Very good 8 27 17
Quite good 23 35 34
Quite bad 35 23 24
Very bad 34 13 22
Refused/don’t know - 2 3
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate rate local schoolslocal schools as very good, quite good, quite bad, as very good, quite good, quite bad, or very bad? or very bad?
Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate rate local schoolslocal schools as very good, quite good, quite bad, as very good, quite good, quite bad, or very bad? or very bad?
2007 2005 2004
% % %
Very good 12 43 37
Quite good 31 31 35
Quite bad 35 17 15
Very bad 21 7 11
Refused/don’t know - 1 3
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate rate availability of basic household itemsavailability of basic household items as very as very good, quite good, quite bad, or very bad? good, quite good, quite bad, or very bad?
Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate rate availability of basic household itemsavailability of basic household items as very as very good, quite good, quite bad, or very bad? good, quite good, quite bad, or very bad?
2007 2005 2004
% % %
Very good 8 22 18
Quite good 30 38 38
Quite bad 39 23 24
Very bad 23 15 17
Refused/don’t know - 2 2
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate rate availability fuel for cooking or drivingavailability fuel for cooking or driving as very as very good, quite good, quite bad, or very bad? good, quite good, quite bad, or very bad?
Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate rate availability fuel for cooking or drivingavailability fuel for cooking or driving as very as very good, quite good, quite bad, or very bad? good, quite good, quite bad, or very bad?
%
Very good 1
Quite good 11
Quite bad 40
Very bad 48
Refused/don’t know -
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate rate ability to move safelyability to move safely as very good, quite good, as very good, quite good, quite bad, or very bad? quite bad, or very bad?
Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate rate ability to move safelyability to move safely as very good, quite good, as very good, quite good, quite bad, or very bad? quite bad, or very bad?
%
Very good 8
Quite good 16
Quite bad 40
Very bad 35
Refused/don’t know -
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: For each item I read, please tell me if it has or has Q: For each item I read, please tell me if it has or has not not occurredoccurred nearby here? nearby here?
Q: For each item I read, please tell me if it has or has Q: For each item I read, please tell me if it has or has not not occurredoccurred nearby here? nearby here?
Have occurred nearby here
Have not occurred nearby here
Refuse/ don’t know
% % %
Car bombs, suicide attacks 32 68 -
Snipers, crossfire 30 70 -
Fighting among sectarian factions 25 75 -
Kidnappings for ransom 40 60 -
Fighting between Iraqi government and anti-government forces
34 66 -
Unnecessary violence against citizens by US or coalition forces
44 55 -
Unnecessary violence against citizens by the Iraqi police
24 76 -
Unnecessary violence against citizens by the Iraqi Army
24 76 -
Unnecessary violence against citizens by local militia forces
31 69 -
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: Have you or an immediate family member—by Q: Have you or an immediate family member—by which I mean someone living in this household –been which I mean someone living in this household –been physically harmedphysically harmed by the violence that is occurring in by the violence that is occurring in
the country at this time?the country at this time?
Q: Have you or an immediate family member—by Q: Have you or an immediate family member—by which I mean someone living in this household –been which I mean someone living in this household –been physically harmedphysically harmed by the violence that is occurring in by the violence that is occurring in
the country at this time?the country at this time?
%
Yes 17
No 83
Refused/don’t know -
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: How concerned are you that you or someone living Q: How concerned are you that you or someone living in this household might in the future in this household might in the future become a victimbecome a victim of the violence that is occurring in the country? Is of the violence that is occurring in the country? Is that something that worries you a great deal, that something that worries you a great deal, somewhat, not so much, or hardly at all?somewhat, not so much, or hardly at all?
Q: How concerned are you that you or someone living Q: How concerned are you that you or someone living in this household might in the future in this household might in the future become a victimbecome a victim of the violence that is occurring in the country? Is of the violence that is occurring in the country? Is that something that worries you a great deal, that something that worries you a great deal, somewhat, not so much, or hardly at all?somewhat, not so much, or hardly at all?
%
A Great Deal 64
Somewhat 22
Not So Much 9
Hardly At All 5
Refused/don’t know -
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: In the last few days, have you experienced any of Q: In the last few days, have you experienced any of the following because of the situation in our country the following because of the situation in our country at the present time? If Yes: Have you at the present time? If Yes: Have you experiencedexperienced it a it a
great deal or somewhat?great deal or somewhat?
Q: In the last few days, have you experienced any of Q: In the last few days, have you experienced any of the following because of the situation in our country the following because of the situation in our country at the present time? If Yes: Have you at the present time? If Yes: Have you experiencedexperienced it a it a
great deal or somewhat?great deal or somewhat?
Yes, a great deal
Yes, somewhat
No Refused/
don’t know
% % % %
Trouble sleeping 36 40 25 -
Difficulty concentrating on your work or usual activities
31 41 28 -
Feelings of anger 36 46 18 -
Feelings of depression 37 40 23 -
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: In order to Q: In order to avoid troubleavoid trouble, how often, if ever, have , how often, if ever, have you done any of the following over the past year? Is it you done any of the following over the past year? Is it
very often, quite often, not so often or never?very often, quite often, not so often or never?
Q: In order to Q: In order to avoid troubleavoid trouble, how often, if ever, have , how often, if ever, have you done any of the following over the past year? Is it you done any of the following over the past year? Is it
very often, quite often, not so often or never?very often, quite often, not so often or never? Very
often Quite often
Not so often
Never
Refuse/ don’t know
% % % % %
Avoiding going out of your home 18 33 27 22 -
Not sending your children to school 14 26 28 32 -
Avoiding passing/driving by police stations and other public buildings
20 35 25 20 -
Avoiding markets and other crowded areas
21 33 29 17 -
Avoiding checkpoints 29 36 14 20 -
Avoiding US and other coalition forces 46 35 10 9 -
Avoiding travel 21 33 29 18 -
Being careful about what you say about yourself to others
30 37 18 14 -
Avoiding going to work or to apply for work
17 26 29 28 -
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: Who do you Q: Who do you blame the most for the violenceblame the most for the violence that is that is occurring in the country? occurring in the country?
Q: Who do you Q: Who do you blame the most for the violenceblame the most for the violence that is that is occurring in the country? occurring in the country?
%
The United States/coalition forces 31
President Bush 9
The Iraqi government 8
The Iraqi army 1
Iraqi police 1
Sunni militias/leaders 5
Shiite militias/leaders 6
Sectarian disputes 8
Al Qaeda/foreign jihadists 18
Common criminals 6
Iran 7
Other -
Refused/don’t know -
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: Which of these would be your preference to have in Q: Which of these would be your preference to have in command of security in this areacommand of security in this area: the Iraqi police, the : the Iraqi police, the Iraqi army, coalition forces, local militia, or other Iraqi army, coalition forces, local militia, or other extra-legal armed forces?extra-legal armed forces?
Q: Which of these would be your preference to have in Q: Which of these would be your preference to have in command of security in this areacommand of security in this area: the Iraqi police, the : the Iraqi police, the Iraqi army, coalition forces, local militia, or other Iraqi army, coalition forces, local militia, or other extra-legal armed forces?extra-legal armed forces?
%
The Iraqi police 46
The Iraqi army 32
Coalition forces 9
Local militia 7
Other extra-legal armed forces
1
None 5
Refused/don’t know -
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: There are areas of Iraq where in the past Sunnis Q: There are areas of Iraq where in the past Sunnis and Shiites lived together in the same mahallah. In and Shiites lived together in the same mahallah. In some of these areas people are now some of these areas people are now separating—separating—Sunnis moving to live among Sunnis only, Shiites Sunnis moving to live among Sunnis only, Shiites moving to live among Shiites onlymoving to live among Shiites only. Has this separating . Has this separating of people been happening in this mahallah, or not? of people been happening in this mahallah, or not? Would you say: Would you say:
Q: There are areas of Iraq where in the past Sunnis Q: There are areas of Iraq where in the past Sunnis and Shiites lived together in the same mahallah. In and Shiites lived together in the same mahallah. In some of these areas people are now some of these areas people are now separating—separating—Sunnis moving to live among Sunnis only, Shiites Sunnis moving to live among Sunnis only, Shiites moving to live among Shiites onlymoving to live among Shiites only. Has this separating . Has this separating of people been happening in this mahallah, or not? of people been happening in this mahallah, or not? Would you say: Would you say:
%
Yes, it has happened 14
No, this mahallah (neighborhood) has been mixed and remains so
38
No, this mahallah (neighborhood) has never been mixed
47
Refused/don’t know -
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: Has this movement of people been mainly Q: Has this movement of people been mainly forcibleforcible, , or mainly voluntary?or mainly voluntary?
Q: Has this movement of people been mainly Q: Has this movement of people been mainly forcibleforcible, , or mainly voluntary?or mainly voluntary?
%
Mainly Forcible 81
Mainly voluntary 19
Refused/don’t know -
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: Do you think the separation of people on sectarian Q: Do you think the separation of people on sectarian lines is a lines is a good thing or a bad thinggood thing or a bad thing for Iraq? for Iraq?
Q: Do you think the separation of people on sectarian Q: Do you think the separation of people on sectarian lines is a lines is a good thing or a bad thinggood thing or a bad thing for Iraq? for Iraq?
%
Good thing 6
Bad thing 94
Refused/don’t know -
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: Thinking about your security, if you could do so, Q: Thinking about your security, if you could do so, would you movewould you move to a different area of the country, or to a different area of the country, or are you satisfied living in this location?are you satisfied living in this location?
Q: Thinking about your security, if you could do so, Q: Thinking about your security, if you could do so, would you movewould you move to a different area of the country, or to a different area of the country, or are you satisfied living in this location?are you satisfied living in this location?
%
Move to different area 19
I am satisfied living in this location
81
Refused/don’t know -
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: Again with your security in mind, if you could do Q: Again with your security in mind, if you could do so, would you so, would you move to a different countrymove to a different country entirely, or entirely, or are you satisfied living in Iraq? are you satisfied living in Iraq?
Q: Again with your security in mind, if you could do Q: Again with your security in mind, if you could do so, would you so, would you move to a different countrymove to a different country entirely, or entirely, or are you satisfied living in Iraq? are you satisfied living in Iraq?
%
Move to another country 30
I am satisfied living in this location 70
Refused/don’t know -
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: Do you personally think Iraq is or is not involved in Q: Do you personally think Iraq is or is not involved in a a civil warcivil war at this time? at this time?
Q: Do you personally think Iraq is or is not involved in Q: Do you personally think Iraq is or is not involved in a a civil warcivil war at this time? at this time?
%
Yes 42
No 56
Refused/don’t know 2
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: Which of the following Q: Which of the following structuresstructures do you believe do you believe Iraq should have in the future?Iraq should have in the future?
Q: Which of the following Q: Which of the following structuresstructures do you believe do you believe Iraq should have in the future?Iraq should have in the future?
2007 2005 2004
% % %
One unified Iraq with a central government in Baghdad,
58 70 79
A group of regional states with their own regional governments and a federal government in Baghdad
28 18 14
A country divided into separate independent states
14 9 4
Refused/don’t know - 3 3
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: There can be differences between the way Q: There can be differences between the way government is set up in a country, called the government is set up in a country, called the political political systemsystem. From the three options I am going to read to . From the three options I am going to read to you, which ONE do you think would be the best for you, which ONE do you think would be the best for Iraq now?Iraq now?
Q: There can be differences between the way Q: There can be differences between the way government is set up in a country, called the government is set up in a country, called the political political systemsystem. From the three options I am going to read to . From the three options I am going to read to you, which ONE do you think would be the best for you, which ONE do you think would be the best for Iraq now?Iraq now?
2007 2005 2004
% % %
Strong leader: a government headed by one man for life
34 26 28
Islamic state: where politicians rule according to religious principles
22 14 21
Democracy: a government with a chance for the leader to be replaced from time to time
43 57 49
Refused/don’t know - 3 4
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: Who do you think Q: Who do you think currently controls thingscurrently controls things in our in our country; is it the Iraqi government, the United States, country; is it the Iraqi government, the United States, somebody else, or no one? somebody else, or no one?
Q: Who do you think Q: Who do you think currently controls thingscurrently controls things in our in our country; is it the Iraqi government, the United States, country; is it the Iraqi government, the United States, somebody else, or no one? somebody else, or no one?
2007 2005
% %
Iraqi Government 34 44
United States 59 24
Somebody else 4 17
No one controls things 3 6
Refused/don’t know - 9
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: Since the war, how do you feel about the way in Q: Since the war, how do you feel about the way in which the which the United States and other Coalition forces United States and other Coalition forces have carried out their responsibilitieshave carried out their responsibilities in Iraq? Have in Iraq? Have they done a very good job, quite a good job, quite a they done a very good job, quite a good job, quite a bad job, or a very bad job?bad job, or a very bad job?
Q: Since the war, how do you feel about the way in Q: Since the war, how do you feel about the way in which the which the United States and other Coalition forces United States and other Coalition forces have carried out their responsibilitieshave carried out their responsibilities in Iraq? Have in Iraq? Have they done a very good job, quite a good job, quite a they done a very good job, quite a good job, quite a bad job, or a very bad job?bad job, or a very bad job?
2007 2005
% %
A Very Good Job 6 10
Quite a Good Job 18 27
Quite a Bad Job 30 19
A Very Bad Job 46 40
Refused/don’t know - 5
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: Do you strongly support, somewhat support, Q: Do you strongly support, somewhat support, somewhat oppose, or strongly oppose the somewhat oppose, or strongly oppose the presence presence of Coalition forcesof Coalition forces in Iraq? in Iraq?
Q: Do you strongly support, somewhat support, Q: Do you strongly support, somewhat support, somewhat oppose, or strongly oppose the somewhat oppose, or strongly oppose the presence presence of Coalition forcesof Coalition forces in Iraq? in Iraq?
2007 2005 2004
% % %
Strongly Support 6 13 13
Somewhat Support 16 19 26
Somewhat Oppose 32 21 20
Strongly Oppose 46 44 31
Refused/don’t know - 3 10
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Q: Do you approve or disapprove of the way Nouri Q: Do you approve or disapprove of the way Nouri Kamel Al-Maliki is handling his job as prime minister?Kamel Al-Maliki is handling his job as prime minister?
Q: Do you approve or disapprove of the way Nouri Q: Do you approve or disapprove of the way Nouri Kamel Al-Maliki is handling his job as prime minister?Kamel Al-Maliki is handling his job as prime minister?
%
Approve 43
Disapprove 57
Refused/don’t know -
Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions
Through the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of IraqisThrough the eyes of Iraqis
Thank youThank youThank youThank you