Iraqi Civil Code Part 1 of 4

7/23/2019 Iraqi Civil Code Part 1 of 4

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IRAQ 1 & 2/1990: THE CIVILCODE

3.4-1

Foreword

■The Civil Code of Iraq was enacted on 18 September 1951,

and came into operation after two ears which commenced

r!nnin" from the date of its prom!l"ation in the #fficial

$a%ette& its provisions have been ta'en from two so!rces,

namel the Islamic Shari(a and the Civil Code of )"pt which

copied its provisions from the laws of the *est and the

Islamic Shari+a- .)/cerpt from the 0eformation of the e"al

Sstem aw 2o35 of 1944

The first so!rce of this Code has been ta'en from

(6alallat 71 7h'am 71 (7dlia(, which was the Civil Code

that was compiled for the #ttoman )mpire it was compiled

and arran"ed b a commission appointed b the then rime

6inister of the #ttoman )mpire to whom the Commission

s!bmitted its report which inter alia read& :*e have

arran"ed a (6aialla( comprisin" q!estions and other ;!ristic

matters which are of dail occ!rrence and th!s are needed

mostl these were compiled from reliable sain"s of the

hono!rable <anafi a!thorities

-The first part is made !p of ma/ims The second part

of 71 6a;alla is made !p of the r!les compiled b Ibn

2o!;am and other i!rists who were of the same school of

tho!"ht as him The Shari(a ;!d"es ma not render

;!d"ments on the stren"th of an of these r!les e/cept when

the can find an e/press provision nevertheless these r!les

have overall benefits to control matters& he who has access

to them will decide accordin" to the proofs add!cedb

adoptin" these r!les a person is enabled to appl his

transactions s!ch as is conformant to the hono!rable

Shari(a, at least in an appro/imate manner-

This code was written in T!r'ish and then translated

into the 7rabic lan"!a"e The first part comprised "eneral

ma/ims, some of which have been copied in the Civil Code of

Iraq, and the second part contains provisions "overnin"

sales, leases, companies, drafts, co!rts, oaths, etc

As these maxms a!" #$%s%!s hae 'ee! ta(e! as state"

a'%e )$%m the sa*!+s ,%#!%!s %) )am%s $sts a!" the ha$a

a!" "e t% am'+tes t as the$e)%$e %!s"e$e" !eessa$* t%

hae them ex#a!e" '* 5%t!+ the $eea!t %#!%!s %) !%te"

$sts. He!e ame 6ha$h 7aaat A1 Ah(am A1 A"**a68 '* am

Rstm a ,the Le'a!ese )$%m hh I hae 5%te" ! e$ta!

!sta!es $eea!t ex#a!at%!s.

I! %$"e$ )%$ ths '%%( t% 'e as a$ate as #%ss'e I ha" t%

"% exhaste $esea$h %$(; I $es%$te" t% the L'$a$* %) C%!+$ess

! <ash!+t%!8 D.C.8 he$e the sta)) %) the 7""e East Le+a

De#a$tme!t a))%$"e" me asssta!e; I me!t%! ! #a$ta$ D$.

=$+e* Ha(m h%se asssta!e a!" #a!sta(!+ e))%$ts e$e

!aa'e ! assst!+ me t% ahee the $eate exee!e I

th!( I hae ahee" ! ths %$(. 8



IRAQ 1 & 2/1990: THE CIVIL CODE

3.4-2

I "% !%t %mt t% me!t%! m* )e h%se )%$'ea$a!e a!"

t%e$a!e e!a'e" me t% s#e!" !+hts %! e!" ! 5est %) #e$)et%!

a!" %$$et%! %) ms5%tat%!s.

It as "eeme" se) t% a##e!" t% ths )%$e%$" a )e

A$tes %) A1 7aaa hh +e a! ex#a!at%! %) e$ta! %$"s

as se" ! the text.

The a$+e !m'e$ %) #a$e!theses ! the t$a!sat%! s the

$est %) the !eesst* t% a$)* st*st ha!+es. These

#a$e!theses hae 'ee! se" ! %$"e$ t% !"ate t% the $ea"e$ that

! these #assa+es the t$a!sat%$ has a""e" s%meth!+ that s !%t

te$a* )%!" ! the A$a' text. The* ma* 'e "s$e+a$"e" a!" the

text e!%se" the$e! sh%" 'e %!s"e$e" a! !te+$a #a$t %) the

%!text. I! a )e ases8 h%ee$8 the %$"s ! #a$e!theses se$e

a!%the$ #$#%se8 !ame* that %) ex#a!!+ the #$ee"!+ %$"s.

>. ?a$am 1990




3.4- 2

)/cerpts from -6a;allat 71 7h'am 71 7dlia-.The Civil Code of the #ttoman )mpire

A$te 103. - ,A1 @A5" C%!t$at s the !"e$ta(!+ %) a!

%'+at%! '* the %!t$at!+ #a$tes t% #e$)%$m a e$ta!

s#e)e" matte$; t s the t*!+ %) the %))e$ th the ae#ta!e.

A$te 104. - ,A1 I!5aa" C!h!+ s the mta %!)$mat%!

%) the %))e$ a!" the ae#ta!e ! a a) ma!!e$ the e))et %)

hh a##ea$s ! the$ %'et ,ase.

Ex#a!at%!: That hh $eates t% %))e$ a!" ae#ta!e ! a sae

s the th!+ s%"8 the #$e a!" the e))et hh a##ea$s ! them

s the e+a %!se5e!e %) sae8 .e. esta'sh!+ %!e$sh# %)

the th!+ s%" t% the #$hase$ a!" %) the #$e t% the e!"%$.

A$te 10. ,a*1 ahh Va" sae s %!e hh s #e$mtte" a!"

t s the sae hh s a) as t% ts "e!tt* a!" att$'tes.

A$te 109. - ,A1 a*a A1 Base" V%"a'e sae s that hh s

a) as t% ts ase a!" !%t t% att$'tes8 mea!!+ that t s

%!"e" as t% ts "e!tt* a!" !a) ! $e+a$" t% s%me %) ts

exte$!a att$'tes.

Ex#a!at%!: <hat s mea!t '* the e+tma* %) the ase s that

t s #$%#e$t* hh s #e$mtte" t% 'e e!%*e" ,#$%#e$t* hh s

a5$e" a!" the exte$!a att$'tes a$e th%se hh a$e %ts"e

the eeme!t %) sae hh s the %))e$ a!" ae#ta!e a!" ts

%'et s the th!+ s%": a %"a'e sae s that hh !s%)a$ as

$e+a$"s ts ase s a) ,e+tmate 't !%t !s%)a$ as $e+a$"s

ts att$'tes8 sh as he$e the sae %!e$!e" a! a5$e"

,#e$mtte" t% 'e e!%*e" #$%#e$t* he$e the #$e has !%t 'ee!

!ame"; the sae %) a! a5$e" ,#e$mtte" t% 'e




3.4-4

e!%*e" #$%#e$t* s a" 't 'ease a! eeme!t %"!+ t has

%$$e" hh s the +!%$a!e %) the #$e the sae s %"e"...

ths (!" %) sae m#es %!e$sh# '* $ee#t exe#t ! m%$t+a+es

that 'e a" "%! ! A$te 31 %) A1 7aaa.

A$te 110. - ,A1 a*a A1 atte A %" sae s that

hh s !%t %$+!a* ,!ta* a"8 .e. t s !%t

e+tmate ,a) a' !t%.

A$te 113. - ,A1 a*a A1 >a)ethe E))eta ,e!)%$e

a'e sae s %!e t% hh the $+ht %) a th$" #a$t* s !%t

$eate"; t s ethe$ '!"!+ %$ !%t '!"!+.

A$te 114. - ,A1 a*a A1 Laem !"!+ sae s the sae hh

s e))eta a!" "e%" %) a!* %#t%!s.

A$te 11. - ,A1 a*a A1 ha*$ Laem F!'!"!+ sae s

the e))eta sae hh %!ta!s ,t% hh s attahe" a! %#t%!.

A$te 11G. - ,A1 ?ha*a$ O#t%! s he$e ethe$ %!t$at!+ #a$t*

has a! %#t%! as 'e "etae" ! the a" h% ha#te$.

A$te 11. - ,A1 a*a A1 7tta5 De)!te sae s the

%!se sae.

A$te 119. - ,a*a A1 Ist+ha Ex#%tat%! sae s

the sae %) #$%#e$t* th a $+ht %) $e"em#t%! #$%"e" the e!"%$

hae t ease" t% hm.

A$te 123. - ,a*a As aam Is a sae %) a th!+ t% 'e

"ee$e" %! a )t$e "ate a+a!st mme"ate %a*me!t %) the #$e.

Ex#a!at%!: .e. #a*me!t %) the #$e mme"ate* a!"



IRAQ 1 & 2/1990 THE CTVTL CODE

3.4-4

e!%*e" #$%#e$t* s a" 't 'ease a! eeme!t %"!+ t

has %$$e" hh s the +!%$a!e %) the #$e the sae s

%"e".. .ths (!" %) sae m#es %!e$sh# '* $ee#t

exe#t ! m%$t+a+es that 'e a" "%! ! A$te 31 %)A1 7aaa.

A$te 110. - ,A1 a*a A1 atte A %" sae s that hh

s !%t %$+!a* ,!ta* a"8 .e. t s !%t

e+tmate ,a) a' !t%.

A$te 113. - ,A1 a*a A1 >a)ethe E))eta ,e!)%$ea'e

sae s %!e t% hh the $+ht %) a th$" #a$t* s !%t

$eate"; t s ethe$ '!"!+ %$ !%t '!"!+.

A$te 114. - ,A1 a*a A1 Laem !"!+ sae s the sae

hh s e))eta a!" "e%" %) a!* %#t%!s.

A$te 11. - ,A1 a*a A1 ha*$ Laem F!'!"!+ sae s

the e))eta sae hh %!ta!s ,t% hh s attahe" a!

%#t%!.

A$te 11G. - ,A1 ?ha*a$ O#t%! s he$e ethe$

%!t$at!+ #a$t* has a! %#t%! as 'e "etae" ! the a"

h% ha#te$.

A$te 11. - ,A1 a*a A1 7tta5 De)!te sae s the

%!se sae.

A$te 119. - ,a*a A1 Ist+ha Ex#%tat%! sae s the

sae %) #$%#e$t* th a $+ht %) $e"em#t%! #$%"e" the

e!"%$ hae t ease" t% hm.

A$te 123. - ,a*a As aam Is a sae %) a th!+ t% 'e

"ee$e" %! a )t$e "ate a+a!st mme"ate #a*me!t %) the

#$e.

Ex#a!at%!; .e. #a*me!t %) the #$e mme"ate* a!"

ta'in" .receivin" the thin" sold after a certain specified time




3.4-

7rticle 1=> ? .71 Istisna(a Is a contract with a craftsman

.professional to man!fact!re .do somethin"& the wor'er is

the man!fact!rer and the p!rchaser is the hirer .m!stasni1

and the thin" is the prod!ct

7rticle 1=5 ? .71 <!l'ia #wnership is that which is owned

b a person be it commodities or benefits

)/planation& Commodities s!ch as thin"s, immovables, and

animals and benefits s!ch as dwellin" .habitation @enefits

were ran'ed as ownership and not as propert beca!se the

ownership is that which a person can dispose of in a

specified manner and propert is that which is saved .storedto be en;oed when the need arises .0add 6!htar that is

benefits are commodities which e/pire .are cons!med and

cannot be stored

7rticle 1=A ? .71 <al ropert is that which h!man nat!re

tends to have and ma be saved .stored !ntil it is needed,

re"ardless of whether it is a movable or an immovable

)/planation& The difference between ownership and propert isspecific and "eneral& ever propert is an ownership and not

ever ownership is propert beca!se benefits are owned as we

have alread said and are not propert as the cannot be

stored !ntil needed

7rticle 1=4 ? .71 6ai 71 6!taqawwim Is !sed to mean two

thin"s& the first bein"& all that which it is allowable to be

en;oed and the second as meanin" the acq!ired propert&

fish in the sea is not propert acq!ired .6ai 6!taqawwim b!t

when it is ca!"ht it becomes m!taqawwim b acq!isition

A$te 12. - ,A1 7a!5%% A m%a'e s the th!+ hh ma*

'e m%e" )$%m %!e #ae t% a!%the$ a!" %e$s ,!5" m%!e*8

%mm%"tes8 a!mas8 th!+s that a$e meas$e" '* %me %$

'* e+ht ,as e as '"!+s a!" t$ees ) the* a$e

aess%$es %) the a!".




3.4-G

A$te 130: - ,>5" m%!e*8 s the #$a %) ,!a5" hh

s +%" a!" se$8 $e+a$"ess %) hethe$ the* a$e m!te" %$

!%t.

A$te 131. - ,A1 A$"h C%mm%"tes s the #$a %)

,a$"h a!" a$e %the$ tha! ,!5" - +%" a!" se$ -8

a!mas8 th!+s that a$e meas$e" '* %me %$ e+ht8 sh

as e))ets a!" %th.

A$te 132. - ,A1 75a""a$at Qa!ttates a$e th!+s the

5a!ttes %) hh a$e meas$e" '* %me8 e+ht.8 !t8 %$

"$a ,a meas$e %) e!+th e5a t% G e!tmet$es a!"

!"es th!+s meas$e" '* %me8 e+ht8 !t a!" "$as.

A$te 13. - ,7ashaa %!t %!e$sh# s that hh

%!ta!s !#a$ee" ,%mm%! sha$es.

A$te 139. - ,Hssa haa Is the sha$e hh s a##e"

t% ee$* #a$t %) a -%!t* %!e" #$%#e$t*.

A$te 140. - ,A1 !s ?!"/s#ee s the th!+ the !ts

%) hh "% !%t %!ta! exesse "))e$e!e as $e+a$"s the#$#%se )%$ hh t s !te!"e".

A$te 141. - ,A1 a) E! masse ,! '( s the sae %) a

t%ta ,%) th!+s th%t estmat%!8 %$ s#e)*!+ the

5a!tt*8 %me %$ %!t.

A$te 14. - ,Ha 7th B!+'es a$e that hh hae a

%m#a$a'e th!+ ! the ma$(et th !% s+!)a!t "s#a$t*.

A$te 14G. - ,A1 Qeem* Th!+s meas$e" '* ae a$e

th!+s the %m#a$a'e %) hh "%es !%t exst ! the 7a$(et

%$ the %m#a$a'e %) hh exsts ! the ma$(et th a

s+!)a!t "s#a$t* ! ae.

A$te 14. - ,A1 7a""at A1 7ta5a$'a A$e %!ta'es

am%!+ the !""as a!" !ts %) hh the$e s !%

"s#a$t* ! ae; a %) them a$e )!+'es sh as !ts

a!" e++s.




3.4-

A$te 14. - ,A1 7a""at A1 7ta)ata C%!ta'es th a

"s#a$t* a$e %!ta'es the !""as a!" !ts %) hh

"))e$ ! ae; a a$e !%!-)!+'es8 sh as ate$ me%!s

a!" a!ta%#es.

A$te 149. - ,R(! A1 a*a The eeme!t %) sae mea!s ts

!at$e ,esse!e mea!!+ exha!+e %) #$%#e$t* th #$%#e$t*

a!" t s se" as% t% "e!%te %))e$ a!" ae#ta!e 'ease

the* m#* exha!+e.

A$te 13. - ,Ath thama! A1 7samma The #$e !ame" s the

#$e hh s 5%te" mta* '* the %!t$at!+ #a$tes at

the tme %) the sae $e+a$"ess %) hethe$ t %$$es#%!"s t%ts $ea ae %$ t s ess %$ m%$e tha! the $ea ae.

A$te 148 - ,A1 Qma The ae s the $ea #$e %) a

th!+.

A$te 19. - ,A1 A*! Is the th!+ "es+!ate" a!"

"e!t)e"8 sh as a h%se8 a h%$se8 a ha$8 a 'as(et8 a

'she %) heat hh a$e #$ese!t ,at the sess%! %) sae;

a %) them a$e ,A*a!.

A$te 1G48 - ,Ta+h$ee$ Cheat!+ s "e)$a"!+8 sh as

he$e the #$hase$ t%" the e!"%$: 6=%$ %mm%"t* s !%t




3.4-vi i

i

%$th %!e th%sa!"8 se t t% me )%$ %!e th%sa!"8 *%

'e the !!e$.6

A$te 1G. - ,A1 h%'! A1 Bahesh Exesse )$a" s the"e)$a"!+ am%!t!+ t% %!e ha) %) %!e te!th8 ! ,A1 A$"h

%mm%"tes8 a!" %!e te!th8 ! a!mas8 a!" %!e ))th %$ m%$e

! mm%a'es.

A$te 1GG. - ,A1 Qa"eem A!e!t./%" s he$e the$e s !%

%!e h% (!%s ts 'e+!!!+.

A$te 10. - ,7aha A1 a*a The %'et %) a sae s the

th!+ s%".

A$te 40. - ,Ia$a 7!+eaa J$ese!t ease8 s a

,%!t$at %) ease hh ta(es e))et as %) the tme %) the

%!t$at.

A$te 40. - ,Ia$a 7"ha)a Bt$e ease8 s a %!t$at %)

ease hh ta(es e))et as %) a e$ta! s#e)e" )t$e

tme.

A$te 412. - ,A1 7sta+ea$ Bh Is the #$%#e$t*

"ee$e" t% a a+e-ea$!e$ ,$a)tsma! )%$ "%!+ the %$(

!"e$ta(e! '* hm #$sa!t t% a %!t$at %) ease8 sh as

he$e %th as "ee$e" t% a ta%$ t% ta%$ t a!" a %a"

that as +e! t% a #%$te$ t% m%e t.

A$te 41G. - ,A"h Dhama! The a$$a!t* s the +!+ %) a

%m#a$a'e th!+ %) a )!+'e a!" the ae %) a !%!-

)!+'e.

A$te 4 1. - ,7a" L 1st+ha1 Des+!e" t% 'e

ex#%te"8 s the th!+ "es+!ate" a!" "e!t)e" t% 'e

ease"8 sh as !!s8 h%ses8 'aths a!" sh%#s %$ mm%a'es

that hae 'ee! 't %$ #$hase" )%$ 'e!+ h$e".




3.4-9

A$te G1G. - ,?a)aa " Da$a( Is the a$$a!t* %) the

#$e ) the th!+ s%" s $e#e!e" %$ the a$$a!t* %) the

th!+ s%" a+a!st "e)ets ,7a!a A1 A!h$.

A$te 943. - ,As a+hee$ +ha*$ A1 7ma** I$$at%!a

m!%$ s he h% "%es !%t %m#$ehe!" the sae a!" #$hase8

.e. he h% "%es !%t (!% that 6the sae6 "e#$es %!e %)

%!e$sh# a!" 6#$hase6 s a! a5st%! %) %!e$sh#; he

"%es !%t "))e$e!tate 'etee! a##a$e!t exesse )$a" ,sh

as "ee#t%! am%!t!+ t% 0 #e$ e!t a!" !s+!)a!t

)$a". A m!%$ h% "))e$e!tates the )%$e+%!+ s ae" a

$at%!a m!%$ ,a+hee$ 7ma**.

A$te 1208 - ,A1 A$"h A1 7aat ,maat a!" Is that hh

s !%t %!e" '* a!* #e$s%! !%$ s t #ast$e-a!" !%$ a! a$ea

)$%m hh the a+e$s %$ t%!s#e%#e %'ta! the$

)$e,%%" a!" t s the a!" hh s )$thest )$%m the

%te$m%st h%se %) the a+e8 .e. he$e the eh% %) a %"

%e" ma! a!!%t 'e hea$" he! he sh%ts )$%m the %te$m%st

h%se *!+ at the #e$#he$* %) that a+e %$ t%!.

A$te 94G. - ,As a)eeh Im#$"e!t s he h% m#$%#e$*s#e!"s hs #$%#e$t*8 %$ s5a!"e$s a!" %ses a!" "est$%*s hs

#$%#e$t* th$%+h exesse m#$%#e$ s#e!"!+; th%se h% a$e

a$eess ! ta(!+ a!" +!+ ,t$a"!+ a!" a$e !%t aa$e %)

the meth%" %) t$a"!+ a!" the$ e!%*me!t "e t% the$

st#"t* a!" +ht hea$te"!ess a$e as% "eeme" t% 'e

m#$"e!t.

Ex#a!at%!: The ath%$ %) 6A1 H!"**a6 sa" that a!

m#$"e!t #e$s%! s he h% ats %!t$a$* t% the !m'e!es%) the ha$a a!" ets %%se hs "es$es8 s5a!"e$s !

s#e!"!+8 a!" 'ehaes th !% a##a$e!t %'et %$ a! %'et

hh s !%t %!s"e$e" '* $eas%!a'e #e%#e t% %!)%$m t%

$e+%!8 sh as #a*!+ s!+e$s...a #e$s%! h% s#e!"s a

hs #$%#e$t* )%$ '"!+ #aes %) %$sh# a!" sma$ %the$

th!+s s "eeme" t% 'e m#$"e!t.

A%$"!+ t% 6A" D$$ A1 7(hta$6 the s5a!"e$!+ %)

#$%#e$t* s %!t$a$* t% the !%$ms %) the ha$a a!" s% s




3.4-10

+%%" $eas%!!+ ee! he! t s s#e!t )%$ ha$ta'e #$#%ses

sh as he$e t s s#e!t )%$ '"!+ #aes %) %$sh# a!"

sma$ th!+s; ! sh ases a! !te$"t%! 'e m#%se"

%! hm.

A$te 1G. - ,A1 7(**a A1 7ta5a A's%te %!e$sh#

s that hh has !%t 'ee! %!)!e" t% a!* %) the ases %)

%!e$sh#8 sh as !he$ta!e a!" #$hase; %!e$sh% hh

s %!)!e" t% %!e %) these $eas%!s s te$me" 6asa

%!e$sh#6.

A$te 1G3. - ,Tah(eem A1 ha 7a(!+ the #$ese!t state ,%)

a))a$s a e+a %!se5e!e: ,sta$t!+ )$%m the #$ese!tstate %) a %$ts )!"!+8 mea!!+ ma(!+ the #$ese!t

atat* ,as %##%se" t% )t$e ,)!"!5 a e+a

%!se5e!e: t s a (!" %) ,Istsha'.

,Istsha' Ass%at%! as ex#a!e" ! At Tah$ee$ s:

6The e+a %!se5e!e %) the #e$ma!e!e %) a th!+ e$ta!

the !%!-exste!e %) hh s !%t #$esme"; t has the

mea!!+ %) ea!+ that hh exste" as t exste".6

The$e as a "))e$e!e $e+a$"!+ the )%$e %) ts

#$%%): s%me sa" that t as a! a's%te #$%%) a!" s%me%the$s "e!e" ts st$e!+th %) #$%%) a's%te*; the th$ee

+a!ts8 A' Ka*"8 hams A1 Amma a!" Ba(h$ A1 Isam8 a+$ee"

that t s #$%%) )%$ $e'tt!+ !%t )%$ $e#e!; ths s the

)am%s !te$#$etat%! hh has 'ee! a"%#te" '* the $sts.

A$te 14G. - The %ath !%t 'e te!"e$e" exe#t he! t

s ae" )%$ '* the a"e$sa$*; the "+e ma* h%ee$ te!"e$

the %ath th%t a $e5est )$%m the )%$me$ ! )%$ ases:

he$e a ma! has ame" a!" #$%e" a $+ht a+a!st asess%! the "+e te!"e$ the %ath t% hm t% %!)$m

that he has !%t $eee" ths $+ht hmse) !%$ th$%+h a!*

%!e )$%m the "eease" !%$ "" the "ee"e!t $eease hs

a't* the$e%! !%$ "" he "$a a "$a)t %! a th$" #a$t*

a!" that !% %!e has #e$)%$me" ths $+ht a!" that the

"ee"e!t "" !%t hae a m%$t+a+e a+a!st ths $+ht: ths s

ae" the %ath %) Reeat%! ,Istha$.




3.4-11

0)F#067TI#2 #F T<) )$7 SBST)6 76 2#35 #F 1944

@C)0T F0#6 T<) 0)F#067TI#2 *#0D 7@0

Chapter = ? The Civil e"islation

The e+sat%! ! I$a5 !"es a %m'!at%! %) $es

ta(e! )$%m a$%s s%$es "))e$!+ ! s#$t a!" t$e!". A

%) them8 h%ee$8 ath%+h %) "))e$e!t s%#es8 mst $est %!

the 'ass a!" mst e!"ea%$ t% ahee %m#a$a'e

%'etes.

T% +et ! !e th the #h%s%#h* a!" %'etes %)

the * Re%t%! %) 19G the %'et %) the

e+sat%! mst 'e the s##%$t %) s%ast !"e$sta!"!+sa!" asse$t%! %) the s%ast m%$a aes ! e!)%$!+

a!" !te$#$et!+ e+a tes. A ths !eesstates the/

a*!+ "%! %) e+a $es a!" #$%s%!s hh se$e

the +$a"a t$a!s)%$mat%! %) the e+a $eat%!s th! the

)$ame%$( %) !""as t% the s%ast )$ame%$(. The

)%$mat%! %) sh $es a!" #$%s%!s !eesstates a$e)

%!s"e$at%! %) the exst!+ e+sat%! hh !es

ma!* ea(!esses e!+)!+ %$ e+a )e !s%)a$ as

$e+a$"s the %'etes a!" %!te!ts %) ths e+sat%!.

De t% the mtate$a as#ets %) the e+a

)e the e+sat%! +%e$!!+ t a$es a%$"!+ t% ts

a$e" as#ets: s%me %) t $e+ates the $+hts ! $em a!" !

#e$s%!am8 th! the )$ame%$( %) the C C%"e8 a!" %the$s

a* "%! the #$%e"$es %) e+sat%!.

I! the )%%!+ e sha %e$ ! sess%! the C

La a!" the C J$%e"$e:

Cla!se 1 ? The Civil Code

The C C%"e %) I$a5 as e!ate" %! 1 e#tem'e$ 1918 a!"

ame !t% %#e$at%! a)te$ t% *ea$s )$%m the "ate %) ts

#$%m+at%! ! the O))a aette: ts #$%s%!s hae

'ee! ta(e! )$%m t% s%$es !ame* the Isam ha$a a!"

the C C%"e %) E+*#t hh %#e" ts #$%s%!s )$%m the

as %) the <est a!" the Isam ha$a.




3.4-12

The e+sat%$ as !%t sess) ! ma!* ases !

me$+!+ ha$m%!%s* the #$%s%!s ta(e! )$%m the a)%$esa"

t% s%$es %$ ! seet!+ the 'est %) them; as% ts

!a#at* t% (ee# a'$east %) the $e5stes %) the #$ese!tstate s 5te e"e!t.

Re)%$mat%! %) the C C%"e !eesstates the

!t$%"t%! %) $a"a ha!+es t% $es hh mst $es#%!"

t% the #$%+$ess a!" #h%s%#h* %) the e%!%m a!" s%a

$e%t%! a!" sats)* the $e5$eme!ts %) "ee%#me!t a!"

the '"!+ # %) the s%ast s%et*.

<he$eas the $es %) ths La a$e %!ta!e" ! t%

set%!s8 !ame* the $+hts ! #e$s%!am ,%'+at%!s a!" the

$+hts ! $em8 t s the$e)%$e a##$%#$ate t% "ea ! the

)$st #ae th the $+hts ! #e$s%!am a!" the! th the

$+hts ! $em he$e t s "es$e" t% $e)%$m the C e+a

)e.

.1 0i"hts in ersonam

The $+hts ! #e$s%!am hh a$e %!ta!e" ! the )$st #a$t

%) the C C%"e %) I$a5 %!ta! t% s'ets8 !ame* the

the%$* %) %'+at%!s a!" the !%m!ate %!t$ats; ! %$"e$ t%s##%$t s%ast !"e$sta!"!+ a!" t% (ee# ! !e th the

e%!%m a!" s%a "ee%#me!t ! the %!t$* t %" 'e

!eessa$* t% !t$%"e $a"a ame!"me!ts t% the #$%s%!s

%) %'+at%!s a!" !%m!ate %!t$ats 'ase" %! the )%%!+:

- The !te$ests %) s%et* hh a$e $e#$ese!te" ! the

tate mst 'e +e! #$%$t* %e$ th%se %) !""as h%

a$e $e#$ese!te" ! the #$!#e %) s%e$e+!t* %) the

! e!)%$!+ a!" !te$#$et!+ the e+a $eat%!sh#s a!"

%!se5e!t* $e"!+ the "))e$e!es 'etee! the $eat%!s

%) the #' a a!" th%se %) the #$ate ,s#e) as

hh )!" the$ $%%ts ! 'e$a a#tast th%+ht.

- Ve!+ %'+at%!s as 'e!+ $eat%!s 'etee! t%

#a$tes "%es !%t 'a$ the ha!+e %) ethe$ %$ '%th %) them a!"

$es#%!" t% the #$e$e5stes %) the e%!%m a!" s%a

"ee%#me!t a!" sats)* the >at%!a Dee%#me!t Ja!.




3.4-13

- La*!+ "%! the $es hh $e+ate the %!t$ats %)

exet%! %) the >at%!a Dee%#me!t Ja! a!" the exte!t %)

the %'+at%!s a!" the $+hts $est!+ the$e) $%m.

- m#)*!+ the )%$m t% sh exte!t that se$e#' !te$est 't "%es !%t !e+et ,%e$%%( the %$+! %)

$+hts; ths s !ee"e" 'ease the )%$mates %) exet!+

%!t$ats $est ! the !e+et %) the #$ate $+hts

#$%"e" that !%!-a"%#t%! the$e%) "%es !%t ase #$e"e

t% #' !te$est.

- I! "$a!+ # %!t$ats atte!t%! mst 'e

%!e!t$ate" %! 'aa!!+ the $+hts a!" %'+at%!s

$est!+ the$e)$%m a!" %"!+ that hh %ates them a!"

%! the #e$mss't* %) ame!"!+ the %!t$at '* the

"a$* as %" ahee ths 'aa!!+ a!" 'a$ the

"s#%sa %) "s#te" $+hts ! %$"e$ t% $e!"e$ ste8 a%"

"%m!at%!8 a!" $' the th%$! %) the s%e$e+!t* %)

th! the )$ame%$( %) %!t$ata $eat%!sh#s he$e t

has 'e%me a s%$e )%$ ex#%tat%!.

- I! %$"e$ t% #$%tet the ea( #a$t* ! a %!t$ata

$eat%!8 'ee!+ that the tate has a "t* t% exe$se

%!t$% %e$ e+a $eat%!s a!" ! %$"e$ t% $eme"* the

!a"e5a* %) the %!t$ata $es#%!s't* !

+a$a!tee!+ ,se$!+ the $+hts %) the !s$e" #a$t* the

e+a $eat%! mst #$ea %e$ the %!t$ata $eat%!.

- Exte!s%! %) the ases %) !t* as a #e!at* th!

the s%#e %) the "e)ets %) %!se!t th a #%ss't* %)

%#!+ the "+me!t th a!%the$ #e!at* sh as "ama+es8

) -st)a'e; ths sh%" 'e "%!e t% #$ee!t ex#%tat%!

' the st$%!+ #a$t* %) the %!t$at %) the ea( #a$t* a!" t%

"% aa* th the ases a!" a##ea$a!es %) exe$s!+#$ess$e ! exet!+ %!t$ats.

- Ae#t!+ that !t* ma* !%t 'e the %!* st

,)a$ #e!at* he$e the %!t$at has %ate" a $e %)

#' a $eate" t% the %!te!t %) the %!t$at8 the

"a$* mst 'e e!a'e" t% $ee ths %!te!t a!" a"" t%

%$ "eete the$e)$%m ! sh ma!!e$ hh $e!"e$s the %!t$at

s'et t% #' a %!e %) the 'as $es %) hh s

+!+ #$e"%m!a!e t% the !te$est %) the #' set%$ a!"




3.4-14

the #$e$e5stes %) the !at%!a "ee%#me!t %e$ %the$

!te$ests.

- Ree!+ the $es +%e$!!+ !%m!ate %!t$ats a!"

a*!+ "%! $es hh se$e that the #$%s%!sthe$e%) a$e %m#a$a'e th the $e5stes %) the e$a 'ease

s%me %!t$ats %) hh "etae" #$%s%!s hae 'ee! a"

"%! hae 'ee! )$%e! as a $est %) the ha!+e %) the

e%!%m a!" s%a %!"t%!s )%$ hh s#e) #$%s%!s

hae 'ee! e!ate" hh %!)t th the #$%s%!s %) the

C C%"e sh as the %!t$at %) ease; a!" 'ease the

#$%s%!s +%e$!!+ s%me %) the %!t$ats hh e$e

%m#at'e %!e 5a$te$ %) a e!t$* a+% th the s%a a!"

e%!%m %!"t%!s %) I$a5 a!" hae %me !t% #$%m!e!e at

#$ese!t a!" a$e #a*!+ a s+!)a!t $%e ! the e%!%m

"ee%#me!t a!" the "ee%#me!t #a!8 the t$eat!+ %) the$

#$%s%!s $e5$es %se atte!t%! a!" #$ese "eta!+

hh ma(e them %!)%$m t% the $e5stes %) the

"ee%#me!t sh as !s$a!e #%es a!" $a)tsma!s

%!t$ats.

- Re+at!+ the %!t$ats %) %' %$(s8 the

!"e$ta(!+ %) #' ttes a!" the %!t$ats %) s##*

a!" $a)tsma!sh# ! a ma!!e$ hh !"es sh #$%s%!s

%) )%$m a!" #%stt* as %!)%$m t% the$ s+!)a!e

! exet%! %) the >at%!a Dee%#me!t Ja!s.

- >%!-%!t$ata $es#%!s't* ! the )e" %)

#$%"t%! a!" the #$%"t%! se$es a!" ! ase %) "ama+e

$est!+ )$%m th!+s hh "e t% the$ !at$e a$e "a!+e$%s

- sh as meha!a mah!e$* a!" eet$ a!" h*"$a

#%e$ - mst $est %! the eeme!t %) !$* a%!e a!" the

eeme!t %) )at mst 'e ex"e" )$%m the 'ases %)$es#%!s't*8 .e. %! the 'ass %) 'ea$!+ the

%!se5e!es.

- Res#%!s't* )%$ a th$" #a$t*s at%! mst 'e

'ase" %! the eeme!t %) "ama+e 'ase" %! the "ea %) a't*

s% that the maste$ 'e $es#%!s'e )%$ the "ama+e ase"

'* hs )%%e$s ,em#%*ees a!" 'e este" th the

$+ht %) $e%$se a+a!st hs )%%e$ ) the "ama+e as

ase" )* %$ th$%+h hs +$%ss )at; ee$* #e$s%! h%




3.4-1

s '%!" e+a* %$ '* a+$eeme!t t% exe$se %!t$% %e$

s%me%!e h% s ! !ee" %) 'e!+ %!t$%e" "e t% hs

!a#at* %$ hs #h*sa %$ me!ta %!"t%! 'e

$es#%!s'e t% #a* "ama+es )%$ the !$* hh sh #e$s%!has ase" t% a th$" #a$t*; ) h%ee$ the !$* as ase"

'* a #e$s%! h% !ee"s t% 'e %!t$%e" %$ ) t as

m#%ss'e t% %'ta! "ama+es )$%m the #e$s%! $es#%!s'e the

%$t ma* %$"e$ the #e$s%! h% has ase" the !$* t% #a*

)a$ %m#e!sat%! th "e %'se$at%! %) the stat%! %)

the t+a!ts.

- J$%tet%! %) #e$s%!s h% s))e$ !$es as the

#$%s%!s %) !%!-%!t$ata $es#%!s't* a$e !a"e5ate

t% $eme"* the "ama+e s))e$e" '* them th$%+h s%a

se$tes hh th!+ %!)$ms the "t* %) the tate t% a$e

)%$ a!" $eme"* the +$ea!es %) the te!s.

- I!"e ! the C C%"e s#ea #$%s%!s )%$

#$%tet%! %) the %#*$+ht %) te$at$e8 a$ts8 a!" se!e;

the $+hts %) "s%e$es a!" !e!t%!s; )%$ the $e+at%!

%) +%%" ex#%tat%! the$e%) ! a ma!!e$ hh se$es the

m%$a a!" mate$a !te$ests %) the ath%$8 "s%e$e$8 a!"

the !e!t%$ a!" ahees the %'etes %) s%et* !

'"!+ # s%asm.

T% se s#eme! %!t$ats as a mea!s t% exe$se

%!t$% %e$ the a"m!st$at%! a!" t% #$%tet the $+hts %)

the te!s.

- E!at a s#ea a a*!+ "%! the $es %) #$%%)

hh em'$aes )%$m a!" #%stt*.

.= 0i"hts in 0em

The #a$t %) the C C%"e %) I$a5 "ea!+ th the #$ma$*

$+hts ! $em $este" %! +%$)*!+ #$ate %!e$sh# as t

%!s"e$e" the $+ht %) %!e$sh# t% 'e #$ee!te8

%m#$ehe!se8 a!" #e$ma!e!t hh a%s the %!e$ a's%te

"s#%sa %) that hh he %!s ! s#ee 'e!e)t a!"

ex#%tat%!; ths $+ht s !%t $est$te" exe#t as $e+a$"s

that hh ases exesse ha$m t% the !e+h'%$ %$ !%es




3.4-1G

a! m#e$mss'e se %) the $+ht 't "" !%t %!e!t$ate %!

that hh $eates t% #' !te$est ! ths $es#et.

#ea a$e as +e! t% the #$%tet%! a!"

%!)$mat%! %) the ast %!e$sh#s a!" the sem-)e"as*stem a!" )ae" t% $est$t the %me %) %!e$sh# ! a!*

a*.

I! the #a$t "ea!+ th se%!"a$* $+hts ! $em the

%e$a #$%s%!s %$+!ate" )$%m a ea$ t$e!" hh

)a%$e" the !te$est %) the $e"t %e$ that %) the "e't%$

a!" +ae #$e)e$e!e t% a#ta %e$ a'%$.

A the )%$e+%!+ h%ee$ "%es !%t %!)%$m a!* m%$e t%

the #%* a!" %'etes %) the Re%t%!; 'ase" %! the

e%!%m s%a a!" #%ta "ee%#me!t ! I$a5 t s

m#e$ate t% "e)!e the 'as $es ! the #a$t %) the C%"e

"ea!+ th $+hts ! $em a!" the! "e)!e the %'ete!ess

hh t s "es$e" t% ahee.,a The 'as $es

<he$eas the ath%$t* %) the Re%t%! has $eete" the

sem-)e"a a#tast s*stem a!" a"%#te" the s%a s*stem

the $+hts ! $em mst 'e 'ase" %! the )%%!+ 'as $es:

- The s%ast s*stem ams t% e$a"ate theex#%tat%! %) ma! '* ma! a!" the %!)t %) the !te$ests

%) the !""a a!" %) s%et*; a!" he$eas the

$eat%!sh#s $est!+ )$%m %!e$sh# a$e $e)ete" %! the

$eat%!s %) #$%"t%! ! a )e"s t s the$e)%$e

m#e$ate t% ahee a!" %!s%"ate the e5at* %) $+hts

a!" %'+at%!s am%!+ the !te$este" #a$tes as $e+a$"s

$+hts ! $em a!" t% esta'sh the #$!#e %) %%#e$at%!

a!" mta he# as a s+!)a!t 'ass %) the $es a!"

#$%s%!s %!e$!!+ %!e$sh# hh mst 'e !"e" ! the

C C%"e.

- <he! exe$s!+ the $+hts %) %!e$sh# te!s mst

%'se$e #' !te$est a!" that exe$s!+ the same )%$ a!

%'et hh s t% the #$e"e %) the s%et* a!"

!""as 'e "eeme" m#e$mss'e a!" the $est

%'ta!e" the$e'* "%es !%t est a $+ht !t% the "e)ate$ t%

e!%* sh $est.




3.4-1

- The "ee%#me!t %) the e%!%m* ! the s%ast

s*stem "e#e!"s %! a"a!e #a!!!+ hh s #$atse" '* the

tate ! the a$%s set%$s; ths %!se5e!t* 'e

#$e"a t% the $eat%!sh# %) %!e$sh# a!" the$est!+ #e$s%!a $eat%!s hh a$e $e+ate" ! the C

C%"e; 'ase" %! the )%$e+%!+ the $easat%! %) the #a!s a!"

%'etes %) the >at%!a Dee%#me!t Ja! s %!s"e$e" t%

'e a 'ass )%$ the e+a $e+at%! %) the $+hts a!" "tes

$est!+ )$%m %!e$sh#; the #a!!!+ "es%!s

the$e)%$e 'e #a$am%!t am%!+ the st)at%!s %) the a$sa

%) these $+hts a!" "tes; the #$%#$et%$s ,%!e$s sha

as% ahee the $e5stes

W:




3.4-1

)%$ the >at%!a Ja! a!" %-%$"!ate the$ attes th

ts %'etes.

- O!e$sh# s a! e%!%m !%t%! ,%!e#t; the$e)%$e

the %!te!t a!" ha$ate$ %) the $+ht %) %!e$sh# 'e"ete$m!e" a!" ha!+e ! a%$"a!e th the "ee%#me!t

%) the e%!%m $eat%!s %) s%et* a!" the "ee%#me!t

#a!s a!" ma* %!se5e!t* ta(e "))e$e!t )%$ms a!" the se

a!" "s#%sa the$e%) ta(e )%$ms a!" %!te!ts hh

'e "))e$e!t )$%m th%se hh exste" %$ that hh $ests

the$e)$%m.

.b The "eneral ob;ectives

A%$"!+ t% the !e #e$s#ete %) the %ast Re%t%!

the +e!e$a %'ete %) the C C%"e ha!+e sh as

t 'e%me a! e))ete t%% ! the "ee%#me!t a!" the

'"!+ %) the !e s%et*; ths $e)et %! %!e$sh#

a!" the %the$ $+hts ! $em as )%%s:

- O!e$sh# s a s%a )!t%!: the C C%"e mst

the$e)%$e s#e)* the s%a )!t%! %) ee$* (!" %)

#$ate %!e$sh# %) the mea!s %) #$%"t%! a!" the

%at%! %) the %!"t%!s a" "%! ! the a )%$exe$s!+ ths s%a )!t%! $est ! $e%!s"e$!+

the $+ht %) the %!e$ the$e%) '* the tate a!" "ete$m!!+

t$a!s)e$e!e the$e%) t% h%ee$ s a#a'e t% #e$)%$m ths

s%a )!t%!.

- I! ase %) %!)t $e+a$"!+ %!e$sh# %$ the

e!%*me!t the$e%) #' !te$est #$ea %e$ #$ate

!te$est.

- The %!e$sh# %) the tate mst 'e %!s"e$e" as

'e!+ the ea"!+ )%$m %) #' %!e$sh# %! the $%a" t%

'"!+ s%asm he$e #$ate %!e$sh# mst %!)%$m t%

the #$e$e5stes %) the sta+es %) '"!+ s%asm.

- <"e!!+ the s%#e %) %' %!e$sh# t% !"e a!"

#$%tet the #$%#e$t* %) the tate8 the %-%#e$ates a!" the

s%a !sttt%!s; ths e!ta "ete$m!!+ the s%#e

%) #$ate %!e$sh# %) the mea!s %) #$%"t%!8 the

$e+at%! %) the se %) the mea!s %) #$%"t%! hh the




3.4-19

a a%s t% 'e %!e" '* !""as8 a!" the $est$t%! %)

the "s#%sa '* !""as %) the #$%#e$t* hh as )a$ as

s%et* s %!e$!e" has a hst%$ s+!)a!e.

- et "%! the $es hh $e+ate mm%a'e a!"m%a'e #$%#e$t*8 the #$%"ts %) the #' %-%#e$ate a!"

mxe" set%$s a!" %) the #$%ets %) the #$ate set%$ hh

a$e !"e" ! the >at%!a Dee%#me!t Ja!.

- Re+at%! %) the !estme!t %) the #$%#e$t* %) a5)s

,"e"at%!s th! the %m#$ehe!se )$ame%$( %) #a!!!+

! a%$"a!e th the m%st m%"e$! se!t) s*stems !

%$"e$ t% t$a!s)%$m t !t% a! e))ete t%% ! the >at%!a

Dee%#me!t O#e$at%!.

- The $+hts %) #$ate %!e$sh# %) the mea!s %)

#$%"t%! "% !%t est a $+ht ! the %!e$ the$e%) t%

"est$%* them %$ ha!+e the$ ha$ate$sts )%$ %the$ tha!

the #$#%se )%$ hh !te!"e" exe#t th! the mts set

"%! ! the a.

- Je$mss't* %) %!e$t!+ #$ate %!e$sh# !t%

#' %$ %-%#e$ate %!e$sh# a+a!st %m#e!sat%! a!" the

m#e$mss't* %) the $ee$se at%! exe#t ! a%$"a!e

th the $es hh $e+ate the mm%a'e a!" m%a'e

#$%#e$t* a!" #$%"ts.

- a!!!+ the a##$%#$at%! %) #' #$%#e$t* th$%+h

a5st%!s %$ tme mtat%!s; 'a!!!+ the a##$%#$at%!

'* !""as %) the s%$es %) #%e$ sh as the s%$es %)

ate$ a!" $$+at%! %$(s.

- a!!!+ the a$sa %) #$ate %!e$sh# %) mm%a'es

th$%+h %!t+%s!ess.

- Res%! a!" $e+at%! %) the $+hts %) se$t"e

sh as s!(!+ "$a!a+e a!" #assa+e as %!)%$m t% thea#at* %) %!e$sh# as a s%a )!t%!.

- C%!)!e #$e-em#t%! t% ases %) a's%te %!t

%!e$sh# %the$ tha! ! the a+$t$a a!"s.

- Rest$t the $+ht %) %!e$sh# t% ) %!e$sh#

%!e$!!+ a+$t$a a!"s a!" ma(!+ t %se$ t% the

$+ht %) "s#%sa %) Am$ a!"s 'ease the %!e$sh# as a

s%a )!t%! %) the a+$t$a a!"s s $e#$ese!te" !

s!+ them )%$ a+$t$a #$#%ses a!" !% %the$ a!" he!




3.4-20

the* )%$)et the$ a#ates as a+$t$a a!"s "e t% a

ase 'e*%!" the %!t$% %) the %!e$ the$e%) %!e$sh#

the$e%) $ee$ts t% the tate he$e the %!e$ 'e

%m#e!sate" ethe$ ! s#ee %$ ! ash as ma* 'e !eessa$*;)a$e t% tate the a!" $$es#ete %) ts (!" !%t

"e t% a )%$e mae$e %$ %at%! %) the $es a!"

$e5stes %) the Dee%#me!t Ja! 'e "eeme" t% 'e

"s$#t%! %) the s%a )!t%! hh !eesstates

$ee!+ the tte %) ts %!e$sh# a)te$ the #atte$! %) the

$es %) exhast%! ,"s!te+$at%! %) the Am$ a!"s.

- ett!+ "%! the %!"t%!s )%$ %!e*a!e %) the

%!e$sh# %) a+$t$a a!"s '* mta %!se!t %$ '* the

$e %) the a hh mst %!e!t$ate %! the a't* %) the

ass+!ee t% #e$)%$m the s%a )!t%! %) that hh

"e%es #%! hm th! the mts %) hs a#at* t%

ex#%t a!" ! a%$"a!e th the $e5stes %) '"!+

s%asm.

- et "%! a maxmm h%"!+ %) a )am* te" th the

a$$*!+ %! %) the #$%)ess%! %) )a$m!+.

- L5"at%! %) the %!e$sh# a!" $+ht %) "s#%sa %)

6a'se!t6 %!e$s h% a$e !%t #$%)ess%!a )a$me$s %$ th%se h%

"% !%t "% %$( as ata )a$me$s.

- Re"e the ma!* (!"s %) a!" hh hae 'ee! %#e"

! the a )$%m #$e%s as s%me %) hh hae 'ee!

!he$te" )$%m the Ott%ma! e$a a!" %-%$"!ate the$

#$%s%!s sh as 'est% the $+ht %) e!%*me!t as a

s+!)a!t mea!s %) #$%"t%! ! the a+$t$a set%$.

- Ca!e the $et)at%! %) the (!" %) a+$t$a

Am$ a!"s a!" 5"at%! %) the $+ht %) em#h*tess !

a the a+$t$a a!"s.- The !e))etat* %) a!* "s#%sa hh +es $se

t% $+hts %e$ a! a+$t$a a!" hh ma* ea" t%

)%$)et$e the$e%) '* the ata )a$me$ %$ "s$#t ts

)a$m!+.

- et a mt t% the sse#t't* %) #a$tt%!!+ %)

the %!t* %!e" a+$t$a a!" hh %!"es th the

$e5stes %) eah (!" %) the Dee%#me!t Ja! ! the

a$%s a$eas.




3.4-21

- Ca!e the $+ht %) #$ee"e!e ! Am$ a!"s.

- E!at a e+sat%! #e$ta!!+ t% the %!e$sh#

"s#%sa a!" e!%*me!t %) the a+$t$a a!"s hh

%")* ts #$%s%!s hh a$e st satte$e" ! see$aas.

- C%et a!" %-%$"!ate the #$%s%!s %!e$!!+

a+$t$a as sh as 'e ! ha$m%!* th #$%ets %)

the %the$ set%$s hh a$e %!!ete" th the >at%!a

Dee%#me!t Ja!s ! %$"e$ t% se$e ex#e"e!*.

- Ca!e the #%ssess%$* m%$t+a+e %e$ m%a'e #$%#e$t*

'ease %) the a"e5a* %) the athe!t m%$t+a+e ! the

#$%+$ess %) the s%ast t$a!s)%$mat%! ! the $$a a$eas.






3.4-23

JREA7LE

,1 I$a5 has ahee" ts $e!assa!e at the 'e+!!!+ %) ths

e!t$* hh $este" ! !$ease" )ee!+s %) the

!eesst* t% #"ate ma!* as ! %$"e$ t% (ee# a'$east %)

the +$%!+ m%eme!t %) "ea!+s a!" t% a"st t% the !e

stat%!s th! ts s%#e; t as ths !m'e!t t%

!"e ! sh ame!"me!ts the $es %) )!a!a "ea!+s

%) the C C%"e hh s a %!sttt%! )%$ s#ea

"ea!+s a!" a %e$ )%$ the +e!e$a $es )a!+ th!

ts s%#e.

,2 It as )%$ the )%$e+%!+ $eas%!s that a %!se!ss as

$eahe" ! the #ast 1 *ea$s t% the e))et that the sa"

a mst 'e #"ate". Ree!tess e))%$ts e$e ma"e ! ths

"$et%!; the )$st se$%s e!"ea%$ $este" ! the

esta'shme!t %) a %mmss%! ! 1933 hh as )%%e" '*

the %!sttt%! %) a!%the$ %mmss%! ! 193G; the atte$

%mmss%!s %$( as $est$te" t% #$e#a$!+ a #$em!a$*

' %!e$!!+ the $es +%e$!!+ sae %!t$ats; the

m%!+ ! that "$et%! ha" t% st%# 't the "ea 'eh!" t

"" !%t $ee!t a!" the th%+ht %) %!t!!+ ths %$( as!%t !te$$#te". I! 1943 the #$ese!t %mmss%! as set #

!"e$ the ha$ma!sh# %) H.E. D$. A'"e$ Raa5 Aham" As

a!h$; t t%%( the %mmss%! th$ee *ea$s t% %m#ete the

%$(.

,3 I! #$e#a$!+ ths '8 the %mmss%! h%#e" ! #a$ta$

t% %et a!" %")* the satte$e" $es hh a$e !

)%$e )%$ the tme 'e!+ a!" "% aa* th the

!%!sste!es %) the s%$es )$%m hh these $es ha"

'ee! ta(e!.It 8 %! the %!e ha!"8 'e !%te" that the $es %)

the C C%"e %) I$a5 a$e !%t %he$e!t a!" %$+a!se" !

%!e %m#$ehe!se %"e8 'ease the* e$e satte$e" !

"))e$e!t a$eas: s%me %) the %e$a $es +%e$!!+

%!t$ats hae 'ee! ta(e! )$%m A1 7aaa a!" the

#$%s%!s +%e$!!+ %!e$sh# a!" %the$ $+hts ! $em e$e

ta(e! )$%m A1 7aaa a!" the La!" La; the $es %)




3.4-24

se$tes e$e ta(e! #a$t* )$%m A1 7aaa a!" a !m'e$

%) s#e) e+sat%!s; hat s m%$e m#%$ta!t s that

the $es hh a$e "eeme" as 'as t% the C C%"e shas the $es %!e$!!+ !te$est8 %m#e!sat%! ,"ama+es8

ases %) a5st%! %) #%ssess%! a!" the #$e+e"

$+hts8 hae 'ee! !"e" th the $es %) exet%!

ta(e! )$%m the C J$%e"$e La a!" the Exet%! a!"

7a+st$ates C%$ts Las; Isam $s#$"e!e s the

"$et s%$e %) the $es %!e$!!+ a5)s a!" #e$s%!a

stats matte$s.

,4 It +%es th%t sa*!+ that the "s#e$sa %) the $es %)

the C C%"e ! ths ma!!e$ s #$e"a t% the

%!sste!*8 %-%$"!at%! a!" %!t!t* %) these $es.

The e))et %) the )%$e+%!+ s !%t $est$te" t% the ma!*

"))tes hh a $esea$he$ e!%!te$s ! 5est %)

e+a $es 't exte!"s 'e*%!" that t% %m#at!+ these

$es a!" %s!+ the "%%$s %) the$ ma!* as#ets hh

th!+ s #$e"a t% the sta't* %) the $+hts a!"

t$a!sat%!s.

, It s !%te" %! the %the$ ha!" that the a)%$eme!t%!e" $eshae 'ee! ta(e! )$%m a$%s s%$es: s%me %) them e$e

ta(e! )$%m the Isam $s#$"e!e a!" s%me e$e ta(e!

)$%m the Isam $s#$"e!e as e+sate" ! A1 7aaa

a!" st %the$ #a$ts hae 'ee! ta(e! )$%m the %" Ott%ma!

as. These as ! t$! hae 'ee! "e$e" ! #a$ta$

)$%m the B$e!h as a!" the %a sa+e. I! (ee#!+ th

"ee%#me!ts t as !eessa$* t% e!at a +$eat !m'e$ %)

the s#e) e+sat%!s %!e$!!+ e$ta! matte$s %) the

C C%"e hh hae 'ee! ta(e! )$%m these a!" %the$

s%$es. Ha!+ 'ee! ta(e! )$%m a$%s s%$es these $es

hae !%t 'ee! %-%$"!ate" th the matte$s hh a$e

%se* $eate" a!" $e+ate these $es.

,G The )%$e+%!+ $este" ! t% th!+s: the )$st s the

m#%ss't* %) "e$!+ +e!e$a $es hh "%m!ate

the h%e %) the C C%"e8 sh as the +e!e$a the%$* %)

%'+at%!s; these $es hae the$ s+!)a!e



!%t %!* as 'e!+ a $e)e$e!e )%$ a "+e h% s !a'e t%

a""ate a matte$8 't as% as 'e!+ a +"e )%$ the

e+sat%$ t% he# hm set "%! the s#e) e+sat%!s;the %the$ matte$ s that the $es %) the C C%"e %)

I$a5 a$e "e%" %) the mea!!+ %) h%m%+e!et* hh mea!!+

a!!%t 'e ma"e aaa'e '* a* %) a %m#$ehe!se

%%$"!at%! hh (ee# the +e!e$a #$!#es st(

t%+ethe$ a!" #%sh the "etae" #$%s%!s as t+hte!

the$ !te$%!!et%!s a!" #ae them ! the a##$%#$ate

#ae th! these %$+!s. Ths %-%$"!at%! a!!%t 'e

ahee" s% %!+ as the att* %) the e+sat%! $ema!s

"s#e$se" a!" #$%t$ate" th%t 'e!+ $est$te" t%as#ets %$ '$a!hes the$e%).

, The e+sat%$ has #a" s#ea atte!t%! t% these t%

as#ets: he ma"e s$e that the satte$e" #$%s%!s %) the

C C%"e a$e %")e" t%+ethe$ he$e'* m%st %) the $es

satte$e" he$e a!" the$e e$e #ae" ! the$ #$%#e$ #ae.

The m%st sae!t exam#e ! ths $e+a$" s #a!+ the

#$%s%!s %) the La!" La a!" th%se %!e$!!+ se$tes

! $em at %!e ee th the %the$ #$%s%!s %!e$!!+

%!e$sh# a!" $+hts ! $em; the e+sat%$ as% ma"e

e))%$ts t% %-%$"!ate the #$%s%!s %!ta!e" the$e!

ha$m%!s!+ the #$%s%!s that hae 'ee! "e$e" )$%m the

Isam $s#$"e!e a!" th%se "e$e" )$%m %the$ s%$es

a!" ! "%!+ these t% %'ets hae 'ee! $ease"8 !ame*

)$st8 ma(!+ a* )%$ %e$a #$%s%!s ! hh a$e

%!e!t$ate" +e!e$a the%$es8 a!" se%!"*8 hh s the

m%$e s+!)a!t8 #a!+ the a* )%$ the A$a' C C%"e.

, The %!t$es %) the A$a' East a$e ""e" ! t% +$%#s:%!e +$%# hh st $ees ma!* %! the %$%s%!s %)

67aaat A1 Ah(am A1 A"**a6 sh as I$a58 Jaest!e a!"

T$a!s%$"a!; a!" the %the$ +$%# hh has a"%#te" the

m%"e$! e+sat%! hh %!t$es e!ate" e+sat%!s a!"

5%te" )$%m the as %) the <est #a$ta$* the as %)

B$a!e8 sh as E+*#t8 *$a8 Le'a!%!8 T!sa a!" 7%$%%.

Eah %!e %) these t% +$%#s



!+s t% ts #$%e"$e he$e the )%$me$ $eta!s the %"

a!" %!!ets t th the ases %) )e a!" a"a!eme!t a!"

the atte$ "e!es ts #ast a!" "%es !%t ta(e 'e!e)t %) the

eath %) the Isam $s#$"e!e. It as %!s"e$e"

%!e!e!t t% ma(e the e+sat%! a! exam#e %) the

e+sat%! hh mst #$ea ! the A$a' %!t$es; t

as ths ma"e a h%m%+e!e%s th!+ hh '$!+s t%+ethe$

$es hh hae 'ee! %#e" )$%m the Isam ha$a a!"

$es hh hae 'ee! %#e" )$%m the <est; %!sttt!+ t

! ths ma!!e$ st$e!+the! the %-%$"!at%! %) these

t% s%$es: t hae e!%+h s%#e t% )ae m%"e$!

sat%! stat%!s a!" s#$ the e))%$ts t% ma(e a%m#a$ate st"* %) the Isam $s#$"e!e hh

$ee!ates a!" e!a'es t t% (ee# a'$east %) these

stat%!s.

,9 <he! the Isam $s#$"e!e has 'ee! $ee" as

a)%$esa" t #ae the a* )%$ 6The A$a' C C%"e6;

the$e s !% "%'t that ths $s#$"e!e 'e%me a

s%$e ) %) )e a!" m%eme!t a!" 'e %$th* %)

'e!+ a 'ass %! hh $est a m%st m%"e$!

e+sat%!. Ath%+h sh e+sat%! s at #$ese!t a me$esh t !ee$theess #ae the a* )%$ ahe!+ ths

sh th$%+h the 'est a!" m%st e))ete mea!s.

,10 The #$%s%!s %!ta!e" ! ths e+sat%! hae

'ee! ta(e! )$%m the E+*#ta! e+sat%!8 hh s ! ts

t%tat* a seete" !m'e$ %) $es hh sette" ! the

m%st "ee%#e" e+sat%!s %) the <este$! <%$"8 a!" )$%m

the Isam ha$a. The ma%$t* %) these #$%s%!s "%

!%t )a th! the #e$mete$ %) a!* s#e) sh%% %)

Isam th%+ht; the e+sat%$ s#a$e" !% e))%$t !

%%$"!at!+ the #$%s%!s hh hae 'ee! ta(e! )$%m ts

t% 'as s%$es - the Isam ha$a a!" the as %) the

<este$! <%$" - a %) hh hae 'ee! me$+e" t%+ethe$ as

%!e !te+$a !t %!ea!+ the "#t* a!" "s#a$t* %)

the s%$es: ! the %e$%! ! exe$s!+ a $+ht a!"

%the$ the%$es the e+sat%$ '$%+ht t%+ethe$ ha$m%!%s*

the Isam a!" <este$! $s#$"e!es hh th!+ ma"e




#%ss'e the me$+!+ %) ma!* a##at%!s )$%m 7aaat A1

Ah(am A1 A"**a a!" the %$(s %) the m%sem $sts !

+e!e$a te$ms as e as the <este$! e+sat%!s; ths the

esteem %) the Isam $s#$"e!e $eta!s tse) a!" the

ases $ema! %!!et!+ the #ast8 the #$ese!t a!" the

)t$e.

,11 As t% the a$$a!+eme!t a!" ass)at%! the

e+sat%! has a"%#te" the #atte$! %) the E+*#ta!

e+sat%! a!" %#e!e" # th a #$em!a$* tte %m#%se"

%) t% set%!s8 !ame*: %!e set%! +e! t% the #e$s%!a

$+hts a!" a!%the$ set%! "e%te" )%$ the $+hts ! $em.

.1The reliminar art

,12 Ths Ja$t has 'ee! a$$a!+e" %! the #atte$! %)

%m#a$a'e m%"e$! e+sat%!s sh%!+ the %$+!s %) I$a5

La a!" "ete$m!!+ the $e #e$ta!!+ t% the %!)t %)

as as $e+a$"s tme a!" #ae. A)te$ that t %e$e" the

t% 'as eeme!ts %) the $+ht8 .e. #e$s%!a a!"

#$%#e$t*. It "" !%t %e$%%( "ete$m!!+ the the%$* %) the

exe$se %) a $+ht as a +e!e$a the%$* %e$!+ a the

as#ets %) the a - mate$a a!" #e$s%!a; ths +e!e$a

stat%! as #$e)e$$e" $athe$ tha! ea!+ t as a me$e

a##at%! %) the the%$* %) !a) ats.

The s%$es %) the a a$e the e+sat%!8 the!

sa+e8 the! the Isam $s#$"e!e th%t 'e!+

$est$te" t% %!e s#e) sh%% %) th%+ht8 a!" ast*

the $es %) e5t*; these a$e the )%$ma s%$es hh a$e

assste" '* t% s%$es %) !te$#$etat%!8 !ame* the

Isam $s#$"e!e a!" the "a$* %) I$a5 a!" %) the)%$e+! %!t$es the as %) hh a$e %m#a$a'e t% the

as %) I$a5.

,13 The %!)t %) as as $e+a$"s tme as

"ete$m!e" that the e))et %) the e+sat%! "%es !%t $est

%! the #ast as ths s a! esse!ta $e hh has 'ee!

a"%#te" '* a as; se#a$ate $es e$e a" "%! )%$ the

%!)t %) as as $e+a$" #ae hh has 'e%me (!%! as




3.4-2

6The J$ate I!te$!at%!a La6; these $es %!ta!e"

s%t%!s )%$ "s#tes a$s!+ )$%m #e$s%!a stats8

%'+at%!s8 %!t$ats8 $+hts ! $em a!" the #$%e"$e;

these $es hae 'ee! %#e" )$%m the m%st m%"e$! <este$!

e+sat%!; the$e s !% "%'t that the $e+at%! %) the

%!)t %) as - ! ts t% as#ets - )s a +$eat +a#

! the #$ese!t a.

,14 The J$em!a$* Ja$t as% %e$e" !at$a a!"

$st #e$s%!s; as $e+a$"s the )%$me$ the a "eat th

ts )%$ 'as eeme!ts - !at%!at*8 the )am*8 the

"%me a!" the !ame - a!" as $e+a$"s the atte$ the a

e!me$ate" '%th #' a!" #$ate $st #e$s%!s a!"m%e" the$e)$%m t% "ea th s%et* )%$ hh t a" a

"e)!t%! a!" e)t the matte$ %) the %!sttt%! a!"

meth%" %) !"!+ them # t% the s#e) e+sat%! hh

$e+ates them; the! the e+sat%$ m%e" t% "ea th

)%!"at%!s a!" a" "%! the $es !ee"e" )%$ the

esta'shme!t the$e%) as e as the $es +%e$!!+ the$

!"!+ # a!" %!t$% the$e%): the )%!"at%!s s a !e

$e+at%! !t$%"e" ! the e+sat%! a!" ! ma!* ases

t s'stttes a5) a!" s m%$e #$e)e$a'e ! se$!+ the%'ets )%$ hh the* a$e esta'she" t% ahee.

,1 The J$em!a$* Ja$t ""e" th!+s a!" #$%#e$t*

!t% the (!%! "s%!s; s#ea atte!t%! as #a" t% the

"s%! %) a $+ht !t% $+hts ! #e$s%!am a!" $+hts !

$em hh "s%! s 'as ! a %!t$* hh ! a""t%!

t% the Isam $s#$"e!e a"%#ts the as %) the <est.

Section .i 0i"hts in ersonam

#bli"ations and nominate contracts

,1G I! %%( I %) ths set%! the e+sat%!

)%$mate" a +e!e$a the%$* )%$ %'+at%!s hh the%$*

"%es !%t exst ! A1 7aaa ath%+h t %#es the t%#

#ae ! a the m%"e$! e+sat%!s. Ths the%$* as ta(e!

)$%m the #$%s%!s %) A1 7aaa a!" )$%m the




3.4-29

Isam $s#$"e!e ! +e!e$a a!" t% a +$eat exte!t )$%m

the E+*#ta! e+sat%!. These #$%s%!s t$eate" the

%$+!s %) %'+at%!s hh a$e the %!t$at8 the

!""a 8 !a) ats8 +a! th%t ase a!" the

a. I! t$eat!+ these s%$es %-%$"!at%! as ma"e

'etee! the Isam $s#$"e!e a!" the as %) the <est

! sh ma!!e$ hh ma"e the Isam $s#$"e!e t%

math these as t% a +$eat exte!t.

,1 The e+sat%! the! "eat th the e))ets a!"

"es$#t%! %) %'+at%!s8 sh as %!"t%!s8 te$m8 %!t

a't* a!" !"s't*; t a"%#te" a%!+s"e the

%!t a't* "ete$m!e" ! the as %) the <est thethe%$* %) the %!t "e't8 the atte$ the%$* 'e!+ ta(e!

)$%m the Isam ha$a; t the! "eat th ass+!me!t %)

%'+at%!s a!" %e$e" the ass+!me!t %) "e'ts8 hh s

ta(e! )$%m the Isam $s#$"e!e8 the ass+!me!t %)

$+hts hh has 'ee! %#e" )$%m the as %) the <est ths

ma(!+ the !te+$at%! %) the t% ass+!me!ts %m#ete;

the! t "eat th the #$%s%!s %!e$!!+ the a#se

,ext!+shme!t %) the %'+at%! $e+a$"ess %) hethe$

the ext!+shme!t as '* "sha$+e %$ '* that hh se5ae!t t% "sha$+e sh as $ea8 set %)) %$ me$+e$

%) a't* %$ '* $eease %) a't*8 m#%ss't* %)

e!)%$eme!t %$ #$es$#t%!; ! a the )%$e+%!+ t as

#%ss'e )%$ the Isam ha$a t% math the as %) the

<est.

,1 The e+sat%! the! m%e" t% esta'sh!+

%'+at%!s a!" )%%e" ! "%!+ s% the st %) the as

%) the <est a!" #$%"e" that the $t!+ s the %$+!

,)!"ame!ta a!" !%t the e"e!e; #a$t %) the #$%s%!s

%) the 7aaa as a"%#te" hh $e!"e$ the matte$ %)

esta'sh!+ s%meth!+ at%mat he$e the "+e has !%

ha!" ! t a!" the$e s !% %!t$% %e$ hm; the$e s !%

"%'t that the e+sat%! has $ease" exte!se $e)%$ms

! ths Ja$t that as 'a"* !ee"e" '* ste.

,19 I! %%( II8 the e+sat%! t$eate" the !%m!ate

%!t$ats ""!+ them !t% )e ate+%$es8 !ame*:




3.4-30

%!t$ats %!e$!!+ %!e$sh#8 %!t$ats %!e$!!+

'e!e)ts8 %!t$ats %) %$( a!" aeat%$* %!t$ats;

+a$a!tee ,a$$a!t* s s#e) t% the atte$ (!" %)%!t$ats; Isam $s#$"e!e mathe" #e$)et* th the

as %) the <est !s%)a$ as $e+a$"s !%m!ate %!t$ats; t

s e (!%! that ths $s#$"e!e sets "%! the

$eea!t #$%s%!s th +$eat sm#t* a!" a%ates

s#ea a$e )%$ t. Ths the e+sat%! as a'e th%t

mh e))%$t t% )!" a'!"a!t mate$as ! the Isam

$s#$"e!e )$%m hh these %!t$ats hae 'ee!

)%$mate" th%t "eat!+ )$%m the +e!e$a $es %)

%'+at%!s a!" th%t %!)t!+ th the #$!#es %)the as %) the <est8 $e+a$"ess %) hethe$ the %!t$at

%!e$!e" %!e$sh#8 sh as saes8 "%!at%!s8

#a$t!e$sh#s8 %a!s a!" %m#%st%!s8 %$ 'e!e)ts sh as

eases a!" %a!!+ th%t %!s"e$at%! %$ %$(8 sh as

%$( %!t$ats8 a+e!* a!" "e#%st; the e+sat%! "" !%t

!t$%"e ma!* #$%s%!s t% the a$$a!t* %!t$at 't

+e!e$a* a'"e" '* the $es %) the Isam $s#$"e!e;

t h%ee$ !t$%"e" !e #$%s%!s ! )e a!!tes a!"

!s$a!e #%es.

Section .ii 0i"hts in 0ea& #wnership and Sec!rities

,20 Ja$t III %!ta!s t% '%%(s: %!e "ea!+ th

%!e$sh# a!" the #$!#a ,#$ma$* $+hts ! $em a!" the

%the$ th se$tes hh a$e the $+hts ! $em.

,21 The #$%s%!s %!e$!!+ %!e$sh# e$e a"

"%! ! "eta ma$(!+ ts s%#e a!" $est$t%!s a!"

ex#$esse" ts (!"s; %!t %!e$sh# as "eat th at

e!+th ! #a$ta$; the ases %) a5$!+ %!e$sh#

e$e the! #$%"e" )%$: t %" 'e a5$e" '* a5st%!

a' !t% a!" '* $eas%! %) "eath8 '* !he$ta!e a!" '*

s; t %" 'e a5$e" am%!+ !+ #e$s%!s '*

%!t+%s!ess8 #$sa!t t% %!t$ats8 '* #$e-em#t%! a!"

#%ssess%!; #$e-em#t%! as +e! s#ea atte!t%! '*

a*!+ "%! the #$%s%!s +%e$!!+ t8 ts #$%e"$e8 a!"




3.4-31

the tme mts %!e$!!+ t sh as se$e the

sta't* %) "ea!+s a!" a%" the es %) s$#$ses; t

as% a" "%! a "etae" the%$* %!e$!!+ #%ssess%!8 tseeme!ts a!" %!"t%!s a!" the e))ets $est!+

the$e)$%m. I! a the )%$e+%!+ the e+sat%! %%$"!ate"

the #$%s%!s %) the Isam $s#$"e!e a!" the

#$!#es %) the as %) the <est a!" %#e" a +$eat "ea

)$%m the E+*#ta! La.

,22 Re+a$"!+ the $+hts ! $em hh a$e "e$e"

)$%m %!e$sh# a!" e+sat%! "ssse" the $+hts %)

"s#%sa8 em#h*tess a!" s)$ts8 as e as the $+ht

%) se$ %) ha'tat%! a!" %) s$)a!+ ,msataha hh sa $+ht ! $em hh s a5$e" '* the essee #$sa!t t%

a %!+ %!t$at %) ease8 the $+hts %) se$t"es )%$

hh a +e!e$a the%$* as a" "%! a!" %#e" )$%m the

E+*#ta! La.

,23 The ast %%( %) the e+sat%! %e$e" the

se$tes ! $em8 .e. athe!t a!" #%ssess%$* m%$t+a+es

a!" #$e+e" $+hts.

The athe!t m%$t+a+e as s% )%$mate" as t%

%%$"!ate the #$%s%!s %) the %a ,!at%!a a a!"

the #$%s%!s %) the E+*#ta! La a!" ths !t$%"e" ma!*

ame!"me!ts ! )a%$ %) the $ea estate t$sts ! I$a5; as

$e+a$"s the #%ssess%$* m%$t+a+e the e+sat%! %%$"!ate"

the #$%s%!s %) A1 7aaa a!" th%se %) the E+*#ta! La;

as t% #$e+e" $+hts $e!%at%! s m%$e a##a$e!t he$e

the I$a5 e+sat%! )%%e" the st %) the E+*#ta!

La.

The sm#)at%! %) the #$%s%!s %) the se$tes! $em the $ea estate t$st ! I$a5 has 'e%me +a$a!tee"

! a ma!!e$ hh %!)%$ms t% the $e5$eme!ts %) m%"e$!

sat%! a!" %m#a$es th the as %) the .<est.



I

I






3.4-1

LAW NO.40 OF 1951

THE CIVIL CODE

he$e'* %$"e$ the #$%m+at%! %) the )%%!+ a hh has 'ee! #asse" '*

$ame!t:

0)I6I270B 70T

Chapter 1 ? 7pplication of the aw

te 1 M - ,1 The e+sate #$%s%!s sha a##* t% a matte$s %e$!+ these%s%!s ! ette$ t$e!" a!" %!te!t.

,2 I! the a'se!e %) a!* a##a'e e+sate #$%s%!s ! the a the %$t

a a""ate a%$"!+ t% st%m a!" sa+e; ! the a'se!e %) st%m a!" sa+e !

%$"a!e th the #$!#es %) the Isam ha$a hh a$e m%st %!sste!t th

e #$%s%!s %) ths La 't th%t 'e!+ '%!" '* a!* s#e) sh%% %) th%+ht;

" %the$se ! a%$"a!e th the as %) e5t*.

,3 The %$t sha ! a the )%$e+%!+ 'e +"e" '* the a""at%! "ete$m!e"

the "a$* a!" $s#$"e!e ! I$a5 a!" the! %) the %the$ %!t$es the as %)

h a$e #$%xmate t% the as %) I$a5.

te 28 - <he$e the$e s a #$%s%! !% !"e#e!"e!t "+me!t ,tha" s

$mss'e.

#a!at%! a%$"!+ t% 7aaat A1 Ah(am A1 A"**a8 '* am Rst%m a:

6L!+sta* tha" ,!"e#e!"e!t

"+me!t ! a e+a %$ the%%+a 5est%!8 'ase" %! the !te$#$etat%! a!"

#at%! %) the )%$ Fs ,eeme!ts as %##%se" t% the ta5ee" ,t$a"t%! s

e ma(!+ %) a! e))%$t t% %'ta! that hh s !te!"e" ,H!"**e; a%$"!+ t% thea$a tha" s the ma(!+ %) a! e))%$t '* a $st t% %'ta! a ha$a $e8 ts

ss 'e!+ Isam8 $eas%!8 mat$t* a!" the $st 'e!+ h+h* a##$ehe!se '* !at$a

s#%st%! a!" ea$!e" ! the A$a' a!+a+e (!%!+ a!" ha!+ a %m#$ehe!se m!"

the %%( %) %" as $e+a$"s the $es a!" th%$%+h* )ama$ th A1 Ha"th

$%#het t$a"t%! - 'e t text as$#t%!8 a'$%+ate" t% s#e$se"e a!%the$ t$a"t%!

" a'$%+ate" - a!" th%$%+h* )ama$ th a!a%+* ,5*ass: a these 5a)at%!s

$e!"e$ a e+st a's%te .e. +!+ !"e#e!"e!t "+me!ts %! a $es; 't a




3.4-2

+st %) %!e $e t% the exs%! %) a!%the$ $e mst (!% a that hh $eates t%

at $e %!* ,Ra"" 7hta$.

6The mea!!+ %) ths A$te s that t s !%t #e$mss'e t% ma(e a!

"e#e!"e!t "+me!t ! $es#et %) a ha$a ase ! $es#et %) hh the$e s a

%s%! ,$e 'ease the ma(!+ %) a! !"e#e!"e!t "+me!t 'e he$e the$e s

#$%s%! ! $es#et the$e%)8 )%$ exam#e the$e s a #$%s%! ,! the %%(

%h't!+ !ste ,%##$ess%! a!" +am'!+ he$e t s !%t #e$mss'e t% a%

em...6

te 3. - That hh has 'ee! esta'she" %!t$a$* t% a!a%+* a!!%t 'e se" as

a%+* )%$ %the$ matte$s.

#a!at%! a%$"!+ t% 7aaat A1 Ah(am A1 A"**a '* am Rst%m a: 6The sae %)

at hh "%es !%t exst s !%t #e$mss'e the$e)%$e )%$a$" '*!+ eases a!"

'$ate" %!t$ats a$e !%t #e$mss'e a%$"!+ t% a!a%+* 'ease the %'et

e$e%) s s%meth!+ !%!exste!t at the tme %) %!"!+ the %!t$at 't %!+ t%

+e!es )%$a$" '*!+ a!" eases e$e #e$mtte" '* #$%s%! '* a##at%! %)

+a "s$et%! ! a e+a "es%! a!" the t$a!sat%! %) )a'$at%! th$%+h

a!+s a!" %!se!ss; he$e a #e$s%! has s%" a th!+ #$ete!"!+ t s hs %!

%#e$t* ! the #$ese!e %) %!e %) hs $eat%!s h% (e#t se!t the ase hh as

%+ht the$ea)te$ '* the atte$ ,am!+ the th!+ !%t 'e hea$": as ths s!t$a$* t% a!a%+* t !%t 'e se" as a!a%+*.6

te 48 - ,1 I! ase %) %!)t the m#e"me!t sha hae #$ee"e!e %e$ that

h s $e5ste.

#a!at%! a%$"!+ t% a: 6B%$ ths $eas%! !% #e$s%!

* "s#%se %) hs #$%#e$t* ) a th$" #a$t*s $+ht s $eate" the$et% %$ ) t

se a##a$e!t "ama+e t% hs !e+h'%$: e.+. ! the )%$me$ ase ) the m%$t+a+%$ has

" the m%$t+a+e" #$%#e$t* th%t #e$mss%! %) the m%$t+a+ee sh sae 'e'et t% 'e!+ ath%$se" ,a%e" '* the m%$t+a+ee 'ease the m%$t+a+e s the

%#e$t* %) the m%$t+a+%$ hh $e!"e$s the sae e))eta8 't the m%$t+a+ees $+ht

$eate" t% the m%$t+a+e a!" s ths a 'a$ ,a! m#e"me!t t% the sae ta(!+

me"ate e))et ths the m#e"me!t s ta(!+ #$ee"e!e; the same th!+ a##es he$e

e ess%$ has s%" the $e!te" #$%#e$t* th%t ta(!+ eae )$%m the essee; a!

am#e %) the se%!" ase s he$e the ##e$ ee 'e%!+s t% %!e #e$s%! a!" the %e$

e 'e%!+s t% a!%the$ #e$s%! a!" !ethe$ %) them ma* "em%sh %$ "% a!*th!+ ,a$$*-

t a!* %$(s t% hs #$%#e$t* hh ase "ama+e t% the %the$ th%t hs




3.4-3

$mss%!; the$e s h%ee$ a! exe#t%! t% ths $e: he$e a %-%!e$ %) a %!t*

!e" h%se s a'se!t the %the$ %-%!e$ h% s #$ese!t ma* "e the$e! as ! ths

se the $es"e!e %) %!e #a$t!e$ s the $e5ste th!+ a!" the m#e"me!t )$%m

s"e!e s the sha$e %) the a'se!t #a$t!e$: the$e)%$e the $e5ste th!+ has 'ee!

e! #$ee"e!e %e$ the m#e"me!t.6

,2 I) the m#e"me!t has ease" that hh ha" 'ee! #$%h'te" 'e $e-

ta'she" ,$ee" 't that hh has a#se" sha !%t 'e $ee".

#a!at%! %) 7aaat A1 Ah(am A1 A"**a '* am Rst%m

: 7atte$s hh '$a!h )$%m ths maxm a$e that he$e the +$a!tee has a""e"

meth!+ t% the th!+ +$a!te" the +$a!t%$ s 'a$$e" )$%m $e%(!+ the +$a!t; 't )

e sa" !$ease has ease" the +$a!t%$ 'e $e-e+'e t% $e%(e ,the +$a!t

$a$; as% he$e a #e$s%! has "s%e$e" a! %" "e)et ! the th!+ he ha" #$hase"

ma* $esttte t t% the e!"%$ 't ) a "e)et has %$$e" he the th!+

$hase" as ! the #%ssess%! %) the #$hase$ $esttt%! %! a%!t %) the

$$!+ "e)et s 'a$$e"; 't ) the "e)et that has %$$e" has ease" t% exst the

+ht %) $esttt%! s $e+a!e" '* the #$hase$8 'ease ) the m#e"me!t has ease"

at hh has 'ee! #$%h'te" s $ee"; as% ) a %ma! has ma$$e" a!" )%$)ete"

$ $+ht t% !$s!+ ,'$!+!+ # a h"; 't ) she s se#a$ate" ,'* "%$e he$

+ht s $ee" 'ease %) the essat%! %) the m#e"me!t ,.e. ma$$a+e ,Tahta;s% he$e a #e$s%! has #$hase" a! m#e$)et th!+ a!" the! m%$t+a+e" a!" "ee$e"

t% the m%$t+a+ee the $+ht t% $es!" the sae s 'a$$e" '* $eas%! %) the m#e$)et

!"t%! %) the th!+ s%" as the m%$t+a+ees $+ht s %!!ete" th the th!+ s%"

t ) the #$hase$ has #a" the e!"%$s "e't a!" )te" ,#$+e" the m%$t+a+e the

+ht t% $e%(e the sae s $ee" ,as ! 7ama a A!h$ 'ease he! the m#e"me!t

s ease"8 hh s the m%$t+a+e8 that hh has 'ee! #$%h'te" has 'ee! $ee"8

e. the $+ht %) $e%at%!; as% ) the e"e!e %) a '!" #e$s%! has 'ee! $eete"

ase %) the '!"!ess a!" the m!%$ )%$ 'e!+ %) m!%$ a+e a!" ) ate$ %! the '!"

+a!e" hs s+ht a!" the m!%$ atta!e" ma%$t* a!" +ae e"e!e %!e m%$e sh"e!e 'e a"mtte".

te . - The ha!+e %) #$%s%!s ,$es t% %!)%$m t% ha!+!+ tmes s !%t

!e".

at s !te!"e" he$e s that the $es hh hae the$ 'ases ! st%m a!" sa+e a!"

t ! texts a!" #$%%)s




ha!+e th the ha!+e %) st%ms a!" sa+es %! hh the*

ha" 'ee! 'ase". The a!e!t $sts "+e" that ) a #e$s%!

has #$hase" a h%se a!" ee" %!e %) ts $%%ms hs %#t%!

t% e!+ has a#se" 'ease the $%%ms %) h%ses "$!+

the$ e#%h se" t% 'e 't %! the same #atte$!; he! the

tmes ha!+e" a!" h%ses 'e+a! t% 'e 't ! "))e$e!t

#atte$!s a!" ses t 'eame !eessa$* that a the $%%ms

mst 'e ee" s% that the %#t%! %) e!+ a#se; t

as %!s"e$e" that the s$#e$ mst !%t 'e a'e %! the

'e!e)ts %) the th!+ s$#e" 't he! the $sts !%te"

the +$ee" %) the #e%#e t% a5$e the #$%#e$t* %) a5)s a!"

%$#ha!a+es the* ma"e !"e#e!"e!t "+me!ts ,)ata that sh#e$s%!s %" 'e a'e %! the #$%)ts %) sh #$%#e$tes s%

that the #$%#e$t* %) a5)s a!" %$#ha!s 'e sa)e+a$"e"

,#$%tete".

A$te G. - The a) #e$mss't* !e+ates a't*: he

h% exe$ses hs $+ht a)* sha !%t 'e a'e %! the

"ama+es $est!+ the$e)$%m.

Ex#a!at%! %) 7aaat A Ah(am A A"**a '* am Rstma: 6I) a ma! has s!( a e ! hs #$%#e$t* he$e! the

a!ma %) a!%the$ #e$s%! has )ae! a!" #e$she" the #e$s%!

h% s!( the e sha !%t 'e a'e )%$ a!*th!+.

6ma$* ) a! a+e!t ,ath%$se" t% se has

%!"e" a m%$t+a+e )%$ the #$e %) the #$%#e$t* hh he

ha" s%" %! $e"t a!" the #$%#e$t* m%$t+a+e" #e$she" the

a+e!t sha !%t 'e a'e; as% he$e a #e$s%! has $e!te" a

h%se a!" sa!( a e ! the ease" #$%#e$t* he$e a th$"

#a$t* s))e$e" !$*; ) the s!(!+ as th #e$mss%! %)

the a!"%$" !% a't* a$e hh th!+ %" 'e as

th%+h the a!"%$" ha" s!( the e hmse); 't ) the

s!(!+ as !%t th the #e$mss%! %) the a!"%$"8 the

essee 'e a'e8 et...6

A$te . - ,1 He h% m#e$mss'* exe$ses hs $+ht

sha 'e a'e.




3.4-G

,2 The exe$se %) a $+ht 'e%mes m#e$mss'e ! the

)%%!+ ases:

,a he$e sh exe$se s !te!"e" t% ase !$* t%

a th$" #a$t*;

,' he$e the 'e!e)ts s%+ht )$%m sh exe$se a$e

!s+!)a!t sh as t !%t at a 'e

#$%#%$t%!ate t% the !$* ase" the$e'* t% a

th$" #a$t*;

, he$e the 'e!e)ts t% 'e %'ta!e" a$e !a).

A$te . The a$"!+ %)) ,#$ee!t%! %) e s m%$e

"ese$!+ ,me$t%$%s tha! *e"!+ 'e!e)ts.

<he$e a! e a!" a! !te$est ,'e!e)t a$e ! %!)t8

a$"!+ %)) the e hae #$ee"e!e 'ease the

e+sat%$ +es m%$e atte!t%! t% the #$%h't%!s tha! t%

the %mma!"me!ts ,Ash'ah. The )%%!+ stems )$%m ths

$e: a ma! 'e 'a$$e" )$%m "s#%s!+ %) hs #$%#e$t* )

sh "s#%sa ases +$eat !$* t% hs !e+h'%$ 'ease

a$"!+ %)) the e )$%m hs !e+h'%$ has #$%$t* %e$

*e"!+ 'e!e)ts )%$ hmse).

A$te 98 - I! the a'se!e %) a #$%s%! ! the a

%the$se the tme mts 'e aate" a%$"!+ t% the

$e+%$a! Cae!"a$.

Section .1 ? Conflict of laws in application

,1 C%!)t as t% tme

A$te 10. - The a sha !%t 'e %#e$ate exe#t )$%m

the tme he! t 'e%mes e))ete: t sha !%t 'e a##e"

t% #$e%s )ats exe#t he$e the$e s a #$%s%! ! the

!e a t% the %!t$a$* %$ he$e the !e a $eates t%

#' %$"e$ %$ m%$at*.




3.4-

A$te 11. - ,1 The !e #$%s%!s ,e+sat%! %!e$!!+

,e+a a#at* sha a##* t% a #e$s%!s h% ))

,sats)* the %!"t%!s #$es$'e" ! sa" #$%s%!s.

,2 <he$e a #e$s%! h% ha" the ,e+a a#at* !

a%$"a!e th )%$me$ #$%s%!s 'e%mes %) "m!she"

a#at* #$sa!t t% !e #$%s%!s the ha!+e %) a#at*

sha !%t hae e))et %! hs #$e%s "s#%sas.

A$te 12. - ,1 The !e e+sat%! %!e$!!+ tme

mtat%!s ,#$es$#t%! sha %#e$ate )$%m the tme %)

%#e$at%! the$e%) ! $es#et %) ee$* !ex#$e" #$es$#t%!;

the )%$me$ #$%s%!s sha h%ee$ a##* ! $es#et %)matte$s %!e$!!+ the %mme!eme!t %) $!!!+8 essat%!8

a!" !te$$#t%! %) the #$es$#t%! ! $es#et %) the #e$%"

hh #$ee"e" the %m!+ !t% e))et %) the !e #$%s%!s.

,2 <he$e the !e #$%s%!s #$es$'e a sh%$te$ #e$%"

%) #$es$#t%! tha! that %) the )%$me$ #$%s%! the !e

tme mtat%! sha %#e$ate as %) the tme %) %#e$at%! %)

the !e #$%s%! ee! he$e the )%$me$ tme mtat%! ha"

'e+! t% $! #$%$ t% that; he$e h%ee$ the $ema!!+

#e$%" %) the tme mtat%! #$%"e" )%$ ! the )%$me$

#$%s%! s sh%$te$ tha! that #$es$'e" ! the !e a the

#$es$#t%! e!" '* the a#se %) the sa" $ema!!+

#e$%".

A$te 138 - The #$%%) hh has 'ee! esta'she" ! a"a!e

sha 'e s'et t% the #$%s%!s hh ha" 'ee! %#e$ate

at the tme %) esta'sh!+ sh #$%%) %$ at the tme he! t

as #%ss'e %$ !m'e!t t% esta'sh sh #$%%).

,2 C%!)t as t% Jae

,a I!te$!at%!a %!)t as t% the "a $s"t%!

A$te 14. - A! I$a5 !at%!a sha 'e t$e" 'e)%$e the

%$ts %) I$a5 ! $es#et %) the $+hts %!+ )$%m hm ee!

th%se hh hae 'ee! $eate" a'$%a".

A$te 1. - The )%$e+!e$ sha 'e t$e" 'e)%$e the %$ts

%) I$a5 ! the )%%!+ ases:




3.4-

,a he! he s ! I$a5;

,' he$e the t+at%! s ! $es#et %) a $+ht

%!e$!!+ a $ea estate exst!+ ! I$a5 %$ am%a'e hh exste" ! I$a5 at the tme %)

%mme!eme!t %) the #$%ee"!+s;

, he$e the s'et %) the a""at%! s a %!t$at

hh has 'ee! exete" ! %$ mst 'e exete" !

I$a5 %$ he$e the t+at%! %!e$!s a! ee!t

hh t%%( #ae ! I$a5.

A$te 1G. - "+me!ts $e!"e$e" '* )%$e+! %$ts sha !%t'e exet%$* ! I$a5 !ess the* hae 'ee! "eeme" t% 'e

e!)%$ea'e ! a%$"a!e th the $es a" "%! ! the a

e!ate" ! ths $es#et.

,' I!te$!at%!a %!)t as t% e+sate $s"t%!

A$te 1. - ,1 The as %) I$a5 sha 'e the ath%$t*

hh $e+ates the $eat%!sh#s he! t 'e $e5$e" t%

$e+ate sh $eat%!sh#s ! a ase %!e$!!+ the %!)t%) as ! %$"e$ t% "ete$m!e the a hh mst 'e a##e".

,2 The a hh h%ee$ "ete$m!es hethe$ the th!+ s a!

mm%a'e %$ a m%a'e s the a %) the statehe$e! sh th!+ es.

A$te 1. - ,1 Ca#at* sha 'e +%e$!e" '* the a %)

the state %) hh the #e$s%! ,!""a s a !at%!a.

,2 I! ases %) #e!a$* t$a!sat%!s a!" the e))ets

%) hh 8 'e "e ! I$a5 he$e %!e %) the #a$tes s a

)%$e+!e$ %) "m!she" a#at* "e t% a ase hh s !%t

a##a$e!t a!" a!!%t eas* 'e "etete" '* the %the$ #a$t*8

the )%$e+!e$ sha h%ee$ 'e "eeme" as )a$ as %!e$!s sh

t$a!sat%! t% 'e %) ) a#at*.

A$te 19. - ,1 Re+a$"!+ the #%ste ,)!"ame!ta

%!"t%!s %) a"t* %) the ma$$a+e $e)e$e!e sha 'e

ma"e t% the ,!at%!a a %) eah %) the s#%ses; 't the

ma$$a+e %) t% )%$e+!e$s %$ a )%$e+!e$ a!" a! I$a5




3.4-9

!at%!a sha 'e "eeme" t% 'e a" as t% )%$m ) t ha"

'ee! e))ete" ! a%$"a!e th the )%$m hh s #$es$'e"

! the a %) the %!t$* he$e! t ha" 'ee! e))ete" %$

he$e the )%$ms #$es$'e" ! the !at%!a a %) eah %) the

s#%ses has 'ee! %'se$e".

,2 The a %) the state t% hh 'e%!+s the hs'a!" at

the tme %) %!"!+ the ma$$a+e ,%!t$at sha a##* t%

the e))ets $est!+ the$e)$%m !se %) the e))et

%!e$!!+ #$%#e$t*.

,3 I! ases %) "%$e8 se#a$at%!8 a!" $e#"at%! the

!at%!a a %) the hs'a!" at the tme %) the "%$e %$ at

the %mme!eme!t %) the #$%ee"!+s sha a##*.,4 The a %) the )athe$ sha a##* t% matte$s

%!e$!!+ ha$a a"%#t%! a!" !at$a +a$"a!sh# a!" a

the "tes 'etee! )athe$s a!" h"$e!.

, The a %) I$a5 sha %!* 'e a##e" ! the ases

#$%"e" )%$ ! ths A$te he$e ethe$ s#%se s a! I$a5

,!at%!a at the tme %) %!"!+ the ma$$a+e ,%!t$at.

A$te 20. - 7atte$s %!e$!!+ seete" +a$"a!sh#8 a!"

%the$ $e+at%!s a" "%! )%$ the #$%tet%! %) #e$s%!sha!+ !% e+a a#at* %$ a$e %) "m!she" a#at* a!"

th%se a'se!t sha 'e s'et t% the a ,%) the %!t$* t%

hh sh #e$s%!s 'e%!+.

A$te 21. - The a %) the #e$s%! )$%m h%m the am%!* s

"e sha 'e '!"!+ %! hm.

A$te 22. - The matte$s %) !he$ta!e sha 'e +%e$!e"

'* the !at%!a a %) the "e s at the tme %) hs "eaths'et t% the )%%!+:

,a the "))e$e!e %) the !at%!at* "%es !%t 'a$ the

!he$ta!e %) m%a'e a!" mm%a'e #$%#e$t*; a!

I$a5 ,!at%!a !%t 'e !he$te" exe#t '* a

)%$e+!e$ the a %) h%se %!t$* #$%"es )%$

!he$ta!e '* a! I$a5 ,!at%!a )$%m sh

)%$e+!e$;




3.4-10

,' the #$%#e$t* %) a )%$e+!e$ h% has !% sess%$

hh es ! I$a5 #ass t% the tate %) I$a5

ee! he$e the a %) sh )%$e+!e$ #$%"es

%the$se.

A$te 23. - ,1 The ,!at%!a a %) the "e s at the

tme %) hs "eath a##* t% s ,testame!ts.

,2 The as %) I$a5 sha a##* as $e+a$"s the

a"t* %) a %!e$!!+ mm%a'e #$%#e$t* *!+ !

I$a5 hh s %!e" '* a "eease" )%$e+!e$ a!" t% the m%"e

%) %!e*a!!+ sh #$%#e$t*.

A$te 24. - 7atte$s %!e$!!+ %!e$sh#8 #%ssess%!8 a!"

%the$ $+hts ! $em a!" ! #a$ta$ theN meth%" %)

%!e*a!!+ sh $+hts '* $te %) a %!t$at th$%+h

!he$ta!e ,sess%! ! #$sa!e %) a a!" %the$se

sha 'e +%e$!e" '* the a %) the %at%! he$e! es

sh m%a'e #$%#e$t* at the tme %) %$$e!e %) the ee!t

hh +ae $se t% the a5st%!

%$ %ss %) the $+ht sha a##*.

-A$te 2 . - ,1 The %!t$ata %'+at%!s sha 'e

9%e$!e '* the a %) the state he$e! es the "%me

P) the %!t$at!+ #a$tes ) the* hae a %mm%! "%me;

he$e the* hae "))e$e!t "%mes the a %) the state

th! hh the %!t$at as %!"e" 'e a##e"

!ess the %!t$at!+ #a$tes hae a+$ee" ,%the$se %$

he$e t %" 'e $eeae" )$%m the $msta!es that

a!%the$ a as !te!"e" t% 'e a##e".

,2 The a %) the ste %) the mm%a'e sha 'e

a##e" ! $es#et %) %!t$ats hh hae 'ee! %!"e" !

$es#et the$e%).

A$te 2G. - The )%$m %) %!t$ats sha %!)%$m t% the a

%) the state he$e! the* hae 'ee! %!"e".

A$te 2. - ,1 >%!-%!t$ata %'+at%!s 'e




3.4-11

+%e$!e" '* the a %) the state he$e! the at +!+ $se

t% the %'+at%! t%%( #ae.

,2 The #$%s%!s %) the #$ee"!+ #a$a+$a#h sha !%t

h%ee$ a##* ! $e+a$" t% %'+at%!s a$s!+ )$%m a!

!a) at ,t%$t t% ee!ts hh ta(e #ae a'$%a" a!" a$e

a) ! I$a5 ee! he! the* a$e %!s"e$e" as !a) !

the %!t$* he$e! the* ha" %$$e".

A$te 2. - The $es %) %m#ete!e ,%) %$ts a!" a

5est%!s %) #$%e"$e sha 'e +%e$!e" '* the a %) the

state he$e! a st s !tate" %$ the #$%ee"!+s hae

'ee! %mme!e".

A$te 29. - The #$%s%!s %) the #$ee"!+ A$tes sha

!%t 'e a##e" he$e the$e s a #$%s%! %the$se ! a

s#e) a %$ ! a! !te$!at%!a %!e!t%! hh s !

)%$e ! I$a5.

A$te 308 - I! the a'se!e %) a #$%s%! ! the#$ee"!+ A$tes %!e$!!+ ases %) %!)t %) as the#$!#es %) the #$ate !te$!at%!a a hh a$e m%st%mm%!* (!%! ,#$eae!t sha 'e a##e".

A$te 31. - ,1 <he$e t has 'ee! "ete$m!e" t% a##* a

)%$e+! a the #%ste as the$e%) sha 'e a##e" t% the

exs%! %) the #$%s%!s $eat!+ t% #$ate !te$!at%!a

a.

,2 <he$e ths )%$e+! a s %!e %) a state ha!+

see$a e+a s*stems the a %) sh state "ete$m!e

hh %) these s*stems mst 'e a##e".

A$te 32. - The #$%s%!s %) a )%$e+! a as #$es$'e"! the #$ee"!+ #$%s%!s ma* !%t 'e a##e" ) the* a$e

!%!sste!t th the #' %$"e$ a!" m%$as %) I$a5.

A$te 33. - ,1 The %$t sha "ete$m!e the a hh

mst 'e a##e" ! the ase %) a #e$s%! %) !(!%!

!at%!at* %$ #e$s%!s h% a$e #$%e" t% 'e mt!at%!as

,ha!+ #$a !at%!ates.




3.4-12

,2 The a %) I$a5 sha h%ee$ 'e a##e" ! $es#et

%) #e$s%!s h% a$e "eeme" ! I$a5 t% 'e %) the I$a5

!at%!at* a!" a$e at the same tme "eeme" '* %!e %$ m%$e

)%$e+! %!t$es t% 'e !at%!as %) sh )%$e+!

%!t$*,es.

Chapter = ? ersons

Section .i ? 2at!ral persons

,1 C%mme!eme!t a!" Te$m!at%! %) a Je$s%!at*

A$te 34. - ,1 The #e$s%!at* %) a hma! 'e!+%mme!es at '$th a!" e!"s th hs "eath.

,2 The $+hts %) #$e+!a!* ,a h" e! e!t$e "e sa

me$e sha h%ee$ 'e "ete$m!e" ! the La %) Je$s%!a

tats.

A$te 3. - $ths a!" "eaths sha 'e esta'she" '* the

a" h% )%$ma $e+ste$s; ! the a'se!e %) sh #$%%) %$

he$e t has 'ee! $eeae" that the #a$ta$s a##ea$!+ !

the $e+ste$s a$e !%$$et a!* %the$ a* ma* 'e se" t%

esta'sh the same.

A$te 3G. - ,1 He h% s a'se!t a!" t s !%t (!%!

hethe$ he s ae %$ "ea" 'e a""+e" #%! a##at%!

'e!+ )e" '* a! !te$este" #a$t* t% 'e mss!+.

,2 The $es #e$ta!!+ t% a mss!+ #e$s%! sha 'e

s'et t% the La %) Je$s%!a tats.

,2 Cha$ate$sts %) the Je$s%!at*

A$te 3. - The I$a5 !at%!at* 'e $e+ate" '* a

s#e) a.

A$te 3. - The )am* %) a #e$s%! s ma"e # %) hs

$eates; th%se h% a$e !te" '* a %mm%! a!est$* 'e

"eeme" t% 'e $eates.

A$te 398 - ,1 D$et !ea $eat%!sh# s the




3.4-13

%!!et%! 'etee! the a!est%$s a!" the "ese!"a!ts

,'$a!hes; %ate$a $eat%!sh# s the !( ,'%!" am%!+

#e$s%!s h% a$e %) a %mm%! a!est$* he$e !%!e %) them s

the "ese!"a!t ,'$a!h %) the %the$.

,2 <he! %m#t!+ the "e+$ee %) "$et $eat%!sh#

eah '$a!h %) the )am* ! ase!"a!* 'e "eeme" t% 'e

%!e "e+$ee ex"!+ the a!est%$; he! aat!+ the

"e+$ee %) the $eat%! %) %ate$as the "e+$ees 'e

%!te" ! ase!"a!* %$"e$ )$%m the '$a!h t% the %mm%!

a!est%$ a!" the! ! "ese!"a!* %$"e$ t% the %the$ '$a!h

a!" ee$* '$a!h 'e "eeme" a "e+$ee ex"!+ the %mm%!

a!est%$.,3 The $eates %) ethe$ s#%se 'e "eeme"

t% 'e $eates %) the %the$ s#%se ! the same !e a!" %)

the same "e+$ee.

A$te 4 0. - ,1 Every #e$s%! sha hae a !ame a!" a

s$!ame; the s$!ame %) a #e$s%! "e%e '* the $e %)

the a #%! hs h"$e!.

,2 A s#ea e+sat%! sha $e+ate the meth%" %)

a5st%! a!" %) ha!+e %) s$!ames.

A$te 41. - Ee$* #e$s%! h%se $+ht t% se hs !ame as

%!teste" th%t st)at%! '* a th$" #a$t* as e as

ee$* #e$s%! h%se s$!ame as !a)* assme" '* a th$"

#a$t* ma* "ema!" essat%! %) ths %at%! a!" ma* am

%m#e!sat%! he$e he has s))e$e" !$* as a $est

the$e%).

A$te 42. - A "%me s the #ae he$e! a #e$s%!

!%$ma* ta(es #e$ma!e!t %$ tem#%$a$* $es"e!e a #e$s%! ma*

hae m%$e tha! %!e "%me.

A$te 43. - ,1 The "%me %) a mss!+ m!%$ a!" %)

%the$ !te$"te" #e$s%!s s the "%me %) th%se at!+ )%$

them.

,2 The m!%$ h% has 'ee! #e$mtte" t% a$$* %!

%mme$e ma* h%ee$ hae a s#e) "%me ! $es#et %)




3.4-14

the 's!ess a!" t$a!sat%!s hh the a %!s"e$s hm

5a)e" t% a$$* %t.

A$te 44. - The #ae he$e! a #e$s%! a$$es %! a t$a"e

%$ $a)t s "eeme" t% 'e hs "%me %!e$!!+ the 's!ess

$eate" t% sa" t$a"e %$ $a)t.

A$te 4. - ,1 A! eete" "%me ma* 'e ta(e! )%$

#e$)%$ma!e %) a e$ta! s#e)e" e+a at.

,2 A "%me eete" )%$ m#eme!tat%! %) a e+a

at 'e the "%me th $e+a$" t% a that hh

$eates t% ths at !"!+ the #$%ee"!+s %) exet%!

,)%$'e e!)%$eme!t sae ex#$ess #$%s%! %!)!!+ ths

"%me t% e$ta! 's!ess t% the exs%! %) %the$

's!esses.

,3 A! eete" "%me may not 'e esta'she" exe#t !

$t!+.

A$te 4G. - ,1 Ee$* #e$s%! h% has atta!e" the a+e %)

ma%$t*8 e!%*s hs me!ta )ates8 a!" has !%t 'ee!

!te$"te" sha hae ) a#at* t% exe$se hs

$+hts.

,2 Je$s%!s h% a( %$ a$e %) "m!she" a#at* sha

'e s'et t% the #$%s%!s %!e$!!+ +a$"a!sh# a!"

$at%$sh# ! a%$"a!e th the %!"t%!s a!" $es a"

"%! ! the a.-

Section .ii ? E!ristic persons

,1 e!e$a J$%s%!s A$te 4. -

$st #e$s%!s a$e:

,a The tate.

,' The a"m!st$at%!s a!" the #' !sttt%!s

hh '* $te %) the a a$e +$a!te" a $st

#e$s%!at* !"e#e!"e!t %) the tates #e$s%!at*

! a%$"a!e th the %!"t%!s a" "%! he$e!.




3.4-1

, The "st$ts8 m!#ates8 a!" a+es hh

a$e +$a!te" '* the a a $st #e$s%!at* !

a%$"a!e th the %!"t%!s a" "%! the$e!.

," Re+%s sets ,"e!%m!at%!s hh the a

+$a!ts a $st #e$s%!at* ! a%$"a!e th

the %!"t%!s a" "%! the$e!.,e De"at%!s ,a5)s.

,)C%mme$a a!" %m#a!es exe#t th%se %)

hh hae 'ee! ex"e" '* a #$%s%! ! the

a.

,+%etes hh hae 'ee! !%$#%$ate" !

a%$"a!e th the #$%s%!s %) the a.

,hEe$* +$%# %) #e$s%!s %$ %m'!at%! %) #$%#e$t*

hh s +$a!te" a $st #e$s%!at* '* the

a.

A$te 4. - ,1 Ee$* $st #e$s%! sha hae a

$e#$ese!tate t% ex#$ess ts sh.,2 A $st #e$s%! sha e!%* a $+hts %the$ tha!

th%se !he$e!t ! the !at$e %) the !at$a #e$s%! t% the

exte!t "ete$m!e" ! the a.

,3 A $st #e$s%! has ts %! #at$m%!m.

,4 A $st #e$s%! has the a#at* %) #a*me!t th!

the mts set "%! ! ts "ee" %) !%$#%$at%! a!" hh

a$e #$es$'e" ! the a.

, A $st #e$s%! has the $+ht %) t+at%!.

,G A $st #e$s%! has a "%me hh s "eeme" t%

'e ! the #ae he$e! es ts hea" %))e ,a"m!st$ate

e!t$e; the %m#a!es hh hae the$ hea" %))es a'$%a"

a!" hae 's!ess ! I$a5 the$ hea" %))e ! $e+a$" t% the

'*as 'e "eeme" t% 'e the #ae he$e! es ts

's!ess ma!a+eme!t ! I$a5.

A$te 49. - ,1 The e+a $e+at%! %) )%$e+! $st

#e$s%!s - %m#a!es8 s%etes8 %$ %the$se sha 'e




3.4-1G

+%e$!e" '* the a %) the state th! hh es the$

ata hea" %))e.

,2 <he$e a )%$e+! $st #e$s%! has h%ee$

%mme!e" ts ma! att* ! I$a5 the I$a5 a sha a##*

the$et%.,2 %etes

A$te 0. - ,1 A s%et* s a +$%# ha!+ a #e$ma!e!t

a#at* a!" s )%$me" %) see$a !at$a %$ $st #e$s%!s

)%$ %the$ tha! *e"!+ #$%)t.

,2 The s#e) e+sat%! $e+ate the meth%"

%) $eat!+ a!" !"!+ # s%etes.

,3 B%!"at%!s

A$te 18 - The )%!"at%! s a $st #e$s%! hh s

$eate" '* a%at!+ #$%#e$t* )%$ ! !"e)!te te$m )%$ a

#ha!th$%#8 $e+%s8 se!t)8 teh!a8 %$ s#%$ts

att* th%t the !te!t %) "e$!+ mate$a +a! the$e)

$%m.

A$te 2. - ,1 The $eat%! %) a )%!"at%! sha 'e '* a!athe!tate" "ee" %$ '* .

,2 Ths "ee" %$ sha 'e "eeme" t% 'e the

%!sttt%! %) the )%!"at%! a!" mst %!ta! the )%%!+

#a$ta$s:

,a the #$#%se )%$ hh the )%!"at%! has 'ee!

$eate";

' the !ame %) the )%!"at%! a!" ts seat hh mst'e ! I$a5;

, a! exat a!" "etae" "es$#t%! %) the )!"s

a%ate" t% the )%!"at%!;

," a sheme )%$ the ma!a+eme!t %) the )%!"at%!.

A$te 3. - ,1 The $eat%! %) a )%!"at%! sha !




3.4-1

$e+a$" t% the )%!"e$s $e"t%$s a!" he$s 'e "eeme" t% 'e a

+$a!t %$ ,testame!t.

,2 <he$e the )%!"at%! has 'ee! $eate" t% the

"et$me!t %) the$ $e"t%$s he$s $+hts ,!te$ests the*

ma* %mme!e the #$%ee"!+s hh a$e "ete$m!e" ! the a

%!e$!!+ +$a!ts a!" s.

A$te 4. - <he$e the )%!"at%! has 'ee! $eate" '* a!

athe!tate" "ee" the #e$s%! h% has $eate" t ma* $e%(e

the $eat%! the$e%) '* a!%the$ athe!tate" "ee" # t% the

tme %) %m#et%! %) ts $e+st$at%! ! the C%$t %) B$st

I!sta!e.

A$te . - ,1 The $e+st$at%! %) a )%!"at%! sha 'e

e))ete" #%! a##at%! 'e!+ )e" '* the )%!"e$8 the

)$st ma!a+e$ %$ the ath%$t* %!e$!e" th the C%!t$% %)

B%!"at%!s.

,2 The ath%$t* %!e$!e" th C%!t$% %) B%!"at%!s

sha ta(e at%! as ma* 'e !eessa$* )%$ the $e+st$at%! t%

'e e))ete" as s%%! as t has 'e%me aa$e %) )%!"!+ the

)%!"at%!.

A$te G. - ,1 B%!"at%!s hh a$e !te!"e" )%$

$easat%! %) #' !te$est ma* #%! )!+ a! a##at%!

'e "eeme" t% 'e a #' !te$est '* a R%*a <sh ,I$a"a

a##$%!+ the '*as ,%!sttt%! the$e%).

,2 The R%*a I$a"a ma* #$%"e that the )%!"at%! 'e

ex"e" ,exem#t )$%m the $est$t%!s %) a#at*.

,3 The R%*a I$a"a ma* as% m#%se the ta(!+ %)

meas$es %!e$!!+ %!t$%8 sh as the a##%!tme!t %) %!e%$ m%$e ma!a+e$s )$%m the +%e$!me!t ath%$t* %$ the ta(!+

%) a!* %the$ at%! as 'e "eeme" !eessa$*.

A$te . - ,1 The tate s este" th a $+ht %)

exe$s!+ %!t$% %e$ )%!"at%!s.

,2 The ath%$t* hh exe$se %!t$% %e$ the

)%!"at%! 'e !ame" ! the R%*a I$a"a.




3.4-1

A$te . - The )%!"at%! ma!a+e$s sha as a!" he! the*$eee a $e5est )$%m the ath%$t* %!e$!e" thexe$s!+ %!t$% #$%"e t th the '"+et a!" a!!aa%!ts %) the )%!"at%! t%+ethe$ th a the s##%$t!+

"%me!ts th! %!e m%!th )$%m the "ate %) 5"at%! %)the a%!ts %) the *ea$.

A$te 9. - The C%$t %) B$st I!sta!e th! the

$s"t%! %) hh es the seat %) the )%!"at%! ma*

%$"e$ that the )%%!+ #$%ee"!+s 'e ta(e! ) the C%!t$%

Ath%$t* has )e" a! a##at%! t% that e))et ! the )%$m

%) a! at%!:

,a "smssa %) the ma!a+e$s h% hae 'ee! #$%e" t%

'e !e++e!t %$ h% hae )ae" ,t% #e$)%$m the$"tes a!" h% hae )ae" t% #e$)%$m the

%'+at%!s m#%se" '* the a %$ '* the

%!sttt%! %) the )%!"at%! as e as th%se h%

tse the assets %) the )%!"at%! ! matte$s

hh a$e !%m#at'e th the %'ets ,#$#%ses

%$ !te!t%!s %) the )%!"e$ %) the )%!"at%! a!"

th%se h% hae ! the #e$)%$ma!e %) the$ "tes

%mmtte" a +$%ss )at;

,' ame!" the ma!a+eme!t s*stem %) the )%!"at%! %$

$e"e %$ a!e %$ ha!+e the st#at%!s

#$es$'e" ! the !%$#%$at%! "ee" %) the

)%!"at%! he$e t s !eessa$* t% sa)e+a$" the

assets %) the )%!"at%! %$ t% ahee the %'et

)%$ hh the )%!"at%! has 'ee! $eate";

, a'%t%! %) the )%!"at%! ) t has $eahe" sh

a state as t %" 'e m#%ss'e t% ahee the

%'et )%$ hh t has 'ee! $eate" %$ he$e the

$easat%! %) sh %'et has 'e%me m#%ss'e %$

!%m#at'e th the a %$ the #' %$"e$ a!"

m%$at*;

," a!eat%! %) the 's!ess #e$)%$me" '* the

ma!a+e$s 'e*%!" the$ #%e$s ,t$a $es %$ !

%at%! %) the a %$ %) the %!sttt%! %) the

)%!"at%!; ! sh ase the #$%ee"!+s )%$




3.4-19

a!eat%! 'e %mme!e" th! t% *ea$s

)$%m the "ate %) the at%! 'e!+ %!teste"; the

at%! %) a!eat%! ma* !%t 'e '$%+ht a+a!st

a '%!a )"e #a$t* h% has a5$e" $+hts %! the

'ass %) sh at.

A$te G0. - ,1 Ha!+ $e!"e$e" "+me!t a!e!+ the

)%!"at%! the %$t sha a##%!t 5"at%$s a!" "ete$m!e

the )ate %) the assets hh $ema! a)te$ the 5"at%! !

a%$"a!e th the #$%s%!s %) the %!sttt%! %) the

)%!"at%!.

,2 <he$e t s m#%ss'e t% t$a!s)e$ the assets t%the #a$t* t% h%m the* sh%" #ass %$ he$e sh #a$t* has

!%t 'ee! "es+!ate" ,!ame" ! the %!sttt%! %) the

)%!"at%! the %$t "ete$m!e the )ate %) the assets

hh sha as mh as s #%ss'e 'e !ea$est t% the %'et

st#ate" ! the %!sttt%! "ee" %) the )%!"at%!.

Chapter 3 ? Thin"s, ropert, and 0i"hts

Section .i ? Thin"s

A$te G1. - ,1 Ee$*th!+ hh '* ts !at$e %$ !

#$sa!e %) the a s !%t ex"e" )$%m "ea!+s ma* 'e the

%'et %) #e!a$* $+hts.

,2 Th!+s hh '* the$ !at$e )a %ts"e the am't

%) "ea!+s a$e th%se hh !% %!e ma* am s%e #%ssess%!

the$e%); th!+s hh ! #$sa!e %) the a a$e ex"e"

)$%m the am't %) "ea!+s a$e th%se hh ma* !%t 'e the

%'et %) #e!a$* $+hts !"e$ the a.

A$te G2. - ,1 The mm%a'e ,$eat* s ee$* th!+ hh

s )xe" s% that t %" 'e m#%ss'e t% m%e %$ %!e$t t

th%t as!+ "ama+e the$et% sh as a!"8 '"!+s8

#a!tat%!s8 '$"+es8 "ams8 m!es8 a!" %the$ $ea estate

th!+s.

,2 A m%a'e s a!*th!+ hh a! 'e m%e" a!"

%!e$te" th%t as!+ "ama+e the$et% a!" !"es




3.4-20

$$e!* ,!5"8 %mm%"tes ,@a$"h18 a!mas8 a!" th!+s

that a! 'e meas$e" '* %me %$ e+ht a!" %the$ m%a'e

th!+s.

A$te G3. - A m%a'e hh s #ae" '* ts %!e$ ! a!

mm%a'e %!e" '* hm th !te!t t% se$e %$ ex#%t sh

mm%a'e s "eeme" t% 'e a! mm%a'e.

A$te G4.- , 1 B!+'es a$e th!+s hh ma* 'e

s'sttte" %!e )%$ the %the$ he! ma(!+ a #a*me!t; the* a$e

!%$ma* ,st%ma$* assesse" ! "ea!+s am%!+ #e%#e '*

!m'e$8 meas$e8 %me8 %$ e+ht.

,2 A %the$ th!+s a$e !%!-)!+'es.

Section .ii ? ropert and ri"hts

A$te G. - J$%#e$t* s ee$* $+ht ha!+ a mate$a

ae.

A$te GG. - Je!a$* $+hts a$e ethe$ ! $em %$ !

#e$s%!am.

A$te G. - ,1 A $+ht ! $e$a s a "$et #%e$ %e$ a

s#e)e" th!+ este" '* the a ! a e$ta! s#e)e"

#e$s%!.

,2 A $+ht ! $em s ethe$ #$ma$* %$ se%!"a$*

,aess%$*.

A$te G. - ,1 The #$ma$* $+hts ! $em a$e: the $+ht %)

%!e$sh# %) "s#%sa s)$t se$ $es"e!e

1 6A$"h6: see the B%$e%$" )%$ a! ex#a!at%! %) ths %$".




7sataha1 se$t"e %!sttt!+ a5)s a!" %!+ te$m eases.

,2 e%!"a$* ,aess%$* $+hts ! $em a$e: the $+ht

%) athe!t m%$t+a+es8 #%ssess%$* m%$t+a+es a!" #$e+e"

$+hts.

A$te G9. - , 1 The $+ht ! #e$s%!am s a e+a '%!"

'etee! t% #e$s%!s: a "e't%$ a!" a $e"t%$8 he$e the

atte$ ams )$%m the )%$me$ t% t$a!s)e$ a $+ht ! $em %$

t% a$$* %t %$ a'sta! )$%m a$$*!+ %t a! at.

,2 A! %'+at%! t% %!e* #$%#e$t* hatee$ ma* 'e ts

%'et - ash )!+'es %$ !%!-)!+'es - s "eeme" t% 'e a

$+ht ! #e$s%!am; a! %'+at%! t% "ee$ a e$ta!s#e)e" th!+ s as% "eeme" t% 'e a $+ht ! #e$s%!am.

,3The ex#$ess%!s 6%'+at%!6 a!" 6"e't6 hae

the same mea!!+ as the ex#$ess%! 6$+ht ! #e$s%!am6.

A$te 0. - ,1 I!ta!+'e #$%#e$t* s that hh $eates

t% a !%!-mate$a th!+ sh as %#*$+ht - the $+hts %)

!e!t%$s a!" a$tsts.

,2 The #$%s%!s %) s#e) as sha a##* !

$es#et %) the $+hts %) ath%$s ,%#*$+ht8 !e!t%$s8 a!"a$tsts a!" %) t$a"e ma$(s a!" %the$ !ta!+'e #$%#e$t*.

A$te 1. - ,1 The mm%a'es a!" m%a'es %) the tate

a!" %) the #' $st #e$s%!s hh a$e ! )at %$

#$sa!t t% the a a%ate" )%$ a #' tt* a$e "eeme"

t% 'e #' #$%#e$t*.

,2 Ths #$%#e$t* s !%t ae!a'e8 attaha'e8 !%$ ma*

'e a##$%#$ate" '* tme mtat%!.

A$te 2. - J' #$%#e$t* )%$)et ts stats '*

te$m!at%! %) ts a%at%! )%$ #' 'e!e)t ,tt*;

1 Ths s the $+ht t% esta'sh '"!+s %!st$t%!s %$t$ees %! the a!" hh 'e%!+s t% a!%the$ #e$s%!

,s$)a!+ .




3.4-23

the a%at%! s "ete$m!e" ! #$sa!e %) the a "e )at%

%$ '* te$m!at%! %) the %'et )%$ hh t ha" 'ee!

a%ate" )%$ #' 'e!e)t ,tt*.

PART I - RIGHTS IN PERSONAM (OBLIGATIONS)

@##D 1? #@I$7TI#2S I2 $)2)07

Title 1 - The Origins of Obligations

Chapter 1 - Contracts

A$te 3. - A %!t$at s the !s%! %) a! %))e$ ma"e '* a

%!t$at!+ #a$t* th the ae#ta!e %) a!%the$ #a$t* ! a

ma!!e$ hh esta'shes the e))et the$e%) ! the %'et %)

the %!t$at.

A$te 4. - A %!t$at s a" he$e t s ! $es#et %):

,1 %mm%"tes - m%a'es %$ mm%a'es - )%$

a##$%#$at%! '* sae a+a!st a %!s"e$at%! %$

th%t %!s"e$at%! ,+)ts t% 'e (e#t as "e#%st

%$ )%$ %!sm#t%! '* tsat%! ,%a!s;,2 the 'e!e)ts %) %mm%"tes )%$ tsat%! a+a!st

a %!s"e$at%! ,$e!t %$ th%t %!s"e$at%! ,%!

%a!;

,3 a e$ta! s#e)e" at %$ se$e.

A$te . A %!t$at s a" ) t s ! $es#et %) a!*

%the$ th!+ the !"e$ta(!+ %) hh s !%t )%$'""e! '* a

%$ hh s !%t t% the #$e"e %) #' %$"e$ a!" m%$as.

A$te G. - ,1 C%!t$ats - !%m!ate %$ %the$se - sha

'e +%e$!e" '* the +e!e$a $es %m#$se" ! ths ha#te$.

,2 The $es #ea$ t% s%me %!t$ats 'e

"ete$m!e" '* the #$%s%!s a" "%! ! the $eea!t

ha#te$s; the as %) %mme$e "ete$m!e the $es

#e$ta!!+ t% %mme$a %!t$ats.

et%! , - The eeme!ts %) a %!t$at




3.4-24

,1 7ta C%!se!t

B$st: The Exste!e %) C%!se!t ,B%$m %) C%!t$at

A$te . - ,1 O))e$ a!" ae#ta!e a$e ee$* t%

ex#$ess%!s ,%$"s se" st%ma$* )%$ the $eat%! %) a

%!t$at; hhee$ ex#$ess%! s ma"e )$st s a! %))e$ a!"

the se%!" s the ae#ta!e.

,2 O))e$ a!" ae#ta!e 'e ! the #ast te!se a!"

ma* 'e ! the )t$e te!se a!" ma* 'e ! the )%$m %) a! %$"e$

he$e mme"ate exet%! ,#e$)%$ma!e s !te!"e".

A$te . - A %!t$at 'e %!"e" '* a )t$e te!se

,)%$m hh has the mea!!+ %) %!* a #$%mse a!" 'e

%!s"e$e" '!"!+ he$e the same as the !te!t%! %) the

%!t$at!+ #a$tes.

A$te 9. - As the %))e$ a!" ae#ta!e ma* 'e %$a the*

ma* 'e '* %$$es#%!"e!e a!" '* a s+! hh s ! %mm%!

sa+e ee! he! t s !%t )$%m a "m' #e$s%! as e as '*

ata exha!+e "e!%t!+ mta ae#ta!e a!" '* a!* %the$meth%" ,a* the $msta!es %) hh eae !% "%'t as t%

!"ate mta ae#ta!e.

A$te 0. - ,1 The "s#a* %) +%%"s th a #$e sh%! %!

them s "eeme" t% 'e a! %))e$.

,2 J'sh!+8 a"e$ts!+8 a!" st!+ #$es %)

$$e!t "ea!+s as e as ee$* %the$ stateme!t %!e$!!+

%))e$s %$ as a""$esse" t% the #' %$ t% !""as

sha !%t 'e "eeme" ! ase %) "%'t t% 'e a! %))e$ 't 'e "eeme" a! !tat%! t% !e+%tate.

A$te 1 . - ,1 H% stateme!t 'e att$'te" t% a

se!t #e$s%! 't se!e ! the %$se %) !ee" )%$

ex#$ess%! 'e "eeme" t% 'e a! ae#ta!e.

,2 e!e s "eeme" ! #a$ta$ t% 'e a! ae#ta!e

he$e the$e a$e #$e%s "ea!+s 'etee! the %!t$at!+

#a$tes a!" the %))e$ as $eate" t% sa" "ea!+s %$ he$e

the %))e$ #$%e" t% 'e t% the 'e!e)t ,a"a!ta+e %) the




3.4-2

#e$s%! t% h%m t as a""$esse"; sma$* the se!e %) a

#$hase$ a)te$ ha!+ $eee" ,ta(e! "ee$* %) the +%%"s

#$hase" 'e a! ae#ta!e %) the %!"t%!s set "%! !

the st %) #$es.

A$te 2. - The %!t$at!+ #a$tes hae a! %#t%! a)te$

the %))e$ !t the e!" %) the sess%!; he$e the %))e$%$ has

th"$a! hs %))e$ 'e)%$e the ae#ta!e has 'ee! ex#$esse"

%$ he$e ethe$ %!t$at!+ #a$t* tte$s a sa*!+ ,stateme!t

%$ ma(es a! at ,+est$e hh !"ates $eet%! the %))e$

'e %" a!" a!* ae#ta!e tte$e" the$ea)te$ sha 'e

"s$e+a$"e".

A$te 3. - Re#ett%! %) the %))e$ 'e)%$e the ae#ta!e

!)es the )$st ,%))e$ a!" the se%!" %))e$ hae

e))et.

A$te 4. - The %))e$%$ h% has set a tme mt )%$ hs

%))e$ 'e '%!" '* hs %))e$ !t sh tme mt

ex#$es.

A$te 8 - )%$ a %!t$at t% 'e %!"e" the ae#ta!e

'* the %the$ #a$t* mst %!)%$m t% the %))e$ ma"e.

A$te G. - ,1 The ae#ta!e %!)%$ms t% the %))e$ he$e

'%th #a$tes hae a+$ee" %! the esse!ta matte$s ! $es#et

%) hh the* ha" !e+%tate"; 't a! a+$eeme!t %! s%me %)

sh matte$s !%t 'e s))e!t ,a"e5ate t%

'!" '%th #a$tes ee! he$e sh a+$eeme!t has 'ee! $e"e"

!t% $t!+.,2 <he$e '%th #a$tes hae a+$ee" %! a the esse!ta

matte$s %) the %!t$at a!" $ese$e" "etae" matte$s t% 'e

a+$ee" #%! ate$ %! 't ha" !%t st#ate" that the %!t$at

!%t 'e %!"e" ! ase he$e a! a+$eeme!t ! $es#et

%E sa" matte$s s !%t $eahe" the %!t$at 'e "eeme" as

ha!+ 'ee! %m#ete" ,%!"e"; ) a "s#te sha a$se

! $es#et %) the matte$s hh ha" !%t 'ee! a+$ee" #%! the




3.4-2G

%$t "e"e them ! a%$"a!e th the !at$e %) the

s'et a!" th the #$%s%!s %) the a sa+e a!" e5t*.

A$te . - ,1 ae ex#$ess %$ m#e" a+$eeme!t %$ a

e+a #$%s%! %the$se %!t$at!+ 'etee! a'se!t #e$s%!s

'e "eeme" t% hae ta(e! #ae ! the #ae he$e a!" at

the tme he! the %))e$%$ 'e%mes aa$e %) the ae#ta!e.

,2 It 'e assme" that the %))e$%$ ha" 'e%me

aa$e %) the ae#ta!e ! the #ae a!" at the tme %) hs

a$$a the$et%.

A$te . - C%!t$at!+ '* tee#h%!e %$ '* a!* %the$

sma$ a* 'e "eeme" as ha!+ ta(e! #ae 'etee! t%

#e$s%!s #$ese!t !s%)a$ as $eates t% tme a!" 'etee! t%

a'se!t #e$s%!s !asmh as $eates t% #ae.

A$te 9. - A %!t$at !%t 'e %!"e" ! at%!s

exe#t '* the aa$" ,%) the %!t$at; a '" s tate" '* a

h+he$ '" ee! he! the atte$ s %" %$ '* %s!+ the

'""!+ ,at%! 'e)%$e t has 'ee! aa$"e" t% a!* #e$s%!

th%t ! a %) the )%$e+%!+ #$e"e t% the #$%s%!s%) the %the$ as.

A$te 90. - ,1 ae #$%s%! %the$se8 he$e the a has

m#%se" a e$ta! )%$m )%$ the %!t$at t !%t 'e

%!"e" !t sh )%$m has 'ee! sats)e".

,2 A!* ame!"me!ts t% the %!t$at mst as% sats)*

sh )%$m.

A$te 91M - ,1 A #$em!a$* a+$eeme!t #$sa!t t% hh'%th #a$tes %$ ethe$ #a$t* !"e$ta(e,s t% exete !

)t$e a e$ta! s#e)e" %!t$at sha !%t 'e a" !ess

the esse!ta matte$s %) a!" the tme mt )%$ exet%! %)

the %!t$at t% 'e exete" hae 'ee! st#ate".

,2 <he$e the a has #$es$'e" a e$ta! )%$m )%$ the

%!t$at sh )%$m sha as% 'e %'se$e" ! the #$em!a$*

a+$eeme!t hh %!ta!s a #$%mse t% exete ths %!t$at.




3.4-2

A$te 92. - ,1 ae he$e the a+$eeme!t has st#ate"

%the$se the ea$!est m%!e* s "eeme" t% 'e #$%%) that the

%!t$at has 'e%me )!a a!" ma* !%t 'e $e#"ate".

,2 <he$e '%th #a$tes hae a+$ee" that the ea$!est

m%!e* s a #e!at* )%$ $e#"at%! %) the %!t$at eah #a$t*

s este" th a $+ht %) $e#"at%!: the #a*e$ h%

$e#"ates )%$)et the ea$!est m%!e* a!" the $eee$

h% $e#"ates #a* "%'e the am%!t the$e%):

e%!": Va"t* %) the 7ta C%!se!t

+!)a!e %) the %!t$at

A$te 93. - Ee$* #e$s%! has the ,e+a a#at* t%

%!"e a %!t$at !ess the a has "ete$m!e" hs

!%m#ete!e %$ $est$te" t.

A$te 94. - A m!%$8 !sa!e #e$s%!8 %$ me!ta* $eta$"e"

#e$s%! a$e !te$"te" #s% )at%.

A$te 9. - The %$t sha !te$"t a $ash ,m#$"e!t

a!" $eta$"e" #e$s%!; the !te$"t%! 'e #$%m+ate","ea$e" ! the #$es$'e" a*s.

A$te 9G. - The "s#%sas %) a! $$at%!a m!%$ a$e !

a!" %" ee! he! the* hae 'ee! sa!t%!e" '* hs +a$"a!.

A$te 9. - ,1 Ds#%sas '* a $at%!a ,#$"e!t m!%$

'e "eeme" t% 'e a" ) the* a$e t%ta* t% hs 'e!e)t

ee! he$e hs +a$"a! has !%t #e$mtte" %$ a%e" the

"s#%sas; a m!%$s "s#%sas !%t 'e a" he! the*

a$e !%t h%* t% hs 'e!e)t ee! he! the "s#%sas hae'ee! #e$mtte" %$ a%e" '* hs +a$"a!; "s#%sas hh

a$e at the same tme 'e!e)a a!" "et$me!ta 'e

%!"e" s'et t% a%a!e '* the +a$"a! th! the

mts hh a$e a' !t% #e$mss'e )%$ sh "s#%sas.

,2 The a+e %) $at%!at* ,#$"e!e s see! )

*ea$s.




3.4-2

A$te 9. - ,1 The +a$"a! ma* #$sa!t t% eae )$%m the

%$t ha!" %e$ t% a $at%!a m!%$ h% has %m#ete" 1

*ea$s %) a+e a sm ,5a!tt* %) hs ,the m!%$s m%!e*

,#$%#e$t* a!" +e hm #e$mss%! t% se t ! t$a"!+ !

%$"e$ t% test ,hs a't* t% t$a"e; sh #e$mss%! 'e

ethe$ mte" %$ !mte".

,2 <he$e the +a$"a! h% has +e! #e$mss%! t% the

m!%$ has "e" %$ 'ee! "sha$+e" ,)$%m +a$"a!sh# hs

#e$mss%! !%t 'e !a"ate" ,%"e".

A$te 99. - A m!%$ h% has 'ee! +$a!te" #e$mss%! ,t%

"s#%se as mh as $e+a$"s the "s#%sas )a!+ th!

the s%#e %) the #e$mss%! hae the same stats as that %) a

#e$s%! h% has atta!e" the a+e %) ma%$t*.

A$te 100. - The +a$"a! ma* !te$"t a m!%$ h% has

'ee! +e! #e$mss%! a!" $e%(e the #e$mt he$e the

!te$"t%! mst 'e ma"e ! the same ma!!e$ as that )%$

+$a!t!+ the #e$mss%!.

A$te 101. - ,1 <he$e the +a$"a! has $e)$a!e" )$%m

+$a!t!+ #e$mss%! ,t% the m!%$ the %$t ma* +$a!t the$at%!a m!%$ #e$mss%! a!" the +a$"a! ma* !%t the$ea)te$

!te$"t ,the m!%$.

,2 A)te$ ha!+ +$a!te" #e$mss%! the %$t ma*

$em#%se the !te$"t%! %! the m!%$.

A$te 102. - The !at$a +a$"a! %) a m!%$ s hs )athe$

the! hs )athe$s +a$"a!8 hs sa!e ,%) s%!" m!"

+$a!")athe$8 the +$a!")athe$s +a$"a!8 the %$t8 %$ the

seete" +a$"a! a##%!te" '* the %$t.

A$te 103. - ,1 <he$e the )athe$ a!" +$a!")athe$ hae

"s#%se" %) the m!%$s #$%#e$t* )%$ the %m#a$a'e ae %$

a tte ess ,!s+!)a!t )$a"1 the %!t$at 'e

a" a!" 'e #e$)%$me".

1 6h%'! =assee$6 s that hh ! %mm%"tes ,a$"h "%es!%t am%!t t% %!e ha) %) %!e te!th8 ! a!mas ess tha! %!ete!th a!" ! mm%a'es ess tha! %!e ))th. ,7aaat A1

Ah(am A1 A"**a.




3.4-29

,2 t ) the* a$e (!%! )%$ the$ ms'eha%$

,maa"m!st$at%! the "+e ma* $est$t %$ a!e the$

+a$"a!sh#.

A$te 104. - I! the ase %) a "ea) a!" "m'8 '!" a!"

"ea)8 %$ '!" a!" "m' #e$s%! h% '* $eas%! %) hs !)$mt*

s !a'e t% ex#$ess hs !te!t%! the %$t ma* a##%!t )%$

hm a!" )x the "s#%st%!s %) a seete" +a$"a!.

A$te IJ8 - ,1 7a!a+eme!t %!t$ats %) a m!%$s #$%#e$t*

hh a$e %!"e" ,sse" '* the +a$"a! a$e a" a!"

e))eta ,#e$)%$ma'e ee! he! the* %!ta! tte

,!s+!)a!t es%! ,!)a$!ess; ma!a+eme!t %!t$ats a$e

! #a$ta$ the eases )%$ a te$m !%t exee"!+ th$ee

*ea$s8 the %$( %) sa)e(ee#!+ a!"




3.4-30

ma!te!a!e8 the %et%! %) $+hts8 the "sha$+e %)

"e'ts8 the sae %) a+$t$a $%#s8 the sae %) #e$sha'e

m%a'es a!" s#e!"!+ %! the m!%$.

,2 As t% sh %the$ "s#%sas hh "% !%t )a th!

the mts %) ma!a+eme!t sh as the sae %) %the$ tha! the

a)%$eme!t%!e"8 %a!s8 m%$t+a+es8 %m#%st%!8 #a$tt%! %)

%!t* %!e" #$%#e$t* a!" !estme!t %) m%!e* !%t 'e

a" exe#t #$sa!t t% a!" ! the ma!!e$ set "%! ! a

#e$mt sse" '* the %$t.

A$te 10G. - The a+e %) ma%$t* s e+htee! *ea$s

%m#ete".

A$te 10. - A me!ta* $eta$"e" #e$s%! has the same stats

as that %) a $at%!a m!%$.

A$te 10. - A %m#ete* !sa!e #e$s%! has the stats %)

a! $$at%!a m!%$; "s#%sas '* a #a$ta* !sa!e #e$s%!

ma"e he he as ! a state %) ) #e$e#t%! a$e (e the

"s#%sas ma"e '* a sa!e ,%) s%!" m!" #e$s%!.

A$te 1098 - A! !te$"te" m#$"e!t1 #e$s%! s as )a$ as"ea!+s a$e %!e$!e" (e a $at%!a m!%$; the +a$"a! %)

a! m#$"e!t #e$s%! s the %$t %$ ts a##%!te" +a$"a!

%!* a!" hs )athe$8 +$a!")athe$8 a!" the$ a##%!te"

+a$"a!s a$e !%t este" th a $+ht %) +a$"a!sh# %e$

hm; the "s#%sas %) a! m#$"e!t #e$s%! hh t%%( #ae

#$%$ t% m#%st%! %) the !te$"t%! a$e (e the

"s#%sas %) a #e$s%! h% s !%t !te$"te" sae he$e the

"s#%sa as th$%+h heat!+ '* a* %) %s%! th the

#e$s%! th h%m the "s#%sa as ma"e ,ass+!ee !

a!t#at%! %) the !te$"t%!.

1 6As a)eeh6 ,m#$"e!t s %!e h% s5a!"e$s a!" s#e!"s hs#$%#e$t* %!t$a$* t% the $e5stes %) the ha$a a!" +%%""+me!t ee! he! ths s "%!e )%$ ats %) 'e!e%e!e shas '"!+ #aes %) %$sh# a!" %m#a$a'e th!+s he$e a!

!te$"t%! 'e m#%se" %! hm. ,A" D$$ A1 7(hta$



IRAQ 1 & 2/1 990: THE CIVIL CODE

3.4-31

,2 The s %) a! m#$"e!t #e$s%! ,sa)eeh1 "es!+

%!e th$" %) hs #$%#e$t* s a".

,3 <he$e the m#$"e!t has 'e%me #$"e!t ,$at%!a

the %$t $e%(e the %$"e$ %) hs !te$"t%!.

A$te 110.- A me!ta* $eta$"e" #e$s%! has the same

stats as that %) a! m#$"e!t #e$s%!.

A$te 111. - The as a!" $e+at%!s sha set "%! the

#$%e"$e t% 'e )%%e" ! matte$s %) !te$"t%!8

ma!a+eme!t8 ex#%tat%!8 a!" "s#%sa %) the #$%#e$t* %)

!te$"te" #e$s%!s as e as matte$s %!e$!!+ the

+a$"a!sh# - !at$a %$ seete" - a!" $at%$sh#.

De)ets %) the ,!te!t%!

Duress

A$te 112. - ,1 D$ess s the e+a )%$!+ %) a #e$s%!

t% "% a! at a+a!st hs )$ee .

,2 D$ess s %e$e ) t s a th$eat %) a!

m#e!"!+ +$eat "a!+e$ sh as the a!!hat%! %) a )e8 %$

the a))t%! %) !$* %! a mem'e$ ,%) the '%"*8 %$

%e!t 'eat!+8 %$ as!+ +$ae "ama+e t% #$%#e$t*; t

!%t 'e %e$e he$e t s a th$eat t% as!+ esse$ "a!+e$

tha! the a)%$eme!t%!e" sh as m#$s%!me!t a!" 'eat!+

"e#e!"!+ %! the $msta!es ,%!"t%!s s$$%!"!+

#e$s%!s.

,3 The th$eat t% ase !$* t% the #a$e!ts8 thes#%se8 %$ a! !ma$$e" $eate %! the mate$!a s"e as e

as the th$eat %) !)t!+ !$* t% h%!%$ 'e

"eeme" t% 'e "$ess hh "e#e!"!+ %! the $msta!es %)

the ase 'e ethe$ %e$e %$ !%!-%e$e.

1 6As a)eeh6 ,m#$"e!t s %!e h% s5a!"e$s a!" s#e!"s hs#$%#e$t* %!t$a$* t% the $e5stes %) the ha$a a!" +%%""+me!t ee! he! ths s "%!e )%$ ats %) 'e!e%e!e shas '"!+ #aes %) %$sh# a!" %m#a$a'e th!+s he$e a!

!te$"t%! 'e m#%se" %! hm. ,A" D$$ A1 H(hta$




3.4-32

A$te 113. - I! %$"e$ t% a""e "$ess the #e$s%! ma(!+

the th$eat mst 'e a#a'e %) exet!+ hs th$eat a!" the

%e$ee mst )ea$ the exet%! %) the th$eat sh that he s

e" t% 'eee that the %'et %) the th$eat 'e exete"

) he has )ae" t% the at the s'et matte$ %) the th$eat.

A$te 114. - D$ess "))e$s a%$"!+ t% the "))e$e!t

%!"t%!s %) a+e8 ea(!ess8 %))e he"8 s%a sta!"!+ %)

the #e$s%!8 a!" the "e+$ee - s+!)a!t8 !s+!)a!t8

see$t* a!" ea(!ess - %) !)e!e %! a!" s))e$a!e '* the

#e$s%! )$%m m#$s%!me!t a!" 'eat!+.

A$te 11. - A %!t$at s !%t #e$)%$ma'e hh s

exete" !"e$ a!* (!" %) a a" "$ess.

A$te 11G. - A hs'a!" has !)e!e %! hs )e: ) he

%e$e" ,)%$e" he$ '* 'eat!+8 )%$ exam#e8 %$ '*

)%$'""!+ he$ )$%m st!+ he$ #a$e!ts ! %$"e$ t% a'a!"%!

he$ "%$* hh she "" sh a'a!"%!me!t sha !%t 'e

#e$)%$me" !%$ hs a't* the$e%! 'e $eease".

Mistake

A$te 118 - ,1 <he$e the$e s a msta(e ! a %!t$at

%!e$!!+ the %'et hh has 'ee! !ame" a!" !"ate"

,"es$'e" the %!t$at he$e the (!" "))e$e" t% 'e

$eate" t% the %'et !ame" a!" 'e %"e" 'ease %) the

!%!-exste!e the$e%); he$e the (!" %$$es#%!"e" ,s the

same 't the "es$#t%! "))e$e" the %!t$at ) the

atte$ s the "es$e" ,%'et $eate t% that hh has 'ee!

!"ate" ,"es$'e" a!" 'e %!"e" 'ease the

%'et s exst!+ 't 'e s'et t% the a##$%a %) the

%!t$at!+ #a$t*.

,2 It ths st%!e has 'ee! s%" as 'e!+ eme$a" 't

t$!e" %t t% 'e +ass the sae s %"; 't he$e sa" st%!e

as s%" at !+ht a!" "es$'e" as 'e!+ $e" eme$a" 't the

%%$ t$!e" %t t% 'e *e%8 %$ he$e a % as s%" as

'e!+ m(* a!" t t$!e" %t t% 'e %the$se the sae

'e s'et t% the a##$%a ,a%a!e %) the #$hase$.




3.4-33

A$te 11. -1 A! assm#t%! the )ast* %) hh s

a##a$e!t s %) !% ,e+a %!se5e!e; a %!t$at !%t 'e

#e$)%$me" ):

, the$e s a msta(e as t% the.5at* ,the

"es$#t%! %) the th!+ hh ! the e %) the

%!t$at!+ #a$tes s %$ mst 'e %!s"e$e"

esse!ta "e t% the $msta!es ! hh the

%!t$at ha" 'ee! %!"e" a!" t% the +%%" )ath

that mst 'e ex#$esse" ! "ea!+s;

, the$e s a msta(e as t% the "e!tt* %$ a!* %)

the a#ates %) a #a$t* hh th!+ as the s%e

%$ ma! ase ,%'et )%$ the %!t$at!+.

A$te 119. - A #a$t* t% a %!t$at h% has %mmtte" a

msta(e ma* !%t !%(e t exe#t he$e the %the$ #a$t* ha"

%mmtte" the same msta(e %$ ha" (!%e"+e the$e%) %$ %"

hae eas* "etete" ,"s%e$e" the msta(e.

A$te 120. - A me$e msta(e %) aat%! %$ a mate$a

,e$a msta(e !%t a))et the e))etat* %) the%!t$at ! hh ase the msta(e mst 'e $et)e".Fraudulent Misrepresentation ith !esion

A$te 121. - ,1 <he$e a %!t$at!+ #a$t* has ma"e Base

$e#$ese!tat%!s t% the %the$ #a$t* a!" t as esta'she"

that the %!t$at %!ta!e" +$e%s "ama+e the %!t$at

'e s'et t% the a##$%a %) ,'e a%e" '* the a++$ee"

#a$t*; he$e the #a$t* h% exe$se" the +$%ss "eet has

"e" the ase %) )$a"e!t ms$e#$ese!tat%! #ass t%,'e '$%+ht a+a!st hs he$s.

1 I) a #e$s%! assme" that he has a "e't t% #a* a!" ""ata* #a* t 't ate$ t t$a!s#$e" that he s !%t!"e'te" ,t% the #a*ee he $e%e$ that hh he ha"#a". As% he$e a s$et* has #a" the sm %) the "e't,assm!+ t t% 'e st "e hh ha" a$ea"* 'ee! #a" %$ae" '* the #$!#a; the #a*e$ am the sm he ha"

#a". ,ha$h 7aaat A1 Ah(am a A"**a




3.4-34

,2 B$a"e!t ms$e#$ese!tat%! s "eeme" t% 'e the

)a$e t% e"ate ,state ea$* ! the %!t$ats %) the

t$st he$e at%! mst 'e exe$se" a+a!st am'+t* '*

e"at%! sh as heat!+ ! %!t$ats %) $esae th

#$%)t8 at %st-sha$!+ a!" at a "s%!t %$ %ss.

A$te 122. - <he$e the )$a"e!t ms$e#$ese!tat%! as '*

%the$ tha! the %!t$at!+ #a$tes the %!t$at !%t 'e

ss#e!"e" exe#t he$e t has 'ee! esta'she" t% the

a++$ee" #a$t* that the %the$ %!t$at!+ #a$t* as at the

tme %) exet%! %) the %!t$at aa$e %$ t as eas* )%$

hm t% 'e aa$e %) ths ms$e#$ese!tat%!.

A$te 1238 - A %!t$at!+ #a$t* h% has 'ee! the s'et

%) )$a"e!t ms$e#$ese!tat%! ma* am "ama+es ) he has

%!* s))e$e" tte ,!s+!)a!t !$* ,es%! %$ ) he

s))e$e" a +$e%s !$* ,es%! he$e the

ms$e#$ese!tat%! ,"eet as !(!%! t% the %the$ #a$t* a!"

t as !%t eas* )%$ the atte$ t% (!% t %$ he$e the th!+

ha" 'ee! %!sme" #$%$ t% 'e%m!+ aa$e %) the !$* %$

ha" #e$she" %$ s))e$e" a "e)et %$ !"e$+%!e a! esse!taha!+e he$e ! a ases the %!t$at 'e e))eta.

A$te 124. - ,1 7e$e !$* "%es !%t 'a$ e!)%$eme!t %)

the %!t$at !s%)a$ as the !$* as !%t %#e" th

"eet.

,2 The %!t$at sha 'e ! a!" %" ) h%ee$ the

!$* as +$e%s a!" the !$e" #a$t* ha" 'ee!

!te$"te" %$ he$e the !$* as ssta!e" '* the #$%#e$t*

%) the tate %$ a5).,3 I!$* ,es%! ma* !%t 'e a""e" ! $es#et %) a

%!t$at hh as %!"e" '* a* %) a #' at%!.

A$te 12. - <he$e a"a!ta+e as ta(e! %) the !ee"8

$ash!ess8 %$ $+e ,$a!+8 !ex#e$e!e8 %$ ea #e$e#t%!

,a##$ehe!s%! %) a %!t$at!+ #a$t* he$e the %!t$at has

$este" ! +$e%s !$* t% hm he ma* th! %!e *ea$

)$%m the tme %) the %!t$at "ema!" $e"t%! %) the !$*




3.4-3

t% a $eas%!a'e "e+$ee; ) the "s#%sa ma"e '* hm as

+$att%s he ma* "$!+ sa" tme mt $e%(e t.

,2 O'et a!" Case

A$te 12G. - Ee$* %'+at%! hh has $este" )$%m the

%!t$at mst hae a! %'et attahe" t% t hh s

sse#t'e %) ,a(!%e"+es ts e+a %!se5e!e; the

%'et ma* 'e #$%#e$t* 'e t a! %'et %) mate$a ae8 a

"e't8 a 'e!e)t8 %$ a!* %the$ #e!a$* $+ht; t ma* as% 'e

%$( ,t% 'e "%!e %$ a'ste!t%! )$%m "%!+ %$(.

A$te 12. - ,1 I) the %'et %) the %'+at%! s a!a's%te m#%ss't* ,s%meth!+ ! tse) m#%ss'e the

%!t$at s %".

,2 I) the %'+at%! s m#%ss'e )%$ ,as mh as

%!e$!s the "e't%$ hh m#%ss't* ! tse) s !%t

a's%te the %!t$at s a" a!" the "e't%$ s %'+ate" t%

#a* "ama+es 'ease he has )ae" t% #e$)%$m hs !"e$ta(!+.

A$te 12. , 1 The %'et %) the %'+at%! mst 'e

"es+!ate" ! a ma!!e$ hh !e+ates exesse +!%$a!e

$e+a$"ess %) hethe$ the "es+!at%! as '* #%!t!+ %t the

%'et %$ ts s#e) #ae ) t s #$ese!t ,aaa'e at

the tme %) the %!t$at %$ '* stat!+ ts "st!te

)eat$es a!" 5a!tt* ) t s 5a!ttate1 %$ ! sh %the$

a* hh !e+ates exesse +!%$a!e; me!t%!!+ the (!"

$athe$ tha! the 5a!tt* a!" "es$#t%! !%t 'e

a"e5ate.

,2 It %" h%ee$ 'e a"e5ate ) the %'et s (!%!t% the %!t$at!+ #a$tes he$e the !ee" "%es !%t a$se )%$

"es$'!+ a!" "e!t)*!+ t ! a!%the$ ma!!e$.

,3 <he$e the %'et has !%t 'ee! "es+!ate" ! the

a)%$eme!t%!e" ma!!e$ the %!t$at s ! a!" %".

1 Qa!ttates a$e th!+s the 5a!ttes %) hh a$emeas$e" '* %me e+ht !t ,%!t %$ "$a ,meas$e %)

!ea$ e!+th e5a t% G ms.




3.4-3G

A$te 129. - ,1 The %'et %) the %'+at%! ma* 'e

!%!exste!t at the tme %) %!t$at!+ ) t s %'ta!a'e !

)t$e a!" has 'ee! "es+!ate" ,"es$'e" ! sh a ma!!e$

!e+at!+ exesse +!%$a!e a!" )$a".

,2 A! a+$eeme!t th $e+a$" t% the sess%! ,estate

%) a !+ #e$s%! s %".

A$te 130. - ,1 The %'et %) the %'+at%! mst !%t 'e

e+a* 'a!!e" !%$ mst t 'e t% the #$e"e %) #'

%$"e$ a!" m%$as as %the$se t %" 'e ! a!" %".

,2 The )%%!+ a$e #a$ta$* "eeme" t% 'e !te$

aa %) #' %$"e$: the #$%s%!s %!e$!!+ #e$s%!a

stats sh as a#at* a!" !he$ta!e as e as the

#$%s%!s %!e$!!+ %!e*a!es a!" the #$%ee"!+s

,#$%e"$e !ee"e" )%$ "s#%s!+ %) a5)s ,"e"at%!s8 %)

mm%a'es a!" %) the #$%#e$t* %) !te$"te" #e$s%!s %)

a5)s a!" %) the tate a!" the as %) ma!"at%$* #$!+ a!"

the %the$ as hh a$e ! exe#t%!a $msta!es e!ate"

,t% sats)* the !ee"s %) %!sme$s.

A$te 131. - ,1 The %!t$at ma* 'e !(e" ,%#e" th

a st#at%! hh %!)$ms %$ s %m#at'e th ts

%'et %$ s ! %!s%!a!e th st%m a!" sa+e.

,2 The %!t$at ma* as% 'e !(e" ,%#e" th a

st#at%! hh s 'e!e)a t% ethe$ %!t$at!+ #a$t*

%$ t% a th$" #a$t* #$%"e" t s !%t e+a* #$%h'te" %$

#$e"a t% the #' %$"e$ a!" m%$as as %the$se the

st#at%! 'e $e%(e" a!" the %!t$at 'e a"

sae he$e the st#at%! as the m%te )%$ the %!t$at!+

! hh ase the %!t$at as% 'e %".

A$te 132. - ,1 The %!t$at sha 'e ! a!" %" ) the

%!t$at!+ #a$t* has assme" a! %'+at%! th%t a ase

%$ )%$ a ase hh s e+a* #$%h'te" %$ s ! %at%!

%) #' %$"e$ a!" m%$as.

,2 It 'e #$esme" that ee$* %'+at%! has a

a) ase ee! he$e the ase has !%t 'ee! me!t%!e" !

the %!t$at !ess #$%%) s esta'she" %the$se.




3.4-3

,3 F!t the %!t$a$* has 'ee! esta'she" the ase

me!t%!e" ! the %!t$at s "eeme" t% 'e the $ea ase.

,3 Va" a!" V%" C%!t$ats

A$te 133. - ,1 A a" %!t$at s a a) %!t$at !

esse!e a!" att$'tes hh s %!"e" '* #a$tes %) )

a#ates a!" has a! %'et sse#t'e %) ts e+a

%!se5e!e a!" a a) ase a!" ts att$'tes a$e a"

,#$%#e$ )$ee %) a!* "e)ets.

,2 I) the a" %!t$at s !%t ss#e!"e" ,has a

ss#e!se %!"t%! t 'e "e )%$ mme"ate

#e$)%$ma!e.

A$te 134.- ,1 <he$e a %!"t%!a1 ,ss#e!"e"

%!t$at s %!"e" "e t% a! !te$"t%!8 "$ess8

msta(e8 %$ E$a" the %!t$at!+ #a$t* ma* $e%(e the

%!t$at ate$ essat%! %) the !te$"t%! %) the "$ess %)

$eeat%! %) the msta(e %$ %) !e!+ the "ee#t%!; he

ma* as% a"ate ,a% the %!t$at; E the %!t$at s

$e%(e" he ma* $e%(e the "s#%sas %E the t$a!s)e$ee a!"

hae $esttte" t% hm the %mm%"t* he$ee$ he ma* )!" t

ee! he$e t has ha!+e" ha!"s; he$e the %mm%"t* ,th!+

has #e$she" he ! #%ssess%! %) the t$a!s)e$ee the atte$

sha 'e a'e %! the ae the$e%).

,2 The %!t$at!+ %$ the "eee" #a$t* has the

%#t%! ) he s% shes t% am )$%m the %the$ #a$t* %$ )$%m

the #e$s%! h% exe$se" theS "$ess %$ the "ee#t%!; E

ethe$ %) the atte$ t% ha" #a" the am he ma* am that

hh he ha" 'ee! #a" )$%m the %the$ %!t$at!+ #a$t*;the$e s !% a't* %! a %!t$at!+ #a$t* h% has 'ee! the

s'et %) "$ess %$ ms$e#$ese!tat%! ) he ha" !"e$ "$ess

1 A %!"t%!a %!t$at s a! exet%$* %!t$at the#e$)%$ma!e %) hh "e#e!"s #%! a %!"t%!. It s !%tsm#* a! exet%$* %!t$at8 s!e the atte$ ma* 'e a!a's%te a+$eeme!t t% "% %$ !%t t% "% s%meth!+ 't t s a%!t$at h%se e$* exste!e a!" #e$)%$ma!e "e#e!" #%! a

%!t!+e!*. ,a(s La Dt%!a$*8 199 e"t%!.




3.4-3

%$ "ee#t%! $eee" the %!s"e$at%! hh #e$she" he

! hs #%ssess%! th%t e!$%ahme!t %! hs #a$t.

A$te 13. - ,1 He h% has "s#%se" %) the #$%#e$t* %)

a!%the$ th%t hs #e$mss%!8 hs "s#%sa s %!"e"

s'et t% a"at%! '* the %!e$.

,2 The a"at%! '* the %!e$ 'e ta!tam%!t t% a$

#$%$at%! ,#%e$ %) att%$!e* a!" the %!s"e$at%! 'e

ame" )$%m the !%mmss%!e" a+e!t ) he ha" $eee" t

E$%m the %the$ %!t$at!+ #a$t*.

,3 The "s#%sa %) the !%mmss%!e" a+e!t 'e

! a!" %" ) the %!e$ has !%t a"ate" t; ) the %the$

%!t$at!+ #a$t* ha" #a" the %!s"e$at%! t% the

!%mmss%!e" a+e!t he ma* am )$%m hm; ) the

%!s"e$at%! has #e$she" he ! #%ssess%! %) the

!%mmss%!e" a+e!t th%t e!$%ahme!t %! hs #a$t a!" )

the %the$ %!t$at!+ #a$t* has #a" the %!s"e$at%!

(!%!+ hm t% 'e !%mmss%!e" !% $e%$se ma* 'e ha"

a+a!st hm )%$ a!*th!+ the$e%E.

,4 <he$e the !%mmss%!e" a+e!t ha" "ee$e"

the

%'et %) the %!t$at t% the #e$s%! th h%m he ha"

%!"e" the %!t$at a!" t #e$she" he ! hs

#%ssess%! th%t e!$%ahme!t %! hs #a$t* the %!e$ ma*

am the ae the$e%E )$%m h%mee$ %E them he shes t%

am; E he has %#te" t% am E$%m ethe$ %) them hs $+ht

t% am E$%m the %the$ #$es$'e ,a#se.

A$te 13G. - ,1 Va"at%! %E a ss#e!"e" ,%!"t%!a

%!t$at s ethe$ ex#$ess %$ m#e" a!" s 'ase" %!

,att$'te" t% the tme %E %!"!+ the %!t$at; t s a

%!"t%! that the #e$s%! h% has the #%e$ %) a"at%! ,%)

the %!t$at mst 'e #$ese!t at the tme %) ssa!e %)

,%!"!+ the %!t$at; t !%t 'e a %!"t%! that

the %!t$at!+ #a$tes %$ the %$+!a %!e$ %$ the %'et

%) the %!t$at 'e #$ese!t ,exst at the tme %) the

a"at%!.




3.4-39

,2 The %#t%! %) a"at%! %$ $e%at%! mst 'e

exe$se" th! th$ee m%!ths a!" ) "$!+ ths tme mt

!% s+! has 'ee! ma"e t% !"ate the sh t% $e%(e the

%!t$at t 'e "eeme" e))eta.

,3 I) the ase %) ss#e!s%! as "e t% "m!she"

a#at* the sa" tme mt 'e+!s )$%m the tme %)

essat%! %) ths ase %$ E$%m the tme he! the +a$"a!

'e%mes aa$e %) ssa!e ,%$+!at%! %) the %!t$at;

he$e the ase )%$ the ss#e!s%! as 'ease %) "$ess8

msta(e8 %$ "ee#t%! ,)$a" the tme mt 'e+!s t% $!

E$%m the tme he! the "$ess has ease"8 %$ the msta(e has

'ee! $eeae"8 %$ the "ee#t%! !ee"; he$e the ase %Ethe ss#e!s%! as "e t% a'se!e %) ath%$t* %e$ the

%'et %) the %!t$at the tme mt 'e+!s )$%m the "a* %!

hh the %!e$ 'e%mes aa$e %) the ssa!e ,%$+!at%!

%) the %!t$at.

A$te 13. - ,1 A %" %!t$at s that hh "e t% ts

ase ,%$+! s !%t a" as t% ts esse!e %$ as t% ts

att$'tes $e+a$"!+ s%me %) ts exte$!a Eeat$es.

,2 A %!t$at 'e %" ) the$e s a "e)et ! ts%!stte!t eeme!ts sh as he$e the %))e$ a!" ae#ta!e

hae 'ee! exha!+e" '* #a$tes h% a$e !%t e+a* %m#ete!t

t% %!"e %!t$ats %$ he$e the %'et s !%t #e$)%$ma'e

,sse#t'e %) ts e+a %!se5e!es %$ he$e the ase s

!a).

,3 The %!t$at as% 'e %" ) s%me %) ts

)eat$es ,att$'tes a$e "e)ete sh as he! the %'et

%) the %!t$at s %) exesse +!%$a!e %$ he$e the

%!t$at "%es !%t %!)%$m t% the )%$m m#%se" '* the a.

A$te 13. - ,1 A %" %!t$at !%t !h !%$

t 'e #e$)%$ma'e ,%!!%te e+a %!se5e!es a' !t%.

,2 I) the %!t$at s %"e" the #a$tes 'e

$e!state" ! the #%st%!s hh exste" #$%$ t% the

%!t$at; a!" ) sh $e!stateme!t s m#%ss'e "ama+es

e5ae!t t% the %ss ma* 'e aa$"e".




3.4-40

,3A #e$s%! %) "m!she" a#at* sha !%t h%ee$ 'e

'%!" he$e the %!t$at has 'ee! %"e" %! +$%!"s %) hs

!a#at* t% $e#a* exe#t sh 'e!e)t hh he ha" %'ta!e"

'* $eas%! %) #e$)%$ma!e %) the %!t$at.

A$te 139. - <he$e a #a$t %) the %!t$at s %" that #a$t

%!* 'e %" a!" the $ema!!+ #a$t %) the %!t$at

$ema! a" a!" 'e %!s"e$e" as a! !"e#e!"e!t ,se#a$ate

%!t$at !ess t s $eeae" that the %!t$at %" !%t

hae 'ee! %!"e" th%t the #a$t hh has 'ee! %"e".

A$te 140. - he$e a %" %!t$at %!ta!s the eeme!ts %)

a!%the$ %!t$at t 'e a" a!" 'e %!s"e$e" t% 'e the

%!t$at the eeme!ts %) hh hae 'ee! ))e" ) t s

$eeae" that the %!t$at!+ #a$tes ha" the !te!t%! t%

exete ths %!t$at.

A$te 141. - <he$e a %!t$at s %" ee$* !te$este"

#a$t* ma* !%(e !t* a!" the %$t ma* %) ts %! a%$"

a""+e !t* a!" the !t* !%t 'e $e%(e"

,a!!e" '* a"at%!.

et%! , - The e))ets %) a %!t$at

,1 The !"!+ E))et 'etee! the C%!t$at!+ Ja$tes

A$te 142. - ,1 The e))ets %) a %!t$at sha a##* t%

the %!t$at!+ #a$tes a!" t% the$ !e$sa sess%$s

th%t #$e"e t% the $es %) sess%! ,!he$ta!e

sae he! t s $eeae" )$%m the %!t$at %$ the !at$e %)

"ea!+s %$ )$%m the #$%s%!s %) the a that ths e))et !%t 'e t$a!s)e$$e" t% the !e$sa sess%$s.

,2 <he$e the %!t$at has $eate" %'+at%!s a!"

$+hts ! $es $eate" t% a th!+ hh the$ea)te$ as

t$a!s)e$$e" t% a s!+a$ sess%$ sh %'+at%!s a!"

$+hts 'e t$a!s)e$$e" t% ths sess%$ at the same tme

as that %) t$a!s)e$e!e %) the th!+ he$e sa" %'+at%!s

a!" $+hts a$e %) the #$e$e5stes the$e%) a!" the s!+a$




3.4-41

sess%$ as aa$e %) the same at the tme he! the th!+

#asse" t% hm.

A$te 143. - It s a $e5ste ! %mmtate %!t$ats

that the #a$tes esta'sh the$ $es#ete ttes t% the

th!+s ,%mm%"tes 'e!+ exha!+e" a!" t s a! %'+at%!

%! eah #a$t* t% "ee$ hs %! #$%#e$t* the %'et %) the

exha!+e t% the %the$ #a$t*.

A$te 1448- A %mmtate %!t$at %!e$!!+ the

'e!e)ts %) th!+s ,%mm%"tes $eates a! %'+at%! %! the

ae!at%$ ,the #e$s%! h% h%"s the $+ht %) "s#%sa %e$

the th!+ t% "ee$ t t% the 'e!e)a$* h% s as% !"e$

a! %'+at%! t% "ee$ the %!s"e$at%! %) the 'e!e)t t%

the %!e$ %) the th!+.

A$te 14. - A %!t$at!+ #a$t* s !"e$ a! %'+at%! t%

#e$)%$m hs %'+at%! ,!"e$ the %!t$at hatee$ ma* 'e

the %'et %) the %!t$at.

A$te 14G. - ,1 <he$e a %!t$at has 'ee! #e$)%$me" t s

e+a* '!"!+ a!" !ethe$ #a$t* ma* $e%(e %$ ame!" t

exe#t #$sa!t t% a #$%s%! ! the a %$ '* mta

%!se!t.

,2 <he$e h%ee$ as a $est %) exe#t%!a a!"

!#$e"ta'e ee!ts %) a +e!e$a !at$e the #e$)%$ma!e %)

the %!t$ata %'+at%! has !%t 'e%me m#%ss'e 't

%!e$%s %! the "e't%$ sh as th$eate! hm th

ex%$'ta!t %ss the %$t a)te$ 'aa!!+ the !te$ests %)

the #a$tes ma* ) t %" 'e e5ta'e $e"e the %!e$%s

%'+at%! t% a $eas%!a'e mt; ee$* a+$eeme!t %the$sesha 'e ! a!" %".

A$te 14. - ,1 <he$e a )tt%s ,ma+!a$* %!t$at

has 'ee! exete" the $e"t%$s %) the %!t$at!+ #a$tes as

e as the s!+a$ sess%$s h% a$e '%!a )"e ma* !%(e

the )tt%s %!t$at a!" ma* as% esta'sh the )tt%s

!at$e %) the %!t$at hh !$e" them a!" ma* !%(e the

ee" %!t$at.




3.4-42

,2 I) the !te$ests %) the #a$tes a$e ! %!)t

he$e s%me !%(e" the %e$t ,)tt%s %!t$at a!" the

%the$s !%(e" the ee" ,%e$t %!t$at the )%$me$

hae #$%$t*.

A$te 148 - ,1 A %e$t ,ee" %!t$at s e))ete

'etee! the %!t$at!+ #a$tes a!" the !e$sa sess%$s;

the %e$t ,)tt%s %!t$at sha !%t hae a!* e))et

am%!+ them.

. ,2 <he$e the %!t$at!+ #a$tes hae ee" a $ea

%!tat '* a! %e$t %!t$at the $ea %!t$at 'e a"

) t has ))e" the %!"t%!s %) ts a"t*.

A$te 149. - The )tt%s !at$e %) "s#%sas

,ae!at%!s ma"e %! a $ea #$%#e$t* ma* !%t 'e %!teste"

a)te$ the* hae 'ee! e!te$e" ! the $e+ste$s %) the Rea

Estate Re+st$at%! De#a$tme!t.




A$te 10. - ,1 The %!t$at mst 'e #e$)%$me" a%$"!+

t% ts %!te!ts a!" ! a ma!!e$ hh %!)%$ms t% the !%$ms

,$e5$eme!ts %) +%%" )ath.

,2 The %!t$at "%es !%t '!" the %!t$at!+ #a$t* as

$e+a$"s ts ex#$ess %!"t%!s %!* 't as% as $e+a$"s th%se

hh a$e ! a%$"a!e th the a8 st%m8 a!" e5t*

"eeme" t% 'e $e5stes the$e%) "e#e!"!+ %! the !at$e %)

the %'+at%!.

A$te 11. - ,1 A #e$s%! h% has #$%mse" t% #$%$e a

th$" #a$t* t% #e$)%$m a! %'+at%! !%t ! s% "%!+

'!" sh th$" #a$t* 't '!"s hmse) a!" mst %m#e!sate

the #e$s%! th h%m he ha" %!"e" the %!t$at ) the

th$" #a$t* has $e)se" t% '!" hmse); he ma* the$ea)te$

$eee hmse) %) the %m#e!sat%! '* hmse) #e$)%$m!+ the

%'+at%! hh he ha" #$%mse" ) he s a#a'e %)

#e$)%$ma!e th%t !$!+ the $e"t%$.

,2 t he$e the th$" #a$t* has a##$%e" the #$%mse

hs a##$%a !%t #$%"e ts e))ets exe#t )$%m the

tme %) ex#$ess!+ t !ess t %" 'e $eeae" that he

!te!"e" m#e"* %$ ex#$ess* that the a##$%a ta(ee))et )$%m the "a* %! hh the #$%mse ha" 'ee! ma"e.

A$te 128 - ,1 A #e$s%! ma* !"e$ta(e '* %!t$at ! hs

%! !ame t% #e$)%$m %'+at%!s hh he st#ates )%$ the

!te$est ,'e!e)t %) a th$" #a$t* ) ! #e$)%$m!+ these

%'+at%!s he has a #e$s%!a8 m%$a8 %$ mate$a !te$est.

,2ae he$e %the$se a+$ee" ths st#at%! ests

!t% the th$" #a$t* a "$et $+ht a+a!st the %'+ee a!"

ma* am #e$)%$ma!e the$e%); the %'+ee ma* !%(e,a""e a+a!st the th$" #a$t* the "e)e!es hh a$se

)$%m the %!t$at.

,3The #e$s%! h% ma"e the !"e$ta(!+ ma* as% am

#e$)%$ma!e %) the st#at%!s he ha" ma"e ! )a%$ %) the

th$" #a$t* !ess t %" a##ea$ )$%m the %!t$at




3.4-44

that the th$" #a$t* s the %!* #e$s%! h% ma* am

the #e$)%$ma!e %) sh st#at%!.

A$te 13. - ,1 The st#at%$ 't !%t hs $e"t%$ %$

he$ ma* $e%(e the st#at%! 'e)%$e the 'e!e)a$*

"ea$es hs sh t% the st#at%$ %$ the !"e$ta(e$

,%'+ee t% hae the 'e!e)t %) the st#at%! sae he$e

the $e%at%! s !%t %!t$a$* t% the %'+at%!s %!ta!e"

! the %!t$at.

,2 I! the a'se!e %) a! ex#$ess %$ m#e" a+$eeme!t

t% the %!t$a$* the $e%at%! sha !%t $eee the

%'+ees a'tes s-a-s the st#at%$; the

st#at%$ ma* s'$%+ate the )$st 'e!e)a$* '* a!%the$

'e!e)a$* a!" ma* as% $ese$e )%$ hmse) the 'e!e)t %)

the st#at%!.

A$te 14. - <he$e the$e s a st#at%! )%$ the 'e!e)t

%) a th$" #a$t* the 'e!e)a$* ma* 'e a )t$e #e$s%! %$

#a$t* , !sttt%! a!" ma* as% 'e a #e$s%! %$ #a$t* h%

has !%t 'ee! "es+!ate" , "e!t)e" at the tme %) the

%!t$at #$%"e" sh #e$s%! %$ #a$t* s "e!t)a'e at thetme he! the %!t$at #$%"es ts e))ets.

,2 I!te$#$etat%! %) the C%!t$at

A$te .1. - ,1 I! %!t$ats8 !te!t%!s a!" mea!!+s

mst 'e m#e" a!" %$"s a!" )%$ms ,%!st$t%!s mst 'e

"s$e+a$"e".

,2 asa* %$"s m#* the $eat*; 't ) the t$th

s m#%ss'e the* m#* the meta#h%$.

Ex#a!at%! as a##ea$!+ ! 7aaat A1 Ah(am A1 A"**a:

Ja$a+$a#h ,1 mea!s that the %!t$ats hh a$e 'ase" %!

%'ets a!" !te!t%!s a!" !%t %! %$"s8 sh as saes8

eases8 a!" "$a)ts 'e !te$#$ete" a%$"!+ t% the

!te!t%!s ,%) the #a$tes a!" the mea!!+s a!" the %$"s

'e "s$e+a$"e": that s h* $e"em#t%! saes a$e

%!s"e$e" t% 'e m%$t+a+es ! s#te %) the )at that the* a$e

%!"e" '* tte$!+ the %$" 6sae6 he$e the !te!t%! s




3.4-4

!%t t% %!e* t% the #$hase$ the tte %) the %'et %) the

sae as the !te!t%! s t% se$e the "e't. The )%%!+

'$a!h )$%m ths $e: he$e a ma! sa": 6I "%!ate ths h%se

a+a!st ths st %) *%$s6; t has 'ee! %!s"e$e" '*

%!se!ss that t s a sae 'ease the s+!)a!e he$e s

)%$ the mea!!+ a!" !%t the %$"s ,D$$ 7%!ta5a. As% a

+a$a!tee st#at!+ "sha$+e %) the "e't%$s a't* s

a "$a)t a!" the "$a)t st#at!+ !%!-"sha$+e %) the

"%t%$s a't* s a se$t* ,+a$a!tee; a +$a!t th a

st#at%! t% #a* a %!s"e$at%! s a sae hh s

sse#t'e %) the #$eem#t%! $+ht; e!"!+ )%$ a s#e)e"

te$m a+a!st a e$ta! )ee ,$e!t s a ease ,Ash'ah; a+a$"a!sh# "$!+ the )e %) the %!stte!t s a! a+e!*

a!" the a##%!tme!t %) a! a+e!t a)te$ the "eath %) the

%!stte!t s a +a$"a!sh# ,a**eh. The$e a$e h%ee$

exe#t%!s t% ths $e sh as he$e a ma! h% !te!"e" t%

"%!ate hs #$%#e$t* sa": 6I hae s%" *% ths #$%#e$t*

th%t a #$e6: the %$" 6s%"6 ! ths ase s !%t %"e"

a!" s !%t ta(e! t% 'e a +)t ee! he$e the #e$s%! h% ma"e

the stateme!t !te!"e" t t% 'e a +)t ,Ash'ah.

Ja$a+$a#h ,2: Ve$t* ,t$th $eat* s the a!tthess%) meta#h%$ a!" the se %) the %$" t% "e!%te the mea!!+

hh t %!e*s sh as 6%!6 s se" t% "e!%te a 'east %)

#$e* a!" 6ha!"6 s mea!t t% 'e that #a$t %) the hma! '%"*

(!%! as sh. A meta#h%$ s se" t% "e!%te %the$ tha! the

t$e mea!!+ %) a %$" ) the$e s a %!text t% !"ate that

the t$e mea!!+ s !%t !te!"e". Ths %$"s m#* e$t*

,t$th $eat*8 .e. a %$" mst !%t m#* a meta#h%$ ) t

a! 'e !te$#$ete" !t% ts t$e mea!!+: ) a #e$s%!

'e5eathe" t% s s%! the +$a!"s%! !%t 'e !"e" !

the 'e5est ) has a s%! %) hs %! 't ) he "%es !%t hae

hs %))s#$!+ the 'e5est #asses t% the s%!s s%!; the

%#!%! "))e$e" as $e+a$"s a "a+hte$s s%!. <hat '$a!hes

)$%m ths $e s he$e a

#e$s%! sa": 6Ths h%se s )%$ 6; ths %" 'e a!

a"mss%! %) tte t% the h%se t% ee! he$e that #e$s%!

has ame" that t s hs "e!+ #ae hs am !%t

'e a"mtte" ,Ash'ah.




3.4-4G

A$te 1G. - The t$th s e)t %t ,"s$e+a$"e" he$e

st%m !"ates %the$se.

Ex#a!at%! a%$"!+ t% 7aaat A1 Ah(am A1 A"**a: 6B%$

exam#e: a ma! h% as(e" hs se$a!t t% )$e the am# "" !%t

mea! t% '$! the am#; hat he ata* mea!t as t% +ht a

a!"e hh s th! the am#; the sa+e 'e!+ ! that a$ea

t% sa* )$e the am#; s% the t$e mea!!+ %) )$e s e)t %t

,"s$e+a$"e" 'ease sa+e !"ates that )$e mea!s

s#a$(!+ the +ht %) the a!"e th! the am#.6

A$te 1. Im#at%! s "s$e+a$"e" s-a-s a

"ea$at%!.

Ex#a!at%! a%$"!+ t% 7aaat A1 Ah(am A1 A"**a: 6That

s ) m#at%! %!)ts th a "ea$at%! ,ex#$ess

tte$a!e the atte$ 'e %!s"e$e" a!" the )%$me$

"s$e+a$"e": he$e A ma"e a! %))e$ +$a!t!+ 3 a th!+; )

ta(es "ee$* %) the th!+ ! the sess%! %) the +$a!t he

%" hae ate" a"* ee! he$e the "%!%$ "" !%t #e$mt

hm t% ta(e "ee$* %) the th!+ as ta(!+ "ee$* s

m#e" )$%m the %))e$ %) the "%!%$; 't ) the "%!%$ )%$'a"e

)$%m ta(!+ "ee$* a!" t%%( "ee$* %) the th!+ hs

at%! 'e %" 'ease the "%!%$ tte$e" ex#$ess %$"s

,"ea$e" )%$'""!+ )$%m ta(!+ "ee$* %) the th!+:

ths a "ea$at%! %"s m#at%!. As% ) A a!" ame"

ha!+ #$hase" a th!+ )$%m C 't "" !%t +e the "ate %)

the #$hase %$ +ae the same "ate h% %) the t% has

#%ssess%! %) the th!+ 'e "eeme" t% 'e the #$hase$

'ease #%ssess%! s #$%%) ,'* m#at%! %) the #$hase;'t ) )%$ !sta!e +ae a!



IRAQ 1 & 2/1990: THE CIVIL COO

ea$e$ "ate %) #$hase tha! that %) A hs #$%%) 'e

a"mtte" 'ease the #$ee"e!e %) the "ate #$%es ex#$ess*

hs tte. <he$e h%ee$ at%! has 'ee! ta(e! ! #$sa!e

%) m#at%! sh as he! A hea$" that a! !%mmss%!e"

a+e!t has s%" hs #$%#e$t* he ame" the #$e )$%m hm:

ths am s "eeme" t% 'e a! m#e" a"at%! %) the sae

,D$$ 7(hta$; ) he the$ea)te$ $e%(e" ex#$ess* the sae

ma"e '* the !%mmss%!e" a+e!t the $e%at%! sha hae !%

e))et.6

A$te 1. - It s m%$e a##$%#$ate t% %!st$e $athe$ tha!

"sa$" %$"s; 't he$e ths s m#%ss'e the* 'e

"s$e+a$"e".

Ex#a!at%! as a##ea$!+ ! 7aaat A1 Ah(am A1 A"**a:

6Ths mea!s that s% %!+ as the %$"s tte$e" '* a #e$s%! %)

s%!" m!" a! 'e %!st$e" !t% the$ $ea %$ meta#h%$

mea!!+s the* !%t 'e "s$e+a$"e" e.+. he$e A h% has !%

h"$e! %) hs %! ,'t has +$a!"h"$e! %!sttte" a

a5) %) hs #$%#e$t* ! )a%$ %) hs h"$e!: as A has !%

h"$e! %) hs %! the meta#h%$ mea!!+ %) the %$"

h"$e! 'e %!st$e"8 .e. hs +$a!"h"$e!; ths s

'ette$ tha! "s$e+a$"!+ the %$"s %!sttt!+ the a5)

,Ash'ah.6

6The se%!" #a$t %) the text %m#eme!ts the )$st

set%! the$e%): he$e A has a"mtte" t% hs )e h% s

%"e$ tha! hm a!" %mes )$%m a!%the$ e-(!%! )am* that

she s hs "a+hte$; hs a"mss%! a!!%t ! ths ase 'e

%!st$e" !t% ts $ea mea!!+ 'ease the )e s %"e$

tha! hm a!" %mes )$%m a e-(!%! )am* !%$ a! hsa"mss%! 'e %!st$e" !t% a meta#h%$ ,.e. 'e!+ a

'ease she s hs he$ a!" a ma"e ! )a%$ %) a! he$

s !a"; hs a"mss%! the$e)%$e 'e "s$e+a$"e".6

A$te 19. - >am!+ s%me %) that hh s !"s'e s

(e !am!+ the h%e ,%) the th!+.




3.4-4

Ex#a!at%! a%$"!+ t% 7aaat A1 Ah(am A1 A"**a: 6A

#a$"%! a%$"e" t% the m$"e$e$ %) the "e s '* %!e %) hs

he$s %$ a %m#%st%! ma"e th hm a+a!st a %!s"e$at%!

ext!+sh the #!shme!t he$e the $+ht %) the %the$

he$s #ass t% the D**a ,'%%" m%!e* %t %) hh the

"e'ts %) the tm 'e #a" a!" hs exete" ,A1

Q$a )$%m Tata$(ha!a; a%$"!+ t% 6A1 Q!*a6 ) the he$

%) a m$"e$e" #e$s%! "$%##e" %!e ha) %) the #!shme!t the

e!t$e #!shme!t 'e "$%##e" 'ease the #!shme!t s

!"s'e: 't he$e A a!" (e" C a!" the he$s %) C

#a$"%!e" %!e %) the (e$s the* a! st ( the %the$;

as% he$e A (e" a!" C a!" the he$ %) #a$"%!e" A thehe$ %) C a! st ( A ,(ha!**eh. The $+ht %) #$e-

em#t%! a#ses '* "ee$* %) the e!t$et* %) the th!+ s%";

the $+ht %) #$e-em#t%! as% 'e %"e" '* "ee$* %)

#a$t %) the th!+ s%": he$e the #$e-em#t%$ has a'a!"%!e"

hs $+ht %) #$e-em#t%! t% %!e ha) %) a h%se a!" ame"

exe$s!+ #$e-em#t%! %! the %the$ ha) hs am

'e%me %" 'ease ! a!+ hs $+ht %! %!e ha) %) t he

has )%$)ete" that $+ht: the $+ht %) #$e-em#t%! s

!"s'e "e )at% as the #$e-em#t%$ s !este" th thee!t$e $+ht %) #$e-em#t%! hh has #asse" t% the #$hase$

- th$%+h the #$hase - h% has 'e%me the %!e$ %) the

e!t$et* %) the th!+ s%" 'ease the t$a!sat%! %) sae

a!!%t 'e "s'e ,Hama A1 A!h$. t !am!+ s%me %) a

"s'e th!+ s !%t (e !am!+ the h%e th!+8 e.+. A

h% st%%" s$et* )%$ ha) %) the "e't %) !%t 'e "eeme"

as ha!+ st%%" s$et* )%$ the e!t$e sm %) the "e't 'ease

a "e't s "s'e; sma$* ) a $e"t%$ $eee" hs

"e't%$ %) %!e ha) %) the "e't the "e't%$s a't* has

'ee! "sha$+e" ! $es#et %) %!e ha) %) the "e't %!*.6

A$te 1G0. - That hh s +e!e$a %#e$ate a%$"!+

t% ts +e!e$at* ,th%t $est$t%!s sae he$e m#e"

%$ ex#$ess #$%%) s esta'she".

Ex#a!at%! a%$"!+ t% 7aaat A1 Ah(am A1 A"**a: 6A!

a+e!t ,att%$!e* h% s ath%$se" t% se #$sa!t t% a




3.4-49

+e!e$a #%e$ %) att%$!e* ma* se the #$%#e$t* %) hs

#$!#a )%$ the #$e - a$+e %$ sma- he "eems

a##$%#$ate; 't he$e the #$!#a has )xe" )%$ the a+e!t

a e$ta! #$e ,)%$ sae the atte$ ma* !%t se at a

esse$ #$e 'ease the $est$t%! s st#ate" ,! the

#%e$ %) att%$!e* a!" ths ma* !%t 'e %ate"; sma$*

he$e a ma! a##%!te" a! a+e!t t% '* )%$ hm a e$ta!

s#e) th!+ th%t me!t%!!+ ,)x!+ a #$e the a+e!t

ma* '* sh th!+ )%$ a %m#a$a'e #$e %$ at a s+ht*

h+he$ #$e 't !%t )%$ a! exesse* h+he$ #$e a!" )

he "" he 'e "eeme" as ha!+ ma"e the t$a!sat%! )%$

hs %! a%!t; the $eas%! 'e!+ that ! s#te %) the )atthat the #%e$ este" ! hm s +e!e$a t s m#e"*

$est$te" t% !%t '*!+ at a! exesse #$e.6

A$te 1G1. - Des$'!+ that hh s #$ese!t s !

,!e))eta a!" that hh s a'se!t ,!%t #$ese!t at the

sess%! s e))eta.

Ex#a!at%! a%$"!+ t% A1 7aaa: 6It s t% 'e !%te" that

(!%!+ the %!s"e$at%! s a %!"t%! ! %!t$ats hh$e#$ese!ts a! exha!+e %) #$%#e$tes sh as saes a!"

eases8 the %!s"e$at%! ,%) the exha!+e 'e (!%! '*

#%!t!+ t %t '* a s+! t% a th!+ #$ese!t %$ ! ase %) a!

a'se!t th!+ '* !am!+ a!" "es$'!+ t ! sh ma!!e$ hh

"st!+shes t )$%m %the$ th!+s: the "e!t)at%! %)

th!+s %) the same (!" '* a s+! ,!"at%! s m%$e

ex#$esse tha! "es$'!+ a!" !am!+ t; 't as t% th!+s %)

"))e$e!t (!"s the matte$ s $ee$se" .e. "e!t)at%! %)

the %!s"e$at%! th$%+h "es$'!+ a!" !am!+ s m%$eex#$esse tha! '* "e!t)*!+ '* a s+!. <he$e the s+! s

%#e" th !am!+ %) the same %!s"e$at%! hh s %) the

same (!" as the th!+ !ame" 't "))e$s as t% "es$#t%!

%!* the atte$ 'e %" a!" the s+! ,!"at%! s

a".

6B%$ exam#e: ) the e!"%$ h% shes t% se a hte

h%$se #$ese!t ! the sess%! sa": I hae s%" t% *% ths

'$%! h%$se a!" #%!te" at t a!" the #$hase$ ae#te" the




3.4-0

sae the t$a!sat%! 'e a" a!" the "es$#t%!

'e ! a!" %". t he$e the th!+ !"ate" ,#%!te" %t

s !%t %) the same (!" as the th!+ !ame" ,"es+!ate" 't

%) a "))e$e!t (!" the th!+ !ame" ,"es+!ate" 'e

%!s"e$e" a!" the !"at%! s ! a!" %" ! hh ase

the sae 'e %". I) a ma! #%!te" at a #$e%s st%!e

as 'e!+ eme$a" 't t t$!e" %t t% 'e +ass the sae s

! 'ease %) the "))e$e!e ! (!" ,Ash'ah ,a'$"+e"

! A" D$$ A1 7!ta+a t s state" ! ase %) "))e$e!e as

t% the (!" ,%) the th!+ the th!+ !ame" ,"es+!ate"

'e %!s"e$e" ) the #a$tes "" !%t (!% that the th!+

hh as #%!te" %t s !%t %) the same (!" as that %) theth!+ !ame" ,"es+!ate"; 't ) the* ha" 'ee! aa$e %) ths

)at the th!+ !"ate" 'e %!s"e$e": ) a ma! sa":

I hae s%" t% *% ths "%!(e* a!" #%!te" %t t% a sae

sta!"!+ 'etee! them the sae has 'ee! %!"e" ! $es#et

%) the sae. I) the th!+ s%" has !%t 'ee! #%!te" %t 't

as "e!t)e" '* !am!+ a!" "es$#t%! %!* the "es$#t%!

'e %!s"e$e" sh as he! a ma! has s%" a ma$e !%t

#$ese!t ,at the sess%! a!" "es$'e" t as 'e!+ hte 't

! )at t as '$%! the sae !%t 'e %!"e"8 't the

%$$et th!+ s that the sae has 'ee! %!"e" 't s !%t

exet%$*; as% he$e a sae t%%( #ae at !+ht %) a

#$e%s st%!e as 'e!+ $e" eme$a" a!" ate$ a##ea$e" t% 'e

*e% eme$a" the sae s a" a!" the #$hase$ hae

a! %#t%!.6

A$te 1G2. - A! a))$mate a!se$ s "eeme" t% hae

%!ta!e" the )ats state" ! the 5est%!.

Ex#a!at%! a%$"!+ t% A1 7aaa: 6B%$ exam#e ) the

"+e as(e" the "e)e!"a!t sa*!+: The #a!t)) ams

)$%m *% 18000 "!a$s 'e!+ s% a!" s%; hat "% *% sa* I)

he sa" =es he %" hae a"mtte" hs !"e'te"!ess %)

18000 "!a$s; sma$* ) the "+e as(e" the "e)e!"a!t

sa*!+: D%!t *% %e the am%!t ame" '* the

#a!t)) A *es a!se$ 'e "eeme" as ha!+ =es I

%e the am%!t ame" ,D$$ 7(hta$.6




3.4-1

A$te 1G3. - ,1 That hh s $$e!t as st%m a!"

sa+e s (e that hh s st#ate"; that hh s m#e"

'* sa+e s (e that hh s st#ate".

,2 <hat s $$e!t am%!+ t$a"e$s s (e that hh

has 'ee! st#ate" am%!+ them.

,3 <hat s m#%ss'e st%ma$* ,! %mm%! #$ate

s (e that hh s t$* ,"e )at% m#%ss'e.

Ex#a!at%! a%$"!+ t% A1 7aaa: 6et%! ,1 %) ths

A$te s ""e" !t% t% set%!s: , That hh s

$$e!t as st%m a!" sa+e s (e that hh s

st#ate". Exam#e: he$e a #e$s%! se!t hs s%! t% a eae$

t% 'e t$a!e" ! ea!+ 't !ethe$ #a$t* st#ate" a )ee;

he! the '%* ea$!e" the t$a"e the maste$ ame" the

t$a!!+ )ees )$%m the )athe$ a!" the atte$ ame" a+es

)%$ hs s%!; $e)e$e!e ! sh ase 'e ma"e t% st%m

a!" sa+e ! the a+e a!" 'e a##e": ) t s !

)a%$ %) the maste$ he $eee hs )ees 't the )athe$

$eee a+es )%$ hs s%! ) ths s the st%m. et%!

, %) ths #a$a+$a#h $ea"s: That hh s m#e" '* sa+e

s (e that hh s st#ate". Exam#e: A #e$s%! h% has$e!te" a $%%m ! a h%se ! #$sa!e %) a! %#e! e!"

,!$est$te" %!t$at #$sa!t t% hh the essee a! #t

hs ++a+e a!" "e the$e! a!" ma* !%t se the $%%m

%!t$a$* t% the #$ea!+ st%m; ) he as a smth he

a!!%t a$$* %! hs t$a"e ! that $%%m 'ease hat s

m#e" '* st%m s (e that hh s m#e" '*

st#at%!. ma$* a! a+e!t h% as %!sttte" t% se

#$sa!t t% a +e!e$a #$%$at%! ma* !%t se #%! $e"t

)%$ a %!+ !)ama$ ,!%t $$e!t te$m ! s#te %) the )atthat the #$!#a has !%t at%!e" hm t% se ! sa"

ma!!e$.

6et%! ,2 %) A$te 1G3 #$%"es: That hh s

%mm%! (!%e"+e ,$$e!t am%!+ t$a"e$s s (e that hh

s st#ate" am%!+ them.

6B%$ exam#e he$e a #e$s%! has #$hase" a th!+ )$%m

the ma$(et #ae )%$ a e$ta! s#e) #$e he$e !% "ate

)%$ #a*me!t %) the #$e %$ the #%st#%!e" #a*me!t has 'ee!




3.4-2

)xe"8 the $$e!t st%m am%!+ them a##* ! sh ase

as )%$ !sta!e he$e t s the st%m t% #a* a %$ #a$t %)

the #$e ee$* B$"a* t hae t% 'e %'se$e".

6et%! ,3 %) A$te 1G3 #$%"es: <hat s

m#%ss'e st%ma$* ,! %mm%! #$ate s (e that

hh s t$* ,"e )at% m#%ss'e. Im#%ss't* s

ethe$ $ea %$ st%ma$*; the )$st s the m#%ss't* %) a

th!+ th$%+h !eesst* 'ease t s !$eas%!a'e8 e.+.

he$e a ma! a"mts t% a! %"e$ #e$s%! that he s hs s%!;

m#%ss't* s st%ma$* ) the th!+ s m#%ss'e th$%+h

st%m %!* '%th %) hh a$e the same. <he$e a ma! h% s

(!%! t% 'e #%%$ ams h+e sms )$%m a th$" #a$t* ae+!+that he ha" %a!e" them t% hm ! %!e #a*me!t at a tme he!

he "" !%t !he$t %$ +a!e" '* a!* %the$ a* m%!e* hs am

!%t 'e hea$" 'ease sh th!+ s st%ma$*

m#%ss'e a!" s the$e)%$e (e that hh s m#%ss'e !

ata )at ,"e )at% ,D$$ 7(hta$.6

A$te 1G4. - ,1 Cst%m 'e t !e$sa %$ s#e) s a

$e ,t% esta'sh a sha$a $e.

,2 The sa+e %mm%! am%!+ #e%#e s #$%%) hh mst'e %'se$e" ,a"mtte".

Ex#a!at%! a%$"!+ t% A1 7aaa: 6,1 Cst%m mea!s

$eas%!a'e matte$s that $e$ am%!+ #e%#e %) s%!" m!" a!"

a$e esta'she" ! the m!"s %) #e%#e: the %$+! %) ths

$e s the sa*!+ %) the J$%#het: That hh 7%sems

%!s"e$ t% 'e +%%" s +%%" th %" ,Ash'ah. The )%%!+

'$a!h )$%m ths $e: ! the ase %) sae %) a! ass th%t

stat!+ at the tme %) the sae hethe$ %$ !%t the sa""e as

!"e" $e)e$e!e 'e ma"e t% st%m a!" sa+e ! that

$es#et t% "ete$m!e hethe$ %$ !%t the sa""e s !"e" !

the sae. It s t% 'e !%te" h%ee$ that ! the a'se!e %) a

st#at%! st%m s ma"e a $e 't he$e a #$%s%!

exsts st%m 'e "s$e+a$"e".

6,2 Ths set%! s a '$a!h %) the #$ee"!+ set%!:

A #e$s%! h% see(s he# )$%m a th$" #a$t* t% se hs +%%"s

hae t% #a* the )ees )%$ sh he# t% the th$" #a$t* )




3.4-3

t s st%ma$* ! "ea!+s %) the ma$(et #e%#e that sh

at%! s $em!e$a'e ,A**eh. As% %!sttt%! %) a

a5) ! $es#et %) a m%a'e s a" ) ths s the sa+e !

that #ae ,a$ea ,h%$a$ sh as %!sttt%! %) a a5) !

$es#et %) '%%(s a!" m%!e*.6

A$te 1G. - Cst%m 'e %!s"e$e" ,t% 'e e))eta )

t s ! %!t!%s #$ate %$ #$e"%m!a!t* "es#$ea";

that hh s #$e"%m!a!t* "es#$ea" a!" !%t sa$e 'e

%!s"e$e" ,e))eta ,ta(e! !t% %!s"e$at%!.

Ex#a!at%! a%$"!+ t% A1 7aaa: Ths A$te s ""e"

!t% t% set%!s. The )$st: a%$"!+ t% sa+e a ta%$ h%

s h$e" ,t% ma(e a st s##* the !ee"e a!" the

th$ea"s8 a s$'e ,$te$ he! h$e" hae t% s##* the

#e! a!" the !(8 a!" the )%""e$ %) a! a!ma hae t% 'e

#$%"e" '* the ess%$ ee! he$e the essee ha" !%t %))e$e"

t% t )%%" hh e" t% ts sta$at%!: the atte$ sha !%t

'e a'e; ) '%th #a$tes a+$ee" that the )%""e$ %) the

a!ma s t% 'e #$%"e" '* the essee the %!t$at %) ease

s %" 't the %!t$a$* s t$e he$e a et !$se s h$e"th a! !"e$ta(!+ t% #$%"e he$ th )%%" a!" %th!+

he$e the %!t$at s a" %! +$%!"s %) sa+e ,ash'ah.

%th ases %) ths A$te $est %! the %!"t%!s %) st%m

hh s ma"e !t% a $e t% esta'sh a sha$a $e: %!e %)

ts %!"t%!s s that t mst 'e #$e"%m!a!t8 %!t!%s a!"

"es#$ea"; that as h* the $sts estmate" the a+e %)

mat$t* at 1 *ea$s he! h"$e! m%st* atta! mat$t*;

the exe#t%! t% ths $e s sa$e a!" !%t $e+a$"e"; that

as h* the* estmate" the a+e %) !$s!+ at see! *ea$s )%$

a mae m!%$ a!" !!e )%$ a )emae m!%$ 'ease the* a%e"

a mae m!%$ t% sta* th hs m%the$ !t he %" 'e a'e

t% "% th%t he$8 .e. he! he %" 'e a'e t% eat a!"

"$!( th%t !ee"!+ he# a!" the )emae m!%$ t% 'e

e!t$ste" t% the a$e %) he$ m%the$ !t she 'e%mes

att$ate; he$eas ths state s !%t %!sste!t as mh as

$e+a$"s h"$e!8 tme8 a!" #ae the $sts hae )xe" a!

a+e hh s a##a'e ! m%st ases8 .e. see! *ea$s )%$ a




3.4-4

m!%$ mae a!" !!e )%$ a m!%$ )emae as a)%$esa"; ths

mst 'e %!s"e$e" t% 'e the e+a %#!%! as state" !

7ama A1 A!h$ a!" %the$ '%%(s 'ease these a$e #$e"%m!a!t

a+es at hh h"$e! a$e a'e t% #a$t )$%m the$ m%the$s;

exe#t%!s t% ths $e a$e $a$e a!" ths a$e "s$e+a$"e".

The$e s h%ee$ a!%the$ %!"t%! hh mst 'e sats)e"8

.e. the st%m; %!e %the$ %!"t%! mst as% 'e sats)e"

that st%m as $$e!t #$%$ t% %$$e!e %) the ee!t; the

sa+e #$eae!t the$ea)te$ !%t 'e $e+a$"e" ,Ash'ah.

A$te 1GG. - D%'t 'e %!st$e" t% the 'e!e)t %) the

"e't%$.

A$te 1G. - ,1 I! %!t$ats %) a"hes%! the ae#ta!e

'e %!)!e" t% the me$e s'mss%! t% a "$a)t ,#$e

%!t$at ,aa!t %!t$at )%$mate" '* the %))e$%$ ! a

s#e) )%$m 'e)%$eha!" hh s !%t !e+%ta'e !asmh as

the %))e$ s %!e$!e".

,2 <th a %!t$at %) a"hes%! hh has 'ee! %!"e"

hh %!ta!e" a$'t$a$* %!"t%!s the %$t

ma* ame!" %$ $eee the a"he$!+ #a$t* %) the %'+at%! t%#e$)%$m these %!"t%!s ! a%$"a!e th the #$!#es %)

e5t*; ee$* a+$eeme!t %the$se 'e ! a!" %".

,3 The am'+%s te$ms %) a %!t$at %) a"hes%! ma*

!%t 'e !te$#$ete" ,%!st$e" t% the #$e"e %) the

!te$est %) the a"he$!+ #a$t* ee! he$e he s the $e"t%$.

,3 C%!t$ata Res#%!s't* ,<a$$a!t* %) the C%!t$at

A$te 1G. - I) t s m#%ss'e )%$ the %'+ee %) a%!t$at t% #e$)%$m hs %'+at%! s#e)a* he 'e

a""+e" t% #a* "ama+es )%$ !%!-#e$)%$ma!e %) hs %'+at%!

!ess he esta'shes that the m#%ss't* %) the

#e$)%$ma!e as "e t% a ase 'e*%!" hs %!t$%; the

a""at%! 'e the same ) the %'+ee has "ea*e" ,as

ate ! the #e$)%$ma!e %) hs %'+at%!.




3.4-

A$te 1G9. - ,1 I) the %m#e!sat%! ,"ama+es has !%t 'ee!

estmate" ! the %!t$at %$ ! a #$%s%! %) the a t

'e assesse" '* the %$t.

,2 The "ama+es sha 'e ! $es#et %) ee$* %'+at%!

hh a$ses )$%m the %!t$at 'e t a! %'+at%! %)

%!e*a!e %) #$%#e$t*8 a 'e!e)t %$ a!* %the$ $+ht ! $em8

%$ a! %'+at%! t% "% %$ t% a'sta! )$%m "%!+ a! at%! a!"

!"es the %ss %) a!" the %st #$%)t s))e$e" '* the

$e"t%$ %! a%!t %) %ss %) %$ "ea* ! $ee!+ the

$+ht #$%"e" that ths as a !at$a $est %) the )a$e

%) %$ "ea* '* the "e't%$ t% #e$)%$m the %'+at%!.

,3 <he$e the "e't%$ ha" !%t %mmtte" heat!+ ,)$a"%$ a +$e%s )at the %m#e!sat%! ma* !%t exee" the %ss

s))e$e" %$ the am%!t %) the %st #$%)t hh ha" 'ee!

!%$ma* a!t#ate" at the tme %) the %!t$at!+.

A$te 10. - ,1 The %!t$at!+ #a$tes ma* )x ! a"a!e

the ae %) the "ama+es ,%m#e!sat%! '* a st#at%! !

the %!t$at %$ ! a $"e$ ,s'se5e!t a+$eeme!t ! hh

ase the #$%s%!s %) A$tes 1G8 2G8 2 a!" 2 mst 'e

%'se$e".

,2The %!t$ata "ama+es !%t a$e ,'e "e )

the "e't%$ has esta'she" that the $e"t%$ "" !%t s))e$

a!* "ama+e; the ,ae %) the %m#e!sat%! ma* 'e $e"e" )

the "e't%$ has esta'she" that the assessme!t as exesse

%$ that #a$t %) the %$+!a %'+at%! has 'ee! #e$)%$me";

a!* a+$eeme!t hh s %!t$a$* t% ths #a$a+$a#h sha 'e

! a!" %".

,3<he$e the "ama+e has exee"e" the sm %) the

%m#e!sat%! a+$ee" ,%!t$ata "ama+es the $e"t%$ ma*!%t am m%$e tha! sa" ae !ess he has esta'she" that

the "e't%$ has %mmtte" "ee#t%! %$ a +$e%s )at.

A$te 11. - <he$e the %'et %) the %'+at%! s a sm %)

m%!e* hh as (!%! at the tme the %'+at%! a$%se a!"

the "e't%$ "ea*e" the #a*me!t the$e%) he sha 'e %'+ate"

t% #a* t% the $e"t%$ '* a* %) "ama+es )%$ the "ea* a

e+a !te$est at the $ate %) )%$ #e$ e!t ! $e+a$" t%




3.4-G

matte$s a!" )e #e$ e!t ! $es#et %) %mme$a

matte$s; ths !te$est %mme!e )$%m the "ate %) )!+

a "a am ! $es#et the$e%) ) the a+$eeme!t %$ the

%mme$a sa+e has !%t )xe" a "))e$e!t "ate )%$ the

$!!!+ %) the !te$est sae ! a ases he$e the a has

#$%"e" %the$se.

A$te 12. - ,1 The %!t$at!+ #a$tes ma* a+$ee %!

a!%the$ $ate %) !te$est ,%the$ tha! th%se me!t%!e" ! the

#$ee"!+ A$te #$%"e" t sha !%t exee" see! #e$

e!t; he$e the #a$tes ha" a+$ee" %! a h+he$ $ate ,%)

!te$est t sha 'e $e"e" t% see! #e$ e!t a!" thes$#s hh has 'ee! #a" mst 'e $e)!"e".

,2 Ee$* %mmss%! %$ 'e!e)t ,a"a!ta+e %) hatee$

(!" st#ate" '* the $e"t%$ sh as he! t s a""e" t%

the a+$ee" !te$est exee" the a)%$eme!t%!e" maxmm

$ate 'e "eeme" t% 'e %e$t !te$est a!" s $e"'e )

t has 'ee! esta'she" that sa" %mmss%! %$ 'e!e)t ha"

!% %!s"e$at%! $e#$ese!te" '* a! ata se$e hh the

$e"t%$ %" hae $e!"e$e" !%$ '* a a) 'e!e)t.

A$te 13. - , 1 I! %$"e$ )%$ the !te$est - e+a %$

%!t$ata - t% )a "e the $e"t%$ !%t 'e $e5$e"

t% esta'sh that he has s))e$e" !$* as a $est %) the

"ea*.

,2 The $e"t%$ ma* am a %m#eme!ta$* %m#e!sat%!

t% 'e a""e" t% the e+a %$ %!t$ata !te$ests ) he has

esta'she" that the "ama+e hh exee"s the !te$ests as

"e t% heat!+ %$ +$%ss )at %mmtte" '* the "e't%$.

,3 t he$e the $e"t%$ he! am!+ hs $+ht has

ase" the e!+the!!+ %) the "$at%! %) the "s#te th$%+h

hs )at the %$t ma* $e"e the !te$ests- e+a %$

%!t$ata - %$ !%t a""+e the #a*me!t the$e%) at a

! $es#et %) the #e$%" %) the e!+the!!+ %) the "s#te

th%t st)at%!.

A$te 14. - I!te$est ma* !%t 'e ha$+e" %! the




3.4-

%tsta!"!+ !te$est a!" ! !% ase ma* the t%ta %) the

!te$est $eee" '* the $e"t%$ 'e m%$e tha! the #$!#a

sm th%t ! a ases #$e"e t% the %mme$a $es %)

st%m a!" sa+e.

A$te 1. - The e+a $ate %) the %mme$a !te$est

ha$+e" %! $$e!t a%!ts a$* a%$"!+ t%

)tat%!s %) the %a ma$(et a##a'e; a#tasat%!

,the meth%" %) %m#t!+ %m#%!" !te$est s e))ete" %!

$$e!t a%!ts a%$"!+ t% the %mme$a sa+e.

A$te 1G. - The $e+%$a! Cae!"a$ 'e a"%#te" he!

%m#t!+ !te$est.

Section .iii ? issol!tion of the contract

,1 Resss%!

A$te 1. - ,1 I! 'ate$a %!t$ats '!"!+ '%th

#a$tes ) ethe$ #a$t* has )ae" t% #e$)%$m hs %'+at%!s

!"e$ the %!t$at the %the$ #a$t* ma* a)te$ se$e %)

!%te ,)%$ma smm%!s "ema!" $esss%! %) the %!t$at a!"

he$e !eessa$* am "ama+es; the %$t ma* h%ee$ a%$"

the "e't%$ a )$the$ tme mt ,t% #a* a!" ma* as% $eet

the a##at%! )%$ $esss%! ) that hh has !%t 'ee!

#e$)%$me" '* the "e't%$ s t$a ! te$ms %) the t%ta

%'+at%!.

,2 <he$e the te!a!t has a'sta!e" )$%m #a*!+ the $e!t

"e )%$ #a*me!t !"e$ the %!t$at %) ease the ess%$ ma*

$es!" ,the %!t$at %) ease; he$e the h$e$ ,em#%*e$

has a'sta!e" )$%m #a*me!t %) the a+e "e )%$ #a*me!t#$sa!t t% a %!t$at %) %$( the a+e-ea$!e$ ma* "ema!"

$esss%! %) the %!t$at; the e!"%$ %$ the #$hase$ ma*

"ema!" $esss%! %) the %!t$at %) sae ) the %the$ #a$t*

has )ae" t% #a* that hh s "e )$%m hm !"e$ the

%!t$at; the $+ht %) $esss%! %) a %!t$at ma* as% 'e

esta'she" %! the 'ass %) a "e)et th%t the !ee" )%$ a

st#at%! ! the %!t$at.




3.4-

A$te 1. - It ma* 'e a+$ee" that the %!t$at 'e

"eeme" $es!"e" #s% )at% th%t !ee" )%$ a "a

"+me!t ! ase %) !%!-#e$)%$ma!e %) the %'+at%! a$s!+

the$e)$%m; ths a+$eeme!t sha !%t ae the se$e %)

!%te ,)%$ma smm%!s exe#t he$e the %!t$at!+ #a$tes

ha" a+$ee" ex#$ess* that the !%te %" !%t 'e !eessa$*.

A$te 19. - ,1 <he$e the %'et %) a %mmtate%!t$at has #e$she" he t as st ! the #%ssess%! %)ts %!e$ the %!t$at s $es!"e" $e+a$"ess %) hethe$ the#e$sh!+ as "e t% hs at %$ t% a )%$e mae$e he$e t%" 'e !m'e!t %! hm t% $esttte the s'sttte %) thathh he ha" $eee" t% ts %!e$.

,2 <he$e the th!+ s%" #e$shes he st !#%ssess%! %) the e!"%$ 'e)%$e t has 'ee! $eee" '* the

#$hase$ t 'e the #$%#e$t* %) the e!"%$ a!" the

#$hase$ s !%t a'e %! a!*th!+.

A$te 10. - I) a %mmtate %!t$at %!e$!!+

)!a!a ,#e!a$* th!+s s $es!"e" %$ $e#"ate" the

%'+at%! $est!+ the$e)$%m a#se ! hh ase t

%" !%t 'e !eessa$* t% "ee$ the exha!+e s'sttte

st#ate" ! the %!t$at a!" ) t ha" 'ee! "ee$e" tmst 'e $esttte"; he$e the $esttt%! s m#%ss'e he

'e %!"em!e" t% #a* %m#e!sat%!.

,2 Resss%! '* 7ta C%!se!t

A$te 11. - A)te$ ha!+ %!"e" a %!t$at the

%!t$at!+ #a$tes ma* $es!" t '* mta %!se!t.

A$te 12. - ,1 The th!+ the s'et matte$ ,%'et %)

the %!t$at mst at the tme %) $esss%! '* mta %!se!t

'e exst!+ a!" ! the #%ssess%! %) the %!t$at!+ #a$t*.

,2 I! ase %) a sae the th!+ s%" mst 'e exst!+

a!" ! #%ssess%! %) the #$hase$ ee! he$e s%me %) the

th!+ s%" has #e$she" $esss%! '* mta %!se!t %) the

$ema!"e$ 'e a" t% the exte!t %) ts sha$e %) the

#$e; 't the #e$sh!+ %) the #$e sha !%t %!sttte a!




3.4-9

m#e"me!t t% the a"t* %) the $esss%! '* mta

%!se!t.

A$te 13. - Resss%! '* mta %!se!t as $e+a$"s the

%!t$at!+ #a$tes s ta!tam%!t t% $e#"at%! a!" as

$e+a$"s a th$" #a$t* t s ta!tam%!t t% a )$esh %!t$at.

Chapter = ? Gnilateral <ill

A$te 14. - ,1 A !ate$a "%es !%t '!" ts

!tat%$ exe#t ! the ases he$e the a #$%"es t% thate))et.

,2 The #$%s%!s a##a'e t% a %!t$at sha a##*

t% a !ate$a exe#t th%se %) hh $eate t% the

!eesst* %) the exste!e %) t% %!%$"a!t s t% $eate

a! %'+at%!.

A$te 1. - , 1 He h% has #$%mse" a %!s"e$at%!

,a+e/)ee/$em!e$at%! t% h%ee$ #e$)%$ms a e$ta!

s#e)e" at 'e %'+ate" t% +e the %!s"e$at%! t%a!* #e$s%! h% has #e$)%$me" sa" at ee! he$e he ha"

#e$)%$me" t th%t ha!+ $e+a$" t% a #$%mse.

,2 <he$e the #$%ms%$ has !%t )xe" a tme mt )%$

#e$)%$ma!e %) the at he ma* $e%(e hs #$%mse #$%"e"

that sh $e%at%! sha !%t hae a!* e))et %! the $+ht

%) h%ee$ has #e$)%$me" the at 'e)%$e $e%at%! %) the

#$%mse.

,3 The am %) the %!s"e$at%! sha a#se )

#$%ee"!+s hae !%t 'ee! %mme!e" th! sx m%!ths )$%m

the "ate %) #$%am!+ ,"ea$!+ the $e%at%!.




3.4-G0

Chapter 3 ? Gnlawf!l 7cts

Section .i ? 0esponsibilit for personal acts

,1 F!a) Ats a+a!st J$%#e$t*

Dama+e ,Ha$m/I!$*

A$te 1G8 - ,1 A #e$s%! h% )* %$ '* t$es#ass!+

has "$et* %$ !"$et* ase" "ama+e t% %$ "e$ease"

the ae %) the #$%#e$t* %) a!%the$ #e$s%! sha 'e a'e.

,2 <he$e t% #e$s%!s - a #e$#et$at%$ a!" a! a'ett%$ -a$e !%e" ,! %mmtt!+ the "ama+e the %!e h% ate"

)* %$ '* e!$%ahme!t sha 'e a'e; he$e '%th a$e

a'e the a't* 'e %!t a!" see$a.

A$te 1. - ,1 A #e$s%! h% th%t ,a) $+ht has

"em%she" a! mm%a'e 'e%!+!+ t% a!%the$ #e$s%! the

atte$ s este" th a! %#t%!: ethe$ t% eae the $''e

t% the )%$me$ a!" am )$%m hm the ae the$e%) sta!"!+

,'t # as e as $e#a$at%!s )%$ the %the$ !$es; %$

"e"t the ae %) the $''e )$%m the ae %) the

mm%a'e sta!"!+ ,'t # a!" ! the atte$ ase ta(e the

$''e a!" am )$%m hm the 'aa!e ,"))e$e!e ! ae

a!" $e#a$at%!s )%$ the %the$ !$es.

,2 t he$e the #e$#et$at%$ ,"est$%*e$ has

$e!state" the mm%a'e t% ts %$+!a state hh exste"

'e)%$e the "em%t%! a!" #a" $e#a$at%!s )%$ the %the$

!$es hs a't* 'e "sha$+e".

A$te 1. - A #e$s%! h% th%t a) ase has t a

t$ee ! the +a$"e! %) a!%the$ #e$s%! the %!e$ ,%) the t$ee

has a! %#t%!: ethe$ t% am the ae %) the t$ee sta!"!+

a!" $e#a$at%!s )%$ the %the$ !$es a!" eae ,+e the

t$ee t t% the #e$#et$at%$; %$ t% "e"t the ae %) the

t t$ee )$%m ts ae he! sta!"!+ a!" ta(e the t t$ee




3.4-G1

a!" am the $ema!!+ 'aa!e a!" $e#a$at%!s )%$ the %the$

!$es.

A$te 19. - A #e$s%! h% has heate" a!%the$ #e$s%! sha

'e a'e %! the "ama+e ,!$*: ) a #e$s%! t%" the ma$(et

#e%#e8 6Ths m!%$ s m* s%! se hm +%%"s as I hae

#e$mtte" hm t% "ea ! t$a"!+6 a!" t ate$ t$a!s#$e"

that the '%* s the s%! %) a!%the$ #e$s%!8 the ma$(et #e%#e

ma* am )$%m hm the #$e %) the +%%"s s%" t% that '%*

a!" "ama+es )%$ the %the$ !$es.

A$te 190. - ,1 A #e$s%! h% has "ama+e" the #$%#e$t* %)

a!%the$ #e$s%! ae+!+ that t s hs %! #$%#e$t* sha 'ea'e %! that hh he has "ama+e".

,2 I) h%ee$ the "ama+e as #e$mtte" '* the %!e$

the #e$#et$at%$ !%t 'e a'e.

A$te 1918 - ,1 A m!%$ - $at%!a %$ $$at%!a - %$ a!*

%!e ha!+ hs stats h% has "ama+e" the #$%#e$t* %) a th$"

#a$t* 'e a'e )$%m hs %! )!"s ,#$%#e$t*.

,2 <he$e t as m#%ss'e t% %'ta! the $e#a$at%!s

)$%m the assets %) he h% has "%!e the "ama+e ,the#e$#et$at%$ - 'e he a! m#$"e!t ,$$at%!a m!%$ %$

!sa!e - the %$t ma* %$"e$ the !at$a +a$"a! the $at%$

%$ the seete" +a$"a! t% #a* the sm %) the $e#a$at%!s

h% ma* hae $e%$se )%$ the sm #a" a+a!st he h% has

%mmtte" the !$* ,#e$#et$at%$.

,3 I! assess!+ the )a$ $e#a$at%!s )%$ the "ama+e the

%$t mst ta(e !t% %!s"e$at%! the stat%!s %) the

t+a!ts.

Fs$#at%!

A$te 192. - The #$%#e$t* s$#e" mst 'e $esttte" !

(!" t% ts %!e$ at the #ae he$e! t as s$#e" ) t

s exst!+) the %!e$ %) the #$%#e$t* has asa* met the

s$#e$ h% ha" th hm the s$#e" #$%#e$t* at a "))e$e!t

#ae he ma* ) he s% shes hae the #$%#e$t* $esttte" !

that #ae8 't ) he "ema!"s $esttt%! at the #ae %)




3.4-G2

s$#at%! the ex#e!se %) m%!+ t a!" the %sts %)

#$%"!+ )%$ ts $esttt%! 'e '%$!e '* the s$#e$

hh th!+ 'e th%t #$e"e t% $e#a$at%!s )%$ the

%the$ !$es.

A$te 193. - The s$#e$ 'e a'e ) he has ex#e!"e"8

"est$%*e"8 %$ %st the #$%#e$t* s$#e" %$ he$e t has

#e$she" t%ta* %$ #a$ta* th%t e!$%ahme!t %! hs

#a$t.

A$te 194. - ,1 I) the th!+ s$#e" has ha!+e" he !

#%ssess%! %) the s$#e$ the s$#ee ma* ) he s% shes$e%e$ the th!+ s$#e" ! (!" a!" am $e#a$at%!s )%$

the %the$ "ama+es %$ eae ,a'a!"%! the th!+ s$#e" a!"

am $e#a$at%!s )$%m the s$#e$.

,2The s$#e$ h% has ha!+e" the th!+ s$#e" !

sh a ma!!e$ hh ha!+e" ts !ame ,!%me!at$e 'e

a'e a!" (ee# the th!+; he h% has s$#e" the heat

%) a th$" #a$t* a!" s%e" t ! hs a!" 'e a'e )%$

the heat a!" (ee# the $%#.

,3<he$e the s$#e$ has ha!+e" s%me "es$#t%! %)

the th!+ s$#e" '* a""!+ t% t s%meth!+ )$%m hs %!

#$%#e$t* the s$#ee hae the %#t%! ) he s% shes t%

+e the s$#e$ the ae %) the a""t%! a!" ta(e 'a( the

th!+ s$#e" ! (!" a!" am the %the$ $e#a$at%!s %$ t%

a'a!"%! the th!+ a!" am )$%m the s$#e$.

A$te 19. - I) a)te$ the s$#at%! the ae %) the th!+

s$#e" has "m!she" ,"e#$eate" the s$#ee has !%

ate$!ate 't t% ae#t t ! ts exst!+ state th%t

#$e"e t% hs $+ht t% $e#a$at%!s )%$ the %the$ !$es;

the s$#e$ sha h%ee$ 'e a'e ) th$%+h hs at %$ se

the th!+ s$#e" has "e#$eate".

A$te 19G8 - The aess%$es %) the th!+ s$#e" a$e

"eeme" t% 'e s$#e" (e t a!" the s$#e$ sha 'e a'e

) the* hae #e$she" ee! th%t e!$%ahme!t %! hs #a$t.




A$te 19. - <he$e the th!+ s$#e" s a! mm%a'e the

s$#e$ s !"e$ a! %'+at%! t% $esttte t t% the %!e$

t%+ethe$ th the %m#a$a'e ,t$e $e!t; the s$#e$ sha

'e a'e ) the mm%a'e has s))e$e" "ama+e %$ has

"e#$eate" ee! th%t e!$%ahme!t %! hs #a$t.

Documents

Iraqi Civil Code Part 1 of 4