Geography and History 1 is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Secondary Education department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence Ruiz.
WRITERS
Martin Minchom Pedro Adiego Sancho
lvaro Belln Mena Rosa Lpez Prez
Raquel Rubalcaba Bermejo Javier Velilla Gil
Mara ngeles Fernndez Francisco Javier de Bartolom Zabaleta Estvez
CLIL CONSULTANT EDITOR
Elena del Pozo Lesley Thompson
PROOFREADING MANAGING EDITOR
Joseph Candora Sheila Tourle
Do not write in this book. Do all the activities in your notebook.
Geography index
Unit Introduction Contents Key Competences
1 Planet Earth
6
"I see Earth!" 1. The Earth and the Solar System
2. The movement of the Earth
3. How do we represent the Earth?
4. The geographic coordinates
5. How do we use scale on a map?
Useacitymap
Whydowechangethetimewhen we travel?
2 The Earths relief
22
Surtsey, the birth of an island
1. The Earths crust
2. WhatistheEarthsrelief?
3. Internal forces of relief
4. How does relief change?
Readatopographicprofile
Comparereliefandpopulation maps
3 Water
38
The sources of the Nile 1. Water
2. The course and flow of a river
3. Lakes, groundwater and glaciers
4. Oceans and seas
Analyseseacurrents,climate and population
TheThreeGorgesDam
4 Climate
52
How will climate change affect us?
1. The atmosphere
2. Temperature
3. Precipitation
4. Atmosphericpressureandwind
5. The Earths climates
6. Climateandhumanactivity
Makeaclimograph
5 Natural landscapes
70
TheAmazonrainforest:the threat to biodiversity
1. Naturalandhumanizedlandscapes
2. The equatorial rainforest
3. Atropicallandscape:thesavannah
4. The desert
5. Mediterraneanlandscapes
6. Oceanic landscapes
7. Continentallandscapes
8. Polar landscapes
9. Mountainlandscapes
Analysechangesinalandscape using aerial photos
6 The continents
90
The exploration ofAntarctica
1. Africa
2. Asia
3. America
4. Europe
5. Oceania
6. Antarctica
Europe:arepoliticalfrontiers influenced by relief?
Around the World in 80 Days
7 The physical relief of Spain
106
Spain, seen from space 1. TheCentralPlateau
2. Peninsular relief
3. Coastsandislands
4. RiversinSpain
5. Climatesandlandscapes
Muniellos,naturallandscape and cultural heritage
InvestigateSpainsnaturalenvironments
2
History index
Unit Introduction Contents Key Competences
8 Prehistory
122
Atapuerca, a World Heritage Site
1. What is Prehistory?
2. Life in the Palaeolithic Age
3. Palaeolithic beliefs and art
4. The Neolithic Revolution
5. The Metal Age
Analysemapsandarchaeological objects
Conservationofcaveart
9 Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt
138
PyramidofKhufu,oneofthe Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
1. River civilisations
2. Mesopotamia:environmentandhistory
3. SocietyandartinMesopotamia
4. Egypt:environmentandhistory
5. Society in Ancient Egypt
6. Religion and art in Egypt
Analyseancientart
Theconservationofancientmonuments
10 Ancient Greece
156
ThefirstOlympicGames 1. TheoriginsofGreekcivilisation
2. ArchaicGreece
3. TheClassicalAge:AthensandSparta
4. WarinAncientGreece
5. Societyandtheeconomy
6. Religion and culture
7. Architecture
8. Sculpture
Createachronologicaltable
IdentifyGreekpottery
DemocracyinAthens
11 Ancient Rome
178
Who were the legionaries?
1. WhatweretheoriginsofRome?
2. TheRepublicandRomanexpansion
3. TheEmpire(27BCAD476)
4. Romansocietyandtheeconomy
5. Romancitiesandarchitecture
6. Romancultureandreligion
Theruinsofacity
TheassassinationofJuliusCaesar
Gladiatorfights
12 The Iberian Peninsula in Antiquity
196
Romanroads 1. TheIberiansandCelts
2. The colonisers and Tartessos
3. RomanHispania
Analyseamap
Writeabiography
AjourneythroughHispania
3
About this book
The book is organised into 12 units. Every section of a unit helps the students to develop their key competences.
Opening double page: presentation of the unit
The content pages
200 km
N
FIND OUT ABOUT:
Theinventionofwriting
Themaincharacteristicsofrivercivilisations
Government,societyandtheeconomyinMesopotamiaandEgypt
CultureandartinMesopotamiaandEgypt
KNOW HOW TO:
Interpretasocialpyramid
Analyseearlyworksofart
Discussarchaeologicalconservationandourculturalheritage
Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt9
Pyramid of Khufu, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
About 5,000 years ago, the Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops in Greek) built a huge pyramid on the plain of Giza.
The Pyramid of Khufu, known as the Great Pyramid of Giza, is 147 metres high and 230 metres wide. It is the biggest pyramid ever built five cathedrals would fit inside it.
Khufus son Khafra and his nephew Menkaura also built pyramids in Giza.
Artandarchitectureareimportantsourcesforhistorians.Theyshowushowpeoplelived.
Thinkabouttheresourcesrequiredtobuildapyramid.Whattypeofpersonwasburiedthere?
Whydidpyramidshavesecretpassages?
HOW DO WE KNOW?
Pyramid of Khufu. This pyramid was built by 50,000 people. Two million blocks of stone were used.
Pirmide de Kefrn. Parece casi tan alta como la de Keops, porque est edificada sobre un promontorio.
Pyramid of Khafra. This was built on high ground, so it looks almost as high as the Pyramid of Khufu.
Pyramid of Menkaura. It is the smallest of the three pyramids. It is 60 metres high and 100 metres wide.
Cairo
EGYPT
Mediterranean Sea
RedSea
River Nile
Luxor
Alexandria
Aswan
200 km
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Extraccin de piedra en la cantera
Transporte
Construccin
Stones are taken from a quarry.
Transport
Building work
Entrance
Kings chamber Gallery
Queens chamber
Pyramid of Khufu
WhydoyouthinkthepyramidsofGizawerebuiltneartheRiverNile?
Whichistheoldestpyramid?Andthelargest?
Whatfunctiondidtheyhave?
Howwasapyramidbuilt?
LookoninternetforinformationabouttheSevenWondersoftheAncientWorld.Writealist.
WORK WITH THE IMAGE
Pyramids of Giza
ES0000000004052 509728_Unidad09_19496.indd 138-139 30/03/15 07:37
Where did the earliest civilisations appear?
The first civilisations, known as river civilisations, appeared in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India and China. In these regions, the flooding of great rivers fertilised the land and produced abundant harvests. As a result, there was enough food for large populations.
The earliest civilisations developed in the following river valleys:
The Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia.
The Nile in Egypt.
The Indus in Pakistan and India.
The Huang He (Yellow) and Yangtze (Blue) Rivers in China.
The importance of writing
Writing was first used in Mesopotamia in about 3500 BC. It was a decisive development. In a small village, people could remember essential information. But in a growing city, writing was the only way to keep a record of taxes, trade and population.
Writing is used to separate History from Prehistory. Historians study the past in a different way when they can use written sources.
RIVER CIVILISATIONS
Black Sea
Red
Sea
Mediterranean Sea
ArabianSea
I N D I A N O C E A N
Caspian Sea
Nile R
iver
Ganges River
Yangt z e R i v
er
In
d us
Riv
er
Tigr is River
Euphrates River
Huang He R
ive
r
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EGYPT
MESOPOTAMIA
I N D I A
C H I N A
806040 120100
0 0Equator
Tropic of Cancer
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1River civilisations
The characteristics of river civilisations
River civilisations were large-scale, complex societies. They shared the following characteristics:
Political power. They had very powerful rulers. The king led the army, made laws, and was also a religious leader.
He was assisted by state officials.
Social hierarchy. There was a small minority of privileged people, who were often members of the kings family.
But most people were very poor.
Large-scale building works. Irrigation canals carried water from the rivers to the fields where crops were grown.
The kings built impressive palaces, temples and tombs.
What is a civilisation?
Early civilisations were large states (or groups of cities) that had urban life and writing, and shared similar customs and beliefs. Unlike the nomadic bands that existed in Prehistory, they were led by great rulers: emperors, kings or pharaohs. There were important differences between social groups.
Howdoweusethetermcivilisation in the world today? Give an example.
THINK ABOUT IT
Egypt
River civilisations
Mesopotamia
India
China
50539_09_183 leyenda505399_09_183 situacion
A seal made by a cylinder was used to sign official documents.
Cuneiform
In the fourth millennium BC, a type of writing called c
