“ISMS”

19.4, 20.1-20.2Objective: to further discuss important ideals in 19th Century Europe and their

impact

Industrial Capitalism

• lassiez – faire economics• Adam Smith “The Wealth of Nations”-felt free, unregulated market would help everyone, not just the rich (produce more goods at a lower price, increased investment)

• Used results of I.R. as example (gov’t had no role)

Social Aspects to I.C.

• Thomas Malthus-felt pop. growth would outpace food supplies-poor would suffer as long as pop grew – “checks” on population growth-Wrong – food supply grew faster than population

• David Ricardo “Iron Law of Wages” – dismal science-felt wage increases were futile (as wages grew, families grew, making it harder to pay for necessary items)

• Both opposed gov’t support for poor-improvement based off of thrift, hard work, and limiting size of families.

Socialism

• Condemn industrial capitalism, felt a gulf was created between rich and poor

• People as a whole own means of production (farms, factories, railways, distribution centers etc..)

• Felt these steps would end poverty and injustice

• Primarily an economic system

Socialism • Some early socialists were called utopians

(wanted perfect society)• Ex: Robert Owen and New Lanark, Scotland-successful mill, did not use child labor-encouraged formation of labor unions

Communism/Marxism

• Karl Marx and Freidrich Engles - The Communist Manifesto

-felt utopians were unrealistic-Predicted struggle (conflict) between classes, would eventually lead to classless society with m.o.p. owned by the community-felt “haves” (bourgeoisie) have always had advantage over “have-nots” (proletariat)

Communism/Marxism

• Communism eventually becomes equated with a small elite controlling the economic and political systems in a country

• Felt conflict would end with proletariat as victors with equal sharing of wealth and power – predicted this would begin in Great Britain

• “Workers of the World Unite!”

Conservatism

• Traditional way of running a government (support political/social order pre-Napoleon)

• Congress of Vienna was a victory for conservative movement

• Backed established (Catholic/Protestant) Churches• Felt Constitutional Government would only lead to

disorder• Concert of Europe enforces conservative standards

throughout Europe (crushed pro-constitution rebellions in Spain, Portugal and some Italian states)

Liberalism

• Supported by bourgeoisie (included business owners, bankers, lawyers, etc..)

• Supported constitutional governments/separation of powers

• Supported idea of natural rights (liberty, equality, property)

• Felt gov’t should protect basic rights• Supported Laissez-Faire economics – provided

entrepreneurs best path to success

Nationalism

• Causes break-down of some traditional empires (particularly Ottoman and Austrian)

• Revolts in Serbia against Ottoman rule (supported by Russia who wanted to aid “little Slavic brothers”) – leads to creation of Serbia

• Greece – independent in 1830 from Ottomans• Aids with eventual unification of Italy and Germany

in the late 19th Century