It d tiIntroduction - AndroBenchcsl.skku.edu/uploads/CSE3008F09/1-intro.pdf · 2011-02-14 · Multics(1)Multics (1) Multics •Multiplexed Information and Computing Service •A time-shared,

I t d tiI t d tiIntroductionIntroduction

Jin-Soo Kim ([email protected])Jin Soo Kim ([email protected])Computer Systems Laboratory

Sungkyunkwan Universityhtt // l kk dhttp://csl.skku.edu

Today’s TopicsToday’s TopicsToday s TopicsToday s Topics

What is OS?

History of OS

2CSE3008: Operating Systems | Fall 2009 | Jin-Soo Kim ([email protected])

What is OS? (1)What is OS? (1)What is OS? (1)What is OS? (1)Application viewpp• Provides an execution environment for running

programs

• Provides an abstract view of the underlying computer system– Processors Processes, Threads

M Add ( i l )– Memory Address spaces (virtual memory)– Storage Volumes, Directories, Files– I/O Devices Files (ioctls)I/O Devices Files (ioctls)– Networks Files (sockets, pipes, ...)– …


What is OS? (2)What is OS? (2)What is OS? (2)What is OS? (2)System viewy• Manages various resources of a computer system

• Sharing• Protection CPU

Resources

otect o• Fairness• Efficiency

MemoryI/O devicesEfficiency

• ...QueuesEnergy…


What is OS? (3)What is OS? (3)What is OS? (3)What is OS? (3)Implementation viewp• Highly-concurrent, event-driven software

trap

System call

Interrupts

Hardware


Computer SystemsComputer SystemsComputer SystemsComputer Systems

S iServices

Applications

Middleware

Software Development Environment(compilers, loaders, editors, utilities,

command interpreter libraries)

Operating System (Kernel)

command interpreter, libraries)

C S A hi (H d Pl f )


Computer System Architecture (Hardware Platform)

1st Generation (1945-55)Vacuum Tubes and Plugboards

1st Generation (1945-55)Vacuum Tubes and Plugboards-- Vacuum Tubes and Plugboards-- Vacuum Tubes and Plugboards

No OSNo programming languagesNo assembly languagesNo assembly languages

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical


ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), 1946

2nd Generation (1955-65)Transistors and Mainframes

2nd Generation (1955-65)Transistors and Mainframes-- Transistors and Mainframes-- Transistors and Mainframes

Batch systemsy• One job at a time• Card readers, tape drives, line , p ,

printers

• OS is always resident in memory and merely transfers a control.

• CPU is underutilized due to the bottleneck in I/O


3rd Generation (1965-80)Integrated Circuits (ICs)

3rd Generation (1965-80)Integrated Circuits (ICs)-- Integrated Circuits (ICs)-- Integrated Circuits (ICs)

Architectural advances• Using ICs: better price/performance• Disk drivess d es• On-line terminals

• The notion of “Computer Architecture”:– IBM System/360 familyy / y




Multiprogrammed systemsp g y• Increase CPU utilization• OS features

– Job scheduling– Memory management– CPU scheduling– Protection

• Spooling (Simultaneous

Peripheral Operation On-Line)Peripheral Operation On Line)




Time-sharing systemsg y• Improve response time• OS featuresOS features

– Swapping– Virtual memory– File system– Sophisticated CPU scheduling

S h i ti– Synchronization– Interprocess communication– Interactive shellInteractive shell– More protection, …


4th Generation (1980-)LSIs & VLSIs

4th Generation (1980-)LSIs & VLSIs-- LSIs & VLSIs-- LSIs & VLSIs

Architectural advancesArchitectural advances• Microprocessors: smaller and faster• Storage: larger and faster• Storage: larger and faster• Personal computers• CPU work is offloaded to I/O devices• CPU work is offloaded to I/O devices

Modern OS features• GUI (Graphical User Interface)• MultimediaMultimedia• Internet & Web• Networked / Distributed etc


Networked / Distributed, etc.

OS HistoryOS HistoryOS HistoryOS History

CTSS (1961, MIT)( ibl i h i )(Compatible Time Sharing System)

/ ( )OS/360 (1964, IBM)

CS (196 ll b G )MULTICS (1965, MIT, Bell Labs, GE)(MULTiplexed Information and Computing Service)

Unix (1969, Bell Labs)


Multics (1)Multics (1)Multics (1)Multics (1)Multics• Multiplexed Information and Computing Service• A time-shared, multi-processor mainframe , p

“computing utility” • Originally started by MIT, GE, and Bell Labs for GE-

645, a 36-bit system, in 1965.– Bell Labs quit in 1969 and built Unix.

GE’ b i i l di M l i k b– GE’s computer business, including Multics, was taken over by Honeywell in 1970.

– Last system shutdown on 10/31/2000.y / /

• http://www.multicians.org


Multics (2)Multics (2)Multics (2)Multics (2)Multics innovations• Hierarchical file system.

– File / directory / path name / working directory– Access Control Lists (ACLs).– Long names on entries.

M lti l t i– Multiple names on entries.– Symbolic links.– Storage quotasStorage quotas.– Removable devices.– The backup procedures.

• Lots of developments in management of virtual memory including segmentation and paging.


Multics (3)Multics (3)Multics (3)Multics (3)Multics innovations (cont’d)( )• Separating the command shell from the OS kernel.• Dynamic linking.y g• Implementation of an OS in a high level language

(PL/1)• Management of shared memory.• Mapping of logical disk volumes onto physical pp g g p y

volumes.• Many developments in the area of secure computer

systems.– Multics was rated B2 by the NCSC in 1985.

A b t t (b d th M lti i ) b ilt


– A subsequent system (based on the Multics experience) built by Honeywell was the first computer system ever rated A1.

Multics (4)Multics (4)Multics (4)Multics (4)Multics innovations (cont’d)( )• Multics Relational Data Store (MRDS) in 1976.

– The first commercial relational DBMS.– The MRDS query language was similar to early SQL.– Concurrent access to a database by multiple processes was

supportedsupported.– The database could be backed up in its entirety.

• Spreadsheets were developed on the MulticsSpreadsheets were developed on the Multicsplatform.

• Multics supports BCPL, BASIC, APL, FORTRAN, LISP, C, pp , , , , , ,COBOL, ALGOL 68, and Pascal.

• Many optimizations for the LISP language through


work on the Multics MACLISP compiler.

OS History: UnixOS History: UnixOS History: UnixOS History: Unix

“… When BTL (Bell Telephone Laboratories) withdrew from the Multics… When BTL (Bell Telephone Laboratories) withdrew from the Multicsproject, they needed to rewrite an operating system in order to play space war on another smaller machine (a DEC PDP-7 with 4K memory for user

programs). The result was a system which a punning colleague called UNICS p g ) y p g g(UNiplexed Information and Computing Services) – an ‘emasculated Multics’;

no one recalls whose idea the change to UNIX was.”-- Peter H. Salus, A Quarter Century of Unix, Addision-Wesley, 1994.

“… It was the summer of '69. In fact, my wife went on vacation to my family's place in California.... I allocated a week each to the operating system, the

h ll th dit d th bl t d it lf d d i thshell, the editor, and the assembler, to reproduce itself, and during the month she was gone, it was totally rewritten in a form that looked like an

operating system, with tools that were sort of known, you know, assembler, editor and shell Yeh essentially one person for a month ”


editor, and shell .... Yeh, essentially one person for a month.-- Ken Thompson

UnixUnixUnixUnixUnix Features• Hierarchical file systems

– Special files: uniform I/O, naming, and protection.R bl fil t i t/ t– Removable file systems via mount/umount

– i-node

• Process controlProcess control– fork(), exec(), wait(), exit()– Pipes for inter-process communication

h ll• Shells– Standard I/O and I/O redirection– FiltersFilters– Command separators– Shell scripts


• Signals

OS History: UNIX (1969-85)OS History: UNIX (1969-85)OS History: UNIX (1969 85)OS History: UNIX (1969 85)

B ll L b i

More info: UNIX History at http://www.levenez.com/unix/USG/USDL/ATTIS

DSG/USO/USLBell Laboratories

ResearchBerkeley Software

Distributions

1969 First Edition

1973 Fifth Edition

1976 Sixth Edition

1977 PWB MERT CB UNIX 1BSD

1977 UNIX RT Seventh Edition 2BSD

32V 32V

1979 3BSD

3.0 4.0BSD

1980 XENIX 3.0.1

1981 4.0.1 4.1BSD

1982 5.0 Sys tem III 4.1aBSD

1983 5.2 Sys tem V XENIX 3 Eighth 4.1cBSDdi i

2.8BSD

Edition

2.9BSD1984 Sys tem V SunOS 4.2BSD

Release 2

1985


Figure 1.1 The UNIX system family tree, 1969-1985

OS History: UNIX (1985-96)OS History: UNIX (1985-96)OS History: UNIX (1985 96)OS History: UNIX (1985 96)Sys tem V Eighth

1985 Release 2 XENIX 3 SunOS Edition 4.2BSD 2.9BSD

1986 MACH 4.3BSD

Sys tem V1987 Release 3 Ninth 2.10BSD

SunOS3

Chorus Edition XENIX 5

1988 MACH 2.5 4.3BSD-Tahoe

Sys tem V1989 R l 4 N XT S OS4 T h 2 11BSD1989 Release 4 NeXT SunOS4 Tenth 2.11BSD

Step Edit ion Chorus NET/1 V3

1990 OSF/1 Plan 9 4.3BSD-Reno

1991 NET/2

386BSD

1992 Solaris NetBSD 0.8

DEC UNIX BSDI 1.0 FreeBSD 1.0 Novel l1993 Linux UNIX Solaris 2

Ware 4.4BSD

1994 4.4BSD Lite-1

1995 SCO FreeBSD 2.0 BSDI 2.0 UNIX 4.4BSD

Lite-21996


Figure 1.2 The UNIX system family tree, 1986-1996

OS History: UNIXOS History: UNIXOS History: UNIXOS History: UNIXSun SolarisHP HP-UXIBM AIXIBM AIXCompaq (Digital) Tru64SGI IrixSCO Unixware

LinuxFreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSDApple Mac OS X, etc.


pp

Multics vs. UnixMultics vs. UnixMultics vs. UnixMultics vs. UnixComparisonp• Multics:

– Top-down approach– 150 Man-Years for design and system programming, another

50 Man-Years for improvementsToo complicated too costly hardware– Too complicated, too costly hardware

– Many novel ideas had a great impact

• Unix:Unix:– Bottom-up approach– Simplicity, elegance, and ease of use– Low cost hardware, university adoption– 2 Man-Years

Th t f th d ti t


– The root of the modern operating systems

OS History: Windows & LinuxOS History: Windows & LinuxOS History: Windows & LinuxOS History: Windows & Linux

1981 82 84 86 88 90 91 93 94 95 98 00 0196 97 9992

MS‐DOS Family

03

1.0 2.0 3.0 3.2 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

98

y

Windows Family3.0 3.1 95 98 ME1.0

98SE

2.0

3 1 3.11Windows for WorkGroup Family

3.1 3.5 4.0 2K XP

3.1 3.11

Windows NT FamilyServer20033.51

0.01 0.99 1.0 1.2 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.4

Linux

2.6

2003


Documents

It d tiIntroduction - AndroBenchcsl.skku.edu/uploads/CSE3008F09/1-intro.pdf · 2011-02-14 · Multics(1)Multics (1) Multics •Multiplexed Information and Computing Service •A time-shared,