James MacBride Sterrett THE ETHICS OF HEGEL Boston London 1893

8/2/2019 James MacBride Sterrett THE ETHICS OF HEGEL Boston London 1893

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axp oapb bi~ cigh kj` bi~ uripije~* Ubich pbi~ eiwh~ bi~oiaerkvby ch~~ ijphrh~p# ip eiwh~ bi~ uripije~ lxnb larh~nihjpigin garl*

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OIAE_KVBINKC ^DHPNB*Bhehc ~ hphrjkc oiaerkvby i~ hwhj larh xjhwhjpgxc pbkjpbkp ag la~p lhj ag pbaxebp pbh Kchkj`hr~ kj` Nkh~kr~ag pbh ijphcchnpxkc uarc`* Pbh lhrh ~xomhnpiwh vriwkphnbkrknphri~pin~# avijiaj~ kj` vrhmxình~ ag pbh lkj jhh`najnhrj x~ oxp cippch ij nalvkri~aj uipb pbh xjiwhr~kc hchlhjp ag pbaxebp# ubinb uk~ pbh rhkc bhkrp ag pbh lkj* Pbhvhr~ajkc nbkrknphr ag Bhehc i~ jap whry ijphrh~pije= yhp ipuk~ jap xjuarpby ag pbh vbica~avbhr k~ k lkj# kj` xvajpbh ubach ip lky oh ~ki` pbkp ip jhh`~ ja kvacaey* Pbhpua vaijp~ ij ubinb bh bk~ ohhj la~p nripini~h` rhckph pa bi~prhkplhjp ag ^nbhccije kj` bi~ ~a,nkcch` ~xo~hrwihjny pa pbhVrx~~ikj eawhrjlhjp* Ij jhipbhr ag pbh~h rh~vhnp~ i~ pbhrhvraknb pbaraxebcy mx~pigikoch*Bi~ cigh uk~ `hwai` ag ralkjnh# ohije rkpbhr pbkp ag kvra~kin# nallaj,~hj~h lkj ag pbh ijphcchnpxkc uarc`* ^picc#k~ nalvkrh` uipb pbkp ag Dkjp# hij kcch~ ]hrlkclhj`hr# pbhcigh ag Bhehc# hij kcch~ Xlgk~~hj`hr# uk~ lxnb larh pbkp agk nipi}hj ag pbh uarc`* Bi~ kn{xkijpkjnh uipb pbh erhkpciphrkry kj` vacipinkc lhj kj` lawhlhjp~ ag bi~ pilh uk~ijpilkph kj` vragaxj`* Ig bh uk~ jap k vkpriap ag Ginbph ~pyvh# bh uk~ jap uipbaxp erhkp ijphrh~p kj` ijgcxhjnh ijvacipin~*

Uh eiwh k orihg ~xllkry ag pbh hwhjp~ ag bi~ axpukr`cigh* ;

; Pbh cilip~ ag ~vknh vrhncx`h kjypbije larh pbkj k orihg oiaerkvbinkc ~dhpnb ag Bhehc ~ cigh* Ajh gareah~ uipb rherhp pbh pk~d ag vrh~hjpije pbh gxcchr oiaerkvby# uipb phlvhrkph h~pilkph ag ip k~ k ehjxijh#bxlkj# ~nbackrcy cigh ag pbh la`hrj Kri~papch* _a~hjdrkj} ~ Bhehc~Chohj kj` Bhehc kc~ `hxp~nbhr Jkpiajkcvbica~avb kggar` klvch lkphrikc~gar ~xnb uard* Pbi~# bauhwhr# bk~ kcrhk`y ohhj x~h` la~p ~dicgxccy oyVragh~~ar Hùkr` Nkir`# uba eiwh~ x~ k la~p k`lirkoch hva~ipiajkj` h~pilkph ag pbh ubach Bhehc ij bi~ wacxlh ij Ocknduaa` ~ Vbica~avbinkc Nck~~in~* Pbhrh i~ ja ohpphr ijpra`xnpiaj pa Bhehc ~ vhr~ajkcipykj` uard jhh`h`* Vragh~~ar Ma~ikb _aynh "Pbh ^virip ag La`hrjVbica~avby\ kc~a eiwh~ k orihg# oxp uipb k ~lknd ag ~bkrvjh~~# vhj,~dhpnbag Bhehc ~ vhr~ajkc nbkrknphri~pin~# x~ije pbh lkphrikc ag pbh ba~pichnripin Bkyl rkpbhr pbkj pbkp ag pbh hxcaei~pin ì~nivch _a~hjdrkj}*îjnh uripije pbh gaccauije ~dhpnb I bkwh# gar pbh gir~p pilh# caadh`


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OIAE_KVBINKC ^DHPNB* >Ehare Uicbhcl Grih`rinb Bhehc uk~ oarj kp ^pxppekrp#

pbh nkvipkc ag Uiirphlohre# aj pbh ?mpb ag Kxex~p# ;556#kj` rhpkijh` pbraxebaxp cigh pbh ^xkoikj nbkrknphri~pin~ agocxjpjh~~# ~brhu`jh~~# kj` ag `hhv ijphrh~p ij rhcieiaj kjìj vacipinkc kggkir~* Bi~ gklicy ohcajeh` pa pbh {xihp naj~hrwkpiwh li``ch,nck~~* Bi~ gkpbhr uk~ kj agginhr ij pbh gi~nkc ~hrwinh kj` k `hni`h` kri~panrkp* Bi~ lapbhr ~hhl~ pabkwh ohhj k ualkj ag larh pbkj arìjkry ijphcciehjnh# kj``hwaph` pa pbh ij~prxnpiaj ag bhr hc`h~p ~aj* ^bh ìh` ubhjBhehc uk~ pbirphhj yhkr~ ac`* Bau erkphgxc k rhlhlorkjnhbh nbhri~bh` ag bhr i~ ~bauj ij k chpphr pa bi~ ~i~phr ubhjbh uk~ gigpy,giwh yhkr~ ac`* '{xap4 Pa,`ky i~ pbh kjjiwhr~kry aglapbhr ~ `hkpb# ubinb I kcuky~ dhhv ij lhlary ag bhr*'{xap4Bi~ oiaerkvbhr# _a~hjdrkj}# ~ky~ pbkp bi~ hkrcy yaxpb uk~vk~~h` {xihpcy kj` nbhhrgxccy# uipbaxp kjy rhlkrdkoch hvhrihjnh~* Pbh agginikc va~ipiaj ag bi~ gkpbhr oraxebp bi~gklicy ijpa najjhnpiaj uipb pbh biebhr nck~~ ag nipi}hj~* Ijbi~ gigpb yhkr bh uk~ ~hjp pa pbh Ckpij ~nbaac# kj` ij bi~~hwhjpb bh hjphrh` pbh nipy Eyljk~ixl* Bh uk~ kcuky~kj hhlvckry ~nbackr# kj` uaj pbh vri}h~ ij hwhry nck~~*Ij pbh ìkry ubinb bh dhvp gral bi~ gigphhjpb pa bi~ ~hwhjphhjpb yhkr pbhrh krh prknh~ ag `hhv hpbinkc ~hjpilhjp~#pbaxeb jajh ag larkc najgcinp~* Pbx~ hkrcy# paa# pbh Kxg,dc`rxje va~~h~~h` bil* Bh ijwhieb~ kekij~p ijpachrkjnhkj` ~xvhr~pipiaj# kj` k~~hrp~ pbh jhnh~~ipy ag pbijdije garajh ~ ~hcg* Gral pbi~ ìkry uh chkrj# paa# pbkp pbaxebvh`kjpin k~ k ~px`hjp# bh ì` jap gkic pa nxcpiwkph pbh ~anikc~i`h ag cigh* Bh grh{xhjph` najnhrp~# kj` hjmayh` pbh ~anihpy ag pbh vrhppy lki`hj~ bh pbx~ lhp* _a~hjdrkj} japh~pua vhnxcikripih~ ag Bhehc kp pbi~ pilh ubinb bh vrh~hrwh`pbraxeb cigh= bh uk~ k`ìnph` pa pkdije ~jxgg kj` `hwaph`pa vckyije nkr`~# h~vhnikccy pa ubi~p*pbraxeb @r* M* Bxpnbij~aj ^pircije ~ erhkp uard aj '{xap4 Pbh ^hnrhp agBhehc'{xap4 kj` gij` ~nkpphrh` pbraxebaxp bi~ la~p kvvrhnikpiwh kj` wkcxkochhva~ipary uard pbh la~p ~nkpbije kj` bkr~b phrl~ x~h` ij nbkrknphri}ije Bhehc*


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0 OIAE_KVBINKC ^DHPNB*Ij bi~ ~iphhjpb yhkr bh ohekj pbh bkoip ag dhhvije kNallaj,Vcknh Oaad kj` ag uripije axp kjkcy~h~# uipb naviax~{xapkpiaj~# ag hwhry oaad ag ilvarpkjnh pbkp bh rhk`* Bhuk~ rhk`y pa pbx~ gicc bi~ hlvpy ~hcg uipb pbh oh~p ag pbh

oh~p kxpbar~ pa ca~h bil~hcg ij pbhl pbkp bh liebp gij`bil~hcg hjckreh` kj` ijwiearkph`* Gar pbh vxrva~h agvxppije ajh ~ ~hcg kp pbh vaijp ag wihu ag erhkp kxpbar~# ~ak~ pa ca~h ajh ~ vhppy ~hcg ij pbhl# bh bhc` pbkp pbhrh uk~ jaohpphr uky pbkj pbi~ uripije axp naviax~ hprknp~ gral pbhiruard~* Pbi~ i~ pbh gir~p hvhrihjnh uipb pbh vrijnivch ag h`xnkpiaj la~p rh~acxphcy lkijpkijh` oy Bhehc pbraxebaxp cighij rhekr` pa nxcpxrh ij ehjhrkc# i*h* pbh vrijnivch ag ~hcg,kcihjkpiaj "^hco~p,Hjpgrhl`xje) ij ar`hr pa prxh bxlkji}kpiaj* Oxphwhj kp pbi~ pilh ag ~kpxrkpije bil~hcg uipb pbh pbaxebp~ agapbhr~# bh ~bauh` pbkp bh uk~ jap lhrhcy vk~~iwh# k~ bh hvrh~~h~ pbh erhkph~p k`lirkpiaj ag pbh Erhhd uarc` ag nxcpxrh#ij ubinb bh ~aaj gaxj` bil~hcg ja lhrh viceril ar kcihj*Bh uk~ pbx~ hkrcy vhjhprkph` oy pbh jaoicipy kj` ~hrhjipy agpbh Erhnikj ~virip# kj` k~ hkrcy ~bauh` bi~ ì~cidh ag pbhvrhwkchjp laroi` ~hjpilhjpkci~l* Kp pbi~ pilh# paa# uh gij`prknh~ ag pbkp naj~hrwkpiwh ~virip ij rhekr` pa pbh ao~hrwkjnhag pbh nx~palkry ij ~anikc cigh kj` nxrrhjp kggkir~ ubinb nbkrknphri}h` bil pbraxebaxp cigh k~ k naj~hrwkpiwh ij rhcieiajkj` vacipin~* Bh pbaxebp ip pa oh oxp wkij najnhip pa ohnajpijxkccy vraph~pije kekij~p h~pkoci~bh` nx~pal~ kj` nrhh`~kj` pa oh aoprxìje ajh ~ auj ubil~inkc pk~ph~ xvaj pbhvxocin* '{xap4Wirpxh#'{xap4 bh ~ki` k cippch ckphr# '{xap4i~ jap k praxocijeajh ~ ~hcg koaxp k vhnxcikr kj` i~ackph` larkcipy ag ajh ~auj* Pbh ~priwije gar kjy ~xnb larkcipy i~ gxpich kj` ilva~~ioch ag kppkijlhjp*'{xap4Pbh gir~p prknh ag ijphrh~p ij vbica~avby i~ gaxj` ij ajhag bi~ japh,oaad~# ubhj bh uk~ gigphhj yhkr~ ag keh* Bh`hgijh~ vbica~avby pa oh '{xap4 pbh vrh~~ije pbraxeb ijpa pbh whryeraxj` kj` ijjhr naj~pipxpiaj ag bxlkj najnhvpiaj~ kj`djauchèh ag pbh vragaxj`h~p prxpb~*'{xap4


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a OIAE_KVBINKC ^DHPNB*kj` vbicacaey# oxp uipb ja djauchèh ubkphwhr ag vbica~avby*Cidh lkjy apbhr~# bi~ rak` pa k vcknh klaje pbh rhnaeji}h` uarc`,pbijdhr~ cky pbraxeb pbh najìpiaj~ ubinb bklvhrajh ij pbh ~ipxkpiaj ag k vriwkph pxpar ij k rinb gklicy* îxjhwhjpgxc yhkr~ uhrh pbx~ ~vhjp oy Bhehc* Oxp pbhy uhrhyhkr~ ag erhkp ijphcchnpxkc knpiwipy# yhkr~ ag ijnrhk~h ag djauchèh# oxp koawh kcc ag ~hcg,knpiwipy# ij uardije awhr ij pbhkchloin ag bi~ auj pbaxebp pbh~h ekpbhrh` prhk~xrh~* Bi~h`xnkpiaj bk` eiwhj bil k oik~ paukr`~ pbhacaeinkc ~pxìh~#kj` pa pbh hj` ag bi~ cigh pbh ~px`y ag rhcieiaj gk~nijkph`bi~ lij`* Uh gij` bil jau ox~ih` uipb hhehpinkc ~pxìh~*Ij ;598 bh giji~bh` uripije k Cigh ag Nbri~p* Bhrh# paa#uh gij` bil japije pbh h~~hjpikc hchlhjp~ ag Mx`ki~l k~najprk~ph` uipb pbh Erhhd wihu ag rhcieiaj# kj` hwhj ì~vkrkeije Nbri~pikjipy ij nalvkri~aj uipb pbh garlhr# pbaxebk ghu yhkr~ ckphr bh bk` uardh` pbraxeb pa pbh h~pilkphag Nbri~pikjipy k~ pbh ko~acxph rhcieiaj# ar pbh vrijnivch ag~hcg,rhkci}kpiaj pbraxeb ~hcg,~knriginh kcidh ij lkj kj` ijEa`# ij bi~ rhckpiaj pa lkj* Ip i~ ij pbi~ vhria`# paa# pbkpuh gij` pbh i`hk ag cawh k~ pbh la~p ~iejiginkjp ajh pa Bhehc*Ij bi~ kvvrhnikpiaj ag ip uh gij` ilvcinip pbh ubach ag bi~ckphr ijphcchnpxkc ~y~phl* Ij pbh lawhlhjp ag cawh bh ~kupbh ìkchnpin chkìje axp ag ~hcg ijpa ip~ apbhr# ij ar`hr paip~ auj ~hcg,rhkci}kpiaj* Bhrh# paa# uh gij` bil lkdije pbkpckoariax~ ~px`y ag bi~pary# ubinb ckphr ekwh bil pbh ok~i~gar bi~ Vbica~avby ag Bi~pary*

Bi~ ijphrh~p ij vacipin~ kc~a ch` bil pa k grh~b ~px`y agDkjp ~ hpbinkc prhkpi~h~# pbkp ag pbh Vbica~avby ag _iebp#kvvhkrije ij ;595# kj` pbkp ag Pbh Lhpkvby~in ag Hpbin~# ij;592* Bhehc ~prawh pa xjiph pbh pua najnhvpiaj~ ag va~ipiwhcku kj` ~xomhnpiwh larkcipy ijpa k biebhr ajh# ubinb bh gir~pjklh` '{xap4Cigh#'{xap4 kj` ckphr '{xap4ânikc Larkcipy "i*h* îppcinbdhip )*Bh vraph~ph` kekij~p Dkjp ~ xpphr ~xomxekpiaj ag jkpxrhkj` bi~ ì~lhlohrlhjp ag bxlkjipy "]hr~pxndcxje `h~ Lhj,


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OIAE_KVBINKC ^DHPNB* 5~nbhri) ijpa k nk~xi~pry kri~ije gral pbh ko~acxphjh~~ ag pbhnajnhvpiaj ag `xpy*Ip uk~ kp pbi~ pilh pbkp pbh Uiirphlohre @ihp uk~ bhc`pa vralxcekph k jhu naj~pipxpiaj ok~h` xvaj pbh vrijnivchag pbh grhhàl ag vhr~aj kj` vravhrpy ag kcc nipi}hj~* Pbhdije gkwarh` pbi~ naj~pipxpiaj# oxp pbh kri~panrkpin nck~~h~#uipb pbhir wh~ph` vriwicheh~# vraph~ph` kekij~p ip ij pbh jklhag '{xap4eaa` ac` Ehrlkj riebp~*'{xap4 Bhrh Bhehc paad bi~ ~pkjùipb pbh dije kekij~p pbh vrhraekpiwh ag ghx`kci~l# pbh vriwicheh ag pbh exic` kj` pbh vxrnbk~h` lajavacy ag pbh rinb#gar pbh dije uk~# ij pbi~ ij~pkjnh# pbh rhvrh~hjpkpiwh agrkpiajkc grhhàl# ag pbh prxh i`hk ag pbh ^pkph*

Pbraxeb kcc pbh~h pbhacaeinkc# bi~parinkc kj` vrknpinkc~pxìh~ pbhrh uk~ pbh jk~nhjp cigh ag pbh I`hk pbraooije#ubinb uk~ pa ~y~phlkpi}h kcc ijpa pbh najnrhph xjipy ag bi~ckphr vbica~avby* Ip erhu kj` paad ~bkvh kj` garl pbraxebpbhl* Bh ì` jap kp gir~p ~hp bil~hcg pbh pk~d ag gijìje~xnb k najnrhph vrijnivch* Bh ì` jap '{xap4lkdh bi~ ~pxìh~ij vxocin#'{xap4 k~ bh ~ki` ag ^nbhccije# oxp bh ghcp pbkp bh uk~lkdije k`wkjnh~ ubinb uaxc` hwhjpxkccy nalh pa ciebp ijk gxcc aroh` ~y~phl* Oheijjije uipb vkrpinxckr {xh~piaj~vrh~~ije aj bil gar ~acxpiaj# bh uk~# k~ bh ~ky~# '{xap4`riwhjajukr` pa vbica~avby# kj`# pbraxeb rhgchnpiaj# pa prkj~garlpbh i`hkc ag bi~ yaxpb ijpa k ~y~phl*'{xap4 Pbi~ '{xap4~y~phl'{xap4 bhvxp ij uripije ij pbh yhkr ;592* Pbh koawh {xapkpiaj i~gral k chpphr pa ^nbhccije# kvvhkcije pa bil k~ pbh ajh la~pcidhcy pa ki` bil ij hjphrije xvaj k vxocin nkrhhr k~ vbica~avbhr* Ij Mkjxkry# ;26;# bh uhjp pa Mhjk# ubhrh bhnbklviajh` ^nbhccije ~ I`hjpipy,Vbica~avby kekij~p pbkp agGinbph* Ij ;26? bh xjiph` uipb ^nbhccije ij vxoci~bije k'{xap4 Nripinkc Maxrjkc ag Vbica~avby#'{xap4 ij ubinb pbh nallaj,~hj~h `xkci~l ag lij` kj` lkpphr uk~ pbh ~pand aomhnpag kppknd# k~ uhcc k~ pbh vbica~avby ag ~xomhnpiwipy* PbhI`hjpipy,Vbica~avby# bauhwhr ìgghrhjpcy bhc` oy ^nbhccijekj` Bhehc# gxrji~bh` '{xap4 pbh najnhvpiaj ag k xjipy koawh kcc


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_HCKPIAJ PAìgghrhjnh~# ubinb lkjigh~p~ ip~hcg ij kcc ìgghrhjnh~# kj`pa ubinb kcc ìgghrhjnh~ lx~p rhghr gar pbhir hvckjkpiaj*'{xap4Gral Vriwkp,ànhjp bh ohnklh Vragh~~ar ij pbh Xjiwhr~ipyij ;268*

Ij ;265 bh vxoci~bh` bi~ gir~p ilvarpkjp oaad# pbh Vbkh,jalhjacaeih `h~ Ehi~ph~# ubinb bh giji~bh` kli` pbh pbxj`hr~ag pbh okppch ag Mhjk* Bh ~hhlh` pa bkwh ohhj k~ ko~arohìj pbi~ uard k~ Krnbilh`h~ kp pbh ~iheh ag ^yrknx~h* Ij'{xap4 pbi~ waykeh ag ì~nawhry '{xap4 Bhehc paxnbh` kj` iccxlijkph`kj` nripini~h` kcc pbh wkriax~ ~pkj`vaijp~ ag hpbinkc kj`~vhnxckpiwh vbica~avby* Gral ;262 pa ;2;7 bh uk~ Vragh~~ar ij pbh Eyljk~ixl kp Jiirjohre# vxoci~bije bi~ Caeidij ;2;7* Gar k yhkr bh uk~ Vragh~~ar kp Bhi`hcohre# ubhrhbh vxoci~bh` bi~ Hjnyàv`ìh `hr vbica~avbi~nbhj Ui~~hj,~nbkgpnj# ij ubinb bh ekwh bi~ ubach ~y~phl ij `hpkic kjìj ~nihjpigin garl* Ij ;2;2 bh uk~ nkcch` pa pbh la~p ilvarpkjp nbkir ag vbica~avby ij Ehrlkjy pbkp rhnhjpcygicch` oy Ginbph ij pbh Xjiwhr~ipy ag Ohrcij* Gral pbi~ pilhpicc bi~ `hkpb ij ;2>; bh uk~ rhnaeji}h` k~ pbh erhkph~pphknbhr ag vbica~avby ij Ehrlkjy* Pa gicc axp pbi~ axpcijh ag `kph~ kj` vcknh~# ~a k~ pa eiwh k oiaerkvby ag ~xnbk pbijdhr# uaxc` rh{xirh kj hva~ipiaj ag pbh ubach ag bi~ijphcchnpxkc `hh`* Pa varprky bil k~ bh uk~# uaxc` oh parhvra`xnh bil k~ bh pbaxebp* Ij ar`hr pa `hphrlijh pbhvcknh ag hpbin~ ij bi~ ubach ~y~phl# ip i~ kp chk~p jhnh~~krypa eiwh k orihg axpcijh ag bi~ Hjnyncavhìk ag pbh Vbica~avbinkc^nihjnh~* Ohgarh àije pbi~# bauhwhr# uh lky eckjnh kp pbhhpbinkc pbaxebp ag bi~ pilh~*

II*_hckpiaj pa Vrhwiax~ ^y~phl~*

Ip i~ ~nkrnhcy va~~ioch pa ~vhkd ag pbh rhckpiaj ag Bhehc ~hpbin~ pa vrhwiax~ hpbinkc ~y~phl~#uipbaxp eiwije pbh rhckpiajag bi~ vbica~avby k~ k ubach pa vrhwiax~ ~y~phl~ ag vbi


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V_HWIAX^ ^Y^PHL^* 9ca~avby* Pa vravhrcy arihjpkph pbh Hjeci~b ~px`hjp phj yhkr~kea oy ~xnb k ~pkphlhjp# uaxc` bkwh ohhj pbh pk~d ag kubach wacxlh* Oxp ~a lxnb bk~ ohhj àjh uipbij pbh vk~p`hnk`h ar pua k~ pa rhj`hr pbi~ ~xvhrgcxax~ bhrh# ohyaj` pbhehjhrkc rhghrhjnh~ eiwhj ij pbh Oiociaerkvby*Pbh @hwhcavlhjp gral Dkjp pa Bhehc -, i~ kcrhk`y k uhcc,uarj pavin hwhj ij Hjeci~b# k~ ip bk~ caje ohhj ij Ehrlkj*Bhehc i~ oy nallaj naj~hjp pbh najpijxkpar kj` nalvchparag pbh i`hkci~pin lawhlhjp ohexj oy Dkjp* Pbh `hwhcavlhjp ag pbi~ lawhlhjp i~ kj hnhcchjp bi~parinkc iccx~prkpiaj

R--ag Bhehc ~ auj lhpba`# ,gral pbh ko~prknp xjiwhr~kc pbraxebìgghrhjnh kj` vkrpinxckripy pa pbh najnrhph ~yjpbhpin xjiwhr~kc, Bhehc i~ ~ki` pa bkwh oxrjh` bi~ orièh~ ohbij`bil* ^pircije uicc bkwh ip pbkp bh uk~ kcuky~ '{xap4k nrkgpyoarrauhr#'{xap4 x~ije kj` pbhj kox~ije bi~ vrh`hnh~~ar~* Oxppbh orièh~ ag pbaxebp krh ijnalox~pioch# kj` ip i~ jap ìgginxcp pa prknh pbh najpijxipy ag Bhehc ~ pbaxebp uipb pbkp agDkjp pbraxeb pbh ìwhr~ipy ag Ginbph kj` ^nbhccije* Bhehc#gar pbh la~p vkrp# chkwh~ axp jklh~ kj` `kph~# ko~prknpijepbh h~~hjnh ag ~y~phl~ kj` ijpherkpije pbhl ijpa bi~ auj~y~phl* Bi~ ijpilkph rhckpiaj pa Dkjp# bauhwhr# i~ oh~p~bauj oy pbh vachlin ubinb bh naj~pkjpcy ukeh~ kekij~p kccvkrp~ ag Dkjp ~ ~y~phl# h~vhnikccy bi~ hpbinkc pbhary* Ijrhckpiaj pa Dkjp# ^pircije ~bxp~ xv Bhehc ij pbh ~ijech~hjphjnh= '{xap4Bhehc ~ilvcy najnhiwh~ pbh hea pa `hwhcav ijpaip~ auj nkphearih~ kj`# pbh~h ohije nalvchph# hphrjkci}kpiajpa rh~xcp gral pbh ~klh cku*'{xap4 Pbi~ uk~ bauhwhr ja ~ilvchlkpphr# oxp rkpbhr pbh vraìeiax~ ckoar ag pbh najnhvp ip~hcg*â paa# pa ~bxp xv Bhehc ij k ~hjphjnh ij rhckpiaj pa Dkjp ~hpbinkc pbhary uh liebp ~ky# bh ~ilvcy "rkpbhr# nalvchcy)ekwh kj hva~ipiaj ag pbh naxr~h pbkp pbh ko~prknp xjiwhr~kccku ar '{xap4 Nkphearinkc Ilvhrkpiwh '{xap4 ag Dkjp lx~p pkdh kj` bk~pkdhj ij ohnalije `hgijiph# najnrhph# rhkci}h`# ijnkrjkph ijpbh hpbinkc cigh ag bxlkjipy*

; Pbh pipch ag Vragh~~ar Kj`rhu ^hpb ~ wacxlh*


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ia _HCKPIAJ PANPbh ~pkrpije vaijp ag oapb Dkjp kj` Bhehc uk~ lkj k~

I pbijdije uicc* Oxp Dkjp naj~i`hr~ pbh uicc ag ~xomhnpiwh lkjI ij xjkppkijkoch i`hjpipy uipb pbh xjiwhr~kc uicc ag pbh prkj,I~nhj`hjp ijphccieioch uarc`# ubich Bhehc eiwh~ x~ pbh wipkcZyjpbh~i~ ag pbh~h pua ij bi~ najnhvpiaj ag pbh hpbinkc uarcìj ubinb hknb ajh bk~ bi~ ~pkpiaj kj` `hgijiph `xpih~Z Pbhnkphearinkc ilvhrkpiwh xvaj oapb uk~ IYx'klv4ep46i a,hkwraW aj ip~vrknpinkc ~i`h# pbh uicc* Pbhy ìgghrh` nbihgcy ij pbhir najnhvpiaj ag pbh a,hkwraW* uba~h hheh~i~ pbhy kpphlvph`* ;Uipb Dkjp ip uk~ pbh ko~prknp# ~xomhnpiwh ~hcg 4 uipb Bhehcgip uk~ pbh najnrhph# aomhnpiwh# pbh nalvchphcy hpbini}h` ary~anikci}h` ~hcg* Dkjp ciwh` kj` ckoarh` xj`hr pbh najnhvpiaj~ ag pbh hiebphhjpb nhjpxry rkpiajkci~l# ubinb bhc` pbkprhk~aj uk~ ijjkph ij hwhry lkj k~ k ~xl papkc ag nchkr# gih`japiaj~# ubich Bhehc naj~i`hrh` rhk~aj k~ kj illkjhjpilvxc~h ag rkpiajkcipy pbkp uk~ najpijxkccy rhkci}ije ip~hcg ijbxlkj hvhrihjnh* Pbhy oapb bk` k lhpkvby~in ag hpbin~*Oxp uipb Dkjp pbi~ uk~ garhwhr xjxpphrkoch# uipb Bhehc ipbk` ohhj najpijxkccy xpphrije ip~hcg ij pbh ij~pipxpiaj~ aglkj* Uipb ajh ip uk~ garlch~~# uipb pbh apbhr ip uk~ pbhnajpijxax~cy ~hcg,rhkci}ije Uar` pbkp gral pbh oheijjijeuk~ garlkpiwh ag pbh larkc arekji~l ag bxlkjipy* Pbh ajhcaadh` ~achcy uipbij# pbh apbhr caadh` axpukr` gar pbh ~hcgpa oh ~pxìh`* Kekij uipb Dkjp pbh prxh rh~ ijphrjhp uk~ko~acxphcy ~xvhr~hj~ioch* Uipb Bhehc ip uk~ hvrh~~h` ij`hgijiph kj` ijnrhk~ijecy k`h{xkph garl~ ij pbh rh~ vxocinkag pbh hphrjkc uarc` ag lkj ~ knpiwipy* Bhjnh bh lkdh~bi~ '{xap4 Vbica~avby ag Bi~pary'{xap4 kj iccx~prkpiwh hva~ipiaj ag bi~~nihjnh ag hpbin~* Pbh ^pkph# ij pbh la~p najnrhph ~hj~h agpbi~ phrl# i~ pbh a,hkwraw lkjigh~pije ip~hcg ij phlvarkc najìpiaj~* Pbh bi~pary ag pbh uarc` i~ pbh prioxjkc pbraxebubinb lkj xpphr~ pbh garl~ ag pbh nkphearinkc ilvhrkpiwhbhkr` ij pbh ~xvhr~hj~ioch uarc`* Chp x~ ~ky ij orihg# pbhj#

; I {xaph bhrh kj` hc~hubhrh ij pbi~ Ijpra`xnpiaj gral ly krpinch ajBhehc ~ Hpbin~ ij '{xap4Pbh Ijphrjkpiajkc Maxrjkc ag Hpbin~#'{xap4 Mkjxkry# ;29?*


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V_HWIAX^ ^Y^PHL^* IICQpbkp pbh ìgghrhjnh ohpuhhj Dkjp kj` Bhehc lky oh garlx

ckph` k~Zpbh ìgghrhjnh ohpuhhj kj ko~prknp kj` k najnrhph

"'{xap4Bhehc jhwhr nhk~h` pa ijwhieb kekij~p pbh winh ag ko~prknp,jh~~* Bi~ ubach uard naj~i~p~ ij ~pkrpije gral# nripini~ije#kj` vk~~ije ohyaj` wkriax~ ko~prknp najnhvpiaj~ pa k rhkcnajnrhph ij ubinb kcajh pbhy gij` pbhir vcknh k~ arekjinvbk~h~ ar lhlohr~* Pbkp ubinb i~ prxh rhckpiwhcy pa ip~narrhckph i~ gkc~h ubhj ko~prknph` gral ip~ narrhckph* Kjòapb narrhckph~ krh prxh ajcy ubhj pbhy vk~~ pbraxeb pbi~nkpheary ag rhnivranipy pa pbh arekji~l ubinb pbhy oapbilvcy kj` `hlaj~prkph* Pbh hlvirinkc kj` pbh jaxlhjkc~hcg4 pbh vxrh rhk~aj kj` pbh vrknpinkc rhk~aj4 ~xomhnpiwhgrhhàl kj` najìpiajije hjwirajlhjp4 `xpy kj` pbh eaa`#

pbh~h krh ~alh ag pbh hchlhjp~ ag hpbinkc lkj pbkp Dkjpko~prknph` gral pbhir arekjin vranh~~# ubhrhuipb pa oxic`bi~ kiry nk~pch ag larkcipy* Ko~prknpiaj~# hwhry ajh ag pbhl#~ky~ Bhehc# uba hmj`hkwar~ pa chk` pbraxeb pbhl pa pbhlarh najnrhph wihum* Uh lky# bauhwhr# ~hchnp pua phrl~ubinb uicc iccx~prkph pbh ìgghrhjnh ohpuhhj Dkjp kj` Bhehcij hpbin~# i*h*# Larkcip`p kj` îppcinbdhipZ oapb ag ubinb krhx~h` oy pbh Ehrlkj~ gar ubkp uh nkcc larkcipy* Pbh gir~p`hjaph~ pbh larkcipy ag pbh bhkrp ar ag pbh naj~nihjnh* Pbhckpphr `hjaph~ najwhjpiajkc larkcipy# ar pbh aomhnpiwh nx~pal~ pbkp krh rhnaeji}h` k~ larkc "PZIDNR# larh~# îpphj)*Pbh gir~p i~ pbh ijìwi`xkc naj~nihjnh# pbh ~hnaj` i~ pbh~anikc naj~nihjnh* Bhehc uaxc` ~ky pbkp pbhrh uaxc` oh jaLarkcip`p uipbaxp îppcinbdhip# ubich Dkjp# uipb bi~ nkphearinkc ilvhrkpiwh# uaxc` lkdh hknb ijìwi`xkc kj Kpbkjk~ix~najprk lxj`xl* Bhehc uaxc` ~ky pbkp pbhrh naxc` oh ja`xpy uipbaxp ~alh aomhnpiwh eaa` k~ najphjp gar pbh garlkceaa`,uicc* Pbkp i~# pbhrh nkj oh ja ko~prknp ~hcg,rhkci}kpiaj oy pbh naj~nihjpiax~ lkj# ja eaa`,uicc uipbaxp eaa`lkjjhr~* Pa rhkci}h bil~hcg pbh ijìwi`xkc lx~p à ip ijpbh garl~ ag ~anikc lkj# lx~p ea ohyaj` bil~hcg pa oh bil,


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;? _HCKPIAJ PA~hcg* Bh lx~p hrhnp bil~hcg koawh bil~hcg kj` hvkj` bil~hcg ohyaj` bil~hcg ij bi~ knpxkci}ije ag bi~ eaa`,uicc* Ajcyij pbh aomhnpiwh garl~ ag bi~ ~pkpiaj nkj bh gij` bi~ `xpih~*Apbhrui~h bi~ larkcipy i~ ~xrh pa oh vhhwi~b# nrkjdy# kj`pyrkjjinkc# pbaxeb# k~ k îlaj ^pyciph~# bh lky uriph pbhpipch ag ~kijp ohgarh bi~ jklh* Bhehc lkdh~ la~p prhjnbkjpnripini~l~ c ag Dkjp ~ garlkc cku# ~bauije pbkp k~ kj ko~prknpxjiwhr~kc ip nkj jhipbhr ~xeeh~p kjy vkrpinxckr# `xpih~ jarph~p pbh Piebpjh~~ ag rxch~ apbhrui~h ~xeeh~ph`* Ip nkj ajcyoh k wainh pbxj`hrije ij pbh ijjhr îjki# '{xap4pbax ~bkcp#'{xap4 uipbaxp vauhr pa vranhh` pa `hnkcaein ar lajacaein ~vhniginkpiajag ubkp pa à* Ajcy kj aomhnpiwh ~pkj`kr` ag riebp nkjkggar` pbh eraxj` ag vriwkph mxèlhjp kj` rhj`hr ip apbhrpbkj lhrh uicgxcjh~~ ar li~,mxèlhjp* Vypbkeark~ bk` pbi~ij wihu ubhj bh ~ki` pbkp pbh oh~p h`xnkpiaj ajh naxc` `h~irhgar bi~ ~aj uaxc` oh pa bkwh bil ohnalh k nipi}hj ag kjkpiaj uipb eaa` ij~pipxpiaj~* Aj pbh apbhr bkj`# ~xnb eaaìj~pipxpiaj~ krh ilva~~ioch uipbaxp pbh hchlhjp ag Larkcip`p*ânihpy àh~ jap hi~p kvkrp gral pbh ijìwi`xkc* Ip i~ rkpbhrkj arekji~l ag arekji~l~# uba~h îppcinbdhip hvrh~~h~ pbhillkjhjp Larkcip`p ag ip~ vhavch* Ip hi~p~ ij kj` pbraxebpbh cigh ag ip~ lhlohr~* Bhehc ~ najnhvpiaj nalokpphòapb kj ko~prknp ijìwi`xkci~l kj` kj ko~prknp ~anihpkrikj,i~l* Bi~ hpbin~ krh pbh rh~xcp ag pbh arekjinkccy rhckph` hchlhjp~ ag ko~prknp vhr~ajkc# ar hphrjkc# riebp~ kj` Larkcip`p*Bi~ îppcinbdhip i~ pbh whry cigh ag pbh la~p najnrhph garl agpbh ~hcg ar lkj# i* h*# pbh ^pkph* Ip i~ pbh ~nihjnh ag pbi~oa`y vacipin ij ip~ lawhlhjp ag ~hcg,rhkci}kpiaj# ij ubinb kc~apbh ijìwi`xkc rhkci}h~ bil~hcg# ohnkx~h ip~ rhkci}kpiaj i~ ubkpbh lx~p hjphr ijpa ij ar`hr pa oh ubkp bh axebp pa oh*Uh ~baxc` japh pbkp japbije naxc` oh larh gkc~h pa Bhehcpbkj pa prkj~ckph bi~ îppcinbdhip oy lhrh najwhjpiajkcipy arbi~ îpphj oy lhrh nx~pal~* Pbi~ uaxc` oh pa pkdh axp pbh

; Bhehc ~ Uhrdh# i* >;># rhghrrh` pa oy Vragh~~ar Nkir`# '{xap4Pbh Vbica~avby ag Dkjp#'{xap4 ii* ;27*


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V_HWIAX^ ^Y^PHL^* ;>wipkc bhkrp ubinb garlh`# rhnhiwh` kj` aohy~ caykccy ip~ aujnx~pal~* Pbh nbic` pbaraxebcy vhrlhkph` oy pbh gklicy~virip yihc`~ eck` aohìhjnh pa gklicy nx~pal~* Pbh vkpriap#ij vhknh k~ ij ukr# ao~hrwh~ bi~ jkpiajkc nx~pal~ kj` cku~k~ hvrh~~iaj~ ag bi~ auj prxh uicc* Pbhrh i~ ja lhrh ocij`naj~hrwkpi~l ij kcc pbi~# oxp rkpbhr pbh ~klh wipkc ~viripubinb eah~ aj pa rhgarl ac` nx~pal~# k`kvpije pbhl pa pbhjhu kj` biebhr garl~ ag cigh* Pbh larkcipy ag pbh ijìwi`xkci~ va~~ioch ajcy ij pbi~ rhkcl ag pbh hpbinkc "~ippcinD) uarc`*Bh lx~p bkwh ~xndch` kp pbh orhk~p ag bi~ hjwirajije .a1kj` bkwh najwhrph` ip ijpa gch~b ag bi~ gch~b kj` oajh ag bi~oajh* Pbhrh i~ pa oh gaxj` pbh lkphrikc kj` pbh ~pkj`kràg bi~ auj larkcipy* '{xap4 Pbh hpbinkc cigh ag pbh ijìwi`xkc i~oxp k vxc~h,ohkp ag pbh ubach ~y~phl kj` ip~hcg pbh ubach~y~phl*'{xap4 Kcc h`xnkpiaj i~ pbh krp ag lkdije lhj hpbinkc"~ippcinbS ag prkj~garlije pbh ac` K`kl ijpa pbh jhu K`kl*'{xap4Pbh nbic` i~ pbh lhrh va~~ioicipy ag k larkc ohije*'{xap4 ;

Aohìhjnh i~ pbh oheijjije ag vrknpinkc larkcipy* Bi~ ì~nivcijh i~ pbh hjphrije gxcjh~~# pbraxeb ubinb bh ohnalh~k ~aj# orapbhr# bx~okj`# gkpbhr# nipi}hj kj` k nxcpxrh` lkj*Bhehc pbraxebaxp bac`~ ij arekjin rhckpiaj oapb hchlhjp~ag ~aci`kripy kj` ij`hvhj`hjnh* Japbije naxc` oh gxrpbhr pbkj bi~ pbhary gral pbh lhnbkjinkc# naj~hrwkpiwhnajwhjpiajkcipy ag Nbijh~h larkcipy* Bh ~ky~ pbkp '{xap4pbhì~pijexi~bije ghkpxrh ag pbh Nbijh~h i~ pbkp hwhrypbijeohcajeije pa pbh ~virip xjnaj~prkijh` larkcipy# bhkrp# ijukr` rhcieiaj i~ kcihj pa ip*'{xap4 Kekij# bh ~ky~ = '{xap4Nx~pal#knpiwipy uipbaxp avva~ipiaj# gar ubinb pbhrh i~ ajcy k garlkc`xrkpiaj# ij ubinb pbh gxcjh~~ kj` }h~p pbkp arieijkccynbkrknphri}h` pbh kil ag cigh# i~ axp ag pbh {xh~piaj* Pbi~i~ `hkpb pa ijìwi`xkc~ kj` jkpiaj~# ar lhrh jxccipy kj`phìxl* Ajcy pbh kàvpiaj ag ~alh jhu vxrva~h nkjkukdhj# nkj rhwiwigy ~xnb vhavch*'{xap4 ?

; Ng* Bhehc ~ Uhrdh# Okj` I*# >97 kj` >99*k Bhehc ~ Vbica~avby ag Bi~pary# vv* ;00 kj` 52*


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;0 _HCKPIAJ PAPbh ìgghrhjnh ohpuhhj pbh hpbin~ ag Dkjp kj` Bhehc

lky kc~a oh hvrh~~h` ij pbh~h pua garlxck~= '{xap4@xpy gar`xpy ~ ~kdh'{xap4 kj` '{xap4 Ly ~pkpiaj kj` ip~ `xpih~*'{xap4 Uipb Dkjp@xpy i~ pbh ko~prknp prkj~nhj`hjp cku ag pbh ijphccieiochuarc` ubinb ja lkj nkj hwhr rhkci}h# kj` ubinb @xpy yhpnallkj`~ lkj pa rhkci}h gar ip~ auj ~kdh* Pbh ko~acxphjh~~ ag @xpy uk~ ~alhpilh~ ij~i~ph` xvaj oy oapb Dkjpkj` Ginbph ij k pbaraxebcy ijbxlkj uky# k~ xpphrcy ìwarnh`gral kcc may~ ag pbh bhkrp kj` ~hnxckr bkvvijh~~* Ip uk~kekij~p pbi~ larkc rieari~l ag garlkc `xpy# ~ciebpije kccrhekr` pa pbh vbk~h ag ~xomhnpiwh jhh`~ kj` pa pbh ìwhr~ipih~ ag ijìwi`xkcipih~ kj` ~ipxkpiaj~ pbkp Mknaoi lk`h bi~jau nck~~inkc vraph~p= '{xap4Jky# I kl pbkp kpbhi~p# pbkp vragkjhvhr~aj# uba ij `h~viph ag pbh uicc pbkp uicc~ japbije "!* h*# ij`h~viph ag pbh ko~prknp garlkc vrhnhvp~ ag larkcipy) uicc cih#cidh pbh `yije @h~`hlajk4 vrhwkrinkph kj` `hnhiwh# cidhVyck`h~ rhvrh~hjpije bil~hcg pa oh Arh~ph~4 uicc lxr`hr#cidh Pilachaj4 orhkd cku kj` akpb# cidh Hvklijaj`k~ kj`Mabkjj `h Uipp4 rh~acwh aj ~xini`h# cidh Apba4 nallip ~knricheh# cidh @kwi`4 jky# vcxnd hkr~ ag narj aj pbh ^kookpb#ajcy ohnkx~h I kl bxjery kj` pbh cku uk~ lk`h gar lkjkj` jap lkj gar pbh cku#'{xap4 nckilije pbh riebp gar ~xnb `hh`~kekij~p pbh ko~acxph irrkpiajkc chpphr ag pbh cku* PbaxebBhehc "ij ;26?) nripini~h` ; Mknaoi whry ~hwhrhcy kj` vaijphàxp pbh `kjehr ag '{xap4 Mknaoi ~ vrijnivch ag pbh ohkxpy ag ijìwi`xkcipy'{xap4 chkìje pa pbh hkcpije ag ~hjpilhjp kj` ij~pijnppa oh pbh mxèh ag pbh hpbinkc# bh kgphrukr`~ "ij ;2;5) rhnaeji}h` pbh hchlhjp ag prxpb ij Mknaoi ~ gihrnh vraph~p kekij~plarkc rieari~l* Dkjp ~ hlvbk~i~ aj pbi~ hchlhjp ag larkcipyuk~ k jhh`h` narrhnpiwh ag bhàji~l# oxp ip naxc` kggar` japkoch ag `hgijiph `xpih~ pa oh vhrgarlh`* Bh uk~ bil~hcgja La~h~ pa orije ip àuj gral pbh laxjp aj pkoch~ ag~pajh* Ij`hh` pa `hgijh ar vkrpinxckri}h pbh cku uaxc` ohpa `h~pray ip~ xjiwhr~kcipy kj` pbx~ ip~ ilvhrkpiwhjh~~* Pbh

; Bhehc ~ Uhrdh# Okj` I*# ;68,;;;*


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V_HWIAX^ ^Y^PHL^* ;8eaa` uicc naxc` jap oh gaxj` aj hkrpb# ohnkx~h pbh cku naxcèiwh ja cku~* '{xap4Aohy `xpy'{xap4 naxc` pbhrhgarh lhkj# à javkrpinxckr `hh`# ohnkx~h ja vkrpinxckr i~ h{xkc pa pbh xjiwhr~kc* Ip naxc` ajcy oh àjh oy pbh ko~acxph kjjibickpiajag pbh ijìwi`xkc# gar yax nkjjap xjiwhr~kci}h kjy vkrpinxckrlkil# jar nkj yax vkrpinxckri}h pbh garlkc xjiwhr~kc ckuuipbaxp lkrrije ip*

Bhehc uk~ pbh La~h~ pa orije pbh cku àuj gral pbhlaxjp* Pbh pkoch~ ag ~pajh uhrh pbh `hva~ip ag rhk~aj#rhkci}h` larh ar ch~~ naj~niax~cy# ij pbh vrknpinkc uky~ agk vhavch# ij pbh ~xo~pkjpikc naj~pipxpiwh ~virip ag lhjk~ hvrh~~h` ij prkìpiajkc kj` nxrrhjp na`h~* Kekij~pDkjp ~ ìnpxl '{xap4 Pbh eaa` axebp pa oh '{xap4 Bhehc avva~h` pbhk~~hrpiaj '{xap4Pbh eaa` i~'{xap4 Pbh cku uk~ gaxj` pbraooijepbraxeb pbh ~anikc arekji~l ag bxlkjipy# ip~ wipkc kj` ~yjpbhpin vrijnivch* Ij ciwije pbh najnrhph cigh ag ajh ~ ~pkpiajkj` vhavch# pbh ijìwi`xkc uk~ gxcgiccije `xpy* Pbh cigh agpbh ~anikc nallxjipy "gklicy# ~anihpy# jkpiaj) hhlvcigih~ pbhnajnrhph# aomhnpiwh# ijncx~iwh cku* Ip i~ pbh larkc arekji~lij ubinb pbh ijìwi`xkc lx~p oh k wipkc arekjin lhlohr* Kphwhry ~pkeh ag hwhry nallxjipy pbhrh i~ vrh~hjp k uarc` ~agkr larkci}h`* Pbh hpbinkc lkj i~ pbh ui~h lkj uba djau~kj` i`hjpigih~ bil~hcg uipb bi~ nallxjipy* Pbh illarkclkj i~ pbh ajh uba i~ axp ag bkrlajy uipb pbi~ eaa` uicc#pbh uicc gar pbh eaa` ag pbh nallxjipy* Uh ~baxc` djauohpphr pbkj pa pbijd pbkp uh djau ohpphr pbkj pbi~ ckrehr#nallxjkc ~hcg*

@xpy pbx~ ohnalh~ `hgijiph kj` najnrhph* I ohcaje panhrpkij nirnch~ ag ghccau,lhj* I ciwh ij nhrpkij ~anikc pi~~xh~*Pbi~ i~ ly ~pkpiaj ij cigh* Pa djau pbi~ i~ pa djau ly`xpih~* I lx~p rhkci}h ly~hcg oy gxcgiccije kcc pbh rhckpiaj~ koaxp ly ~pkpiaj* I lx~p gicc ly vcknh# vhrgarl k`hgijiph gxjnpiaj ij k `hgijiph arekji~l# oh k wipkc lhlohr ag ip* Arekj~ kj` arekji~l lxpxkccy ciwh kj` uard garhknb apbhr* '{xap4Pbh ijìwi`xkc ~ larkcipy i~ k vxc~h,ohkp


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; 7 _HCKPIAJ PAag pbh ubach ~y~phl kj` ip~hcg pbh ubach ~y~phl*'{xap4 Pbx~pbh ko~prknp garlkc xjiwhr~kc cku ag Dkjp i~ hnbkjeh` gark rhgchnpiaj ij pbh ijìwi`xkc ag pbh najnrhph#aomhnpiwh hpbinkcuarc` ag bi~ nallxjipy* Ip ohnalh~ kj illkjhjp ijphccieioch xjiwhr~kc# `hgijiph kj` najnrhph*

Ij Dkjp uh gij` pbh hlvbk~i~ vxp aj pbh ijìwi`xkc*Bhehc hlvbk~i}h~ rkpbhr pbh gxjnpiaj ag pbh aomhnpiwh ~anikcarekji~l# ubinb bh nkcc~ pbh ^pkph# pa rhkr pbh ijìwi`xkcijpa pbkp najìpiaj ubhrh rh~vhnp gar pbh riebp i~ naloijhùipb hpbinkc ohkxpy* '{xap4Pbi~ cagpy ijpxipiaj#'{xap4 ~ky~ _a~hj,drkj}# '{xap4 i~ pbh Bhcchjin prkip ij Bhehc# ubinb# bauhwhr# ì`jap chk` bil pa kokph k pippch ag pbh ~bkrvjh~~ kj` hjhrey agpbh Ehrlkjin vrijnivch ag ijìwi`xkcipy*'{xap4 Bhehc bil~hcg`hnckrh` pbkp pbh ~px`y ag pbh lk~phr,vihnh~ ag nck~~inkcciphrkpxrh ~baxc` oh '{xap4pbh ~viripxkc okpb# pbh vragkjh okvpi~lubinb ilvkrp~ pa pbh ~axc pbh gir~p kj` ijkli~~ioch pajh kj`pijnpxrh ag eaa` pk~ph kj` ~nihjnh*'{xap4 c Nhrpkijcy pbh kjkrnbinnajnhvpiaj ag '{xap4Lkj whr~x~ pbh ^pkph'{xap4 uk~ k~ garhiej paBhehc ~ pbaxebp k~ ip uaxc` bkwh ohhj pa k nipi}hj ag Kpbhj~*Bh uaxc` rkpbhr ~ky# yax nkjjap oh k lkj uipbaxp pbh ^pkph#yax nkjjap oh k ubach xjch~~ yax krh k wipkc lhlohr ag kubach*

Pbi~# vhrbkv~# i~ k~ gkr k~ Bhehc orije~ x~ ij pbh vrh~hjpprhkpi~h* Oxp# k~ uh ~bkcc ~bau# pbi~ i~ ajcy k vkrp ag k ckrehrubach ijpa ubinb Bhehc nkrrih~ xv pbh ~hcg,rhkci}ije vranh~~ag pbh uicc ijpa pbh ko~acxph rhkcl# nkrrih~ xv bxlkjipy ajpbh laxjp ag prkj~giexrkpiaj# ijpa pbh rhkcl ag Ko~acxph^virip# ubinb i~ pbh rhkc vrh~xvva~ipiaj# nkx~h kj` hj` agaomhnpiwh ~virip# ar ag lkj ij ~hnxckr rhckpiaj~*Uh liebp pbx~ ea vhr ~kcpxl# k~ Bhehc bil~hcg ì`# gralDkjp pa Bhehc* Oxp uh ~baxc` kp chk~p japinh pbh lhìkpiaj ag pbh hpbinkc vbica~avby ag Ginbph# uba~h vhr~ajkcipykj` hpbinkc hjpbx~ik~l rhkccy hnciv~h~ bi~ vbica~avby ijuarpb kj` ijphrh~p* Cidh Mknaoi# bh bk` k bhkrp ag girh#

; Dkrc ^nbli`p ~ Eh~nbinbph `hr Vk`keaeid# IW*# 752* Hìpiaj ag ;27?*


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V_HWIAX^ ^Y^PHL^* ;5oxp xjcidh bil# bh gaccauh` bi~ bhk`# hj`hkwarije pa nalvchph pbh uard ag Dkjp* Dkjp rhgx~h` pa auj pbi~ uard#ohije xjkoch pa rhnaeji}h pbh ~dhchpaj ubinb bh bk` garlhùbhj ncapbh` ij gch~b kj` ocaa` oy Ginbph* Ginbph nckilh`pa bkrlaji}h Dkjp ~ pua Nripi{xh~# rh`xnije bi~ `xkci~l papbh laji~l ag ~xomhnpiwh i`hkci~l ij larkc~ k~ uhcc k~ ijvbica~avby* Bh lk`h pbh hea pa oh pbh kxpbar ag oapbpbh larkc cku kj` ag pbh hj`hkwar pa rhkci}h ip* Pbh vrijnivch ag xjipy pbx~ kppkijh` i~ pbh hea ip~hcg* Pbi~ kcajh#bh nckilh`# naxc` oh pbh prxh ~iejiginkjnh ag Dkjp ~ kxpajalyag pbh uicc* Ohyaj` pbh hea pbhrh i~ jkxebp# jap hwhj pbheba~pcy @ije kj ~inb# jar pbh ~xvrk~hj~ioch ijphccieioch uarc`*Pbi~ i~ ~xomhnpiwh i`hkci~l# ubhrh pbh hea oapb garl~ "lknbp)kj` nrhkph~ "~nbkggpZ ip~ auj uarc`# ij `hgijiph najprkìnpiajpa Dkjp ~ ìnpxl# lknbp }ukr `hr Whr~pkj` ìh Jkpxr# kohrhr ~nbkggp ~ih jinbp* Ip uk~ auije pa pbi~ nbkrknphr ag ~xomhnpiwh i`hkci~l pbkp Bhehc rhchekph~ ip pa pbh rkjd ag kjbi~parinkc kj` ~xvhr~h`h` ~y~phl* Bh ~ky~ pbkp Ginbph`hjih` kcc hphrjkc rhkcipy# lkdije pbh hea pa vra`xnh ip~auj jaj,hea gar naj`xnp k~ uhcc k~ gar pbaxebp* ^picc Ginbphbhc` pbkp ij larkcipy pbh i`hjpipy hea< jaj,hea uk~ jhwhrgxccy rhkci}h`# pbh i`hjpipy pbx~ rhlkijije k ~xomhnpiwh ajh#kj` k ~prxeech uipb ~hcg pbh h~~hjnh ag larkcipy* Pbx~# pbhbiebh~p vaijp ag pbh ~y~phl i~ ajcy k lx~p "~acchri) kj` k~priwije "~prhohj)* Ij ~bauije pbi~ ilva~~ioch `hlkj`# jhwhrkoch pa kppkij aomhnpiwipy# Bhehc chkwh~ pbh ~y~phl k~ japbijelarh pbkj ~xomhnpiwh i`hkci~l ag pbh hlvirinkc hea- PbkpBhehc gkich` pa à Ginbph mx~pinh i~ hwi`hjp pa kjy rhk`hrag Ginbph# pbaxeb uh ghhc pbi~ pa oh k ~ciebp àjh pa bi~vhr~ajkcipy kj` larkc hjpbx~ik~l rkpbhr pbkj kjy ijmx~pinhpa bi~ pbhary ag hpbin~* ?

; Gar Bhehc ~ nripini~l ag Ginbph ng* Bhehc ~ Uhrdh# Okj` I*? '{xap4 Ip i~ ìgginxcp pa ~vhkd nkclcy ag Ginbph* Bi~ cigh ~pir~ ajh cidh kprxlvhp* Bh naloijh~ pbh vhjhprkpiaj ag k vbica~avbhr uipb pbh girhag k vravbhp kj` pbh pbxj`hr ag kj arkpar 4 kj` awhr kcc bi~ cigh cih~ pbhohkjpy ag k ~pkijch~~ vxripy*'{xap4 Nbklohr ~ Hjnyncavhìk*


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; 2 _HCKPIAJ PAKnnhvpije pbi~ nripini~l k~ prxh# pkdije Ginbph kp bi~ uar`

k~ k ~xomhnpiwh i`hkci~p# uh lky ~ky pbkp bh xpphrcy axpì`Dkjp ~ oak~ph` Navhrjinkj ghkp# jap ajcy lkdije pbh ~pkr~ parhwacwh kraxj` pbh hea k~ pbh nhjprkc ~xj# oxp lkdije pbhhea pa oh pbh nrhkpar ag pbh ubach larkc girlklhjp ip~hcg*Pbx~ ij larkc~ uipb Ginbph pbh kvvhkc lx~p kcuky~ oh pa pbhijìwi`xkc ~ najwinpiaj ag `xpy* Bh lx~p knp knnarìje pabi~ naj~nihjnh* I kl jap kukrh pbkp Bhehc ar kjy apbhrajh bk~ ìrhnpcy nbkreh` Ginbph uipb pbh hwic~ pbkp jkpxrkccygcau gral pbh vrijnivch ag pbh riebp ag vriwkph mxèlhjp# pbhhwic~ ag ijìwi`xkci~l# larkc kpali~l# larkc li~,mxèlhjp#pbaxeb pbh~h krh naj~h{xhjnh~ ag kcc ~xomhnpiwh i`hkci~l*Pbh vriwkph naj~nihjnh nkj bkwh ja mxèlhjp# gar k mxèlhjp i~ h~~hjpikccy k xjiwhr~kc k~ Dkjp pkxebp* Ip nkj ajcybkwh ubil~# nkvrinh~# cidije~ kj` avijiaj~ ag k vriwkph kj`pbhrhgarh ag k vkrpinxckr kj` vkrpikc nbkrknphr* Xj~kpxrkphùipb pbh nallxjkc xjiwhr~kc cigh# nhk~ije pa oh k vxc~h,ohkpij pbh ~y~phl# bi~ mxèlhjp ca~h~ pbh nbkrknphr ag k mxèlhjp ar cku*

Gaccauije Dkjp# Ginbph kp gir~p ~hvkrkph~ hwhj larh~bkrvcy ohpuhhj pbh ~vbhrh~

agZ_iebp "chekcipy)

kj`Z "larkcipy)# lkdije pbh garlhr pa oh xpphrcy ij`hvhj`hjpag pbh ckpphr# kj` hncxìje ip hjpirhcy gral pbh rhkcl aglarkcipy* _iebp "chekc) i~ lhrhcy lhnbkjinkc# hphrjkc garnhbacìje ijìwi`xkc~ ij pbh oaj`~ ag niwic ~anihpy* Ij larkcipypbh ijìwi`xkc i~ vxrhcy kxpajalax~* Pbh ^pkph i~ lhrhcy k~anikc nalvknp# vranhhìje gral pbh ukjp ag najgi`hjnh kj`~anikcipy* Ij bi~ ckphr vbica~avby# bauhwhr# bh vxp~ larhhlvbk~i~ xvaj pbh ^pkph k~ pbh najìpiaj ag larkcipy# lkdijeip pa rh~p# jap aj pbh nalvknp ag ijìwi`xkc~# oxp xvaj pbhkil ag pbh ~vhnih~* Pa ip ohcaje~ pbh ilva~ipiaj ag kccgarl~ ag nxcpxrh kj` knpiwipy* Ip~ gijkc kil i~ pa lkdh hpbi,nkcipy "îppcinbdhipZ va~~ioch* Ip~ vauhr i~ oapb aociekparykj` hjgrkjnbi~ije# ij pbh h`xnkpiaj ag pbh rknh*

; Pbx~ bh; Ng* Kàcvb Ck~~aj ~ _hnbp~vbica~avbih# 7 kj` ;66,;6?*


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V_HWIAX^ ^Y^PHL^* ;9kvvraknbh~ larh jhkrcy pbh va~ipiaj ag Bhehc ~ Vbica~avbyag pbh ^pkph# pbaxeb ij ja ~nihjpigin garl* Cidh ^nbhccije#ij bi~ ckpphr `ky bh rkj ijpa ly~pinkc vkjpbhi~l kj` ko~acxpi~l*Uh jhh` ~ky oxp cippch ag pbh rhckpiaj ag Bhehc pa ^nbhccije# ag pbhir hkrcy vknp# ag Bhehc ~ kvvkrhjp ì~nivch~biv# agpbh ck~pije xjvchk~kjpjh~~ ohpuhhj pbhl kgphr pbh vxocinkpiaj ag pbh Waruarp pa Bhehc ~ Vbkjalhjacaeih `h~ Ehi~ph~*Oheijjije k~ kj kr`hjp Ginbphkj# ^nbhccije

~aaj `hwhcavhìj bi~ I`hjpipy,Vbica~avby kj ko~prknp vkjpbhi~l* PbhVraerkl ag pbh Nripinkc Maxrjkc ag Vbica~avby# ubinb ^nbhccije kj` Bhehc hìph` maijpcy# k~~hrph` pbkp '{xap4pbh erhkp illhìkph ijphrh~p ag vbica~avby i~ pa vxp Ea` kekij ko~acxphcykp pbh bhk` ag pbh ~y~phl# k~ pbh ajh eraxj` ag kcc# pbhvrijnivixl h~~hjì hp naeja~nhjì'{xap4 Bhehc paad pbi~ ij hkrjh~p#kj` hwhr rhlkijh` gkipbgxc pa ip# kvvcyije ip pa pbh ~acxpiajag hpbinkc kjpijalih~ kj` pa pbh hvckjkpiaj ag pbh hpbinkccigh ag lkjdij`* Bi~ naxr~h ajukr` uk~ paukr`~ k larhnajnrhph najnhvpiaj ag pbh Ko~acxph k~ ^xomhnp# k~ ^virip#ubich ^nbiccije ~ naxr~h uk~ pbh rhwhr~h# lkdije pbh Ko~acxph pa oh pbh lhrh ijìgghrhjnh vaijp ar pbh i`hjpipy ag ij`hphrlijkph ~xo~pkjnh* Ip i~ uipb pbi~ ockjd# xj~viripxkcvrijnivch pbkp Bhehc `hgijiphcy orhkd~ ij bi~ Vrhgknh pa bi~gir~p ij`hvhj`hjp uard# @ih Vbkjalhjacaeih `h~ Ehi~ph~* '{xap4 Ij~xnb vbica~avby#'{xap4 bh ~ky~# '{xap4 pbh Ko~acxph i~# k~ ip uhrh# ~bapaxp ag k vi~pac*'{xap4 '{xap4 Ip i~ pbh jiebp ij ubinb kcc nau~ krh ocknd*'{xap4Pbkp i~# ij ip kcc ìgghrhjp pbije~ riebp kj` uraje# eaa`kj` ok` krh pbh ~klh* Pbi~ ockjd Ko~acxph ^xo~pkjnhag ^nbhccije gxrji~bh` ja gaxj`kpiaj gar hpbin~# ubich pbhhphrjkccy ~hcg,rhkci}h` kj` ~hcg,rhkci}ije ^xomhnp ag Bhehcàh~* Ea` i~ pbh oheijjije kj` pbh eakc# pbh ar`hrhr ag pbhlarkc ar`hr ag pbh uarc` kj` pbh nrhkpar agpbh larkc i`hkc*Ip i~ pbi~ ìwijh vrijnivch ubinb naj~pipxph~ pbh ijphcchnpxkckj` hpbinkc na~la~ ijpa ubinb lkj i~ oarj gar ~hcg,rhkci}kpiaj* Gar pbh ijìwi`xkc# ~hcg,rhkci}kpiaj i~ pa nalh pbraxeb


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?6 _HCKPIAJ PArhjxjnikpiaj ag pbh hlvpy ~hcg ij gkwar ag pbh ckrehr kj`prxhr ~hcg lirrarh` gar bil ij pbh wkriax~ nirnch~ ag pbh ~anikcarekji~l# kj` xcpilkphcy ij pbh ij~pipxpiaj~ ag Ko~acxph^virip Krp# _hcieiaj kj` Vbica~avby* K~ pa Bhehc ~nrkgpy ij`hoph`jh~~ pa Ginbph kj` ^nbhccije# ip i~ pa oh naj~i`hrh` pbkp uh lky lkdh kj` rhk` k vkpnbuard ag pbh puapbkp ~hhl~ cidh Bhehc# oxp pbkp uh rhk` ip ij pbh ciebp ag pbhgxcc# arekjin# ~nihjpigin uard ag Bhehc bil~hcg* Kp oh~p# bi~vrh`hnh~~ar~ uard~ uhrh oxp pbh {xkrry ubhjnh bi~ ehjix~oxic`h` k erhkp ~prxnpxrh*

Bhehc ~ hpbinkc wihu uk~ kc~a ij lkrdh` najprk~p uipb kjàvva~ipiaj pa pbh hpbin~ ag pbh ehjhrkc hiebphhjpb nhjpxrywihu djauj k~ pbh Kxgdc`rxje# hnckirni~~hlh1ip kj` grhhpbaxebp ar rkpiajkci~l*Pbh KjgLkriije uk~ h~~hjpikccy k vraph~p kekij~p kcc prkìpiajkc àelk~# nxcp~# nrhh`~ kj` ij~pipxpiaj~* ; Pbh prkj~nhj`hjp uarpb ag pbh iccxlijkph` kj` hjgrkjnbi~h` ijìwi`xkcag pbkp pilh uk~ k whry `hcirixl ag ~hcg,najnhiph` vriwkphmxèlhjp# ~hppije xv vriwkph rhk~aj k~ pbh wkci` prioxjkcohgarh ubinb pa ~xllaj kcc lkjjhr ag bipbhrpa wkci` cku~kj` nx~pal~* Ip uk~ k najnhiph` hjciebplhjp "h`kirni~~h,lhjp) ar #k nchkrije xv "Zu!dckrxje) pbkp# k~ ^nbhccije ~ki`#bk` pxrjh` ijpa k nchkrije axp "Z}!Zdckrxje) ag kcc pbh ui~àlkj` vrknpinkc hvhrihjnh ag pbh rknh* Pbi~ vra`xnh` pbkphpbinkc kpali~l ij ubinb hknb kpal uk~ ij`hvhj`hjp aghwhry apbhr ajh kj` ag kcc garl~ ag k~~anikpiaj ij ubinb pbhybk` ohhj hj~ckwh` oy vrih~pnrkgp kj` ~pkphnrkgp* _ax~~hkxk~~hrph` pbi~ grhhàl kj` wkciìpy ag pbh lhrhcy

'{xap4 jkpxrkclkj#'{xap4 `hniwici}h` k~ gkr k~ va~~ioch* Oxp pbh jkpxrkc lkjuk~ jap ckreh hjaxeb pa lhk~xrh kcc pbije~# pa kvvrhnikphkj` h~pilkph riebpcy pbh xjiwhr~kc bxlkj rhk~aj kcrhk`yàjh ijpa hpbinkc garl~ ag cigh* Bhjnh ip wirpxkccy `ravvh`kcc mxèlhjp# kcc kvvcinkpiaj ag xjiwhr~kc vrijnivch~# kj`

; Gar Bhehc ~ hva~ipiaj kj` nripini~l ag pbi~ lawhlhjp naj~xcpVb`j* `h~ Ehi~ph~# >87,0>5 4 kj` Vbica~avby ag Bi~pary# 087,050*


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V_HWIAX^ ^Y^PHL^* ?;~pxnd pa ip~ auj vriwkph vijp,nxv lhk~xrh* Dkjp# ij rhgxpije Bxlh oy `hlaj~prkpije pbh hi~phjnh ag k vriari vrijnivch~ ag mxèlhjp# ag nkphearih~ ko~acxphcy ij`hvhj`hjp aghvhrihjnh# ì` jap bil~hcg kppkij pa rhkc aomhnpiwipy kj`wkciìpy* Ubich vranckilije xjiwhr~kc kj` aomhnpiwh vrijnivch~ bh ~picc lk`h pbhl ~xomhnpiwh# kj` bhjnh bi~ vbica~avbynaxc` jap ~phl pbh nxrrhjp ubinb ij~i~ph` xvaj vriwkpi}ijepbh~h xjiwhr~kc~ ij~phk` ag ij~i~pije xvaj pbh vriwkph naj~nihjnh xjiwhr~kci}ije ip~hcg ij pbh nallxjkc prkìpiajkcnaj~nihjnh* Bhehc k~~hrp~ c pbkp pbi~ grhhàl kj` ij`hvhj`hjnh kj` wkciìpy ag vriwkph mxèlhjp ohcaje~ pa pbh Dkjpikjvbica~avby* Ij Ehrlkjy# bauhwhr# bh pbijd~ ip rhlkijh`rkpbhr k '{xap4prkj{xic pbhary#'{xap4 ubich ij Grkjnh ip uk~ prih` ijvrknpinkc cigh# ubhrh ip nxclijkph` ij pbh _hiej ag Phrrar*Jau# Bhehc vachlini}h` vhr~i~phjpcy kj` ~prhjxax~cykekij~p pbh larkc k~ uhcc k~ kekij~p pbh ijphcchnpxkc wihu~ agpbi~ rkpiajkci~l ag pbh xj`hr~pkjìje* Bh bk` ohhj hkrcykpprknph` oy pbh ecklaxr ag ip~ hjpbx~ik~l gar pbh ko~prknpriebp~ ag lkj# k~ kekij~p kcc hj~ckwije nx~pal~ ag hi~pijehpbinkc ij~pipxpiaj~* Bh kc~a hkrcy ~ku ip~ xpphr jhekpiwhjh~~#'{xap4iejarije pbh bacy kj` phj`hr uho ag bxlkj kgghnpiaj~*'{xap4Bh ij~i~ph` pbkp _hk~aj uk~ jap ~a ckph oarj k~ pbh hiebphhjpb nhjpxry# oxp pbkp ip bk` kcuky~ ohhj rhejkjp ij pbhvrknpinkc uarc`4 pbkp ip bk` kcuky~ ohhj avhrkpiwh ij pbhgarlkpiaj ag kcc ~anikc nx~pal~ kj` ij~pipxpiaj~ ubinb oaxj`lhj paehpbhr 4 pbkp ip uk~ pbh rhkc ~xo~pkjnh ag pbh najnrhphcigh ag niwici}h` lkj* Pbi~ hjkoch` bil pa lhhp kcc pbhjhekpiwh nripini~l ag hi~pije ij~pipxpiaj~ "gklicy# ~anihpy#~pkph kj` nbxrnb) kj` pa wijìnkph pbhir wkciìpy kj` rkpiajkcipy k~ ij~pipxpiaj~ ag pbh ~virip gar pbh h`xnkpiaj ag lkjijpa grhhàl ijpa bxlkjipy* ^xnb# ij`hh`# uh ~bkcc gij`pa oh pbh ubach krexlhjp ag bi~ Hpbin~ k~ najpkijh` ij pbhgaccauije '{xap4 ^hchnpiaj~*'{xap4 Kekij~p pbh ubach rkpiajkci~pinlawhlhjp ag grhh pbaxebp "ohpphr `h~iejkph` kjpi,rkpiajkci~l)

; Vbica~avby ag Bi~pary# v* 07?*


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?? HRVAÎPIAJ*Bhehc `krh` pa lkijpkij pbkp '{xap4Pbh _hkc i~ pbh _kpiajkc*'{xap4Hwhj pbh la~p ~xvhrginikc kn{xkijpkjnh uipb bi~ vbica~avby#h~vhnikccy uipb bi~ ìkchnpin# ~xgginh~ pa exkr` pbi~ hvrh~~iajgral ohije naj~i`hrh` pbh h{xiwkchjp ag k vhp vbrk~h ag pbhwhry lawhlhjp bh uk~ nalokppije# i* h*# pbkp '{xap4 Ubkphwhr i~#i~ riebp! Pbh '{xap4_hkc#'{xap4 bh hvckij~ "Caein# 7)# i~ jap pbhknni`hjpkc knpxkcipy ag kjy kj` hwhry ~bkl# oxp pbh wipkc~xo~pkjnh ag pbh @iwijh _hk~aj ij vk~p kj` vrh~hjp ij~pipxpiaj~ pbh pbrao ag rhkc rkpiajkcipy ubinb kcajh hjkoch~pbhl pa kri~h kj` pbriwh# kj` pa jxrpxrh lkj ijpa bxlkjipy*Ubkphwhr i~# i~ ohnkx~h ag ip~ ~hh` ar uho ag rkpiajkcipy*Pbh '{xap4!'klv4ep4'{xap4 i~ kcuky~ k vbk~h ag pbh axebp* Pbh rhkc i~jap kj` jhwhr bk~ ohhj '{xap4 ~a ghhoch k~ lhrhcy pa bkwh k riebpar kj axebp pa hi~p uipbaxp knpxkccy hi~pije '{xap4 "Caein# 7)*Pa oh k lkj# ajh lx~p kp chk~p uhkr pbh ncapbh~ ag k lkj*Pbh ì~raoh` '{xap4 jkpxrkc lkj '{xap4 ag pbh Kxgdc`rxje jhh`~ pa ohk~~xrh` pbkp ncapbh~ krh rkpiajkc# kj` Bhehc ~ pk~d ij bi~Hpbin~ i~ pa rhncapbh pbh vhri~bije jx`h ijgkjp ag wxcekr

i rkpiajkci~l* Bi~ Vbica~avbin `h~ _hnbp~ i~ k vbica~avbinkc+ ^krpar _h~krpx~*

III*

Hva~ipiaj*Uh bkwh ~ki` pbkp ip uaxc` oh jhnh~~kry pa eiwh kjaxpcijh ag Bhehc ~ Hjnyncav`ìh ij ar`hr pa ~hh pbh vcknhpbkp hpbin~ bac`~ ij bi~ ubach ~y~phl* Ip i~ kc~a jhnh~~kry

pa eiwh pbi~ gar kjapbhr rhk~aj* Ip bk~ ~alhpilh~ ohhjlkijpkijh` pbkp Bhehc jhwhr ekwh kjy pbaraxeb hva~ipiajag hpbin~* Kjy k`h{xkph djauchèh ag Bhehc# bauhwhr#hk~icy ì~va~h~ ag pbi~ aomhnpiaj* Bhehc ~ ànprijh ag hpbin~i~ gaxj` nbihgcy ij pbh Vbica~avbin `h~ _hnbp~# ubinb i~ kjhjckreh` hva~ipiaj ag Vkrp ^hnaj` ag bi~ Vbica~avbin `h~Ehi~ph~* Uipb pbi~ eah~# k~ kj ijphrvrhpije kj` gxcgiccije~h{xhc# bi~ Vbica~avby ag Bi~pary* Uh bkwh lk`h oxp


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HRVAÎPIAJ* ?>~ciebp rhghrhjnh pa bi~ Vb`jalhjacaeih `h~ Ehi~ph~# ubinbnajpkij~ jap ajcy bi~ hpbin~# oxp jhkrcy kcc apbhr vkrp~ ag bi~Vbica~avby# ij oriccikjp kj` ~alhubkp ilkeijkpiwh garl*Kvkrp gral pbi~ hkrcihr kj` erkvbin uard ";265) Bhehc ajcyvxoci~bh` pbh gaccauije uard~*

;* Pbh ^nihjnh ag Caein nkcch` bi~ Ckrehr Caein# ;2;;,;2;7*

?* Pbh Hjnyncavhìk ag pbh Vbica~avbinkc ^nihjnh~# ;2;5 kj`;2?5*

>* Pbh Vbica~avby ag _iebp# ;2?;*Kcc pbh apbhr wacxlh~ ag bi~ Uard~ uhrh hìph` gral bi~

lkjx~nrivp~ oy bi~ grihj`~ kgphr bi~ `hkpb*Pbh Hjnyncavhìk najpkij~ pbh ubach ~y~phl ij pbh ~nihjpigin garl eiwhj oy bil~hcg* Ip i~ bi~ kpphlvp pa hbioip bi~~y~phl ij ip~ hjpirhpy* K~ uh jau bkwh ip# ip i~ Bhehc ~auj rhwi~h` kj` hjckreh` hìpiaj# paehpbhr uipb k`ìpiaj~lk`h gral bi~ lkjx~nrivp~ x~h` ij pbh Chnpxrh,raal*

Pbi~ Hjnyncavhìk i~ jap k lhrh nalvhj` ag bhphraehjhax~vkrp~# oxp k ~y~phlkpin hva~ipiaj ag kcc vkrp~ ag vbica~avbyij pbhir arekjin rhckpiaj~ 4 pbkp i~# kj hva~ipiaj ag kcc pbhnajjhnph` vbk~h~ ag rhkcipy pbkp nalh xj`hr pbh naeji}kjnhag pbh vbica~avbhr* Ip i~ najnhrjh` uipb Ko~acxph _hkcipyij pbh vbk~h~ ag xjipy# ìgghrhjnh kj` papkcipy* Bhehc ~ phrlgar pbi~ Ko~acxph _hkcipy i~ pbh I`hk "I`hh) ar Ea`* Bhlkdh~ pbrhh ìwi~iaj~ ag pbh I`hk k~

;* _hk~aj " Whrjxjgp)*?* Jkpxrh*>* ^virip "Ehi~p)*

Apbhrui~h# k~ bh `hjalijkph~ pbhl =;* Caein# ar pbh ^nihjnh ag pbh vxrh I`hk*?* Pbh Vbica~avby ag Jkpxrh*>* Pbh Vbica~avby ag ^virip*

i* Pbh gir~p liebp ohpphr oh phrlh` Lhpkvby~in~ arAjpacaey* ,Ip lkdh~ ko~prknpiaj gral pbh rhkcipy agjkpxrhkj` gijiph ~virip kj` naj~i`hr~ ajcy pbaxebp ij pbh ko~prknp*


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? 0 HRVAÎPIAJ*Ip pkdh~ xv kcc pbh wkriax~ vrhìnkph~ ar nkphearih~ oy ubinbbxlkj rhk~aj bk~ ~axebp pa `hgijh kj` nalvrhbhj` pbhXjiwhr~kc# pbh Ko~acxph# oheijjije uipb pbh la~p ko~prknpkj` hlvpy ag pbhl kcc "lhrh ohije) kj` ~bauije bau hknbcauhr ajh nripini~h~ kj` hchwkph~ ip~hcg ijpa pbh jhp biebhrajh# xjpic rh~pch~~ pbaxebp rh~p~ ij pbh la~p najnrhph kj`ko~acxph nkpheary va~~ioch pbh I`hk# Ea`* Ip hbioip~pbh ijphrnajjhnph`jh~~ ag kcc nkphearih~ oy lhkj~ ag pbhwipkc ìkchnpin ag ìgghrhjnh* Ip i~ k nripini~l ag pbh Nkphearih~ ag pbaxebp oy ip~hcg# ij ip~ lkrnb pa pbaraxeb nalvrhbhj~iaj ag _hkcipy# pbraxeb vkrpikc najnhvpiaj~# hjìje uipbKo~acxph Vhr~ajkcipy k~ pbkp ubinb kcc pbh apbhr~ ilvcy kj`k~ pbkp ubinb ijncx`h~ kj` hvckij~ pbhl kcc* ;Bau bkwh lhj jklh` pbi~ rhkcipy 1 Bhehc pkdh~ xv pbhwkriax~ kj~uhr~# ajcy ij ~nihjpigin rkpbhr pbkj ij bi~parinkcgarl~# kj` ~bau~ pbhir lxpxkc cilipkpiaj~ kj` gicikpiaj~#krrkjeije pbhl ij pbh ar`hr ag pbhir nalvkrkpiwh nkvknipypa hvrh~~ prxpb ij pbh papkcipy ag ip~ rhckpiaj~* Pa ~pavbhrh uaxc` oh pa ~pav uipb pbh lhpkvby~in~ ag _hkcipy* Oxplhpkvby~in~ ilvcih~ vby~in~# vrh~xvva~h~ k rhkcl ubinb iphj~ukpbh~ kj` ~x~pkij~*?* Pbi~ rhkcl Bhehc pkdh~ xv ij bi~ Vbica~avby ag Jkpxrh*Pbh prkj~ipiaj ubinb bh lkdh~ gral pbh Caein pa Jkpxrhi~ najgh~~h`cy ao~nxrh* Ip i~# bauhwhr# jajh apbhr pbkj pbhìgginxcpy ag pbh {xh~piaj ag nrhkpiaj oy Ea`# pbh prkj~ipiajgral Ea`# ijpa pbh knp kj` vranh~~h~ ag ~hcg,kcihjkpiaj arnrhkpiaj* Bhehc# kp kcc hwhjp~# lkdh~ pbi~ k grhh knp agEa`* Bh ~ky~# ij pbh ck~p vkrkerkvb ag bi~ Caein= '{xap4 Pbh

; Ip uk~ ij rhekr` pa pbi~ uard ag pbh Caein ij eiwije k nripinkchva~ipiaj ag pbh nkphearih~ ag pbaxebp pbkp Bhehc lk`h pbh gaccauije~pridije rhlkrd = '{xap4Ig ip i~ bhc` k wkcxkoch knbihwhlhjp pa bkwh ì~nawhrh` ~alh ~ipy a`` ~vhnih~ ag pbh vkrrap# k bxj`rh` kj` pbirpy,~hwhjag Whrajink# kj` ~a garpb# ip ~baxc` ~xrhcy oh bhc` k gkr larh wkcxkochknbihwhlhjp pa ì~nawhr pbh garl~ ag rhk~aj = I~ jap k giexrh ag pbh~yccaei~l ~alhpbije ijgijiphcy biebhr pbkj k ~vhnih~ ag vkrrap ar agWhrajink1'{xap4 Bhehc ~ Uhrdh# Okj` W*# ;>9*


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HRVAÎPIAJ# ?8I`hk i~ ko~acxphcy grhh 4 kj` ip~ grhhàl lhkj~ pbkp ip àh~jap lhrhcy vk~~ awhr ijpa cigh# ar# k~ gijiph naejipiaj# kccaucigh pa ~bau ij ip# oxp ij ip~ auj ko~acxph prxpb rh~acwh~ pachp pbh hchlhjp ag ip~ vkrpinxckripy ar ag pbh gir~p `hphrlijkpiaj kj` apbhr,ohije# pbh xjlhìkph` I`hk# k~ ip~ rhgchnpiaj#ea garpb grhhcy ip~hcg gral ip~hcg k~ Jkpxrh*'{xap4 Pbkp i~# uhbkwh pbh I`hk ij ip~ la~p ko~prknp garl vk~~ije awhr ijpapbh vbk~h ag pilh kj` ~vknh hi~phjnh# vraerh~~iwhcy# bauhwhr# rhkci}ije ar aomhnpigyije rhkcipy pbraxeb wkriax~ garl~xv pa gijiph ~virip# kj` pbhj# pbraxeb pbh wkriax~ ~pkeh~ kjèrk`h~ ag gijiph ~virip# xcpilkphcy xv pa Ea` kekij*Bi~ vbica~avby i~ ja lhrh jkpxrkci~l ar lkphrikci~l*Jkpxrh i~ jap pbh gir~p uipb Bhehc* Jar i~ ip pbh h~~hjpikccyhwic# k~ uipb pbh Eja~pin~* Oxp ip i~ h~~hjpikccy rkpiajkck~ pbh nrhkpiaj ag pbh @iwijh _hk~aj# vraerh~~iwhcy k~nhjìje pa larh k`h{xkph rkpiajkc garl~# nacchnpije kj` hchwkpijeip~hcg picc ip rhknbh~ pbh garl ag arekjin cigh kj` vk~~h~ ijpa~axc k~ pbh gir~p garl ag gijiph ~virip* Jkpxrh i~ pbh lkprikj` pbh nrk`ch ag gijiph ~virip# jap ohnkx~h ip~ vaphjny orije~garpb lkj ij kj` ag ip~hcg# oxp ohnkx~h ip i~ ~a x~h` oy pbhillkjhjp @iwijh _hk~aj* Bh ~ky~= '{xap4Pbh hj` ag jkpxrhi~ pa `h~pray ip~hcg# pa orhkd pbraxeb ip~ illhìkph ~hj~iochnawhrije# kj`# cidh pbh Vbahji gral ip~ gcklh~# pa kri~h gralpbi~ hphrjkcipy jhu,oarj k~ ~virip*'{xap4 ; ^virip i~ rhkccy pbheraxj` ag pbh va~~ioicipy ag jkpxrh# rkpbhr pbkj k jkpxrkcvra`xnp ag jkpxrh* Jkpxrh i~ ~ilvcy pbh I`hk ì~vckyije ip~auj hchlhjp ag vkrpinxckripy ij pbh garl ag apbhrjh~~# kj`pbh erk`xkc rh`xnpiaj ag pbi~ garl pa ip~ auj ko~acxph garl*Ij pbh ck~p vkrkerkvb ag pbi~ uard bh ~ky~= '{xap4Pbh kil agpbi~ prhkpi~h i~ pa eiwh k vinpxrh ag jkpxrh ij ar`hr pa naj{xhrpbi~ Vraphx~4 pa gij` ij kcc ip~ hphrjkcipy ajcy pbh lirrarag axr~hcwh~4 pa ~hh ij jkpxrh pbh grhh rhgchiaj ag pbh ~virip4pa rhnaeji}h Ea` ij pbi~ Bi~ illhìkph garl ag `hphrlijkphohije*'{xap4

?

; Bhehc ~ Jkpxr,vbica~avbih# 797* ? Ioi`*# 792*


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? V=RVAÎPUJ*>* Pbh Vbica~avby ag ^virip*CBhehc ~ prkj~ipiaj gral Jkpxrh pa ^virip i~ pbx~ rhkìcy~hhj>pa oh nchkr# hvcinip kj` ~kpi~gknpary* NJkpxrh nxclijkph~ ij lkj# pbh ijphrvrhpkpiaj k~ uhcc k~ pbh ijphrvrhphr ag

jkpxrhr1 Bi~ Vbica~avby ag ^virip ijncx`h~ ^xomhnpiwh ^virip"Kjpbravacaey kj` V~ynbacaey)# Aomhnpiwh ^virip "_iebp~#Larkcipy kj` ânikc Hpbin~)# kj` Ko~acxph ^virip "Krp# _hcieiaj kj` Vbica~avby)* Ip i~ uipb pbh ~hnaj` ìwi~iaj# pbkpag Aomhnpiwh ^virip# pbkp uh krh bhrh najnhrjh`# pbaxeb uhlx~p japh ij pbh ~h{xhc bau Bhehc nkrrih~ pbh ubach

Zvranh~~ ag gijiph ^virip xv ijpa pbh ~vbhrh ag Ko~acxph ^virip*! Kcc pbrhh vkrp~ garl kj hva~ipiaj ag pbh knpxkci}kpiaj ag

~virip# ag ip~ vraerh~~iwh ~hcg,rhkci}kpiaj gral pbh cauh~pgarl ag naj~niax~jh~~ pa ip~ biebh~p# ip~ rhpxrj pbraxeb illhj~h ckoar pa ip~ auj prxh# rkpiajkc kj` ìwijh ~hcg* Pbx~ja ajh vkrp nkj oh pkdhj k~ nalvchph ij ip~hcg* zM* Ip i~ ajcypbh pkdije ag pbh ubach k~ ajh bieb krexlhjp pbkp vrh~hrwh~kjy vkrp gral pbh xjmx~p nripini~l ~a agphj agghrh`* Ij gknp#pbh ubach ag pbh Vbica~avby ag ^virip i~ kj hpbinkc prhkpi~h#ig uh x~h pbh phrl hpbin~ ij pbh orak` ~hj~h ag pbh ~hcg,rhkci}kpiaj ag pbh bxlkj ~virip* Pbh '{xap4 ^hchnpiaj~ '{xap4 ij pbi~wacxlh krh# bauhwhr# najgijh` pa bi~ prhkplhjp ag Aomhnpiwh^virip# k~ gxccy hckoarkph` ij k ~hvkrkph prhkpi~h# pbh Vbica~avbin `h~ _hnbp~'{xap4 ubinb hbioip~ pbh grhh ~virip k~ ip knpxkccy~pkj`~ ar ciwh~ k~ pbijdije uicc ij pbh uarc`* Ip i~ kj hbioipiaj ag ~virip k~ aomhnpigih` ij pbh ij~pipxpiaj~Z ag cku#pbh gklicy# kj` pbh~pkph# ~hp ohpuhhzj ~xomhnpiwh ~virip kj`

Hpbin~ìpiaj ag lkj# kj` chk` rl pj lkj ij bi~ biebh~p rhckpiaj~#hbioipije pbh vhrghnpiaj ag bi~ ~viripxkc nbkrknphr ij pbhrhkcl~ ag krp# rhcieiaj kj` vbica~avby# pbh pbrhh lhìkg vhrghnp ~hcg,rhkci}kpiaj ar ag nalvrhbhj~iaj ag bi~ rhck

piaj~ uipb pbh Ko~acxph ^virip ag ubal kj` pbraxeb ubalkj` pa ubal krh kcc pbije~* Uh ~bkcc japh# ij axr nripini~l#Bhehc ~ kvvkrhjp gkicxrh pa nkrry hpbin~ xv ijpa pbi~ ~vbhrhag pbh Ko~acxph ^virip*


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HRVAÎPIAJ* ? 5Bhehc ~ lhpba` i~ kcuky~ pbkp ag oheijjije uipb pbh la~p

ko~prknp vbk~h ag bi~ pavin kj` gaccauije pbraxeb pbh illkjhjp ~hcg,nripini~l ag ajh ko~prknp vbk~h pa '{xap4kjapbhr xjpic pbharekjin najnhvp "Oherigg| i~ rhknbh`# ubinb# i~ pbhj ~hhj pa ohpbh rhkc vrh~xvva~ipiaj pbraxebaxp# ij~phk` ag ohije kj ij,rbir*gmwg vZiici, Bi~ prxh gir~p vrijnivch# bi~ la~p najnrhph~pkphlhjp# i~ ~nkrnhcy vhrnhvpioch ij bi~ gir~p k`wkjnh~# oxpip nalh~ larh kj` larh nchkrcy pa ciebp# k~ pbh illkjhjpkj` arekjin vrijnivch pbkp ciwh~ ij# pbraxeb# kj` koawh kccpbh ko~prknpiaj~ pbkp ~prxp àelkpinkccy# kvije pbh rhkc*Aomhnpiaj~ uicc oh najpijxkccy rki~h` kekij~p pbh àelkpinxpphrkjnh~ ag Bhehc k~ pa pbh hkrcihr vbk~h~ ag riebp kj`grhhàl# pbh~h ohije pkdhj pa rhvrh~hjp bi~ auj gxcc avijiajaj pbh pavin ij bkj`* Oxp bh i~ ajcy ~pkpije pbh wkriax~àelkpin ~pkj`vaijp~ pbkp bkwh ohhj# ar lky oh# bhc` aj pbh~xomhnp pbh nrx`h kj` ilvhrghnp avijiaj~ xvaj ubinb bhi~ pa chp caa~h pbh ìkchnpin girh pa vxreh pbhl ag pbhir `ra~~*'{xap4 Pbh uicc i~ ko~acxphcy grhh*'{xap4 '{xap4 Pbh uicc uicc~ pbh uicc kj`kcuky~ uicc~ ip~hcg*'{xap4 '{xap4Pbh Vhr~aj "ko~prknp) bk~ pbh riebppa vxp bi~ uicc ijpa hwhrypbije kj` pbhrhoy lkdh ip bi~ auj*'{xap4Pbh~h kj` apbhr hklvch~ uicc rhkìcy oh japh` oy pbh~px`hjp*

Kekij bh agphj ~vhkd~ ag pbh illkpxrh k~ pbh gxccy rivhjh`#ag pbh knarj k~ kj akd# pbh lkphrikc~ kj` vckj k~ pbh nkpbh`rkc* Oxp pbh ajh uba rhk`~ bil nca~hcy nkj ehjhrkccygij` bau bh exkr`~ kekij~p li~xj`hr~pkjìje oy lhkj~ag ajh ag pba~h lkjy praxoch~alh vbrk~h~ japh` ij pbhWankoxckry* Prih prxh uky pa rhk` Bhehc# ij ajh ~hj~h# i~pa rhk` bil okndukr` , , bi~ hj` i~ bi~ rhkc oheijjije*Pbi~# bauhwhr# bh kcuky~ kjjaxjnh~ kp pbh gir~p ij ip~ vaphjpikc garl kj` pbhj gaccau~ pbraxeb ip~ ~pkeh~ ag rhkci}kpiaj*Bi~ ar`hr# larhawhr# i~ kcuky~ pbh caeinkc ajh gral pbh ko~prknp xjiwhr~kc pbraxeb pbh vkrpinxckr pa pbh xjiwhr~kci}hìjìwi`xkc* Ij apbhr uar`~ ip àh~ jap gaccau pbh hlvirinkcar bi~parinkc ar`hr ag pbh `hwhcavlhjp ag kj ij~pipxpiaj* Bh


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?2 HRVAÎPIAJ*~pkrp~ uipb pbh najnhvp ag pbh uicc* K najnhvp i~ rhckpiwhcyk nkx~k ~xp# k caeinkccy ~hcg,`hphrlijije garnh# vaphjpikccynajpkijije kcc pbh najprkìnpary vbk~h~ pkdhj aj ij pbhnaxr~h ag ip~ ~hcg,rhwhckpiaj* Mx~p bau ar ubhj kjy ag pbh~hvbk~h~ annxr hlvirinkccy i~ k lkpphr ag ja naj~h{xhjnh ~agkr k~ pbh ~nihjnh i~ najnhrjh`* Ip i~ k lkpphr ag erhkph~pnaj~h{xhjnh pbkp pbhy ~baxc` pbx~ annxr kj` oh pbh rhwhckpiaj ag pbh najnhvp* Oxp pbh nbrajacaeinkc ar`hr ag pbhwkriax~ hlvirinkc vbk~h~ àh~ jap jhnh~~kricy naijni`h uipbpbh caeinkc ar`hr ag pbh najnhvp* Pbh ~vhnxckpiwh lhpba` i~pa hbioip kcc pbh~h vbk~h~ k~ ijbhrhjpcy ijphrrhckph` kj` k~pbh ~hcg,nbkrknphri}kpiaj~ ag pbh najnhvp ip~hcg* Pbh hphrjkclkjigh~pkpiaj ar bi~pary ag k najnhvp i~ ehjhrkccy k ~nhjh agnajpijehjny* Pbh ~vhnxckpiwh lhpba` pkdh~ kj` krrkjeh~kcc pbh~h vkrpikc kj` li~nhcckjhax~ garl~ ij knnar`kjnh uipbpbh najnhvp# ~privvije pbhl ag najpijehjny kj` arekji}ijepbhl ijpa ~y~phl 4 pbx~ hbioipije pbh rkpiajkcipy "pbh ~hcg,`hwhcavije najnhvp) ag pbhir bi~pary* Pbx~ uh bkwh pbhrhkc bi~pary ag kjy ij~pipxpiaj# k~ Ukccknh ~ky~# '{xap4uripphj# k~ig ip bk` ohhj# ij hwkjh~nhjp ijd~ `kph~ krh ukjpijeijìwi`xkcipih~ kj` pbhir

oiaerkvbih~ yihc` xv pbhir vcknh paxjiwhr~kc kj` pilhch~~ vrijnivch~*'{xap4 ;Pbi~ hva~ipiaj ag kjy najnhvp i~ lk`h oy lhkj~ ag ip~ aujìkchnpin* Pbkp i~# pbh ~nihjpigin lhpba` ag Bhehc i~ pbhìkchnpinkc ajh* Pbh ìkchnpin i~ jhipbhr lhrh ~xomhnpiwhjar hphrjkc nripini~l* Ip i~ pbh illkjhjp cigh ag pbh najnhvp# nripini~ije ip~hcg gral cauhr pa biebhr garl~* ^pkrpijegral k àelkpin k~~hrpiaj ag pbh xj`hwhcavh` xjiwhr~kc# uh~hh pbh ìkchnpin erk`xkccy ~vhnigyije# vkrpinxckri}ije ip kj`~xnnh~~iwhcy prkj~lxpije hknb àelkpin vkrpinxckr garl ijpak biebhr garl# xjpic pbh ko~prknp xjiwhr~kc ohnalh~ gxccyvkrpinxckri}h`# `hgijh`# rhkci}h` pbh najnrhph xjiwhr~kcpbh ijìwi`xkc ar pbh najnhvp ip~hcg* Gir~p uh bkwh pbh ko~prknppbh~i~# pbhj pbh ~vhnikc kjpipbh~i~ kj` gijkccy pbh gxcc ~yj,

; Pbh Caein ag Bhehc# v* CRIII*


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HRVAÎPIAJ* ?9pbh~i~# kcc ag ubinb i~ pbh ~hcg,rhkci}kpiaj ag pbh najnhvp*Pbh eraupb ag pbh prhh gral pbh ~hh` rhvrh~hjp~ pbi~ ijjhrìkchnpin ag pbh najnhvp ag k prhh*Pbh vranh~~ i~ jap `h`xnpiwh ar k vriari# vranhhìje gralk gir~p vrijnivch ubinb rhlkij~ wkci` kj` jarlkpiwh pbraxebaxp* Ip ~pkrp~ rkpbhr gral kj xj`hwhcavh` gir~p vrijnivch kj`~bau~ bau ijk`h{xkph ip i~# vrh~xvva~ije kcuky~ k larh najnrhph vrijnivch k~ ip~ caeinkc najìpiaj* Pbi~ najnrhph vrijnivch i~ kp ajnh pbh caeinkc kj` pbh nbrajacaeinkc vrh~xvva~ipiaj* '{xap4 Ij pbh oheijjije Ea` "nrhkph`)*'{xap4 Pbh ìkchnpinkcvranh`xrh i~ k rhpraerk`h lawhlhjp gral pbh ko~prknp pa pbhnajnrhph# gral hrrar pa prxpb# gral pbh `hvhj`hjp pa pbhijgijiph# pbh ~hcg,`hphrlijije* Pbkp i~# pbh vranh`xrh i~ kcuky~paukr`~ pbh gir~p vrijnivch ubinb i~ xcpilkphcy ~hhj pa oh pbhprxh# pbh gir~p kj` pbh gijkc nkx~h ag pbh ubach vranh~~* Hknbbiebhr ~pkeh i~ rhknbh`# jap oy k lhnbkjinkc hwacxpiaj gralpbh cauhr ajh# oxp oy lhkj~ ag pbh ilvhrghnpiaj~ kj` ilvcinkpiaj~ hbioiph` oy pbh cauhr ajh* Kcc jkpxrh# kcc cigh# kccpbaxebp# hnhvp Ko~acxph Pbaxebp hbioip~ pbi~ illkjhjpìkchnpin* â lxnb bk~ kcrhk`y ohhj uripphj koaxp pbi~ìkchnpin lhpba` ag Bhehc pbkp uh jhh` à ja larh bhrhpbkj eiwh ajh iccx~prkpiaj gral pbh php*

PbiCiir~p garl ag pbh hpbinkc najnhvp i~ pbh gklicy kjxjiwhr~kc ar xjip* Oxp ~aaj pbh ìwhr~ipih~ ar

ì~pijnpiaj~ ag vkrhjp~ kj` nbic`rhj kvvhkr* K lkrrih`naxvch à jap naj~pipxph k gklicy* Nbic`rhj orhkd ij xvajpbi~ ~ilvch xjipy# kj` rhlkij kcuky~ nbic`rhj pa pbhir vkrhjp~* Oxp pbhy à jap kcuky~ rhlkij nbic`rhj* Pbhy eraupa lkpxripy# chkwh pbhir vkrhjp~ raag kj` h~pkoci~b jhugklicih~* Gklicy vravhrpy i~ ìwi`h`# pbh gklicy oradhj xv#rh~acwh` ijpa lxpxkccy ij`hvhj`hjp ijìwi`xkc~ uipb wkriax~ijphrh~p~# pbx~ lhreije ijpa pbh rhkcl ag niwic ~anihpy* Bhrhpbs'klv4ep4 vkrpinxckr ijphrh~p~ ag ijìwi`xkc~ mae kj` ma~pch hknbapbhr pbraxeb niwic rhckpiaj~ picc pbh hpbinkc rhkcl ag kjarekjin jkpiaj i~ rhknbh` ij ubinb oapb gklicy kj` niwic*~anihpy krh ijpherkph`# vrh~hrwh` kj` gxcgicch`*


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>6 HRVAÎPIAJ*Q Bhehc ~ Vbica~avbin `h~ _hnbp~ lky oh nkcch` pbh ànprijh ag pbh uicc* Pbh uicc i~ pbh lkj

1kj` hpbinkc lkj i~

uicc rhkci}h` ij bi~ ~anikc ij~pipxpiaj~* Pa rhknb pbi~ najnhvpiaj# bauhwhr# bh ~pkrp~ uipb pbh la~p ko~prknp najnhvpiajag uicc# ubinb bh pkdh~ k~ rhk`y pa bkj`* Bh ìwi`h~ pbhubach uard# k~ x~xkc# ijpa prikìn garl = ;

I* Pbh uicc k~ illhìkph# xj`hwhcavh` vaphjpikcipy# ubinbeiwh~ pbh ~vbhrh ag ko~prknp ar garlkc riebp*

II* Pbh uicc ~hcg,rhgchnph`# ar ~xomhnpiwh ijìwi`xkcipy# avva~h` pa aomhnpiwh uicc* Pbi~ eiwh~ pbh ~vbhrh ag Larkcipkp#ar ag naj~nihjnh najprk lxj`xl*

III* Pbh uicc k~ pbh xjipy kj` prxpb ag pbh~h pua ko~prknpvbk~h~# pbh rhkcl ag garlkc grhhàl kj` aomhnpiwh riebprhkci}h` ij pbh uarc`* Pbi~ eiwh~ pbh rhkcl ag îppcinbdhip#ar pbh hpbinkc uarc`# k~ pbh najnrhph rhkci}kpiaj ag lkj k~uicc* Pbi~ ijncx`h~ pbh ~vbhrh ag "k) pbh gklicy# "$) niwic~anihpy# "W) pbh ^pkph ij pbh la~p najnrhph ~hj~h ag pbh phrl#~xnb k~ @r* Lxcgar` naj~prxh~ '{xap4pbh Jkpiaj*'{xap4 Xj`hr pbi~ck~p bh hlorknh~ "k) ijphrjkc vacipy# "!1) hphrjkc vacipy#"y) ijphrjkpiajkc vacipy# lhreije ijpa Xjiwhr~kc Bi~pary# k~pbh rhkci}kpiaj ag lkj ij pbh la~p na~lavacipkj ~hj~h agpbh phrl*Uh eiwh k prkj~ckpiaj ag pbh ckrehr bkcg ag pbi~ wacxlh#kj` bhrh agghr k orihg kj` grhh hva~ipiaj ag ip~ najphjp~#rhghrrije pbh ~px`hjp pa pbh gxcchr kj` k`lirkoch hva~ipiajeiwhj oy Vrag* Eha* ^* Larri~ ij bi~ wacxlh aj '{xap4 Bhehc ~Vbica~avby ag pbh ^pkph kj` ag Bi~pary*'{xap4 Uh rhnallhj`pbi~ wacxlh k~ k nalvkjiaj oaad pa pbi~ prkj~ckpiaj* ?

; >>, Erxj`cijihj `hr Vbica~avbin `h~ _hnbp~* Ohrcij# ;202* Kccpbh rhghrhjnh~ ij pbi~ wacxlh krh pa pbi~ ckphr hìpiaj ag pbh uard*? Ip ~hhl~ gippije pbkp uh ~baxc` vky k orihg prioxph pa pbh lhlary agajh ag pbh nbihg vbica~avbinkc phknbhr~ ag Klhrink# pbh ckph Vrag* Eha*

2* Larri~# ag ubal pbh Hjeci~b {xkrphrcy# Lij`# ~ky~ = '{xap4 Bh bk` ekijh`k la~p hjwikoch jklh kj` ijgcxhjnh klaje vbica~avbinkc ~px`hjp~kj` uriphr~ kj` phknbhr~* Pbhrh i~ hwhry rhk~aj pa rherhp `hhvcy bi~xjpilhcy `hkpb kp pbh keh ag garpy,hiebp*'{xap4 Bh uk~ pbh nhjprh ag k`hhv rhcieiax~ kj` hpbinkc ijgcxhjnh hphjìje gkr ohyaj` pbh cilip~


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HRVAÎPIAJ* > ;'{xap4- Pbh ~xomhnp,lkpphr ag Bhehc ~ Vbica~avby ag _iebp# ar agpbh ^pkph# i~ pbh bxlkj uicc# kj` pbx~ ip i~ h~~hjpikccy kprhkpi~h aj Hpbin~* Oxpmbh uicc# k~ Bhehc phcc~ x~ " 0)#i~ k vkrpinxckr garl ag pbaxebp# pbaxebp prkj~ckpije ip~hcgijpa `hphrlijkph ohije# pbaxebp k~ ilvxc~h pa ~hcg,knpxkci}kpiaj* Pbh uicc# paa# i~ h~~hjpikccy grhh* Kp gir~p ip i~ajcy garlkccy# vaphjpikccy grhh* Ip= i~ ajcy pbraxeb k caje~hrih~ ag lhìkpiaj~# pbraxeb lkjy k`wkjnh~# rhprhkp~#kj` xcpilkph naj{xh~p~ ag ip~hcg ij ìwhr~h kj` kvvkrhjpcygarhiej garl~# pbkp pbi~# ip~ h~~hjpikc jkpxrh# i~ rhkci}h`*Vxp ij kjapbhr uky# pbh ~xomhnp,lkpphr i~ pbh bxlkj uicc#+k~ rh~vhnp~ pbh rhckpiaj ag vkrpinxckr "vriwkph) pa xjiwhr~kc"vxocin# ~anikc) uicc ag lkj# kj` xcpilkphcy ag pbi~ xjiwhr~kcbxlkj uicc ij rhckpiaj pa pbh ko~acxphcy xjiwhr~kc @iwijh

icc# pbaxeb pbi~ ckpphr ohcaje~ pa pbaZw ~xo~h{xhjp kj`jncxìje varpiaj ag bi~ Hjnyncavhìk* --Naejipiaj nalvchph` vk~~h~ ijpa vrknpinkc knpiwipy* Papbijd ar djau kj aomhnp i~ pa nrhkph# `hphrlijh kj` va~~h~~

grgc jbmhnp 4 oxp ijphcciehjnh# ubinb `hphrlijh~ aomhnp~# i~uicc* Ip i~ ~virip uiccije# ar rhkci}ije ip~hcg* Oxp uicc i~pkdhj kp gir~p ij ip~ vaphjpikc# xj`hwhcavh` garl# uicc# k~ip uhrh# ij pbh ~pkph ag jkpxrh rkpbhr pbkj ij ~pkpZog niwici}kpiaj* Ip i~ rkpbhr pbh ij~pijnp ag pbh jhh`~ '{xap4kj` erhh`~ìrhnph` pa pbh ~kpi~gknpiaj ag pbh ijìwi`xkc 4 ip i~ vaphj,ag pbh Xjiwhr~ipy ag Linbiekj* I {xaph pbh gaccauije gral k vriwkphchpphr ag Vrag* Uicci~paj ^* Baxeb# ag pbh Xjiwhr~ipy ag Lijjh~apk# kgarlhr ~px`hjp ag @r* Larri~# kj`# kp pbh pilh ag bi~ `hkpb# bi~ k~~i~pkjp ij Vbica~avby ='{xap4Kp pilh~ bh ~vadh kcla~p k~ ajh ij~virh` uipb pbh lhcaìax~ rypblag k vahp kj` pbh iccxlijkpiaj ag rkrh vbica~avbin ij~iebp* Yhp pbhnbihg ~axrnh ag bi~ vauhr uk~ xj{xh~piajkocy bi~ auj nbkrknphr* Bhuicc ciwh ij axr pbaxebp k~ k rhlkrdkoch hhlvciginkpiaj ag ~uhhpjh~~kj` ciebp* Bi~ ca~~ pa Vbica~avby ij pbi~ naxjpry i~ erhkp kj` puagac` =i~p# k~ k phknbhr uba uaxc` bkwh ij~virh` k ehjxijh ijphrh~p ij Vbica~avby ij hwhry ~px`hjp uba nklh xj`hr bil# kj` uba uaxc` bkwhh`xnkph` lkjy ~vhnikc kj` x~hgxc ~nbackr~ ij pbi~ gihc` 4 kj`# ?`# k~ kuriphr uba àxopch~~ bk` bi~ erhkph~p uard ~picc ohgarh bil*'{xap4K orihg vhr~ajkc kn{xkijpkjnh larh pbkj najgirlh` pbh bieb h~pilkphgarlh` ag bil gral bi~ oaad~*


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> ? HRVAÎPIAJ* ;'?--pikccy xjiwhr~kc# kj` yhp bk~ ja najphjp* Ip~,Zil i~ pa bkwhZajcy ip~ gxccy rhkci}h` ~hcg k~ najphjp# kj` pbx~ ohzgrhh* Parhknb pbi~# bauhwhr# ip lx~p `h~nhj` ijpa pbh rhkcl ag vkrpinxckripih~# ijpa vkrpinxckr uicc# uiccije ~alhpbije* Pbhlawhlhjp i~ gral uipbij axpukr` 4 oxp pbh lawhlhjp# hwhjpbraxeb pbh ~kpi~gknpiaj ag ij~pijnpiwh jhh`~ kj` erhh`~# i~gral pbh vxrh ~hcg,rhghrhjnh ag pbh ijìwi`xkc k~ xjiwhr~kc*Ip i~ ~picc ko~prknp# garlkc# ijphrjkc* ^xnb k ~ijech uiccBhehc `hjalijkph~ k vhr~aj ij pbh la~p ko~prknp# garlkc~hj~h ag pbh phrl* Ip i~ pbh gir~p ~pkeh ag pbh rhkci}kpiajag ~xnb garlkc vhr~ajkcipy pbkp Bhehc prhkp~ ij bi~ Vkrp

Ko~prknp _iebp*

Pa oh k vhr~aj i~# ij ajh ~hj~h# pbh biebh~p uipbij bxlkjnkvknipy* Oxp# k~ x~h` bhrh# pbh phrl rhghr~ pa k lhrh ijìwi`xkc uicc lkijpkijije ip~ ~ijech riebp k~ xjiwhr~kc* Ip i~pbh rx`h# xjnxcpxrh` lkj# ~pxooarjcy ~pindije gar bi~ uiccgxcjh~~# ubich pbh prxh vhr~aj bk~ kj hyh gar kcc ~i`h~ kj`rhckpiaj~ ag k nalvch ~anikc cigh* ^xnb k uicc `hlkj`~ gxcc~uky gar ip~hcg uipbaxp bkwije k~ yhp naj~nihjpiax~ kil~ arnajwinpiaj~* Ip i~ pbh riebp ag ~xnb k vhr~aj pa nk~p bi~ uiccawhr hwhry hphrjkc pbije# lkdije ip bi~ auj* Najgrajphùipb apbhr ~xnb uicc~# bauhwhr# pbh garlxck ag ko~prknp riebp~i~ '{xap4oh k vhr~aj kj` rh~vhnp apbhr~ k~ vhr~aj~*'{xap4 Bhehcukrj~ x~ kekij~p vxppije ijpa pbi~ garlxck kcc pbkp ip uaxcìlvcy ij kj hpbinkcZ ~anikc ~pkph* Japbije cidh bxlkjhjh~~i~ whp vrh~hjp* Ij ~xnb rh~vhnp gar apbhr~ pbh vhr~aj jjcynkrh~ gar bil~hcg* ^xnb k '{xap4 vhr~aj '{xap4 i~ jaubhrh pa oh gaxj`*Oxp pbh najnhvpiaj jhnh~~kricy rh~xcp~ gral# kj` i~ pbh gir~pvbk~h ag# pbh ko~prknp najnhvp ag uicc* ^xnb k vaphjpikc#xjiwhr~kc uicc# bauhwhr# nkjjap rhlkij xpphrcy ko~prknp* Ipgij`~ ip~hcg najgrajph` oy k uarc` ag hphrjkc jkpxrh* Pbhkcphrjkpiwh nalh~ pa ~xnnxlo pa pbi~# ar pa ri~h kj` '{xap4naj{xhrip k*j` ~j pa oh grhh* Kcch~ i~p Inb* Pbh uarc` i~ oy riebp


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HRVAÎPIAJ* >>ip~ ay~phr* Ip knpxkci}h~ ip~hcg ajcy oy lkdije pbh uarc`pa oh rhkccy ip~ ay~phr* Ko~prknp uicc k~~hrp~ ip~hcg kekij~pip~ hjwirajlhjp# cky~ ip~ bkj` xvaj ip~ riebp~* Ip pbx~knbihwh~ aomhnpiwh hi~phjnh kj` pkdh~ pbh gir~p ~phv paukr`~knpxkci}kpiaj* Pbije~ krh ~axcch~~# uicc,ch~~# kj` pbh '{xap4vhr,#~aj '{xap4 bk~ pbh riebp pa ~xomhnp pbhl# kcc pa bi~ uicc# pa vxpbi~ uicc ijpa pbhl# kj` pbx~ knbihwh pbhir prxh `h~pijy*

Bhrh kvvhkr~ pbh ì~pijnpiaj ohpuhhj vhr~aj~ kj` pbije~*Pbije~ krh riebpgxccy k vkrp ar vravhrpy ag pbh vhr~aj# kjòhnalh ~xnb pbraxeb bi~ knp* Uicc i~ pbx~ aomhnpigih` ijvravhrpy# kj` pbije~ nhk~h pa oh lhrh pbije~# kj` ohnalhvravhrpih~ ag pbh uicc pbraxeb ~hi}xrh# x~h kj` kcihjkpiaj*Vravhrpy i~ pbx~ ~alhpbije rkpiajkc# jhnh~~kry kj` ~knrh`*Gir~p# pbh oa`y ag pbh vhr~aj i~ pbx~ lk`h k va~~h~~iajar vravhrpy* Oapb oa`y kj` ~axc "cigh) krh pkdhj va~~h~~iajag# pbh uicc lkdije pbhl ip~ ij~prxlhjp~*

Bhjnh# paa# pbh ~knrh`jh~~ ag '{xap4vhr~aj'{xap4 ar ag ajh ~ oa`ykj` cigh* Pbh uicc ohije pbx~ vcknh` ij pbhl ~hnxrh~ pbhlgral ~ckwhry* ^ckwhry nkj nalh ajcy ubhrh ajh uicc japlkijpkij pbh riebp~ ag vhr~aj kj` vravhrpy pa pbh `hkpb*Ip `hvhj`~ xvaj hknb vhr~aj ~ uicc# ubhpbhr bh uicc oh k~ckwh ar jap* Ig bh vrhghr~ lhrh najpijxkjnh ag hi~phjnhpa ij`hvhj`hjnh# bh ohnalh~ pbh ~ckwh ag pbh gir~p vhr~ajuba nkj lkdh bil bi~ vravhrpy* ^ckwhry# ij vrilipiwhpilh~# i~ rkpbhr k uraje ~xgghrh` ar nba~hj pbkj k urajeàjh* I vxp ly uicc ij k pbije# kj` lkdh ip kj kpprioxphar vravhrpy ag ly~hcg* Pbi~ ijwacwh~ pbh gxrpbhr riebp~ agx~ije# naj~xlije kj` kcihjkpije va~~h~~iaj~* Uicc nbkjeh~pbije~ ijpa vravhrpih~* Pbx~ pbh rhckpiaj ohpuhhj pbije~ohnalh~ pbh rhckpiaj ohpuhhj uicc~* Vhr~aj~ krh rhckph` pahknb apbhr pbraxeb pbhir vravhrpih~* Pbhy nkj bac` vravhrpyajcy k~ pbhy kc~a rh~vhnp hknb apbhr ~ vravhrpy*

Pbi~ i~ pbh ~vbhrh ag najprknp* Vravhrpy bhrh nalh~ paoh bhc` pbraxeb pbh uicc ag apbhr~ k~ uhcc k~ pbraxeb ajh ~auj uicc* Ij~phk` ag ajh ko~prknp uicc# uh bkwh ~hwhrkc


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>0 HRVAÎPIAJ*vkrpikccy rhkci}h` uicc~* Pbh naj~hjp ag apbhr uicc~ ~prhjepbhj~ ly vravhrpy,riebp~* Ij pbi~ nallaj uicc ag najprknp pbh*ko~prknp uicc ag pbh lhrh ijìwi`xkc ar '{xap4vhr~aj'{xap4 kppkij~ ip~gir~p ~pkeh ag najnrhph xjiwhr~kcipy* Ip g~ lhìkph` oy pbh

* uicc ag ~alh apbhr~*Oxp ~xnb k nallaj uicc i~ ~picc gkr gral ohije pbkp ag pbh

xjiwhr~kc uicc ag ~anihpy* Ip~ hchlhjp~ krh knni`hjpkc kj`vkrpinxckr# kj` nkj eiwh ja exkrkjphh ag gxcgiclhjp* Grkx`#wiachjnh kj` nrilh krh ijhwipkoch* Ij '{xap4nrilh'{xap4 uicc wiackph~ip~hcg= pbkp i~# wiackph~ ip~hcg k~ hvcinipcy nallaj uicc kj` k~ilvcinipcy xjiwhr~kc uicc* Pbh garlkc nallaj uicc ag najprknp# naj~i`hrh` k~ yhp ko~prknph` gral pbh najnrhph xjiwhr~kc uicc ag hpbinkc ~anihpy# i~ ~xrh pa oh wiackph`* Vhjkcpygaccau~ pbi~ jhekpiaj k~ pbh jhp ~phv garukr` paukr` prxhriebp~ kj` pbh aomhnpiginkpiaj ag pbh xjiwhr~kc uicc* Najprknp i~ k ~phv garukr`# nrilh k ~phv okndukr`# kj` vhjkcpykjapbhr k`wkjnh ij pbh rhckpiaj ag pbh vkrpinxckr uicc paxjiwhr~kc uicc# ar ij pbh ~hcg,rhkci}kpiaj ag uicc k~ pbh ~nihjnhag hpbin~* Vhjkcpy i~ pbh jhekpiaj ag pbh jhekpiaj "nrilh)#ar k rhkggprlkpiaj ag pbh xjiwhr~kc* Pbh nrilijkc rhkccynallip~ pbh nrilh kekij~p bil~hcg k~ vaphjpikccy xjiwhr~kcuicc*

Vxji~blhjp ~vrije~ gral pbh najnhvpiaj ag prxh uicc kjàg mx~pinh* Ij pbh whry uicc ag pbh nrilijkc cih~ pbh xjiwhr~kcubinb i~ pa nalvchph bi~ nrilh ij pbh vhjkcpy* Pbi~ i~ kjknp ag mx~pinh pa pbh nrilijkc bil~hcg k~ uhcc k~ pa pbh nallaj uicc* Vxji~blhjp rhkccy bajar~ pbh nrilijkc prhkp~bil k~ k vhr~aj# knnarìje pa bi~ xjiwhr~kc hchlhjp rkpbhrpbkj k#~ k uicc,ch~~ pbije* Pbharih~ ag vxji~blhjp aj pbheraxj` ag pbh rhgarlkpiaj ar phrrari}kpiaj ag pbh nrilijkc# arag pbh vraphnpiaj ag ~anihpy# à jap `xcy rh~vhnp pbh lkjbaaàg pbh nrilijkc* Vxji~blhjp i~ ajcy mx~pinh pa pbh nrilijkcbil~hcg* Pbh xjiwhr~kc ij bil nrih~ axp# Eiwh lh ly `xh#chp mx~pinh oh àjh oy bkwije vhjkcpy nalvchph ly nrilh*Vhjkcpy i~ oxp pbh rhknpiaj xvaj pbh nrilijkc ag bi~ auj


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HRVAÎPIAJ* >8jhekpiwh knp* Ip i~ h{xkccy pbh knp ag bi~ auj uicc4 ip i~ bi~auj riebp* Oxp ij pbi~ k~ yhp xjarekji}h` kj` xjhpbinkcnajìpiaj# ubhrh pbhrh i~ ja wkci` xjiwhr~kc uicc ag ~anihpypa lhìkph ohpuhhj nrilh kj` vhjkcpy# uh gij` vxji~blhjpij pbh garl ag rhwhjeh# lao,cku kj` Mxèh Cyjnb* Pbhnallaj uicc ag pbh ko~prknp najprknp ~pkeh ohnalh~ kekij k~pkph ag jkpxrh# kj keerhekph ag kp oh~p ajcy ~hli,niwici}hÌ~blkhciph~* Bhrh rhpkcikpiaj ohnalh~ hj`ch~~* Gklicy,ghx`~ pa pbh `hkpb ij pbh ~vbhrh ag arekji}h` ~anihpy i~ oxpk rhckv~h pa ~xnb okrokri~l*Prxh vxji~blhjp i~ ilva~~ioch uipbaxp pbh lhìkpiaj agk prxh xjiwhr~kc ar hpbinkc uicc ag ~anihpy* Pbi~ `hlkjòrije~ pbh mxèh# uba i~ pa oh pbh ì~ijphrh~ph` rhvrh~hjpkpiwh ag pbh prxh uicc ag lkj* K~ chekc mxèh bh i~pa bkwh ja vriwkph wihu~ ar ghhcije~* Bh i~ ~ilvcy pauraje pbh urajehr picc bh rhj`hr~ riebp* Oxp k~ ì~vhj~hrag rhprioxpiwh mx~pinh# pbh mxèh kvvhkc~ ohyaj` pbh chpphr agpbh cku pa kj ijukr` garxl# pa pbh xjiwhr~kc uicc# kj` rhj`hr~`hni~iaj~ pbkp lx~p nallhj` pbhl~hcwh~ pa pbh naj~nihjnhag oapb nrilijkc kj` ~anihpy*

Vravhrpy# najprknp kj` vxji~blhjp krh kcidh ~hhj paoh ilva~~ioch uipbaxp pbh vrh~hjnh kj` lhìkpiaj ag krhckpiwhcy xjiwhr~kci}h` ar hpbinkc uicc* @hkpb ar ~ckwhrynkj oh pbh ajcy caeinkc i~~xh pa ko~prknp uicc ~hhdije ip~ko~prknp riebp~* Uipb ja apbhr hchlhjp~ kp uard# ~xnb k~pkph ag jkpxrh naxc` jhwhr eiwh ri~h pa pbh ij~pipxpiajag pbh ^pkph* âlh mxèh larh mx~p kj` xjiwhr~kc lx~poh gaxj`* Pbh `hlkj` i~ gar k vkrpinxckr uicc ubinbnkj kp pbh ~klh pilh uicc pbh xjiwhr~kc ar pbh '{xap4ijgijiph~xomhnpiwipy ag grhhàl*'{xap4 ^xnb K uicc lx~p rhgchnp xvaj*ip~hcg# rhpirh gral lhrh aomhnpiwipy pa pbh ijphrjkc garxl*Pbi~ garxl i~ pbkp ag Naj~nihjnh* Bhrh kcc hphrjkcipih~krh rhgchnph` kj` prkj~garlh` ijpa i`hkc vrijnivch~ ag riebpkli,uraje k~ rhekr`~ kcc bxlkj knpiaj~* Pbi~ vbk~h Bhehcnkcc~ pbkp ag


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>7 HRVAÎPIAJ*Larkcipy "Larkcipkp) ar Ko~prknp @xpy*

RZaU dZIj pbi~ ~vbhrh uh bkwh pa à uipopwlkj k~ k ~xomhnpiwhohije rkpbhr pbkj k lhrhcy garlkc vhr~aj* '{xap4 PPhrh vhr~ajkcipy ohnalh~ ijukr`cy rhgchnph`# hi~p~ gar ip~hcg# kj` pbx~ag ijgijiph uarpb* Bhrh '{xap4vhr~aj'{xap4 ohnalh~ larh vhr~ajkcohnalh~ k '{xap4~xomhnp'{xap4 uba i~ ko~acxphcy ohyaj` kjy vauhr#ubinb lky nallip wiachjnh kekij~p bi~ aomhnpigih` uicckj` vhr~aj* Bhrh# uipbij# pbh uicc i~ ko~acxphcy ip~ aujcar` kj` lk~phr* Pbh ~pkj`,vaijp jau i~ pbh riebp ag pbh~xomhnpiwh uicc* Kp gir~p# bauhwhr# pbi~ lhrhcy ~xomhnpiwhuicc i~ ko~prknp# garlkc kj` ciliph`* Bhehc ~bau~ pbh vranh~~ gral pbh la~p ko~prknp garl ag pbi~ ~xomhnpiwipypbraxeb pbh vbk~h~ ag "k) vxrva~h kj` rh~vaj~ioicipy# "o)ijphjpiaj kj` uhcgkrh pa "p) pbh eaa` kj` naj~nihjnh# ubhrhko~prknp riebp i~ prkj~ckph` ijpa `xpy kj` wirpxh ar eaa`,uicc*

Gir~p# ip i~ bhc` pbkp rh~vaj~ioicipy i~ ajcy nallhj~xrkphuipb djauchèh* Jhp# pbh {xkcipy ag pbh uicc `hvhj`~ xvajpbh '{xap4ijphjpiaj'{xap4 kj` ip~ aomhnpiwh rh~xcp~# ubinb krh jhwhrrh~prinph` pa vkrpinxckr ~hcgi~b hj`~* Pbhy lx~p "pbir`cy) ohmxèh` knnarìje pa pbhir xjiwhr~kc uarpb* Bhjnh '{xap4pbheaa`'{xap4 k~ pbh rhnajnicikpiaj ag pbh vkrpinxckr ~xomhnpiwh uiccuipb pbh xjiwhr~kc uicc# ar uipb pbh rkpiajkc*Pbh i`hkc bhrh# ij pbi~ pbir` vbk~h# i~ pbkp ag `xpy gar`xpy ~ ~kdh* Pbh `xpy# bauhwhr# i~ yhp ko~prknp* Ja najphjp nkj oh gxrji~bh` oy ip~hcg* Pbh xjiwhr~kc hchlhjp i~lhrhcy garlkc# xj~vhnigih` k~ pa najphjp# eiwije ja kj~uhrk~ pa ubkp ajh ~ `xpy i~ ij kjy ~ipxkpiaj# hnhvp pbh erkjìca{xhjp ajh ag '{xap4à riebp pbaxeb pbh bhkwhj~ gkcc*'{xap4 Kjaomhnpiwh ~y~phl ag vrijnivch~ kj` `xpih~# kj` pbh xjiaj agpbh ~xomhnpiwh djauchèh uipb pbhl# i~ vckijcy ilva~~iochaj pbi~ ~pkj`vaijp*

Bhehc# bhrh kj` hc~hubhrh# lkdh~# k~ uh bkwh ~ki`#prhjnbkjp nripini~l ag Dkjp ~ ànprijh ag `xpy* Pbi~garlkc cku ìwarnh~ `xpy gral kcc ijphrh~p ar `h~irh k'{xap4v~ynbacaeinkc ilva~~ioicipy* Ip pkdh~ ja naeji}kjnh ag


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HRVAÎPIAJ* >5pbh najnrhph ~ipxkpiaj kj` nkj ~xeeh~p ja vrh~hjp `xpy*Ip nkjjap ì~nrilijkph ohpuhhj vkrpinxckr knpiaj~ ~a k~pa nkcc ajh ag pbhl k `xpy* Gijkccy# ip lx~p h{xkccy xjiwhr~kci}h kcc vkrpinxckr knpiaj~# kj` pbx~ orije koaxp najgx~iaj kj` nacci~iaj~* Ajcy ij wihu ag pbh ij~pipxpiajag vravhrpy ij pbh ^pkph nkj ip ~ky# '{xap4Pbax ~bkcp jap~phkc*'{xap4 Ij pbh ko~prknp garl ag Dkjp ip lx~p h{xkccy ~ky#'{xap4Pbax ~bkcp ~phkc*'{xap4 Pbkp i~# ig uh ko~prknp kcc ~anikc rhckpiaj~# ubinb h byvapbh~i Dkjp àh~# uh nkj xjiwhr~kci}h kjyvkrpinxckr rxch uipbaxp najprkìnpiaj* Ij pbh rhkcl ag pbhnajnrhph larkcipy ag ~anikc cigh# bauhwhr# uh nkjjap à pbi~*Ubkp uicc oh pbh rh~xcp ag ~xnb kj ko~prknp ~xomhnpiwh najnhvpiaj ag `xpy 1 Vckijcy pbh ijìwi`xkc lx~p ohnalh pbhcku,eiwhr kj` pbh mxèh ag ubkp i~ ko~acxph eaa`* Bh lx~pprx~p pa bi~ auj vriwkph mxèlhjp uipbaxp pbh lhìkpiaj aghi~pije na`h~ ag ~anihpy* Bh lx~p eiwh k vxrhcy ~xomhnpiwhijìwi`xkc `hphrlijkpiaj # 'klv4ep4g pbh najphjp ag pbh cagpy oxpgarlkc xjiwhr~kc* Pbh ijìwi`xkc ohnalh~ pbh lhk~xrh agpbh larkc {xkcipy ag aomhnpiwh knpiaj~* Pbhrh i~ ja vxocin~axrnh kj` ~pkj`kr` gar pbh exi`kjnh ag vriwkph mxèlhjp*

Bhehc àh~ jap jhechnp pbh ilvarpkjp gxjnpiaj ag pbh `xpyag vriwkph mxèlhjp# oxp i~ bhrh ajcy ~bauije ip~ nkvriniax~,jh~~ ubhj pkdhj axp ag pbh najnrhph rhckpiaj~ ag kj hpbinkcuarc`* Kjpijalikji~l i~ k caeinkc kj` bi~parinkc axpnalhag ~xnb ko~prknp vriwkph mxèlhjp# ubinb rxj~ riap kj` vcky~pbh pyrkjp gar cknd ag kj aomhnpiwh najnrhph ~anikc ~y~phl ag`xpih~* Ip i~ pbh lkdije ag ~hcg k ~pkph~lkj pa rhvrh~hjp knajnrhph ~pkph pbkp h byvapbh~i àh~ jap yhp hi~p* Pbhhnnhjprin i~ lk`h pbh jarlkc# pbh nraadh` pbh ~prkiebp*Pbi~ hchwkpiaj ag pbh nkvriniax~ ijìwi`xkc ~xomhnpiwh mxèlhjp pa oh pbh lhk~xrh kj` `hgijipiaj ag pbh xjiwhr~kc gijkccyrh~xcp~ ij pbh hwic* '{xap4 Pbh biebh~p ~xllip ag ~xomhnpiwipyk~~hrpije ip~hcg k~ pbh ko~acxph i~ pbh ok` '{xap4 "`k~ Oa~hZ)Ip i~ kp pbi~ ko~prknp ~pkj`vaijp ag pbh jkpxrkc "xjhpbini}h`)uicc pbkp bh gij`~ pbh arieij ag larkc hwic*


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> HRVAÎPIAJ*Ubich pbx~ nripini~ije pbi~ ~pkj`vaijp- Bhehc àh~ jap

gkic pa rhj`hr balkeh pa Dkjp gar bkwije oraxebp axppbh ~iejiginkjnh ag `xpy* Oxp bh ~bau~ bau pbi~ ~pkjìjexvaj ajh ~ auj ~xomhnpiwh ij~iebp kj` uicc hwhjpxkph~ij pbh larkccy hwic ij pbkp ubinb# ohije vriwkph kj`vkrpinxckr# k~~hrp~ ip~hcg k~ pbh xjiwhr~kc pbh ~ij ag pbhnrhkpxrh ^kpkj x~xrvije pbh pbrajh ag Ea`* Bhrh hjphr~kjpijalikji~l ij kcc ip~ garl~* Ajh ~ auj cidije~ krhcikoch pa ohnalh pbh jarl ag naj`xnp* K nchreylkjxreije k lkj pa à k nhrpkij `xpy uk~ lhp uipb pbh rhvcy#'{xap4Ly naj~nihjnh garoi`~ lh pa à ip*'{xap4 Ij rhvcy k~ pabau bi~ naj~nihjnh pac` bil pbi~ bh ~ki`# pbkp bh ghcp ~alhpbije pbxlvije ij bi~ orhk~p ~kyije '{xap4! uaj p# I uaj p'{xap4^xnb k lhrhcy ~xomhnpiwh jarl ì~~acwh~ kcc gih` kj` `hgijiph cku~ ag ar`hr kj` riebp*

Bhehc ~ky~ pbkp bh i~ jap bhrh prhkpije ag pbh rhcieiax~naj~nihjnh# kj` kc~a kccau~ pbkp ij nhrpkij rapphj ~pkeh~ag ~anihpy# k~ ij pbh pilh~ ag ânrkph~ kj` pbh ^pain~# pbi~najnhvp ag vriwkph mxèlhjp bk~ ip~ vcknh kj` uarpb ij pbhuard ag rhgarlkpiaj* Oxp pbh ~xomhnpiwh naj~nihjnh ubinbì~~acwh~ kcc hphrjkc garl~ ag `xpy kj` rhpirh~ uipbij paip~ auj cippch îjki i~ cidhcy pa lkdh ip k Laxjp Larikb#gar pbh ~knriginh ag pbh phj`hrh~p ag bxlkj pih~*

Ig ~xomhnpiwh najwinpiaj# xjhjciebphjh` oy prkìpiajkc kj`nxrrhjp na`h~ kj` ij~pipxpiaj~# ij~i~p~ xvaj ip~ vriwkph wihu~k~ ko~acxph# uh bkwh pbh `h~prxnpiaj ag kcc larkcipy* Pbhbiebh~p ~xllip ag hwic

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James MacBride Sterrett THE ETHICS OF HEGEL Boston London 1893