Jan Roscoe Publications WJEC Examinations GCE Physical Education A2 Unit 4 PE4 Performance, Provision and Participation in Physical Education Section 1

Jan Roscoe Publications

WJEC ExaminationsGCE Physical Education

A2 Unit 4 PE4Performance, Provision and Participation in Physical

Education

Section 1Refining Sporting Performance and Enhancing

Health

Part 12:Attribution theory

index previous next

WJEC A2 Level Physical Education

Unit 4 section 1 Part 12 2

Attribution theory

INDEXINDEX

3 - ATTRIBUTION4 - ATTRIBUTION - WEINER’S MODEL5 - WEINER’S MODEL - LOCUS OF CAUSALITY, ABILITY,

EFFORT6 - WEINER’S MODEL - STABILITY, TASK DIFFICULTY, LUCK7 - ATTRIBUTION10 - CONTROLLABILITY - THE THIRD DIMENSION12 - THE SELF-SERVING BIAS15 - THE ATTRIBUTION PROCESS16 - BEHAVIOUR, ATTRIBUTION AND MOTIVATION18 - ERRORS IN ATTRIBUTION20 - LEARNED HELPLESSNESS (LH)21 - LEARNED HELPLESSNESS (LH) - GENERAL, SPECIFIC22 - LEARNED HELPLESSNESS (LH) - ATTRIBUTION RETRAINING

index previous next



Attribution theory

ATTRIBUTIONATTRIBUTION

the process of the process of giving reasonsgiving reasons for for behaviourbehaviour

and ascribing and ascribing causescauses for events for events

example: the player played badly today example: the player played badly today because the weather was poorbecause the weather was poor

index previous next



Attribution theory

ATTRIBUTIONATTRIBUTIONWEINER’S MODELWEINER’S MODEL

has four attributions:has four attributions:– abilityability– efforteffort– task difficultytask difficulty– luckluck

ability'w e w ere m ore

skilful'

eff ort'w e tried hard'

task diffi culty'the opposition arew orld cham pions'

luck'the court w as

slippy'

I NTER NAL EXTER NAL

LOCUS OF CAUSALI TY

STABLE

UNSTABLE

STABI LI TY

arranged in two dimensions:arranged in two dimensions:– LOCUS OF CAUSALITYLOCUS OF CAUSALITY– STABILITYSTABILITY

with a possible third dimension:with a possible third dimension:– CONTROLLABILITYCONTROLLABILITY (not shown on (not shown on

diagram)diagram)

index previous next



Attribution theory

WEINER’S MODELWEINER’S MODELLOCUS OF CAUSALITYLOCUS OF CAUSALITY

– is the performance outcome is the performance outcome caused bycaused by

INTERNALINTERNAL factors factors– under the under the controlcontrol of the of the

performerperformer– ability or effortability or effort

EXTERNALEXTERNAL factors factors– beyondbeyond the control of the the control of the

performerperformer– task difficulty or lucktask difficulty or luck

ABILITYABILITY– the extent of the the extent of the

performer’s capacityperformer’s capacity to to cope with a sporting taskcope with a sporting task

EFFORTEFFORT– the amount of the amount of mental and mental and

physicalphysical endeavour the endeavour the performer gives to the taskperformer gives to the task

index previous next



Attribution theory

WEINER’S MODELWEINER’S MODELSTABILITYSTABILITY

– is the performance outcome is the performance outcome caused by:caused by:

STABLESTABLE factors factors– fixedfixed factors which don’t factors which don’t

change with timechange with time– ability or task difficultyability or task difficulty

UNSTABLEUNSTABLE factors factors– factors which can factors which can varyvary with with

timetime– effort or luckeffort or luck

TASK DIFFICULTYTASK DIFFICULTY– the extent of the the extent of the problemsproblems

posed by the task including posed by the task including the strength of the the strength of the oppositionopposition

LUCKLUCK– factors attributable to factors attributable to

chancechance– such as the weather or the such as the weather or the

state of the pitchstate of the pitch

index previous next



Attribution theory


SUCCESSSUCCESS

explained by explained by internalinternal attributions attributions

FAILUREFAILURE

explained by explained by externalexternal attributions attributions

FUTURE EXPECTATIONSFUTURE EXPECTATIONS

related to related to stabilitystability

if we attribute if we attribute successsuccess to to stablestable factorsfactors

or if we attribute or if we attribute failurefailure to to stablestable factorsfactors

then we expect the same next timethen we expect the same next time

index previous next



Attribution theory


HIGH ACHIEVERSHIGH ACHIEVERS

attribute attribute successsuccess to to internalinternal factors factors

and attribute and attribute failurefailure to to externalexternal factors factors

LOW ACHIEVERSLOW ACHIEVERS

attribute attribute successsuccess to to externalexternal factors factors

and attribute and attribute failurefailure to to internalinternal factorsfactors

the process of changing attributions is the process of changing attributions is called called attribution retrainingattribution retraining Wikimedia commons - Russell Garner

index previous next



Attribution theory

ATTRIBUTIONATTRIBUTIONFEELINGS ABOUT SPORTFEELINGS ABOUT SPORT

attributions affectattributions affect– pridepride– satisfactionsatisfaction– expectancyexpectancy– learned helplessnesslearned helplessness– avoidanceavoidance

Helen Roscoe PhotographyHelen Roscoe Photography

index previous next



Attribution theory

CONTROLLABILITY - THE THIRD CONTROLLABILITY - THE THIRD DIMENSIONDIMENSION

LOCUS OF CONTROLLOCUS OF CONTROL

are attributions are attributions under the controlunder the control of the performer of the performer or not?or not?

the locus of control dimension relates to thethe locus of control dimension relates to the intensityintensity of a performer’s feelings of of a performer’s feelings of pride and satisfaction, pride and satisfaction, shame and guiltshame and guilt

pride and pride and satisfactionsatisfaction are are maximisedmaximised if if successsuccess is is attributed to attributed to internal controllableinternal controllable factors such as factors such as ability and effortability and effort

then then motivationmotivation would be would be enhancedenhanced

index previous next



Attribution theory

CONTROLLABILITY - THE THIRD CONTROLLABILITY - THE THIRD DIMENSIONDIMENSION

LOCUS OF CONTROLLOCUS OF CONTROL

if if successsuccess were attributed to were attributed to externalexternal and and uncontrollableuncontrollable factors (such as factors (such as luckluck) and the fact that ) and the fact that the task was very easythe task was very easy

then satisfaction would be less intense and then satisfaction would be less intense and motivation motivation lessless

if if failurefailure is attributed to is attributed to internal controllable internal controllable factorsfactors

such as such as lack of ability and lack of effortlack of ability and lack of effort

then the overpowering emotion would be then the overpowering emotion would be dissatisfactiondissatisfaction

and and motivationmotivation would be would be reducedreduced

index previous next



Attribution theory

THE SELF-SERVING BIASTHE SELF-SERVING BIAS

successful performerssuccessful performers tend to tend to take take credit for successcredit for success

they do this by they do this by attributing attributing successsuccess to to their their own overwhelminglyown overwhelmingly outstanding outstanding

qualitiesqualities (natural ability, ability to (natural ability, ability to respond to the competitive situation)respond to the competitive situation)

thereby enhancing their feelings of thereby enhancing their feelings of pride pride and worthand worth

enhancing feelings of enhancing feelings of self-esteemself-esteem

Wikimedia commons/Charlie CowinsWikimedia commons/Charlie Cowins

index previous next



Attribution theory

THE SELF-SERVING BIASTHE SELF-SERVING BIASsuccessful performerssuccessful performers tend to tend to blame external blame external factors for failurefactors for failure

failurefailure is automatically attributed to is automatically attributed to avoidavoid internal controllableinternal controllable and and stablestable factors (even if factors (even if such factors may be true)such factors may be true)

this is the this is the self-serving biasself-serving bias, people tend to give , people tend to give attributions to attributions to protectprotect their their self-esteemself-esteem rather rather than look for than look for true attributionstrue attributions which would which would reflect the reality of the situationreflect the reality of the situation

Wikimedia commons/Michael KjaerWikimedia commons/Michael Kjaer

index previous next



Attribution theory

THE SELF-SERVING BIASTHE SELF-SERVING BIAS

unsuccessful performersunsuccessful performers do not always do not always attribute failure to external factorsattribute failure to external factors

and therefore do and therefore do notnot protect their protect their self-esteemself-esteem

hence hence reducing motivationreducing motivation

Wikimedia commons/jonnyr1Wikimedia commons/jonnyr1

Neal Bishop - Neal Bishop - Notts CountyNotts County

index previous next



Attribution theory

lack ofm otivation

reinforcedfailure

LEARNEDHELPLESSNESS

drive tosucceed

m otivation

continuation

DECI SI ON SABOUT

PAR TI CI PATI ON

attribution ofsuccess to

internalstable factors

attribution offailure toexternal

unstable factors

M ASTERYORI ENTATI ON

pride satisfactionEM OTI ONS

future failure future successEXPECTANCY

internalexternal controlled

uncontrolledstable

unstablespecificglobal

intentionalunintentional

ATTR I BUTI ON

THE ATTRIBUTION PROCESSTHE ATTRIBUTION PROCESSsuccess failureOUTCOM E

index previous next



Attribution theory

BEHAVIOUR, ATTRIBUTION and BEHAVIOUR, ATTRIBUTION and MOTIVATIONMOTIVATION

HIGH ACHIEVERHIGH ACHIEVER LOW ACHIEVERLOW ACHIEVER

motivation?motivation? high motive to achieve successhigh motive to achieve success low motive to achieve successlow motive to achieve success

low motive to avoid failurelow motive to avoid failure high motive to avoid failurehigh motive to avoid failure

focuses on pride on successfocuses on pride on success focuses on shame and worry focuses on shame and worry aboutabout failurefailure

attributionsattributions ascribes success to stableascribes success to stable ascribes success to unstableascribes success to unstableinternal and controllable factorsinternal and controllable factors

external uncontrollable factorsexternal uncontrollable factors

ascribes failure to unstableascribes failure to unstable ascribes failure to stableascribes failure to stableexternal uncontrollable factorsexternal uncontrollable factors internal internal

controllable factorscontrollable factors

index previous next



Attribution theory

HIGH ACHIEVERHIGH ACHIEVER LOW ACHIEVERLOW ACHIEVER

goals adoptedgoals adopted adopts task oriented goalsadopts task oriented goals adopts outcome oriented goalsadopts outcome oriented goals

task choicetask choice seeks challenging tasks andseeks challenging tasks andavoids challenge, seeks very avoids challenge, seeks very difficultdifficult competitive situationscompetitive situations or very easy tasks or or very easy tasks or competitioncompetition

performanceperformance performs well in front of performs well in front of performs badly in front of performs badly in front of evaluative audiencesevaluative audiences evaluative audiencesevaluative audiences

BEHAVIOUR, ATTRIBUTION and BEHAVIOUR, ATTRIBUTION and MOTIVATIONMOTIVATION

index previous next



Attribution theory

ERRORS IN ATTRIBUTIONERRORS IN ATTRIBUTION

THE ACTOR-OBSERVER EFFECTTHE ACTOR-OBSERVER EFFECT

this is the tendency for actors to attribute their own actions to situational or external causes

(such as blaming the circumstances - weather, state of the pitch and so on)

whereas observers attribute the same behaviour of the actor to dispositional or internal factors

(such as blaming the ability or personal choices of the actor when facing tactical decisions in a game)

the actor-observer effect is an example of an attribution bias

index previous next



Attribution theory

ERRORS IN ATTRIBUTIONERRORS IN ATTRIBUTIONTHE ACTOR-OBSERVER EFFECTTHE ACTOR-OBSERVER EFFECT

GENDER DIFFERENCESGENDER DIFFERENCES

girlsgirls tend to have attributions tend to have attributions consistent with those of low consistent with those of low achieversachievers

boysboys tend to have higher tend to have higher expectations of successexpectations of success

Wikimedia commons/Grant WilliamsonWikimedia commons/Grant Williamson

index previous next



Attribution theory

LEARNED HELPLESSNESS (LH)LEARNED HELPLESSNESS (LH)

LEARNED HELPLESSNESSLEARNED HELPLESSNESS

a belief acquired over timea belief acquired over time

that one has that one has no controlno control over events over events

that that failurefailure is is inevitableinevitable

a feeling of hopelessnessa feeling of hopelessness

index previous next



Attribution theory

LEARNED HELPLESSNESS (LH)LEARNED HELPLESSNESS (LH)

GENERAL (GLOBAL) LHGENERAL (GLOBAL) LH

a person attributes a person attributes failurefailure to internal or stable to internal or stable factorsfactors

applied to applied to all sportsall sports

‘‘I am useless at all sports’I am useless at all sports’

SPECIFIC LHSPECIFIC LH

a person attributes a person attributes difficultiesdifficulties to internal or stable to internal or stable factorsfactors

applied to applied to one specific sportone specific sport

‘‘I am good at soccer but hopeless at cricket’I am good at soccer but hopeless at cricket’

index previous next



Attribution theory

LEARNED HELPLESSNESS (LH)LEARNED HELPLESSNESS (LH)ATTRIBUTION RETRAININGATTRIBUTION RETRAINING

low achieverslow achievers need to learn to need to learn to attribute success attribute success

and failure to the and failure to the same reasonssame reasons

as high achieversas high achievers

successsuccess to to stablestable factors factors

failurefailure to to unstableunstable factors factors

this would raise the this would raise the self-efficacyself-efficacy of of the performer for his or her sportthe performer for his or her sport

couldn’t be helped!!! couldn’t be helped!!!

- the track was slippy- the track was slippy

index previous next



Attribution theory

ATTRIBUTION RETRAININGATTRIBUTION RETRAINING


this heading describes the process by which a this heading describes the process by which a performer is advised to change his attribution for performer is advised to change his attribution for poor performancepoor performance

a a low achieverlow achiever will tend to attribute will tend to attribute failurefailure to lack to lack of his or her of his or her ability (internal factor)ability (internal factor)

which produces the feeling of which produces the feeling of shameshame and low and low self-self-esteemesteem

and and helplessnesshelplessness in the face of further situations in the face of further situations which might produce failurewhich might produce failure

index previous next



Attribution theory

ATTRIBUTION RETRAININGATTRIBUTION RETRAININGATTRIBUTION RETRAININGATTRIBUTION RETRAINING

helplessnesshelplessness in the face of further situations which might in the face of further situations which might produce failureproduce failure

will produce the need to be trained to attribute failure to will produce the need to be trained to attribute failure to an an externalexternal factor (such as the weather) factor (such as the weather)

which is the same as a high achieverwhich is the same as a high achiever

which should produce a feeling of which should produce a feeling of disappointmentdisappointment (rather than helplessness)(rather than helplessness)

hopefully this will initiate a feeling of hopefully this will initiate a feeling of determinationdetermination and and seeking out of further opportunities to improveseeking out of further opportunities to improve

hence improve hence improve motivationmotivation to succeed to succeed

index previous next



Attribution theory

behaviour:

helplessness

avoidance ofcom petition

behaviour:

persistence

seeking outcom petition


change from :

attribution oflack of ability

negativeem otion:

sham e

change to:

attribution ofpoor w eather

positive or neutralem otion:

disappointm ent

POORPER FOR M ANCE

Documents

Jan Roscoe Publications WJEC Examinations GCE Physical Education A2 Unit 4 PE4 Performance, Provision and Participation in Physical Education Section 1