APXEOAOrKflH HCTOPMfl

HCKOBAH nCKOBCKOH

3EMAH

BaHnn osepa „Liinjarv" („ropojwitiKOTopoe Haxoan'ics y KBKHOFO no

OJ: KHSIS flpocjiaBa Ha Hyab// AMFim. CcMHEiapaniin ( L i - 17 anpenii 200R rojia) flcKOH.

CTOmiofi 'JCTOHHH //Tpy;ri>[ Llpniiaji i iiikKofi

JIHTEPATYPA

l n tejiHin LOm-Boci

Ayn M. 1992. Apscojiorii^ecKiie naMiTHiiKii 2-TanjiHHH.

IwieitKuu C.B.. 1996. Haia.no LLcKona. CT16.«MIK A'., 2009. ropoaiiuia BOCTO>IHOH 3cTomm n

anaAeMHna B. B. CeaoBa. Maiepiiajihi 54lilMiideiejih.\i M.X.. 1959. ["opoomue PuyiK B 101

HUH KOHIUIEKCHOH 3KCTTeAHII.ilH- T. l . M.

AunM., 2009. K i . - s k i i i i i i c r a i i a a L - g j i i Y i i k i i i i i i d . j i ' ( 4 5 0 105(1 pKr) •'Setnmaa2. YanemajaLuj1920. aastani. Tartu.

Kj/ino AT., Fu/* H.. L999. Archaeological and Palynological I nv es li galion s al Ala-Pika, Sontheastem Estonii //PACT, 57. Lnvironmental and fu l tura l LListory of the Fasttm Ballic Region. Rixensart.

LaulS.. 2001. Rauaaja kultuuri kujunemmc Eesti kaguosas (500 e Kr. 500 p.Kr.)/' Muinasaja leadus, 9. Óp-clatud Eesti Scltsi Kirjad, 7 Tallmn.

Lamus 1.. Kiudsw M.. 2004. Koprad ja hobe. // Tuna. 4.

// Yegetation l (istory and Archaeobotany. 17 (5).fali U . 20(17. Lxca\ aliinih m the ruins of Vastsel i ina Caslle and on Ihe hi l l fons o f Urvasle and Hmniala n Ał-

heoloogilised valitflód Ecstis. Archaeological fieldwork m Estonia 20%. Tallinn.

uinasajasf ku*

A. Janowstd

From the North-Eastern to Central Europę. Silver-inlayedAxe from the Early Medieval Chamber Grave in Pień on

the Chełmno Land (Poland)1

Pień is a smali village on the River Yistula siluated in the western part of li**Chełmno Land. The research catried out at a cemetery (site 9} sińce 2005 enabled for 8*discovery of eight early medieval chamber graves (Drozd, Janowski, Poliński, 20001

(fig. 1). Amongthem, ofparticularinterestto us isGrave.N2 15 in which a maturę (nufnm) mań was buried. His body lies on a bier placed inside a 3,40 x 1,90 m oalc, lid-co^-ered chamber (fig. 2). The dead lies supine with ihe head directed towards the east. 1*»-

rnerous objects havc been found in the gravc. Namely, behind his feet, a bronze bowl W*a wooden dipper and a fragment of another wooden object (a piąte?) were placed; bes"TIhe body a wooden bucket fitted with five iron bands lingered. On the dead's left ha*1

side, near the hip a siatę whetstone and an iron knife rested. Below the skeleton, on i*Jrighl hand side and near the shank an iron axe with the cast-iron directed outwards W'The way this axe was posited near the body suggests that the dcad held it in his hand 1*»

Fig l . Distributton of chamber graves on cejnelery in Pień (after Drozd. Janowski, Poliński, 2009. ryt. 3 ] abucket, *-bronze bowl, c -clay vessel, rf- wooden scoop, e-»\e,f- semi-precious beads, g glass beads,h - silver chain, j - si!ver bead.y - neckles clasp, k - bell-shaped pendant. / - kaptorga-amulet conlainer, mtempie ring, n - ear-ring, a - elay whorl.p - knife, q - whelslone, r- corical holder, s - textile, l - different.

axe"s surtace showed strongly mineralized fragments of fabric (a robe or a shroud) and

Descriptitinofthefind.The axe is considcrably torroded. Its blade is slightly raised and eąuipped with the

beard at the end of which, on the axe's inside a smail hooked ledge is visible. The dam-aged, clcarly isolated from the rest of Ihe find, set is oval in shape on the inside, whereason the outside it resembles a multilateral structure with rounded edges and a little cap atits cnding. Its parameters arę the following: total length 12,7 cm; the blade's greatest*idth 6,3 cm; the bladc's thickness 0,8-1,2 cm; the set's height 2,9 cm; the set's width(reconstructed) 4,2 cm, Ihe set's long diamctcr (preserved) 2,4 cm; the neck's smallcst^idih 2.5 cni; the cap's height 3,9 cm. The axe's weight after conscrvation amounts to183 g.

On the surfacc of one the axe's sides in the blade's upper part and on the set tracesare visiblc of the ornamentation in the form of inlaid sheet stripes madę probably of sil-Ver . l hę x-ray analysis demonstrated that both surfaces of the axe's iron part were oma-mented. In Ihe b!ade's upper and lower part there arę two parallel streaks of the width

nim each separated from one another with the 5-6 mm wide spacc; the spacc that is"lled with the ornamentation composed of four pairs of obtuse-angled triangles (their

ases arę l O mm long each) pointing with their vertexes towards the centre so ihat a mo-

1 1 1 1 ' i^tóliiin tbrmerly preparcd grooves aie filled wilh noble metals or olher raw maienal-, l i i i i i i i t i_t i i i iqui" .

"'is aniele refer 10 the appropriale omamenlalion meihods (t.f. KyjiasOB, 1998).

165

A. Jar wski

Fig. 2. Pień. Plan of chamber grave 15: a - axe, b -wooderi hucket wi th iron fitlings. c - bronce bowl;d- iron knife and siatę whetslone (after Drcrai,Janowski, 2007. ryć. I).

tif of hourglasses with rhombuses in be-tween is created1. From the side of theaxe's head the ornamentation is crownedwith an obtuse-angled triangle whose ver-tex points towards ihe head. The blade'sfront part is ornamcnted with two parallelstreaks 2 mm wide each bctween whichthere is an individual motif composed ofeight triangles. The blade's central pan isoccupicd hy a pattern madę of an unorna-mented space in the shape of a crosswhose each arm is topped with a reversedE letter. The x-ray showed that the axe'shead was ornamenied, too; yet, the char-acter of this ornamentation could not beendefined. It can only be conjured that trian-gles constitute this ornamenlation's leil-motif. It must also be assumed that theornamentations on both sides of Ihe bladearę analogical (fig. 3,4).

Typologie a l analysis.The poor state of presewation of the Pień axe makes its classifkation difficult. Ow-

ing to the presence of the beard, this axe can be ciassified, according to type V by A. Na-dolski, whereas the presence of the cap suggesis that the axe in question bclongs into thesubtype "a," or "b." The set is damaged at the point in which the wings could have beenattached, what makcs them difficult to interpret; yet, both the way the set is shaped and itsproportions arę characteristic for the subtype "a" axcs, what would suggest the Pień spec-irnen belongs in Ihe same category.

• There arę 52 specimens of type Va axes found within the Polish territories (aflerKotowicz, 2008, 170; Borowczak, 2008, kat. 11, 48, 126, 141), particularly in the regionsof Great Poland, Central Poland, Little Poland and Mazovia, whereas such axes arę lack-ing among the discoveries from Pomerania {Świątkiewicz, 2002, 18), Warmia and Mas-uria (Kittel, 2002, 178-180; Rybka, 2005, 90-91) as well as from Silesia (Sarnowska,1962) (fig. 5). Therefore, apart from Smolug, Pień comprises the northmost site to haveconccaled a specimen of the type in question. Outside Poland, numerous discoveries ofthis sort of weapon can be found in Russia, particularly from Old Ladoga, Great Novgorodand Jaroslavl (KnpnnHHHKOB, 1966, 36-37, puc. 7-9), and in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia(Algazis, 1964, 115, att. 3.5-8; Yolkaite-Kulikauskiene, 1964, 108-110; Selirand, 1974,

166

o Dr. Marek Kolyszko of the

a - pholo of the axe. b - X-ray picture of ihe axe(after Drozd, Janowski, 2007, ryć. 2-3).

[.roin the North-Eastern to Central Europę.

i)0-91; 1980, 210; Tonisson, 1974,110). In the remaining part of Europę,uch axes occur only incidentallyiPaulsen, 1956, 27-33; Lehtosalo-Hilander, 1982, 53; Heindel, 1992,44: HOTOB, 2004; Kotowicz, Świątek,2006).

The origin of the axe that isequipped with the beard, the cap and

sjpposed that it had taken its shapewithin the Balto-Slavic territories,

jnce of the Yiking axe of Type III(Paulsen, 1956, Abb. 6, cf. Nadolski,1954, 46, 50). This hypothesis doesnot however seem justified. particu-larly in the light of the fact that sucha.\cs only sporadically occur in Scan-dmavian sites (Paulsen, 1956, 27,30), and if they do, they arę not in-duded in J. Petersen's classification(Petersen, 1919, 36J7). With thepresent state of knowledge in mind,\ s u should but reject the hypothesism ąucstion and treat the discoveredspecimens as imports. In theA.N. Kirpichnikov's classificationases with the beard, wings and caparc dcpicted as Type IV. The consid-erable number of Russian finds (144specimens in 1966) and their, rela-t ively early, dironology (the oldestof them has been dated for the l O"1

century) within this area promptedl|ie researcher to clairn that the mentioned form must have been invented by Russiancraftsmen and began to spread towards the neighbouring territories in the l C" centuryIKupriH-rmiKOB, 1966, 36-37). In (hę literaturę on the subject the view has been acceptedPractically without reservations (see Ruttkay, 1976, 309; Lehtosalo-Hilander, 1982, 53;HOTOB, 2004, 99-100)' the morę so that it was formerly confirmed by the research carried°ut wilh refcrence to the finds from Poland and Latvia where the moment when the weap-()n in question appeared was dated for the 11 lh century (Nadolski, 1954, 45; Atgazis, 1964,112-115, att. 3.5-8)- Still, the discoveries madę in the lasttwenty years in the Czech Re-

On ihe basis of numerous Estonia finds. J. Selirand (19BO, 210-211) conjured Ihut a part of all ihe found•pcciinonsi-ouldbeof local ongin. Accordiny to J Peeis (200_i. 268-269), a\es wilh ihe beard could be madęon mass scalc in Visby. Greal Noigorod. Psk<» and Polock.

Fig. 5 Htfkd., ot „ - ™, ,„, Va „, A. >,,«,!, in Polmd „„„ ,,„„ ,

„, the North-Eastern lo Central Europę. Silver-inlaved Axe ...

"" u j j c $lovakia and ilungary suggcst a morę criiical approach to the problem of ihe ori-• of this axe's form. This is because it is in the above mentioned countnes that mdi-

g'dual specimens of the axe with the beard, cap and wings origmate and arę dated tor theV1

J(i-1 <>'"' and even for the latc ̂ ~the early '0>h century (K°towicz, Świątek, 2006, 126-""g- Kotowicz, 2008, 172). Even older than these is the axe fram Grave 17 found in Vc-

l^.i uunca. Croatia, sińce it is dated for the early 9"1 century (Hrvati.... 106). Theabovementioncd axes arę therefore nearly a hundred years older than the oldest Russian speci-

ns and it is probable thai pattems of the idea that led to the hwention of such types ofs snould be searched for within the Zakarpailia territories. In the light of the presented

v j cws and contrary to those views that dominate in the literaturę on the subject we mustlakę into sonsideration ihe fact that Typc Va axes appeared in the Polish territories asearly as in the 21"1 half of 9'" or the early l O* century.

Finds of incrusted axes with the beard from Europę.The finds of inerusted and inlaid axes arę not numerous; specimens decorated with

either an engraved, or stamped ornament occur far morę frequently (see Paulsen. 1956,69-99; Latvijas..., tabiila 47: 22-23,- 51: 15; 54. iO\ ApreMben, 1994, pwc. 2; 3: /; 4).Only four specimens of so ornamented axes come from Poland. They arę the axes foundin Luboń (Kara, 1991, 109), Gubin and Żagań (Biermann, 2002), and in Ostrów Lednicki(Tokarski, 2000, 93, X& 18) (fig. 9b). Still, they represent types different from the dis-cussed axe kind.

Apan from the Pień axe, we know ofoniy 12 morę Va type specimens of this sort ofweapon decorated, according to Nadolski1, in an untypical way (dala after Paulsen, 1956,146-155, Abb. 78-82; KHpnHiHHKOB, 1966, 106-107, Jfe Kar. 94, ta6. XX.2; c. 116-117,

XE Kar. 274, 289; Kop3yxiiHa, 1966; MaKapoa, 1988; 1992, puc. 2; KyjiaKOB, 1990. Ta6.XLIV; 2004, pwc. 85. l)' (fig. 6). The majority of these axes were found in Russia (Irzeka-pinis, Kovrovo, Lukovec, Nikolskoe, Grcat Novgorod, Tutaev, Ugly), two in Latvia(Taleni, Turaida-Puteli) and one in Germany (Helmstedl), one in Sweden (Solleftea) andone in Byelorussia (Kovśarovo). Apart from the shape, the way it is ornamented and theprescnce of the suspension, the feature of the axe thai seem common for the entire groupisalso its parameiers3; theaxe's lengthoscillatesbetween l O-13 cm, whereas theblade'shiggest width amount to 6-9 cm. With reference to its omamentation, the axc can be fur-Ihcr subdivided into two groups: a - axes decorated with the "fish scaies" motiP and b -

ixes ofType V exisls, according lu A. Nadolski.subject of these divagations (Ky.naKOB. CKEOpiioB.

Apart from those presenled in !he ailitlc, a group o^ liich, owing lo iheir zoomoiphic omamentations. 152000; Biermaiin, 2002).l hę article does no! consider ihe axe from Bolgar on the River Yolga that, accordmg to P. Paulsen (1956, 146)and G.F. Korzukhina (KopiyxMHa, 1966. 92} was si lver-inerusted. The latesl v,ork on Ihe weapunry from thepart of Bułgaria siluated on the River Volga laek any infoimation on the omamentcd specimen (see HiMafijioB.1997, 94).In the Figurę 2.14 from an article by A.V. K.udriashov and A.N. Bashenkin (KyapanioH, EauicHbKHH, 1999)the Lukovecaxe can be seen that, judgiug from its shapc and omamentations. seems to be the same ase as theone N.A. Makarov (MaKapon, 1992) presents in the Figurę 2.3 as originated in Vaganicha. According to theseale in the picturc from the article by A.V. Kudnashov and A.N. Bashenkin. this axe is 18.5 cm long and iisblade'5 biggest width amount to 12,5 cm, whereas according lo Ihe scalę from N.A. Makarovs artielc. theseparameters amount to 12 cm and 8 cm respeclively.

: VI. Kulakov (KynaKOB, 1993, 121) refers to his ornament as the „sprouting bud" morif.

169

axes decorated wilh the "checker" motif.1 The first of thesc groups is numerous and com-prises six specitnens from the following places: Irzekapinis. (fig. 7:/), Lukovec (fig. 7: c),Nikolskoe III (fig. 7: b), Great Novgorod, (fig. 7: e), Solleftea (fig. 7: d), and Ugly (fig!7: a) (Paulsen, 1956, 146-148, Abb. 78; Kop3yxnHa, 1966, c. 91, pnc. 2: 3-4; Kynaras,1990, ra6. XLIV; MaKapOB, 1988, c. 455-456; 1992, puc. 2: 3). The second group inquestion includes four specitnens from; Helmstedt (fig. 8: c), Kovrovo (fig. 8: d), Taleni(fig. 8: a)andTuraida-Puteli (fig- 8: b) (Paulsen, 1956,149-155, Abb. 79, 81,82; KyjiaKOB,2004, pac. 85:1). In the case of two relics, Information of their ornamentation is laconicindeed, for fhe Tutaev axe is decorated with a floral ornamentation (Kop3yxHHa, 1966,c. 92), whereas of the Kovsarovo axe we only know that Jt was copper-incrusted(KHpniłiHHKOB, 1966, c. 116-117, N° Kar. 289; Kop3yxnwa, 1966, c. 91).

According to G.F. Korzukhina (Kop3yxnna, 1966, 93), incrusted axes were madę mthe Latvia territories, whereas N.A. Makarov (MaKapoe, 1988, c. 457^58) and A.R. Ar-temiev (ApTeMbee, 1994, 164) arę of the opinion that such axes could be produced byRussian craftsmen, yel most probably they come from Baltic arcas. It seems that the nu-merous specimens of the "fish scales" - ornamented axc ihat occurred within the northernand north-castcrn Russia. particularly around Beloozero suggesl this area rather than theBaltic to have been the cradle of such a srylistic solution. The finds of other objects (e.g.combs - see Pa6nHHH, 1992, puc. 2: /; 2: 5) or axes of different types yet iikewise oma-mcnled thal come from the areas in qucstion can constitute fine evidence supporting thediscussed hypothesis j. In the case of "cheeker"-decorated axes, due to the singularity ofthe finds and their vast Kuropean dcployment, it is difficult to indicatc a region that boresuch sfylistic solutions. According to P. Paulsen (1957), ihe mentioncd ornament emu-Sates Viking banners, and so decorated axes do not originaie in Russia bul in Lithuania.

Dating the Pień axe.The majority of the Type V axes - incrusted and intaid - were discovered at the

cemeteries (Trzekapinis, Kovorovo, Nikolskoe, Taleni, Turaida-Puteli, Tutaev, Ugly),three come from the arc h aeo log i ca l sites in KovSarovo, Lukovec, Great Novgorod,whereas the actual place of discovering the Helmstedt and Solleftea bas becn unknown.Excepl for the axe from Great Novgorod thal was found in the layer dated for the l s 'hatfof 1201 century (ApreMteB, 1994, c. 164), the chronology of the remaining specimens hasbeen deiined, for different rcasons, for the 1 1 ̂ century. The chronological definition of theabove mentioned finds was the easiest in the case of the grave finds from Nikolskoe andIrzekapinis. With regard to Ihe first of these towns, the axe was discovered in a barrow(.Na 35), and so were four denars, of which the eaHiest was minted by Saxon Duke Omulf(1059-1086). Considering the fact that the remaining coins discovered in ihis barrowwere from the second half of the 1l" 1 century Ihe latest, we arę therefore allowed to beable to datę the cemetery and the burial in ąuestion for this same period (PaajiHHa, 1988,c. 27-30; MaKapoB, BCJIHKOB, 1989, c. 82-83). On the other hand, the fact thal the Irzeka-pinis axe was discovered in Grave 16 together with a set of numerous mititary objects (asword with scabbard chapc, two spcarhcads. two spurs and a set of stirrups) allowed for

1 P. Paulsen (1957, 1.25)refi1 The Muromskue(Paulsen, 1956, Abb. 87: a) (fig. 9: o) and Nefedevo (MaHapou,

i=.i..le on one Polish auc (Ostmw Lednitki (t>g-")- *). Tokarski, 2000,(Warder(fig. 9: c), Heindcl, 1992, Abb. 23g).

FromUic North-Easlern to Central Europc. Silver-inlav«l Au

ig. 7. Ases type Va by A. N.tdo!ski uuh ..fisli scalcs" omamenl: a - Ugly [after Kop-iyxiiHa. 1966, pwc. 2: 4],• Siknlskne III (aftcr MaKapoB. 198S. L- -l?6). t- - LukUM:L {afłer MasapoE, 1992, puc. 2: 3), d- Sollefteai aftcr Pauiscn 1956. Abb. 78). t- Great Novgorod (aftcr ApreMbes, 1994, pHC, J: 2), f Irzekapinis (after

Kyjianon, 1990, Ta6. XLIV).

H g. 8. Axes type Va by A. Nadolski wilh „checker" oraai>> - Turaida-Puleli (after Pauisen, 1956, Abb. 79), c - Heli

rovo (after KynaKOB, 20

Fig. 9. Diffcrcm Lypjs of iixes w i t h ..fisli scales" ornarb - Ostrów U-dnkki (alkr Tokarski. 2000. tablic;

- Muromskoc (alk-r Pal iKcn. 1956, Abb. 87: at, c- Warder (after Heindel, 1992. Abb. 23g).

spccifying the axe's chronology for the early li"1 century (KyjiaicoB, 1990, c. 74-75,Ta6. 44). In Lhe case ofthe Pień axe the daling bascd on othcr clements of equipment (thebronze bowl, the l itt le bucket, the knife and the whetstone) is morę diflicult; yet, takinginto consideration both the find's contcxt, its accoinpanying objects and the rcsults of IJCanalyses of the ncighbouring burials, we can datę the axe for the period between the 2""half of 1011' - and Ihe beginning of l l l h century (Drozd, Janowski, Poliriski, 2009, 355).

Tool, weapon or power symbol.In the early Middle Ages tnę axe comprised both a tool and a kind of weapon. This

is best evidenced by the scenes from the Bayeux tapestry in which axes arę being used mboth ofthe above mentioned ways (see Rud, 1992). The ąuestion ofthe critcna for dif-ferentiating battle axes from labour axes seems problematic. The majority of weaponryexperts assume the axe's weight and size to be such criteria. According to M. Atgazis(1964, 123), the weight of battle specimens amounts to 200-400 g, whcreas of labouraxes: 600-700 g. In the opinion of A.N, Kirpichnikov (KjipniiiHHKOB, 1966, c. 28-29),battle axes arę rnost often 10-12 cm long and weigh up to 450 g, whereas labour axes arę15-22 cm long and ofthe weight amounting to 600-800 g.1 In the light of these assump-lions the Pień axe and the remainmg above mentioned Type Va axe specimens as A. Na-dolski dcfines them (incrusted and inlaid) must be dassined as battle axes, for their lengthoscillates between 10-13 cm, and Ihe weight amount to c.a. 200 g (170 g - Nikolskoe;183 g - Pień). Still, considering the prcsence on these axes of ornamentations as well as

1 These Matements arę not conclusive. We kno* of 14 Russian graves referrcd to as burials ofwarriors, inwhidi a l D T i " v s i i l i nther woaponry accessories axos willi Ihe beard hnw b.-ai I O I I T I Ó i l i ; i>. jccording 10 iheparameters, must be classified as labour (see KupniiiHHHOB, 1966. 36: Kotowicz, Świątek, 2006).

772

\ the Norlh-Eastern la Cen Jl Europę. Sihtr-inhiu-d

ilu; technique with the use of which they were madę it is doubtful that they could be weap-Ons. A stronger blow could cause ihe disjoining of the silver shect from the rest of the axc,w;hich, in tum, would result in the axe's losing in its aesthetic va!ue. It was frequentlyelnphasized in the literaturę on the subject that smali size, incrusted axes comprised moręa social status, or power symbol rather than any weapon (Paulsen, 1956, 155; Jankuhn,]973, 566; Trotzig, 1985; Nasman, 1991; Pedersen, 1997, 130; 2002, 30; KyjiaKoa,CKBOPUOB, 2000)'. At ihis point atteniion the axe's symbolic function needs to be empha-sized, for these objects fulfilled a significant apotropeic role of a good luck charm alreadyin the ancient times (Jankuhn, 1973; Bąbel, 1980; Peets, 2003, 199; Kurasiński, 2005,212-213; Mantyla, 2005, 120)z. Early medieval suspensions m the form of miniaturę axes(up to 7cm long) must also be mentioned herc, for sorne of them - Type t according toN.A. Makarov's standards - arę similar in shape to their real life counterparts of Type Vaas depicted by A. Nadolski (ManapoB, 1992, c. 43-44, puc. 1,2; Panasiewicz, Woloszyn.2002; Wotoszyn, 2006, 596-597). Such finds come mainly from Russia, Scandinavia andIhe Baltic counlries as wcll as from Poland (some of them) (fig. 4). Their function has notbeen explained yet, and the numerous conjectures on the ąuestion of the mentioned func-tion include those which relate it to the cult of Perun (east European literaturę), St. Olaf(Scandinavian lilerature) or Perkun (Latvian literaturc) (Panasiewicz. Wołoszyn, 2002.261 -263). Having considered both the suspensions' chronology (the 11"1 century, so im-rnediately after Russia's official baptism) and the place they were found (mainly fortifiedcenires and, in the case of necropolic finds, peasants' graves). N.A. Makarov formulated.on the other hand, a hypothesis (hat miniaturę axes had been symbols of affiliation withan old Russian troop and they were given to boys-warriors' sons on the occasion of theirhair-curting at the agę of seven (MaKapOB, 1992, 48-51; Panasiewicz, Woloszyn, 2002,262-263).

Archaeological research has provided us with a large number of early tnedieval axesthat have been considered weapons; a fact interesting for belying the poor, according tofew existing mentions on axes in written records state, medieval status quo as regardssuch axes (Nadolski, 1954, 36-37). The only Polish source which mentions using an axein battle is Wincenty Kadłubek's Chronicie. There is a notę in this chronicie stating thatin Miecław's army fighting the squads of King Kazimierz Odnowiciel there existed troopsof bipennatibus. According to J. Szymczak (2001, 92), they must have been axe fighters.Only two mentions on axes can be found in the Russian sourccs. The first comprises arclation by Ibn-Fadlan describing, under the datę of 922, the weapons Russian merchantsused near the River Kama and the River Volga's mouth. Each of these merchanls was tohave been equipped with an axe, a sword and a knife (Lewicka-Rajewska, 2004, 158-159). The second mention is The Story of Bygone Years, a text in which an axe was usedto crack down wizards (pagan priests) near Lakę White in 1071 (Powieść..., 138). Ac-cording to A. Nowakowski (l 991, 70), a smali number of such menlions m narrative andiconographic sources evidences the Iow position of the axe in the hierarchy of early rne-dieval weaponry in which the axe was treated as a kind of weapon unbecoming of aknight. Foreign sources pro v idę us with a slightly morę numerous number of data on theaxe; for example, we learn from these sources thal the Yarangian troops in the service of

ilso Mantyla, 2005; Dobat, 2006.

:. 12I|, incrustedaxes were used by priestssuch a far-leiched interprelation.

-JTO^By/antine emperors were armed wilh such axes; they served as both the manifestatiot^a warrior's affiliation with the troop and as (heir own Iribal symbol (D'Amato, 2005, 43.Wołoszyn, 2004, 252; 2006, 598-600)'. It is nol impossible that the Russian merclian^mentioned by Ibn-Fadian were aclually Yarangians, too. The popularity of ihis sort ryweapon among northern peoples has been confinned by numerous sepulchral finds ftomthe l O"1 - 11'h century Scandinavia. In many cases the axe conslituted the only element ofburial equipment and it is assumed that such burials must be ones of ordinary warrionThe higher status of Ibe buried is assumed only in the case of discovering graves wftjjincrusted axes (NSsman, 1991, 170; Pedersen, 2002, 30)!.

BIBL10GRAPHY

Atgózis M., l 964. Ulga|u 9.-12. gs. ciryji // Arheologija un etnografija. I. 6.Bąbel.!.. 1980. Kul i topora w neolicie ziem polskich // Wiadomości Archeologiczne, l. 45, f. ].Biermani F., 2002. Mitlelalterliche KriegerausrUsIuni; mit der Ddrstellung eines gehomten Tieres, Waffen u*

Kostiimkundi- " / e i l s d n i f ł Tur WafTen- und Kkidungsgeschichle. Bd. 44, H. I.Bofowczak B.R., 2008. Topory wojów piastowskich. Bitwa o Ostrów Lednicki. Szczecin.D'ftmalo R., 2005. A Prótospatharios, Magistros, and Stralegos Autokrator of l l t h cent.: the equipnłeM *f

Drozd A., JannwskiA., 2007. Wczesnosri:dmtuvrcv/n\ inkrustowany topór z miejscowości Pień na ziemi dl*mińskiej ' \kijskow(>ść l i i d i i w Morza BahyckiegO. Marę Intcgrans Studia nad dziejami wybrzeży M»-rza Bałtyckiego. Toniń.

Drozd A., Janawski A.. Poliński D., 2009 Wczesnośredniowieczne groby komorowe na cmentarzysku w PUMkoki Bydgus/Ł^> (haiLmia 2005-2007) /.' XV) Sesja Pomorzoznawcza. część l , Od epoki kamienia do

Dobal A.S.. 2006. The king and his cult: the ase-hammer from Sutton Hoo and its implicafions for the conceptofsacral teadership in early med]eval Europę //Ant iquj ty , vol. 80, J* 310.

HeindelL, 1992. Axte des 8. bis 14. Jahrhunderts un wcstslawischen Sieci l ungsge biel zwischen Elbe/Saale indOder/Neifle // Zeitschriff fur Archaologic, Bd- 26,11.1.

Hrvati \ Karol jnzi. Katalog. Split, 2000.Janktthn H.. \ 973. Astkull /.' Reallesikon der Germanischen Allertumskiinde, Bd. 1. Berlin - New-York.Kara M., 1991. Z badań nad wczesnośredniowiecznymi grobami z uzbrojeniem z terenu Wielkopolski//Od

plemienia do pańslwa. Śląsk na tle wczesnośredniowiecznej Słowiańszczyzny Zachodniej. Wrocław.Kitt*iP., 2002. Średniowieczna uzbrojenie; zaczepne Prusów z obszaru północno-wschodniej Polski // Komunt-

kaly Mazursko-Warmińskie, Xs 2 (236).Kotwicz PN., 2008. Wczesnośredniowieczny topór ^ miejscowości Kryniczki, pow. Krasnostawski // SilM"

ArJliqua, L 44.

Katowicz P.V., Świątek M., 2006. Miltelallerliche Streita)(te aus den Sammlungen des RegionalmuseunM •Jasio. Ein Beitrag żur Kenntnis der Bewaffnung in den polnischen Karpaten // Acta Archaeologica Cxr-pathica,t.41.

Kurasinski T., 2005. Topory typu M w grobach na terenie Polski wczesnośredniowiecznej - próba oceny znilł-zisk // Do, ut des - dar, pochówek, tradycja, Funeralia Lednickie. Spotkanie 7. Poznań.

Lawjjas PSR arheologija. Riga, 1974.U-htinaio-HilaniierP.-L, 1982. Luistari U. The Artefacts. Helsinki.1-twir.ka-Rajtwska U., 2004 Arabskie opisanie Słowian. Źródła do dziejów średniowiecznej kultury. Wroctt*-Mantyla S., 2005. Broad-bladed battle-axes, their function and symbolic meariing li Rituals and relations. StuJ-

ies on thfi sociely and materiał culrure of the Baltic Fmns. Helsinki.Nadalfki A., 1954. Studia nad uzbrojeniem polskim z X, XI i XII wieku. Łódź.

axe, and only later with a shieUf and a spear (Solberg, 1985, 69).2 One exception eould have been ases with a wide, fun-like blade - Type M according to J. Petersen - «

Mantyla, 2005, 118-119.

174

Pft

rn tli* Noith-E«stern to Central Europę. SUver-inl»Vłif A« ... ____ ^^_ _

nan (J-, 'Ml- Gravog ekse. Mammen og den danske vifcingelids vabengrave // Mammen. Grav, kunsl ogsamfund i vikingetid. Hojsberg.

-kawski A . 1991. Uzbrojenie Średniowieczne w Polsce Ina tle zachodnioeuropejskim). Toruń»'. Wolatzyn M., 2002. Staroruskie miniaturowe toporki z Gródka, pow. Hrubieszów .'/Archeolo-

gia Polski, t. 47, z. 1-2.beii P-, 1956. Axt und Kreuz in Nord- und Osteuropa. Bonn.lsen P., 1957. Feldzeichen der Normannen, Archiv fur Kullurgeschichte, Bd. 39, H. 1."-«'» •''- '^97 Weapons and riding geai in burials - evidence of mililary and social rank in 10" century

Denrnark//MilitaryAspectsofScandinavian Sociery in a European Persp«ctivc, AD 1-1300. Copenha-gen.

fi «'" * - 2"02. Seandina\ ian Weaponry in the Tenth Century. The Examplc of Denmark '. A companion tomedieval arms and armour. Woodbridge.

sJ-, 2003. The powerof iron. Iron produclton and blacksmithy in Estonia and neighboring areas in Prehis-torie Period and the Middle Ages. Tallinn.

rsenj., 1919. De norske vikingesverd. En typologisk-kronologisk srudie ovĘr Ł ikingelidens \aaben. Kri-

l»,,u iesć minionych lal (przekład i opracowanie F. Sielicki). Wrocław, Warszawa. Kraków, 1999.gad M- 1992. ThcBayeuxTapestry and the Battle of Hastings 1066. Copenhagen.Rultktn- A.. 1976. Waffen und Reiterausrilstung des 9. bis żur ersten halfte des 14. Jahrhundens in der Slowakei

(II) // Slovenska Archeologia, t. 24, z. 2.Rybka K., 2005. rec. Piolr Kittel, Średniowieczne uzbrojenie zaczepne Prusów z obszaru północno-wschodniej

Polski. „Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie", 2002, Hs 2 II Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej,r. 53, K a ł .

JnmimiAo W., 1962. Topory wczesnośredniowieczne z obszaru Śląska ' Światowit, t. 24.MirandJ.. !974. Eestlaste matmiskombed varafeodaalsele suhetc tarkamise perioodil (11 .-13. sajand). Tallinn.Mirami J., 1980. Uberdas frimmittelalterljche Schmiedehandwerk in Estland, Offa. Bd. 37.Solberg B., 1985. Social Status in the Merovingian and Yiking Periods in Norway from Archaeological and

S^-mczakJ., 2001. Uzbrojenie w świetle źródeł pisanych w Polsce do polowy XIII w.,'.' Acta Universitatis Lo-dziensis. Folia Archaeologica. l. 23/1.

Su mtkiewic: f-. 2002. Uzbrojenie wczesnośredniowieczne na Pomorzu Zachodnim. Łółiż.Tokarski W., 2000. Mitilana - broń miotająca, obuchowa i drzewcowa oraz elementy rzędu końskiego i oporzą-

dzenia jeździeckiego ,7 Wczesnośredniowieczne mosty przy Ostrowie Lednickim, tom l. Mosty Iraklugnieźnieńskiego. Lednica - Toruń.

Tonuion f., 1974. Die Gauja-Liven und ihre malerielle Kultur (l I . Jh. - Anfang 13. Jhs.). Ein Beilrag żur ost-baltischen Fruhgeschichle. Tallinn.

TnnzigG., 1985. Ań axe as sign of rank in a Yiking communiry II Archaeology and Environment, vol. 4.lMMit?-Ku/ikatuHml R., 1964. Kovos kirviai Lieluvoje ankstyvojo feodahzrao laikoiarpiu li Lieruvos TSR

Mokshiakademijosdarbai, serijaA. t. l (16).Waluszyn M.. 2004. Zabytki pochodzenia wschodniego we wczesnośredniowiecznej Polsce - wędrówka ludzi,

rzeczy czy idei? // Wędrówki rzeczy i idei w średniowieczu. Wrocław.Ho/oizyn M, 2006. Ze studiów nad obecnością niską i skandynawską na ziemiach polskich w X-XII wieku //

Świat Słowian wczesnego średniowiecza. Szczecin - Wrocław.

HoBiopoacKaii 3eMj«, BUH. 8. HoaropcaHwaiuue H.JI., 1997. BoopyweHHe H BoeHHoe neno HacejieHHfl BO/IUCCKOH Eyjiiap™ X Haiajia XIII B. Ka-

lau b - Marajran.Huame B., 2004. Bi>opi.*eHHeTO n cHapniKeHHeio OT (hjirapcKOTO cnenHoaeiaiflHe VII~XI BCK. Sapną.

HH. CAH, BUR. E l-36, M. / JI.^"pn.-niHa r.it>., \ 966. Jlano»CKHH TonopMK // Kynbiypa ^peanea PycM. M.ky<>pxuioeA.B-, BouieHbKUH A.H., 1999. JlyKOBeu - iaronjieHKbiK flpesHepyccKHfi ropoa//Tpyau VI Mexay-

kyttiKog B.M., 1990. ffpeBHOCIM npyccos Vl-Xlll BB. CAH, aun. Tl-09. M.*V KIKOS B.M.. 1993. KyfibTOHoe opy*iie 6ajnoB H CJiaBHH X XII BB. // Slavia Antiqua, t. 33.KyioKoa B.M., 1998. Silberlauschierte Artefakle OslpreuBens aus der Wikingerzeit // Tolkemita-Tente. J6 54.Ky-łoioM B.H., 2004. aoJuibnaftM-KoBpoBO. HccjteaoBaHMB 1879 r. Prussia Antiqua. T. 2. MHHCK.

Ky.itiKae 8.M., CKnoplloa K.lf., 2000, 'IbiiopiiK m Bapj i_-u (pannmin: (ipyiMEi: [IUL-JILMHIIS Hi i . i iHHKOB E//SlaviaAntiqua, l, 41.

Mampiia f/.A., 1988. JleKopaThiBliue rouopMKU m Ecjii>U'pi,«//llaMSTiiiiKhi Kyjitiypu. HOBUC oTKpuMaKaposH.A . 1992. JIpeBfiepyccKiieaMyjierbi-uiiiopHh-H .'/ PA.Jfs 2.Maitapoe H.4., Bemnaiii A.C.. 1989. KeMCKiiii HCKjionojif. B CeuepwM Bejioscpte // KCHA. BUR. 198.faeduHa T.B.. 1988. llmpc&cmM X -XI BB. t MOHeraMH na icppinopnii ,'ipi:uiii.'ii P>vn. Karajior, M.

HHOBCKH A. II i ceaepHOH Espoiibi B ueHTpaJibnyio. MiiKpycTMpoBaHHbiii ce-pefipOM ronop n i KaMepHoro iioiium-imu B Morii.ibHHice l l t - in . (iionm XcjMIKI,n o.i t ma).

fTenb ?TO .jepeBHJt na p. BHCjia B 3anaaHoii vaciH Xe.iMeHCKoro noBflra (KyjiBCKO-floMOpcKoe BoeBoacTBo). B O.UHOM m OTKPWTWX 3jecb K3MepHbix Morwn, aarHpoBaHbiKBiopoii no.iOBHHoii X - Hana^ow XJ a., Haii^eH HeóojibUJOH we^esuwM Toiiop, yKpaiiien-HbtM cepeSpoM (puc. l -4). Ero MOJKHO OTHCCTH K ™ny Va no A. HancuibcKOMy. B riojii,-me ao CKX nop nafliieHO 52 3K3eMJiJi»pa noxownx ronopOB (pwc. 5), HO 6e3 aerapa.B Eapone MaBCCTuo 12 yKpauieHHbibix aoeMruijjpcm inna Va. H3 HHX 7 HaiijieHo B Poc-CHH, asa B JlaTBim, no oziHOMy B FepMaHHH, IllBeuHH H EenopycciiH (puc. 6). fIofle;iHTŁMOJKHO HX na .aae OCHOBHLIC rpynnu: A - yKpameHHwe MOTHBOM „ptiSteft "iemyii" (Hp-3eKanHHnc, JlywoBeu, HiiKontcKoe [II, BeJiHKiifi HoBropoa, Solleftea, Ymu) (pwc. 7) HB - yKpaiiieHHbie MOTHBOM „ujaxMaTHOH ^OCKH" (Helmsiedt, Kosposo, Taleni H Turaida-Puteli)(pnc. 8).

3rn Tonopbi BOIHMKJIH npe^nojioKHTejibHO Ha npn6ajmiHCKOM npocTpaHCTBe (ce-ronHfliiiHaa JTursa n JTaTBHs H.IH cesepnan H cesepo-BOCTOiHaa POCCWH). Ha 3to yKasw-BaroT Haxo4KH apyrnx npeflMeros c noaoSHWM aerapOM n ronopoB flpyrHx THFIOB, yKpa-[UeHHbiX 3THMH MOTHB3MH (pHC. 9).

B paMHCM cpeflHeseKOBbe jonop SbiJi KSK paSo^HM HHCTpyMenTOM, raK H opyacH-CM. ^CKOpMpOBaHHWH 3K3eMnJIHp H3 MOrtiJlbHHKa FICHb H 6My noXO*ne - 3TO, BCpOSiTHO,6oefltie (JjppMbj, Koropbie Hcno,iHH.nn TOJKC po.ib CHMBO^OB oómecTBeHHoro craryca HJIH

Tonop H3 riHH - HCKJiEOHHre^bMaa Haxo^Ka, we HMeromas 6yKBajibHbix COOTBCT-CTBHIł B HCTOHHHKOBOM MaTepHajlC. C TO1KH 3pCHHH (})OpMbT H TeXHOJlOrHH JieKOpa OHCBfl33H C 3K3eMHBHpaMH H3 CCBepHOH H CCBepO-BOCTOHHOH EfipOnŁI. 3TOT npeflMCT H6CO-MH6HHO npe^cTaBna,! coooii ciiMBOfl ^HaiHTCjibHoro oSmecTBCHHoro craryca noxopo-HCHHoro c HHM MyacHHHW, Ha iTO yKa3biBaK)T Hę TonbKO flpynie npe^Meibi HHeeHTapa.HO H KOHcrpyKUHfl Morajibi. Y^HTbiBafl Bcio coBOKynHOCTb jiociynHbix aaHHbix, cjieayeiKOHCTaTnpoBar&, HTO ronop, Hafi^eHHbiH B norpeSeHHH 15 MorunbHHKa ReHb, flBJiancaco6cTBeHHOCTi,io BOHH3 BbicoKoro paHra, npoHcxoflamero, BOSMOWHO, m cesepo-BOCT01HOH EBDOnfcl,

I7f>