Japan Society

7/18/2019 Japan Society

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Professor H. Harry L. Roque, Jr.Professor H. Harry L. Roque, Jr.

Director, Institute of International Legal Studies, UP Law CenterDirector, Institute of International Legal Studies, UP Law Center

Professor, Departent of International Law and Huan Rig!ts, P!ilippine JudicialProfessor, Departent of International Law and Huan Rig!ts, P!ilippine Judicial"cadey"cadey

#o$erning Council, "sian Society of International Law#o$erning Council, "sian Society of International Law



%% January %&'(, t!e P!ilippinescoenced ar)itration proceedings againstC!ina under t!e copulsory and andatory

dispute settleent procedure of U*CL+S"nne- II/



In its Clai, t!e P!ilippines as0ed t!e ar)itraltri)unal to rule on t!ree )asic issues1

'. 2!e $alidity of C!ina3s nine4das! lines5 %. Low tide ele$ations w!ere C!ina !as )uilt

peranent structures s!ould )e declared asforing part of t!e P!ilippine Continental s!elf5

(.2!at t!e waters outside t!e '% nautical ilessurrounding t!e Panatag Island Scar)ouroug!s!oal/ s!ould )e declared as part of t!eP!ilippines 667





S!ortly t!ereafter, C!ina warned itsnationals against tra$el to t!e P!ilippinesand )anned t!e entry of iported

pineapples and )ananas fro t!eP!ilippines



+n :ay '<, %&'%, )ot! t!e go$ernents of C!inaand t!e P!ilippines iposed 9s!ing )an in t!eScar)oroug! S!oal.

8y July %&'%, C!ina !ad erected a )arrier to t!eentrance of t!e s!oal, and t!at $essels )elongingto 8ei=ing>s C!ina :arine Sur$eillance and?is!eries Law 6nforceent Coand weredeployed in t!e disputed s!oal5

as of Septe)er %&'%, C!inese go$ernent s!ipsreain around t!e s!oal and !a$e )een turningaway ?ilipino $essels

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China_Marine_Surveillance&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fisheries_Law_Enforcement_Command&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fisheries_Law_Enforcement_Command&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China_Marine_Surveillance&action=edit&redlink=1



2!e P!ilippines !as since c!aracteri@ed t!epresence of C!inese $essels in t!e area asan Ain$asionB and 9led t!e ar)itral

proceedings.

C!ina !as not responded to t!e P!ilippinenoti9cation and !as not appointed its

ar)itrator to t!e proceedings. It !asdeclared t!at it will not participate in t!eproceedings.



?oreign :inistry spo0esan, ?e)ruary %&'%1A*eit!er C!ina nor any ot!er country lays claito t!e entire Sout! C!ina SeaB

Letter to U* Secretary4#eneral fro C!ina3s U*:ission, :ay %&&1AC!ina !as indisputa)le so$ereignty o$er t!eislands in t!e Sout! C!ina Sea and t!e ad=acentwaters, and en=oys so$ereign rig!ts and

=urisdiction o$er t!e rele$ant waters as well as t!esea)ed and su)soil t!ereof see attac!ed ap/B





AIt is t!e )asic principle of t!e international aritielaw t!at land doinates t!e sea. U*CL+S allowscoastal states to clai a %&&4nautical4ile 667, )utcoastal states !a$e no rig!t to !ar t!e in!erentterritory and so$ereignty of ot!er countriesB

A"ny attept to use U*CL+S to c!ange t!e territorialso$ereignty of a country is a $iolation of t!eprinciples of international law, including U*CL+SB

A2!e aritie =urisdiction of t!e P!ilippines s!ouldnot infringe upon t!e territorial so$ereignty of C!inao$er t!e Huangyan IslandB



Article 286 Article 286 Su)=ect to section (, any disputeSu)=ect to section (, any dispute

concerning t!econcerning t!e interpretation orinterpretation or

application of this Conventionapplication of this Convention s!all,s!all,w!ere no settleent !as )eenw!ere no settleent !as )eenreac!ed )y recourse to section ', )ereac!ed )y recourse to section ', )esu)itted at t!e request of anysu)itted at t!e request of anyparty to t!e dispute to t!e court orparty to t!e dispute to t!e court ortri)unal !a$ing =urisdiction undertri)unal !a$ing =urisdiction undert!is section.t!is section.



Since P!p and C!ina !a$e notc!osen speci9c procedure to

resol$e t!eir disputes, t!eyfall under "nne- II &f t!eCon$ention1 )inding

ar)itration



P!ilippine $iew1 C!ina as a party to t!eU*CL+S is su)=ect to "rt %<. Countries t!atrati9ed U*CL+S are deeed to !a$e

a)andoned clais to aritie territory notpro$ided )y Con$ention



C!inese $iew Judge Eue Hanqin/1 C!ina3sdeclaration is an opt out of t!e disputesettleent procedure of U*CL+S. A2!e F&countries t!at rati9ed U*CL+S ' )ut

registered declarations are not deeed to!a$e wai$ed all t!eir !istorical clais toaritie territory



Issues addressed )y its ar)itrationIssues addressed )y its ar)itration

clais are issues of interpretationclais are issues of interpretation

and application1 i. $alidity of nine4and application1 i. $alidity of nine4das! lines, ii. low water ar0s asdas! lines, ii. low water ar0s aspart of continental s!elf , iii. naturepart of continental s!elf , iii. natureof waters around Panatag asof waters around Panatag as

P!ilippine 667.P!ilippine 667.



Dispute is a)out conGicting clais to territoryand !ence, U*CL+S is inapplica)le 8olstered)y %&& P!ilippines 8aselines Law /

Its nine4das! lines are aritie @onesgenerated )y its land territory. AHuangyangBincludes :accles9eld )an0 and Scar)oroug!w!ic! it $iews as an island t!at spans %&%

nautical iles.



Hudge Eue1 Asince t!e end of orld ar II,t!e international counity, !asac0nowledged t!e e-istence of C!ina3snine4das! lines wit! no country e$er

questioning it until oil resources weredisco$ered in t!e areaB.

AInternational law does not pro$ide for clearrules on !istoric clais to territoryB



%& Cases under I2L+S5 under ar)itrationwit! PC"

Interpretation1 dispute as to interpretationand application of speci9c pro$isions ofU*CL+S

Adispute1 disagreeent as to interpretation,fact or lawB Headquarters "d$isory+pinion/



Dispute settleent Procedures ay applygeneral principles of international law.

2ri)unal ay issue =udgent on use of forceand not =ust strictly issues on U*CL+S



'. Adisputes in$ol$ing deliitations'. Adisputes in$ol$ing deliitations %. disputes concerning ilitary%. disputes concerning ilitary

acti$ities, including ilitary acti$itiesacti$ities, including ilitary acti$ities)y go$ernent $essels and aircraft)y go$ernent $essels and aircraft

engaged in noncoercial ser$ice,engaged in noncoercial ser$ice, (. disputes concerning law enforceent(. disputes concerning law enforceent

acti$ities in regard to t!e e-ercise ofacti$ities in regard to t!e e-ercise ofso$ereign rig!ts or =urisdictionBso$ereign rig!ts or =urisdictionB



'. Issues do not in$ol$e deliitation. Callserely for interpretation w!et!er C!ina3s 4das! lines coprise C!ina3s internal waters(F/, territorial sea /, or 667 /.

Siilarly, declarations t!at islets are lowwater ar0s '%' and / :alaysia $Singapore, ICJ/ and declaration t!at watersaround Panatag coprise P!p 667 / donot in$ol$e deliitation



Since aritie @ones generated )y landterritory, $alidity of das! lines entaildeliitation of conGicting land and aritie)oundaries wit! P!l.



P!ilippines !as attepted to reac!agreeent since ' to no a$ail. Hence,ar)itral clai is ripe for ad=udication C!inese

C!inese iew Judge Eue/ Aar)itration is a$iolation of a su)stanti$e o)ligation of t!eparties to negotiate under t!e Code ofConduct on t!e SCS )etween "S6"* andC!ina



:oreo$er, U*CL+S require P!P and C!ina todeliit )ilaterally t!roug! negotiations andagreeent at t!e 9rst instance.



articles F(/ and ((/ pro$ide t!at ifdeliitation cannot )e eKected )yagreeent1

2M!e States concerned, in a spirit of

understanding and cooperation, s!all a0ee$ery eKort to enter into pro$isionalarrangeents of a practical nature and duringt!e transitional period, not to =eopardi@e or

!aper t!e reac!ing of 9nal agreeent. Suc!arrangeents s!all )e wit!out pre=udice tot!e 9nal deliitation.



2!e e-istence of a dispute is siilarly notprecluded )y t!e fact t!at negotiationscould t!eoretically continue. !ere t!ere isan o)ligation to negotiate it is well

esta)lis!ed as a atter of generalinternational law t!at t!at o)ligation doesnot require t!e Parties to continue wit!negotiations w!ic! in ad$ance s!ow e$ery

sign of )eing unproducti$e



Conte-t )e!ind C!ina3s oKer of =oint use.

Re=ected )y P!p on ground t!at so$ereignrig!ts are e-clusi$e in c!aracter



+* state parties declarations are in t!enature of opt out of t!e copulsory disputesettleent procedure of U*CL+S

+* state parties to U*CL+S !a$erenounced all !istoric clais to aritieterritory not pro$ided )y U*CL+S



+* C!ina3s $iew t!at nine4das! lines aregenerated )y land territories will pria faciedi$est ar)itral )ody of its =urisdiction orw!et!er tri)unal can rule on t!e $alidity of

suc! a c!aracteri@ation in ruling on its owncopetence.



Cardinal Principle is t!at 2ri)unal is sole =udge ofits own copetence.

C!ina disad$antaged )y not arguing preliinary

o)=ections. It was gi$en until :arc!, %&'F torespond to "r)itral clai and until Dece)er', %&'F to 9le its Counter4:eorial

Judge EU61 AAno country can fail to see t!edesignB of t!e P!ilippine N It i-ed up

=urisdiction wit! t!e eritsB.



'. Dispute Settleent Procedure is:andatory. Judeg Eue1 ADeclaration is anopt out fro dispute settleent procedureB

%. Use of ?orce is contrary to )ot! U*CL+Sand U* C!arter pro!i)ition on Use of ?orce.◦ "/ e-cluded P!l 9s!eren fro Panatag using

ared Ago$ernent sur$eillance $esselB andtargetting t!e wit! water canon5

◦ 8/ Recent rus! in t!e )uilding of arti9cial islandsin disputed s!oals



(. Ipleentation of a Defense :aritiePolicy w!ic! en$isions ASea DenialCapa)ilityB in t!e est P!ilippine Sea )y%&%& despite conGicting clais to aritie

and land territory. "cquisition of territory )yconquest

F. Insistence in !istoric clais for das!lines despite it )eing contrary pro$isions ofU*CL+S



. Insistence t!at its declarations in U*CL+Spreser$ed its !istoric clais to territory

e$en if t!ese clais can 9nd no )asisunder

U*CL+S

<. 2!reat to it!draw fro U*CL+S . Possi)le de9ance of ?inding of U*CL+S

ad !oc ar)itral )ody



. +$er4all conduct is contrary to letter,spirit and intent of U*CL+S1 constitution oft!e sea adopted )y consensus, pro!i)iting

reser$ations, in order to do away wit! t!e

use of force in t!e settleent of disputesarising fro aritie territories.

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