JAPAN’s GV Strategy JAPAN’s GV Strategy and Plans and Plans for GPMfor GPM

K. Nakamura (Nagoya Univ.) K. Nakamura (Nagoya Univ.) R. Oki (JAXA), M. Kojima R. Oki (JAXA), M. Kojima

(JAXA), (JAXA), and T. Iguchi (NICT)and T. Iguchi (NICT)

EO Roadmap- Approach -

Goals to achieve by prioritization（１） to establish a frequent ・ continuous observation system through int’l cooperation.（２） to use satellite data for the following purposes　－ int’l treaty verification, environmental policy, weather forecasting　－ contribution to improving quality of people’s life

Global Warming Monitoring Program　　 prioritizing on “global warming “ which has urgency and necessity

①Greenhouse gas observation mission (observation of materials which causes the global warming)②Water cycle observation mission (observation of primary effect of the global warming)③Climate change observation mission （ long-term continuous observation of effects of global warming)

2002 2010 202

0Year

Water Cycle Studyand Prediction

ObservationObservation ・・ prediction prediction ofofRainfall and vaporRainfall and vapor

Snow&ice, SST,Land cover (surface)

<AMSR-E, ADEOS-II, ALOS>

Snow&ice, soil moistureSST, land cover

Improved accuracy ofSnow&ice, soil moisture

SST, land cover

•Study on new parameter estimation

Observation accuracy

improvem

ent

①Global water cycle understanding and prediction②Short-term weather forecast, disaster (heavy rain, typhoon, flood/drought) warning　　　　 Global, hourly observation of vapor and rain and near-real time delivery of data

　　　

High frequency observation of

Global rainfall and snowfallEvery 3hours 、 0.2mm/h

<GPM>

Observation of tropical rainfall

<TRMM>Every 2days 、 0.5mm/h

Advancement of high frequency Observation of

Global rainfall, snowfallAnd vapor

every 3h 、 0.1mm/h

Continuous obsrevation forContinuous understanding

Observation of soil Observation of soil moisture, snow and moisture, snow and ice, land surfaceice, land surface

WSSD Implementation Plan

Weather forecastimprovement （ JMA ）Contribution to ＷＳＳＤ IP （ MLIT ）

Weather forecast, application research by

seasonal forecast （ JMA 、 FRS

GC ）

Observation ofRainfall over ocean

<AMSR-E, ADEOS-II>Every day 、 0.5mm/h WSSD Implementation Plan

Objectives

EO Satellite Road Map2002 ～ 2006 2007 ～ 2011 2012 ～ 2017

TRMM

Precipitation Radar ： 5Km, Rain rate ： 0.7mm/hTMI Microwave Radiometer ： （ NASA ）

　　　　 GPMDPR ： Dual Frequency Precipitation Radar

To continuous

Water Cycle Observations EarthCARE

CPR ： Cloud Profile RadarFTS: Fourier Transform Spectrometer etc.

Global Water Cycle Observation

Measuring land & sea surface

ALOSPRISM （ Optical triplet mode, High resolution sensor ； Global mapping ）： 2 ． 5mPALSAR （ L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar ； Land information, Disaster monitoring ）：10mAVNIR-2 （ Visible & Near Infrared Radiometer ： Disaster monitoring etc. ）： 10m

To Operational

Land Observations

　　　　 ALOS F/OGeostationary high res optical sensor ： 10m High resolution optical sensor ： 0.5mMultiple polarization ・ Multiple wavelength SAR ： 3m

Global monitoring of the Earth’s environment

GCOM-A1SOFIS ： Infrared Fourier Interferometer OPUS ： Ultraviolet spectrometer

To continuous

Global Climate Change Observations

GCOM-B1SGLI ： Visible Land Infrared Imager AMSR F/O ： Microwave radiometer

To continuous

GHG Observations

ADEOS-II

ILAS-II ： Infrared spectrometerGLI ： Visible & Infrared ImagerAMSR ： Microwave Radiometer

Green House Gas Monitoring Global Climate Change Monitoring

CEOP(Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period)For global water cycle research from 2001 to 2005

ADEOS-IINASDA: Develop the satellite, GLI, & AMSRMOE: ILAS-IINASA: SeaWindsCNES:POLDER

GPM

NASA:Develop the main satelliteJapan: DPRESA and other agencies:Small satellite

INITIATIVE OF NASDA

NASA:Develop the satellite Japan: Develop PR sensor & launch

AquaNASDA:Develop AMSR-ENASA:Develop & launch the satelliteINPE:develop HSB

TRMM

NASDA provides satellites data for water cycle research

Core Satellite• Dual-frequency Precipitaion

Radar (JAXA and NiCT)• Multi-frequency Radiometer

(NASA)• H2-A Launch (TBD)• TRMM-like Spacecraft• Non-Sun Synchronous Orbit• ~65° Inclination• ~407 km Altitude• ~5 km Horizontal Resolution• 250 m / 500m Vertical

Resolution

Constellation Satellites• Small Satellites with

Microwave Radiometers• Aggregate Revisit Time,

3 Hour goal• Sun-Synchronous Polar

Orbits• 500~900 km Altitude

OBJECTIVE: Understand the Horizontal and Vertical Structure of Rainfall and Its Microphysical Element. Provide Training for Constellation Radiometers.

OBJECTIVE: Provide Enough Sampling to Reduce Uncertainty in Short-term Rainfall Accumulations. Extend Scientific and Societal Applications.

Global Precipitation Processing Center

• Capable of Producing Global Precipitation Data Products as Defined by GPM Partners

Precipitation Validation Sites

• Global Ground Based Rain Measurement

GPM Reference Concept

Calendar Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Japanese Fiscal Year (April – March)

JFY15 JFY16 JFY17 JFY18 JFY19 JFY20 JFY21 JFY22

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Milestone

DPR Development

KuPR (JAXA) KaPR (NICT)* NICT takes charge of KaPR EM

　Ground System Algorithm Development Research and Utilization

Spacecraft Bus(NASA)

GPM/DPR development schedule

Critical Design

Conceptual DesignPrelimi-nary Design

BBM

BBM (NICT)

Preliminary DesignConceptual Design (GSFC)

FM Fabrication & Assembly

Sustaining Design

Install & Test

Component Experiment

Integration & MST

Research and Utilization

Ground System Design & Fabrication

Algorithm Examination

18 months

Sep. 22, 2005 update

DRR#1

OperTrain

Init.C/O

Normal Operation

Reviews in JAXA

Algorithm Test/Improvement, Application and Validation

PRR

PQR/PSR Launch

S/C-system Support

Launch Operation(NASA/JAXA)

RARI

Init Oper

PQR/PSR

Cal/Val

PRR: Project Readiness Review, DRR: Development Readiness Review, PDR: Preliminary Design Review, CDR: Critical Design Review, PFT: Proto Flight Test, PQR: Post Qualification-test Review, PSR: Pre-Shipment Review, MST: Mission Simulation Test

RI

Algorithm Development

Investigation

CDRPDR

Ground System Investigation

EM (NICT)

PFM (KuPR)

PFM (KaPR)

EM

STM (KuPR,KaPR)

CDRPDR(KaPR)

PDR(DPR)

PFT

Ka Concept Design

KaPR Preliminary Design

Critical 　　Design

RA

Algorithm Examination

DRR#2

Main objective of GPM

• To establish accurate and frequent • global precipitation observation system

Basic Mission Requirements of GPM

(1) To observe the global precipitation(2) To accurately measure the precipitation (3) To frequently measure the precipitation

Design of the GPM Core Satellite and the DPR

(Spacecraft design by NASA/GSFC)

KuPRKuPRKaPRKaPR

GMIGMI

Basic design of KuPR and KaPR is Basic design of KuPR and KaPR is the almost same as TRMM PR.the almost same as TRMM PR.

JAXA and NiCT (Japan) : DPR (KuPR and KaPR), Launcher NASA (US) : 　 Spacecraft, GMI

Flight direction

GMI

407 km altitude, 65 deg inclination

5km

Range resolution= 250m and 500m

DPR

Concept of precipitation measurement by the GPM core

satelliteDual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) consists of -Ku-band (13.6GHz) radar : KuPR and -Ka-band (35.5GHz) radar : KaPR 1 49113 1237

38 49

KuPR: 245 km (49 beams)

KaPR: 120 km (24 beams)

Main Characteristics of DPRItem KuPR KaPR TRMM PR

Antenna Type Active Phased Array (128) Active Phased Array (128) Active Phased Array (128)

Frequency 13.597 & 13.603 GHz 35.547 & 35.553 GHz 13.796 & 13.802 GHz

Swath Width 245 km 120 km 215 km

Horizontal Reso 5 km 5 km 4.3 km

Tx Pulse Width 1.6 s (x2) 1.6/3.2 s (x2) 1.6 s (x2)

Range Reso 250 m (1.67 s) 250 m/500 m (1.67/3.34 s) 250m

Observation Range 18 km to -5 km (mirror image around nadir)

18 km to -3 km (mirror image around nadir)

15km to -5km (mirror image at nadir)

PRF VPRF (4000 Hz250 Hz) VPRF (4500 Hz250 Hz) Fixed PRF (2776Hz)

Tx Peak Power > 1000 W > 140 W > 500 WMin Detect Ze (Rainfall Rate)

< 18 dBZ( < 0.5 mm/hr )

< 12 dBZ (at 500m reso)( < 0.2 mm/hr )

< 23 dBZ( < 0.7 mm/hr )

Measure Accuracy within ±1 dB within ±1 dB within ±1 dB

Data Rate < 108.5 Kbps < 81.5 Kbps < 93.5 Kbps

Weight < 370 kg < 300 kg < 465 kgPower Consumption < 350 W < 330 W < 250 W

Size 2.4×2.4×0.6 m 1.44 ×1.07×0.7 m 2.2×2.2×0.6 m

* Minimum detectable rainfall rate is defined by Ze=200 R1.6 (TRMM/PR: Ze=372.4 R1.54 )

Current Status of the DPR Development

• DPR is currently being developed DPR is currently being developed by JAXA and NiCT. The conceptual by JAXA and NiCT. The conceptual design work has almost completed.design work has almost completed.

• JAXA constructed and examined JAXA constructed and examined the KuPR T/R Unit (Bread Board the KuPR T/R Unit (Bread Board Model: BBM). We justified the Model: BBM). We justified the conceptual design and confirmed conceptual design and confirmed the possibility of the T/R Unit.the possibility of the T/R Unit.

• NiCT has almost completed to NiCT has almost completed to fabricate and is currently fabricate and is currently examining the KaPR T/R Unit examining the KaPR T/R Unit (Engineering Model: EM).(Engineering Model: EM).

T/R Unit BBM of KuPR

KuPR system block diagram

Waveguide slot antenna

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008

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121・・・・

128・・・・

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Frequency Converter

and IF

Frequency Converter

and IF

System Control and Data

Processing

Telemetry command

Structure Thermal control

Harness

TX/RX subsystem

Signal Processin

g Subsyste

m

Antenna subsystem

ＴＤＡ

ＴＤＡ

HYB

HYB

R ＤＡ

R ＤＡBPF

BPF

16

S/C power subsystem

SW

CPS

CPS

T/R module

T/R unitWaveguide slot antenna

Waveguide slot antenna

Waveguide slot antenna

System Control

and Data Processin

g

Telemetry command

8 Div/comb

8 Div/comb

16 Div/comb

SSPA

PHSSSPA

PHS

LNA

LNA

127

128

：：

SSPA

PHSSSPA

PHS

LNA

LNA

GPM status in Japan• GPM is ranked among future missions in the Roadmap of EO scenario for

the new space agency. • Phase B study from JFY 03 was approved by SAC (MEXT) on Nov. 27.

Though Ministry of Finance did not approve GPM study as phase B officially, budget and personnel requests were accepted as requested by MEXT. Not an established project, but “quasi-project” in EORC/JAXA.

• GPM science team was established in August 2003.• Preliminary evaluation has successfully passed in NASDA (JAXA) in the last

August. Next one will be in February/March 2004.• GCOM-B1: need feasibility study for less constellation satellite case.• Building up International framework is a matter of great urgency for us to

request next phase-up and budget by May/June time frame.– The 3rd GPM workshop was at ESTEC in June 2003.– GPM GV workshop was held in UK in November 2003.– Asia GPM workshop was held in February in 2004.

• GPM Planning Workshop will be held in Tokyo for 7-9 November

• GPM science team• Algorithm development

– GSMaP led by Prof. K. Okamoto– DPR algorithms

– High resolution non-hydrostatic atmospheric model– Earth Simulator

Global modelling studyGlobal Cloud Resolving Model: NICAMGlobal Cloud Resolving Model: NICAM(Nonhydrostatic ICosahedral Atmospheric Model)(Nonhydrostatic ICosahedral Atmospheric Model)Satoh,M., Tomita,H., Nasuno,T., Iga,S.-I., Satoh,M., Tomita,H., Nasuno,T., Iga,S.-I.,

Miura,H.Miura,H. (Frontier Research System for Global (Frontier Research System for Global

Change)Change)• Use of the Earth SimulatorUse of the Earth Simulator• Δx=3.5km grid interval using the icosahedral Δx=3.5km grid interval using the icosahedral

gridgrid• Nonhydrostatic model with explicit cloud Nonhydrostatic model with explicit cloud

physicsphysicsThe Earth Simulator Icosahdral grid

glevel-2glevel-2

glevel-4glevel-4 glevel-3glevel-3

glevel-1glevel-1

Lifecycle experiment of baroclinic waves

• Results at day 10– Temperature & velocity fields at z=180m

Glevel-6 :120km Glevel-8 :30km Glevel-11 :3.5kmGlevel-11 :3.5km