David LunneyCentre de Spectromeacutetrie Nucleacuteaire et de Spectromeacutetrie de Masse

(CSNSM minus IN2P3 CNRS)Universiteacute de Paris Sud Orsay

Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics Special School on Nuclear Mass ModelsArgonne National LaboratoryMay 8-16 2007

Mass measurements for nuclear astrophysicsLecture 2 the mass evaluation chaos the future

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 50 100 150

GANIL SPEG CSS2

stable indirect

ISOLDE MISTRAL ISOLTRAP

Other Penning traps CPT (ANL) LEBIT (MSU) JYFLTRAP

neutron dripline(FRDM95)

proton dripline(FRDM95)

GSI ESR-SMS ESR-IMS SHIPTRAP

N

Z

The atomic mass evaluation

G Audi and AH Wapstra Nuclear Physics A 1988 1993 1995 2003

SPSiAl

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

16151413

27Al (pγ) 28Si28Si (3He8Li) 23Al28Si (4He8He) 24Si28Si (pt) 26Si28Si (pn) 28P

28Si (dp) 29Si28Si (pγ) 29P28Si (π+π-) 28S31P (pα) 28Siand 28Si 12C

Not a compilation

S Schwarz et al Nucl Phys A 693 (2001)

First determinationof isomeric levelsby mass spectrometry

The Mass Evaluation

28Si

1=

28Si

Audi-Wapstra mass table

bull 7773 experimental data (374 rejected) bull primary data 967 energy and 414 inertiabull plus 887 estimated databull 1381 equations with 847 parametersbull 2228 ground state masses (and 201 isomers)bull plus 951 estimated values (and 122 isomers)

least squares mass adjustment (2003)

Atomic Masses Data Center (AMDC) httpwww-csnsmin2p3fr

Mass EvaluationAME

1 Q-values β-decays (β+β-)

2 Q-values α-decays

3 Q-values reactions (pn) (nγ) etc

4 direct measurements (traps rings)

GSI data

frequency correlations between allmeasured ESR data

A Wapstra G Audi C Thibault NPA729 (2003) 129 YuA Litvinov et al NPA756 (2005) 3

6169 input data

~2105 input dataYuA Litvinov G Audi et al ILIMA Technical Proposal

Combined Evaluation

discontinuity on the mass surface new physics or just a mistake

AME lsquolsquosystematicrsquorsquo mass values - geometric extrapolations

A simplified overview of mass models

microscopicsculpturings of a

macroscopic drop(FRDM)

algebraicformulas

(Garvey-Kelson IMME)

microscopicnucleon-nucleon

interaction(RMF HFB)

physics input

ease of use

Extended Thomas-Fermi Strutinki Integral model

macro TF Skyrme approximation micro Strutinski correction (folded Skyrme)

9 parametersgood mass fitmost nuclear properties

now full HFB

HFBCS S Goriely et al At Nuc Data (2001) HFB 1 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2002)HFB 2 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2002)HFB 3 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2003)HFB 4-7 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2003)HFB 8 M Samyn et al Phys Rev C (2004)HFB

Other global approaches

Nucleon interaction

Green rsquos function Monte CarloPieper et al Phys Rev C (2001)very restricted (Alt 12)

chiral perturbation theoryKaiser Fritsch Weise Nucl Phys A (2002) nothing on finite nuclei

Hybrid model

smoothly varying componentsliquid drop shells pairing

+ fluctuations single particle behavior

Koura Uno Tachibana Yamada Nucl Phys A 674 (2000) 47

no physical transparancy

Other developments

Energy density functional approachYu and Bulgac Phys Rev Lett (2003) far from a mass table

Mass systematics using neural networks Clark Gernoth Mavrommatis NPA (2004)σrms (AME2003) = 103 MeV

Shell model inspired

not an interaction but a Hamiltonianone- and two-body terms fit

Duflo amp ZukerPhys Rev C (1997)

excellent fits to the mass table

Physical Review Letters 94 (2005)

A mean-field mass table

Nuclear Mass Models

local models (phenomenological)

Garvey-Kelsonrelations

M(ZN)

M(Z+2N+2)

N=Z

Isobaric Mass MultipletEquation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2 + d Tz3

Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)

Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM

TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ

rms

erro

r (M

eV)

local models

Only 60 masses fit

15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28

34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters

Chaos-limited mass prediction

A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

2

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2

FRDMTF-F

RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM

R =

σm

od(2

001)

σ

(199

5)

microscopic micro-macro local relations

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752

3

4

5

6

7

Z

N =

82

shel

l gap

(MeV

) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2

GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)

CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou

TITAN (TRIUMF)

RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)

MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2

MAFF facility at FRM-II

Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments

trap

n-rich nuclides

trap

funnel

Bavarium

ISAC beam

TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility

Paul trapCooling and

Bunching (1-5ms)

EBITRapid charge

breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection

Penning trapPrecision mass measurement

(~ 10-100ms)

J Dilling et al EMIS 2003

Mass measurements

bull T12 asymp10 ms

bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8

bullOperational 2006

fc = qBm

RIKEN (fragmentation) facility

RIKEN RING

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

CNSAnnualReport2003

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 50 100 150

GANIL SPEG CSS2

stable indirect

ISOLDE MISTRAL ISOLTRAP

Other Penning traps CPT (ANL) LEBIT (MSU) JYFLTRAP

neutron dripline(FRDM95)

proton dripline(FRDM95)

GSI ESR-SMS ESR-IMS SHIPTRAP

N

Z

The atomic mass evaluation

G Audi and AH Wapstra Nuclear Physics A 1988 1993 1995 2003

SPSiAl

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

16151413

27Al (pγ) 28Si28Si (3He8Li) 23Al28Si (4He8He) 24Si28Si (pt) 26Si28Si (pn) 28P

28Si (dp) 29Si28Si (pγ) 29P28Si (π+π-) 28S31P (pα) 28Siand 28Si 12C

Not a compilation

S Schwarz et al Nucl Phys A 693 (2001)

First determinationof isomeric levelsby mass spectrometry

The Mass Evaluation

28Si

1=

28Si

Audi-Wapstra mass table

bull 7773 experimental data (374 rejected) bull primary data 967 energy and 414 inertiabull plus 887 estimated databull 1381 equations with 847 parametersbull 2228 ground state masses (and 201 isomers)bull plus 951 estimated values (and 122 isomers)

least squares mass adjustment (2003)

Atomic Masses Data Center (AMDC) httpwww-csnsmin2p3fr

Mass EvaluationAME

1 Q-values β-decays (β+β-)

2 Q-values α-decays

3 Q-values reactions (pn) (nγ) etc

4 direct measurements (traps rings)

GSI data

frequency correlations between allmeasured ESR data

A Wapstra G Audi C Thibault NPA729 (2003) 129 YuA Litvinov et al NPA756 (2005) 3

6169 input data

~2105 input dataYuA Litvinov G Audi et al ILIMA Technical Proposal

Combined Evaluation

discontinuity on the mass surface new physics or just a mistake

AME lsquolsquosystematicrsquorsquo mass values - geometric extrapolations

A simplified overview of mass models

microscopicsculpturings of a

macroscopic drop(FRDM)

algebraicformulas

(Garvey-Kelson IMME)

microscopicnucleon-nucleon

interaction(RMF HFB)

physics input

ease of use

Extended Thomas-Fermi Strutinki Integral model

macro TF Skyrme approximation micro Strutinski correction (folded Skyrme)

9 parametersgood mass fitmost nuclear properties

now full HFB

HFBCS S Goriely et al At Nuc Data (2001) HFB 1 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2002)HFB 2 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2002)HFB 3 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2003)HFB 4-7 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2003)HFB 8 M Samyn et al Phys Rev C (2004)HFB

Other global approaches

Nucleon interaction

Green rsquos function Monte CarloPieper et al Phys Rev C (2001)very restricted (Alt 12)

chiral perturbation theoryKaiser Fritsch Weise Nucl Phys A (2002) nothing on finite nuclei

Hybrid model

smoothly varying componentsliquid drop shells pairing

+ fluctuations single particle behavior

Koura Uno Tachibana Yamada Nucl Phys A 674 (2000) 47

no physical transparancy

Other developments

Energy density functional approachYu and Bulgac Phys Rev Lett (2003) far from a mass table

Mass systematics using neural networks Clark Gernoth Mavrommatis NPA (2004)σrms (AME2003) = 103 MeV

Shell model inspired

not an interaction but a Hamiltonianone- and two-body terms fit

Duflo amp ZukerPhys Rev C (1997)

excellent fits to the mass table

Physical Review Letters 94 (2005)

A mean-field mass table

Nuclear Mass Models

local models (phenomenological)

Garvey-Kelsonrelations

M(ZN)

M(Z+2N+2)

N=Z

Isobaric Mass MultipletEquation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2 + d Tz3

Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)

Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM

TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ

rms

erro

r (M

eV)

local models

Only 60 masses fit

15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28

34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters

Chaos-limited mass prediction

A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

2

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2

FRDMTF-F

RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM

R =

σm

od(2

001)

σ

(199

5)

microscopic micro-macro local relations

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752

3

4

5

6

7

Z

N =

82

shel

l gap

(MeV

) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2

GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)

CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou

TITAN (TRIUMF)

RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)

MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2

MAFF facility at FRM-II

Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments

trap

n-rich nuclides

trap

funnel

Bavarium

ISAC beam

TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility

Paul trapCooling and

Bunching (1-5ms)

EBITRapid charge

breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection

Penning trapPrecision mass measurement

(~ 10-100ms)

J Dilling et al EMIS 2003

Mass measurements

bull T12 asymp10 ms

bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8

bullOperational 2006

fc = qBm

RIKEN (fragmentation) facility

RIKEN RING

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

CNSAnnualReport2003

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 50 100 150

GANIL SPEG CSS2

stable indirect

ISOLDE MISTRAL ISOLTRAP

Other Penning traps CPT (ANL) LEBIT (MSU) JYFLTRAP

neutron dripline(FRDM95)

proton dripline(FRDM95)

GSI ESR-SMS ESR-IMS SHIPTRAP

N

Z

The atomic mass evaluation

G Audi and AH Wapstra Nuclear Physics A 1988 1993 1995 2003

SPSiAl

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

16151413

27Al (pγ) 28Si28Si (3He8Li) 23Al28Si (4He8He) 24Si28Si (pt) 26Si28Si (pn) 28P

28Si (dp) 29Si28Si (pγ) 29P28Si (π+π-) 28S31P (pα) 28Siand 28Si 12C

Not a compilation

S Schwarz et al Nucl Phys A 693 (2001)

First determinationof isomeric levelsby mass spectrometry

The Mass Evaluation

28Si

1=

28Si

Audi-Wapstra mass table

bull 7773 experimental data (374 rejected) bull primary data 967 energy and 414 inertiabull plus 887 estimated databull 1381 equations with 847 parametersbull 2228 ground state masses (and 201 isomers)bull plus 951 estimated values (and 122 isomers)

least squares mass adjustment (2003)

Atomic Masses Data Center (AMDC) httpwww-csnsmin2p3fr

Mass EvaluationAME

1 Q-values β-decays (β+β-)

2 Q-values α-decays

3 Q-values reactions (pn) (nγ) etc

4 direct measurements (traps rings)

GSI data

frequency correlations between allmeasured ESR data

A Wapstra G Audi C Thibault NPA729 (2003) 129 YuA Litvinov et al NPA756 (2005) 3

6169 input data

~2105 input dataYuA Litvinov G Audi et al ILIMA Technical Proposal

Combined Evaluation

discontinuity on the mass surface new physics or just a mistake

AME lsquolsquosystematicrsquorsquo mass values - geometric extrapolations

A simplified overview of mass models

microscopicsculpturings of a

macroscopic drop(FRDM)

algebraicformulas

(Garvey-Kelson IMME)

microscopicnucleon-nucleon

interaction(RMF HFB)

physics input

ease of use

Extended Thomas-Fermi Strutinki Integral model

macro TF Skyrme approximation micro Strutinski correction (folded Skyrme)

9 parametersgood mass fitmost nuclear properties

now full HFB

HFBCS S Goriely et al At Nuc Data (2001) HFB 1 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2002)HFB 2 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2002)HFB 3 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2003)HFB 4-7 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2003)HFB 8 M Samyn et al Phys Rev C (2004)HFB

Other global approaches

Nucleon interaction

Green rsquos function Monte CarloPieper et al Phys Rev C (2001)very restricted (Alt 12)

chiral perturbation theoryKaiser Fritsch Weise Nucl Phys A (2002) nothing on finite nuclei

Hybrid model

smoothly varying componentsliquid drop shells pairing

+ fluctuations single particle behavior

Koura Uno Tachibana Yamada Nucl Phys A 674 (2000) 47

no physical transparancy

Other developments

Energy density functional approachYu and Bulgac Phys Rev Lett (2003) far from a mass table

Mass systematics using neural networks Clark Gernoth Mavrommatis NPA (2004)σrms (AME2003) = 103 MeV

Shell model inspired

not an interaction but a Hamiltonianone- and two-body terms fit

Duflo amp ZukerPhys Rev C (1997)

excellent fits to the mass table

Physical Review Letters 94 (2005)

A mean-field mass table

Nuclear Mass Models

local models (phenomenological)

Garvey-Kelsonrelations

M(ZN)

M(Z+2N+2)

N=Z

Isobaric Mass MultipletEquation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2 + d Tz3

Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)

Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM

TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ

rms

erro

r (M

eV)

local models

Only 60 masses fit

15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28

34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters

Chaos-limited mass prediction

A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

2

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2

FRDMTF-F

RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM

R =

σm

od(2

001)

σ

(199

5)

microscopic micro-macro local relations

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752

3

4

5

6

7

Z

N =

82

shel

l gap

(MeV

) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2

GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)

CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou

TITAN (TRIUMF)

RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)

MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2

MAFF facility at FRM-II

Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments

trap

n-rich nuclides

trap

funnel

Bavarium

ISAC beam

TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility

Paul trapCooling and

Bunching (1-5ms)

EBITRapid charge

breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection

Penning trapPrecision mass measurement

(~ 10-100ms)

J Dilling et al EMIS 2003

Mass measurements

bull T12 asymp10 ms

bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8

bullOperational 2006

fc = qBm

RIKEN (fragmentation) facility

RIKEN RING

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

CNSAnnualReport2003

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

The atomic mass evaluation

G Audi and AH Wapstra Nuclear Physics A 1988 1993 1995 2003

SPSiAl

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

16151413

27Al (pγ) 28Si28Si (3He8Li) 23Al28Si (4He8He) 24Si28Si (pt) 26Si28Si (pn) 28P

28Si (dp) 29Si28Si (pγ) 29P28Si (π+π-) 28S31P (pα) 28Siand 28Si 12C

Not a compilation

S Schwarz et al Nucl Phys A 693 (2001)

First determinationof isomeric levelsby mass spectrometry

The Mass Evaluation

28Si

1=

28Si

Audi-Wapstra mass table

bull 7773 experimental data (374 rejected) bull primary data 967 energy and 414 inertiabull plus 887 estimated databull 1381 equations with 847 parametersbull 2228 ground state masses (and 201 isomers)bull plus 951 estimated values (and 122 isomers)

least squares mass adjustment (2003)

Atomic Masses Data Center (AMDC) httpwww-csnsmin2p3fr

Mass EvaluationAME

1 Q-values β-decays (β+β-)

2 Q-values α-decays

3 Q-values reactions (pn) (nγ) etc

4 direct measurements (traps rings)

GSI data

frequency correlations between allmeasured ESR data

A Wapstra G Audi C Thibault NPA729 (2003) 129 YuA Litvinov et al NPA756 (2005) 3

6169 input data

~2105 input dataYuA Litvinov G Audi et al ILIMA Technical Proposal

Combined Evaluation

discontinuity on the mass surface new physics or just a mistake

AME lsquolsquosystematicrsquorsquo mass values - geometric extrapolations

A simplified overview of mass models

microscopicsculpturings of a

macroscopic drop(FRDM)

algebraicformulas

(Garvey-Kelson IMME)

microscopicnucleon-nucleon

interaction(RMF HFB)

physics input

ease of use

Extended Thomas-Fermi Strutinki Integral model

macro TF Skyrme approximation micro Strutinski correction (folded Skyrme)

9 parametersgood mass fitmost nuclear properties

now full HFB

HFBCS S Goriely et al At Nuc Data (2001) HFB 1 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2002)HFB 2 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2002)HFB 3 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2003)HFB 4-7 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2003)HFB 8 M Samyn et al Phys Rev C (2004)HFB

Other global approaches

Nucleon interaction

Green rsquos function Monte CarloPieper et al Phys Rev C (2001)very restricted (Alt 12)

chiral perturbation theoryKaiser Fritsch Weise Nucl Phys A (2002) nothing on finite nuclei

Hybrid model

smoothly varying componentsliquid drop shells pairing

+ fluctuations single particle behavior

Koura Uno Tachibana Yamada Nucl Phys A 674 (2000) 47

no physical transparancy

Other developments

Energy density functional approachYu and Bulgac Phys Rev Lett (2003) far from a mass table

Mass systematics using neural networks Clark Gernoth Mavrommatis NPA (2004)σrms (AME2003) = 103 MeV

Shell model inspired

not an interaction but a Hamiltonianone- and two-body terms fit

Duflo amp ZukerPhys Rev C (1997)

excellent fits to the mass table

Physical Review Letters 94 (2005)

A mean-field mass table

Nuclear Mass Models

local models (phenomenological)

Garvey-Kelsonrelations

M(ZN)

M(Z+2N+2)

N=Z

Isobaric Mass MultipletEquation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2 + d Tz3

Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)

Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM

TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ

rms

erro

r (M

eV)

local models

Only 60 masses fit

15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28

34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters

Chaos-limited mass prediction

A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

2

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2

FRDMTF-F

RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM

R =

σm

od(2

001)

σ

(199

5)

microscopic micro-macro local relations

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752

3

4

5

6

7

Z

N =

82

shel

l gap

(MeV

) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2

GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)

CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou

TITAN (TRIUMF)

RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)

MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2

MAFF facility at FRM-II

Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments

trap

n-rich nuclides

trap

funnel

Bavarium

ISAC beam

TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility

Paul trapCooling and

Bunching (1-5ms)

EBITRapid charge

breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection

Penning trapPrecision mass measurement

(~ 10-100ms)

J Dilling et al EMIS 2003

Mass measurements

bull T12 asymp10 ms

bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8

bullOperational 2006

fc = qBm

RIKEN (fragmentation) facility

RIKEN RING

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

CNSAnnualReport2003

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

S Schwarz et al Nucl Phys A 693 (2001)

First determinationof isomeric levelsby mass spectrometry

The Mass Evaluation

28Si

1=

28Si

Audi-Wapstra mass table

bull 7773 experimental data (374 rejected) bull primary data 967 energy and 414 inertiabull plus 887 estimated databull 1381 equations with 847 parametersbull 2228 ground state masses (and 201 isomers)bull plus 951 estimated values (and 122 isomers)

least squares mass adjustment (2003)

Atomic Masses Data Center (AMDC) httpwww-csnsmin2p3fr

Mass EvaluationAME

1 Q-values β-decays (β+β-)

2 Q-values α-decays

3 Q-values reactions (pn) (nγ) etc

4 direct measurements (traps rings)

GSI data

frequency correlations between allmeasured ESR data

A Wapstra G Audi C Thibault NPA729 (2003) 129 YuA Litvinov et al NPA756 (2005) 3

6169 input data

~2105 input dataYuA Litvinov G Audi et al ILIMA Technical Proposal

Combined Evaluation

discontinuity on the mass surface new physics or just a mistake

AME lsquolsquosystematicrsquorsquo mass values - geometric extrapolations

A simplified overview of mass models

microscopicsculpturings of a

macroscopic drop(FRDM)

algebraicformulas

(Garvey-Kelson IMME)

microscopicnucleon-nucleon

interaction(RMF HFB)

physics input

ease of use

Extended Thomas-Fermi Strutinki Integral model

macro TF Skyrme approximation micro Strutinski correction (folded Skyrme)

9 parametersgood mass fitmost nuclear properties

now full HFB

HFBCS S Goriely et al At Nuc Data (2001) HFB 1 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2002)HFB 2 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2002)HFB 3 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2003)HFB 4-7 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2003)HFB 8 M Samyn et al Phys Rev C (2004)HFB

Other global approaches

Nucleon interaction

Green rsquos function Monte CarloPieper et al Phys Rev C (2001)very restricted (Alt 12)

chiral perturbation theoryKaiser Fritsch Weise Nucl Phys A (2002) nothing on finite nuclei

Hybrid model

smoothly varying componentsliquid drop shells pairing

+ fluctuations single particle behavior

Koura Uno Tachibana Yamada Nucl Phys A 674 (2000) 47

no physical transparancy

Other developments

Energy density functional approachYu and Bulgac Phys Rev Lett (2003) far from a mass table

Mass systematics using neural networks Clark Gernoth Mavrommatis NPA (2004)σrms (AME2003) = 103 MeV

Shell model inspired

not an interaction but a Hamiltonianone- and two-body terms fit

Duflo amp ZukerPhys Rev C (1997)

excellent fits to the mass table

Physical Review Letters 94 (2005)

A mean-field mass table

Nuclear Mass Models

local models (phenomenological)

Garvey-Kelsonrelations

M(ZN)

M(Z+2N+2)

N=Z

Isobaric Mass MultipletEquation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2 + d Tz3

Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)

Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM

TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ

rms

erro

r (M

eV)

local models

Only 60 masses fit

15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28

34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters

Chaos-limited mass prediction

A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

2

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2

FRDMTF-F

RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM

R =

σm

od(2

001)

σ

(199

5)

microscopic micro-macro local relations

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752

3

4

5

6

7

Z

N =

82

shel

l gap

(MeV

) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2

GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)

CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou

TITAN (TRIUMF)

RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)

MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2

MAFF facility at FRM-II

Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments

trap

n-rich nuclides

trap

funnel

Bavarium

ISAC beam

TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility

Paul trapCooling and

Bunching (1-5ms)

EBITRapid charge

breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection

Penning trapPrecision mass measurement

(~ 10-100ms)

J Dilling et al EMIS 2003

Mass measurements

bull T12 asymp10 ms

bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8

bullOperational 2006

fc = qBm

RIKEN (fragmentation) facility

RIKEN RING

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

CNSAnnualReport2003

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

The Mass Evaluation

28Si

1=

28Si

Audi-Wapstra mass table

bull 7773 experimental data (374 rejected) bull primary data 967 energy and 414 inertiabull plus 887 estimated databull 1381 equations with 847 parametersbull 2228 ground state masses (and 201 isomers)bull plus 951 estimated values (and 122 isomers)

least squares mass adjustment (2003)

Atomic Masses Data Center (AMDC) httpwww-csnsmin2p3fr

Mass EvaluationAME

1 Q-values β-decays (β+β-)

2 Q-values α-decays

3 Q-values reactions (pn) (nγ) etc

4 direct measurements (traps rings)

GSI data

frequency correlations between allmeasured ESR data

A Wapstra G Audi C Thibault NPA729 (2003) 129 YuA Litvinov et al NPA756 (2005) 3

6169 input data

~2105 input dataYuA Litvinov G Audi et al ILIMA Technical Proposal

Combined Evaluation

discontinuity on the mass surface new physics or just a mistake

AME lsquolsquosystematicrsquorsquo mass values - geometric extrapolations

A simplified overview of mass models

microscopicsculpturings of a

macroscopic drop(FRDM)

algebraicformulas

(Garvey-Kelson IMME)

microscopicnucleon-nucleon

interaction(RMF HFB)

physics input

ease of use

Extended Thomas-Fermi Strutinki Integral model

macro TF Skyrme approximation micro Strutinski correction (folded Skyrme)

9 parametersgood mass fitmost nuclear properties

now full HFB

HFBCS S Goriely et al At Nuc Data (2001) HFB 1 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2002)HFB 2 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2002)HFB 3 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2003)HFB 4-7 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2003)HFB 8 M Samyn et al Phys Rev C (2004)HFB

Other global approaches

Nucleon interaction

Green rsquos function Monte CarloPieper et al Phys Rev C (2001)very restricted (Alt 12)

chiral perturbation theoryKaiser Fritsch Weise Nucl Phys A (2002) nothing on finite nuclei

Hybrid model

smoothly varying componentsliquid drop shells pairing

+ fluctuations single particle behavior

Koura Uno Tachibana Yamada Nucl Phys A 674 (2000) 47

no physical transparancy

Other developments

Energy density functional approachYu and Bulgac Phys Rev Lett (2003) far from a mass table

Mass systematics using neural networks Clark Gernoth Mavrommatis NPA (2004)σrms (AME2003) = 103 MeV

Shell model inspired

not an interaction but a Hamiltonianone- and two-body terms fit

Duflo amp ZukerPhys Rev C (1997)

excellent fits to the mass table

Physical Review Letters 94 (2005)

A mean-field mass table

Nuclear Mass Models

local models (phenomenological)

Garvey-Kelsonrelations

M(ZN)

M(Z+2N+2)

N=Z

Isobaric Mass MultipletEquation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2 + d Tz3

Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)

Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM

TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ

rms

erro

r (M

eV)

local models

Only 60 masses fit

15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28

34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters

Chaos-limited mass prediction

A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

2

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2

FRDMTF-F

RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM

R =

σm

od(2

001)

σ

(199

5)

microscopic micro-macro local relations

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752

3

4

5

6

7

Z

N =

82

shel

l gap

(MeV

) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2

GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)

CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou

TITAN (TRIUMF)

RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)

MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2

MAFF facility at FRM-II

Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments

trap

n-rich nuclides

trap

funnel

Bavarium

ISAC beam

TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility

Paul trapCooling and

Bunching (1-5ms)

EBITRapid charge

breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection

Penning trapPrecision mass measurement

(~ 10-100ms)

J Dilling et al EMIS 2003

Mass measurements

bull T12 asymp10 ms

bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8

bullOperational 2006

fc = qBm

RIKEN (fragmentation) facility

RIKEN RING

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

CNSAnnualReport2003

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

Atomic Masses Data Center (AMDC) httpwww-csnsmin2p3fr

Mass EvaluationAME

1 Q-values β-decays (β+β-)

2 Q-values α-decays

3 Q-values reactions (pn) (nγ) etc

4 direct measurements (traps rings)

GSI data

frequency correlations between allmeasured ESR data

A Wapstra G Audi C Thibault NPA729 (2003) 129 YuA Litvinov et al NPA756 (2005) 3

6169 input data

~2105 input dataYuA Litvinov G Audi et al ILIMA Technical Proposal

Combined Evaluation

discontinuity on the mass surface new physics or just a mistake

AME lsquolsquosystematicrsquorsquo mass values - geometric extrapolations

A simplified overview of mass models

microscopicsculpturings of a

macroscopic drop(FRDM)

algebraicformulas

(Garvey-Kelson IMME)

microscopicnucleon-nucleon

interaction(RMF HFB)

physics input

ease of use

Extended Thomas-Fermi Strutinki Integral model

macro TF Skyrme approximation micro Strutinski correction (folded Skyrme)

9 parametersgood mass fitmost nuclear properties

now full HFB

HFBCS S Goriely et al At Nuc Data (2001) HFB 1 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2002)HFB 2 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2002)HFB 3 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2003)HFB 4-7 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2003)HFB 8 M Samyn et al Phys Rev C (2004)HFB

Other global approaches

Nucleon interaction

Green rsquos function Monte CarloPieper et al Phys Rev C (2001)very restricted (Alt 12)

chiral perturbation theoryKaiser Fritsch Weise Nucl Phys A (2002) nothing on finite nuclei

Hybrid model

smoothly varying componentsliquid drop shells pairing

+ fluctuations single particle behavior

Koura Uno Tachibana Yamada Nucl Phys A 674 (2000) 47

no physical transparancy

Other developments

Energy density functional approachYu and Bulgac Phys Rev Lett (2003) far from a mass table

Mass systematics using neural networks Clark Gernoth Mavrommatis NPA (2004)σrms (AME2003) = 103 MeV

Shell model inspired

not an interaction but a Hamiltonianone- and two-body terms fit

Duflo amp ZukerPhys Rev C (1997)

excellent fits to the mass table

Physical Review Letters 94 (2005)

A mean-field mass table

Nuclear Mass Models

local models (phenomenological)

Garvey-Kelsonrelations

M(ZN)

M(Z+2N+2)

N=Z

Isobaric Mass MultipletEquation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2 + d Tz3

Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)

Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM

TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ

rms

erro

r (M

eV)

local models

Only 60 masses fit

15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28

34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters

Chaos-limited mass prediction

A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

2

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2

FRDMTF-F

RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM

R =

σm

od(2

001)

σ

(199

5)

microscopic micro-macro local relations

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752

3

4

5

6

7

Z

N =

82

shel

l gap

(MeV

) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2

GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)

CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou

TITAN (TRIUMF)

RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)

MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2

MAFF facility at FRM-II

Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments

trap

n-rich nuclides

trap

funnel

Bavarium

ISAC beam

TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility

Paul trapCooling and

Bunching (1-5ms)

EBITRapid charge

breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection

Penning trapPrecision mass measurement

(~ 10-100ms)

J Dilling et al EMIS 2003

Mass measurements

bull T12 asymp10 ms

bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8

bullOperational 2006

fc = qBm

RIKEN (fragmentation) facility

RIKEN RING

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

CNSAnnualReport2003

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

Mass EvaluationAME

1 Q-values β-decays (β+β-)

2 Q-values α-decays

3 Q-values reactions (pn) (nγ) etc

4 direct measurements (traps rings)

GSI data

frequency correlations between allmeasured ESR data

A Wapstra G Audi C Thibault NPA729 (2003) 129 YuA Litvinov et al NPA756 (2005) 3

6169 input data

~2105 input dataYuA Litvinov G Audi et al ILIMA Technical Proposal

Combined Evaluation

discontinuity on the mass surface new physics or just a mistake

AME lsquolsquosystematicrsquorsquo mass values - geometric extrapolations

A simplified overview of mass models

microscopicsculpturings of a

macroscopic drop(FRDM)

algebraicformulas

(Garvey-Kelson IMME)

microscopicnucleon-nucleon

interaction(RMF HFB)

physics input

ease of use

Extended Thomas-Fermi Strutinki Integral model

macro TF Skyrme approximation micro Strutinski correction (folded Skyrme)

9 parametersgood mass fitmost nuclear properties

now full HFB

HFBCS S Goriely et al At Nuc Data (2001) HFB 1 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2002)HFB 2 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2002)HFB 3 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2003)HFB 4-7 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2003)HFB 8 M Samyn et al Phys Rev C (2004)HFB

Other global approaches

Nucleon interaction

Green rsquos function Monte CarloPieper et al Phys Rev C (2001)very restricted (Alt 12)

chiral perturbation theoryKaiser Fritsch Weise Nucl Phys A (2002) nothing on finite nuclei

Hybrid model

smoothly varying componentsliquid drop shells pairing

+ fluctuations single particle behavior

Koura Uno Tachibana Yamada Nucl Phys A 674 (2000) 47

no physical transparancy

Other developments

Energy density functional approachYu and Bulgac Phys Rev Lett (2003) far from a mass table

Mass systematics using neural networks Clark Gernoth Mavrommatis NPA (2004)σrms (AME2003) = 103 MeV

Shell model inspired

not an interaction but a Hamiltonianone- and two-body terms fit

Duflo amp ZukerPhys Rev C (1997)

excellent fits to the mass table

Physical Review Letters 94 (2005)

A mean-field mass table

Nuclear Mass Models

local models (phenomenological)

Garvey-Kelsonrelations

M(ZN)

M(Z+2N+2)

N=Z

Isobaric Mass MultipletEquation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2 + d Tz3

Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)

Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM

TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ

rms

erro

r (M

eV)

local models

Only 60 masses fit

15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28

34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters

Chaos-limited mass prediction

A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

2

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2

FRDMTF-F

RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM

R =

σm

od(2

001)

σ

(199

5)

microscopic micro-macro local relations

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752

3

4

5

6

7

Z

N =

82

shel

l gap

(MeV

) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2

GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)

CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou

TITAN (TRIUMF)

RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)

MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2

MAFF facility at FRM-II

Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments

trap

n-rich nuclides

trap

funnel

Bavarium

ISAC beam

TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility

Paul trapCooling and

Bunching (1-5ms)

EBITRapid charge

breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection

Penning trapPrecision mass measurement

(~ 10-100ms)

J Dilling et al EMIS 2003

Mass measurements

bull T12 asymp10 ms

bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8

bullOperational 2006

fc = qBm

RIKEN (fragmentation) facility

RIKEN RING

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

CNSAnnualReport2003

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

discontinuity on the mass surface new physics or just a mistake

AME lsquolsquosystematicrsquorsquo mass values - geometric extrapolations

A simplified overview of mass models

microscopicsculpturings of a

macroscopic drop(FRDM)

algebraicformulas

(Garvey-Kelson IMME)

microscopicnucleon-nucleon

interaction(RMF HFB)

physics input

ease of use

Extended Thomas-Fermi Strutinki Integral model

macro TF Skyrme approximation micro Strutinski correction (folded Skyrme)

9 parametersgood mass fitmost nuclear properties

now full HFB

HFBCS S Goriely et al At Nuc Data (2001) HFB 1 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2002)HFB 2 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2002)HFB 3 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2003)HFB 4-7 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2003)HFB 8 M Samyn et al Phys Rev C (2004)HFB

Other global approaches

Nucleon interaction

Green rsquos function Monte CarloPieper et al Phys Rev C (2001)very restricted (Alt 12)

chiral perturbation theoryKaiser Fritsch Weise Nucl Phys A (2002) nothing on finite nuclei

Hybrid model

smoothly varying componentsliquid drop shells pairing

+ fluctuations single particle behavior

Koura Uno Tachibana Yamada Nucl Phys A 674 (2000) 47

no physical transparancy

Other developments

Energy density functional approachYu and Bulgac Phys Rev Lett (2003) far from a mass table

Mass systematics using neural networks Clark Gernoth Mavrommatis NPA (2004)σrms (AME2003) = 103 MeV

Shell model inspired

not an interaction but a Hamiltonianone- and two-body terms fit

Duflo amp ZukerPhys Rev C (1997)

excellent fits to the mass table

Physical Review Letters 94 (2005)

A mean-field mass table

Nuclear Mass Models

local models (phenomenological)

Garvey-Kelsonrelations

M(ZN)

M(Z+2N+2)

N=Z

Isobaric Mass MultipletEquation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2 + d Tz3

Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)

Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM

TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ

rms

erro

r (M

eV)

local models

Only 60 masses fit

15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28

34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters

Chaos-limited mass prediction

A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

2

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2

FRDMTF-F

RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM

R =

σm

od(2

001)

σ

(199

5)

microscopic micro-macro local relations

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752

3

4

5

6

7

Z

N =

82

shel

l gap

(MeV

) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2

GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)

CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou

TITAN (TRIUMF)

RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)

MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2

MAFF facility at FRM-II

Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments

trap

n-rich nuclides

trap

funnel

Bavarium

ISAC beam

TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility

Paul trapCooling and

Bunching (1-5ms)

EBITRapid charge

breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection

Penning trapPrecision mass measurement

(~ 10-100ms)

J Dilling et al EMIS 2003

Mass measurements

bull T12 asymp10 ms

bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8

bullOperational 2006

fc = qBm

RIKEN (fragmentation) facility

RIKEN RING

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

CNSAnnualReport2003

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

A simplified overview of mass models

microscopicsculpturings of a

macroscopic drop(FRDM)

algebraicformulas

(Garvey-Kelson IMME)

microscopicnucleon-nucleon

interaction(RMF HFB)

physics input

ease of use

Extended Thomas-Fermi Strutinki Integral model

macro TF Skyrme approximation micro Strutinski correction (folded Skyrme)

9 parametersgood mass fitmost nuclear properties

now full HFB

HFBCS S Goriely et al At Nuc Data (2001) HFB 1 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2002)HFB 2 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2002)HFB 3 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2003)HFB 4-7 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2003)HFB 8 M Samyn et al Phys Rev C (2004)HFB

Other global approaches

Nucleon interaction

Green rsquos function Monte CarloPieper et al Phys Rev C (2001)very restricted (Alt 12)

chiral perturbation theoryKaiser Fritsch Weise Nucl Phys A (2002) nothing on finite nuclei

Hybrid model

smoothly varying componentsliquid drop shells pairing

+ fluctuations single particle behavior

Koura Uno Tachibana Yamada Nucl Phys A 674 (2000) 47

no physical transparancy

Other developments

Energy density functional approachYu and Bulgac Phys Rev Lett (2003) far from a mass table

Mass systematics using neural networks Clark Gernoth Mavrommatis NPA (2004)σrms (AME2003) = 103 MeV

Shell model inspired

not an interaction but a Hamiltonianone- and two-body terms fit

Duflo amp ZukerPhys Rev C (1997)

excellent fits to the mass table

Physical Review Letters 94 (2005)

A mean-field mass table

Nuclear Mass Models

local models (phenomenological)

Garvey-Kelsonrelations

M(ZN)

M(Z+2N+2)

N=Z

Isobaric Mass MultipletEquation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2 + d Tz3

Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)

Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM

TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ

rms

erro

r (M

eV)

local models

Only 60 masses fit

15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28

34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters

Chaos-limited mass prediction

A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

2

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2

FRDMTF-F

RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM

R =

σm

od(2

001)

σ

(199

5)

microscopic micro-macro local relations

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752

3

4

5

6

7

Z

N =

82

shel

l gap

(MeV

) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2

GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)

CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou

TITAN (TRIUMF)

RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)

MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2

MAFF facility at FRM-II

Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments

trap

n-rich nuclides

trap

funnel

Bavarium

ISAC beam

TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility

Paul trapCooling and

Bunching (1-5ms)

EBITRapid charge

breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection

Penning trapPrecision mass measurement

(~ 10-100ms)

J Dilling et al EMIS 2003

Mass measurements

bull T12 asymp10 ms

bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8

bullOperational 2006

fc = qBm

RIKEN (fragmentation) facility

RIKEN RING

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

CNSAnnualReport2003

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

Other global approaches

Nucleon interaction

Green rsquos function Monte CarloPieper et al Phys Rev C (2001)very restricted (Alt 12)

chiral perturbation theoryKaiser Fritsch Weise Nucl Phys A (2002) nothing on finite nuclei

Hybrid model

smoothly varying componentsliquid drop shells pairing

+ fluctuations single particle behavior

Koura Uno Tachibana Yamada Nucl Phys A 674 (2000) 47

no physical transparancy

Other developments

Energy density functional approachYu and Bulgac Phys Rev Lett (2003) far from a mass table

Mass systematics using neural networks Clark Gernoth Mavrommatis NPA (2004)σrms (AME2003) = 103 MeV

Shell model inspired

not an interaction but a Hamiltonianone- and two-body terms fit

Duflo amp ZukerPhys Rev C (1997)

excellent fits to the mass table

Physical Review Letters 94 (2005)

A mean-field mass table

Nuclear Mass Models

local models (phenomenological)

Garvey-Kelsonrelations

M(ZN)

M(Z+2N+2)

N=Z

Isobaric Mass MultipletEquation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2 + d Tz3

Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)

Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM

TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ

rms

erro

r (M

eV)

local models

Only 60 masses fit

15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28

34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters

Chaos-limited mass prediction

A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

2

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2

FRDMTF-F

RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM

R =

σm

od(2

001)

σ

(199

5)

microscopic micro-macro local relations

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752

3

4

5

6

7

Z

N =

82

shel

l gap

(MeV

) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2

GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)

CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou

TITAN (TRIUMF)

RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)

MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2

MAFF facility at FRM-II

Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments

trap

n-rich nuclides

trap

funnel

Bavarium

ISAC beam

TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility

Paul trapCooling and

Bunching (1-5ms)

EBITRapid charge

breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection

Penning trapPrecision mass measurement

(~ 10-100ms)

J Dilling et al EMIS 2003

Mass measurements

bull T12 asymp10 ms

bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8

bullOperational 2006

fc = qBm

RIKEN (fragmentation) facility

RIKEN RING

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

CNSAnnualReport2003

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

Physical Review Letters 94 (2005)

A mean-field mass table

Nuclear Mass Models

local models (phenomenological)

Garvey-Kelsonrelations

M(ZN)

M(Z+2N+2)

N=Z

Isobaric Mass MultipletEquation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2 + d Tz3

Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)

Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM

TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ

rms

erro

r (M

eV)

local models

Only 60 masses fit

15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28

34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters

Chaos-limited mass prediction

A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

2

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2

FRDMTF-F

RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM

R =

σm

od(2

001)

σ

(199

5)

microscopic micro-macro local relations

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752

3

4

5

6

7

Z

N =

82

shel

l gap

(MeV

) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2

GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)

CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou

TITAN (TRIUMF)

RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)

MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2

MAFF facility at FRM-II

Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments

trap

n-rich nuclides

trap

funnel

Bavarium

ISAC beam

TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility

Paul trapCooling and

Bunching (1-5ms)

EBITRapid charge

breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection

Penning trapPrecision mass measurement

(~ 10-100ms)

J Dilling et al EMIS 2003

Mass measurements

bull T12 asymp10 ms

bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8

bullOperational 2006

fc = qBm

RIKEN (fragmentation) facility

RIKEN RING

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

CNSAnnualReport2003

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

Nuclear Mass Models

local models (phenomenological)

Garvey-Kelsonrelations

M(ZN)

M(Z+2N+2)

N=Z

Isobaric Mass MultipletEquation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2 + d Tz3

Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)

Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM

TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ

rms

erro

r (M

eV)

local models

Only 60 masses fit

15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28

34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters

Chaos-limited mass prediction

A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

2

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2

FRDMTF-F

RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM

R =

σm

od(2

001)

σ

(199

5)

microscopic micro-macro local relations

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752

3

4

5

6

7

Z

N =

82

shel

l gap

(MeV

) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2

GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)

CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou

TITAN (TRIUMF)

RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)

MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2

MAFF facility at FRM-II

Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments

trap

n-rich nuclides

trap

funnel

Bavarium

ISAC beam

TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility

Paul trapCooling and

Bunching (1-5ms)

EBITRapid charge

breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection

Penning trapPrecision mass measurement

(~ 10-100ms)

J Dilling et al EMIS 2003

Mass measurements

bull T12 asymp10 ms

bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8

bullOperational 2006

fc = qBm

RIKEN (fragmentation) facility

RIKEN RING

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

CNSAnnualReport2003

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2 + d Tz3

Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)

Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM

TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ

rms

erro

r (M

eV)

local models

Only 60 masses fit

15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28

34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters

Chaos-limited mass prediction

A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

2

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2

FRDMTF-F

RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM

R =

σm

od(2

001)

σ

(199

5)

microscopic micro-macro local relations

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752

3

4

5

6

7

Z

N =

82

shel

l gap

(MeV

) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2

GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)

CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou

TITAN (TRIUMF)

RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)

MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2

MAFF facility at FRM-II

Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments

trap

n-rich nuclides

trap

funnel

Bavarium

ISAC beam

TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility

Paul trapCooling and

Bunching (1-5ms)

EBITRapid charge

breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection

Penning trapPrecision mass measurement

(~ 10-100ms)

J Dilling et al EMIS 2003

Mass measurements

bull T12 asymp10 ms

bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8

bullOperational 2006

fc = qBm

RIKEN (fragmentation) facility

RIKEN RING

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

CNSAnnualReport2003

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz

2 + d Tz3

Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)

Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM

TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ

rms

erro

r (M

eV)

local models

Only 60 masses fit

15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28

34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters

Chaos-limited mass prediction

A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

2

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2

FRDMTF-F

RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM

R =

σm

od(2

001)

σ

(199

5)

microscopic micro-macro local relations

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752

3

4

5

6

7

Z

N =

82

shel

l gap

(MeV

) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2

GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)

CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou

TITAN (TRIUMF)

RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)

MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2

MAFF facility at FRM-II

Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments

trap

n-rich nuclides

trap

funnel

Bavarium

ISAC beam

TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility

Paul trapCooling and

Bunching (1-5ms)

EBITRapid charge

breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection

Penning trapPrecision mass measurement

(~ 10-100ms)

J Dilling et al EMIS 2003

Mass measurements

bull T12 asymp10 ms

bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8

bullOperational 2006

fc = qBm

RIKEN (fragmentation) facility

RIKEN RING

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

CNSAnnualReport2003

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)

0

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM

TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ

rms

erro

r (M

eV)

local models

Only 60 masses fit

15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28

34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters

Chaos-limited mass prediction

A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

2

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2

FRDMTF-F

RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM

R =

σm

od(2

001)

σ

(199

5)

microscopic micro-macro local relations

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752

3

4

5

6

7

Z

N =

82

shel

l gap

(MeV

) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2

GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)

CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou

TITAN (TRIUMF)

RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)

MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2

MAFF facility at FRM-II

Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments

trap

n-rich nuclides

trap

funnel

Bavarium

ISAC beam

TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility

Paul trapCooling and

Bunching (1-5ms)

EBITRapid charge

breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection

Penning trapPrecision mass measurement

(~ 10-100ms)

J Dilling et al EMIS 2003

Mass measurements

bull T12 asymp10 ms

bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8

bullOperational 2006

fc = qBm

RIKEN (fragmentation) facility

RIKEN RING

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

CNSAnnualReport2003

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

2

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2

FRDMTF-F

RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM

R =

σm

od(2

001)

σ

(199

5)

microscopic micro-macro local relations

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752

3

4

5

6

7

Z

N =

82

shel

l gap

(MeV

) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2

GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)

CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou

TITAN (TRIUMF)

RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)

MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2

MAFF facility at FRM-II

Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments

trap

n-rich nuclides

trap

funnel

Bavarium

ISAC beam

TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility

Paul trapCooling and

Bunching (1-5ms)

EBITRapid charge

breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection

Penning trapPrecision mass measurement

(~ 10-100ms)

J Dilling et al EMIS 2003

Mass measurements

bull T12 asymp10 ms

bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8

bullOperational 2006

fc = qBm

RIKEN (fragmentation) facility

RIKEN RING

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

CNSAnnualReport2003

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

14

16

18

2

HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2

FRDMTF-F

RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM

R =

σm

od(2

001)

σ

(199

5)

microscopic micro-macro local relations

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752

3

4

5

6

7

Z

N =

82

shel

l gap

(MeV

) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2

GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)

CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou

TITAN (TRIUMF)

RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)

MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2

MAFF facility at FRM-II

Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments

trap

n-rich nuclides

trap

funnel

Bavarium

ISAC beam

TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility

Paul trapCooling and

Bunching (1-5ms)

EBITRapid charge

breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection

Penning trapPrecision mass measurement

(~ 10-100ms)

J Dilling et al EMIS 2003

Mass measurements

bull T12 asymp10 ms

bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8

bullOperational 2006

fc = qBm

RIKEN (fragmentation) facility

RIKEN RING

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

CNSAnnualReport2003

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752

3

4

5

6

7

Z

N =

82

shel

l gap

(MeV

) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2

GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)

CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou

TITAN (TRIUMF)

RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)

MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2

MAFF facility at FRM-II

Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments

trap

n-rich nuclides

trap

funnel

Bavarium

ISAC beam

TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility

Paul trapCooling and

Bunching (1-5ms)

EBITRapid charge

breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection

Penning trapPrecision mass measurement

(~ 10-100ms)

J Dilling et al EMIS 2003

Mass measurements

bull T12 asymp10 ms

bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8

bullOperational 2006

fc = qBm

RIKEN (fragmentation) facility

RIKEN RING

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

CNSAnnualReport2003

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)

CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou

TITAN (TRIUMF)

RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)

MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2

MAFF facility at FRM-II

Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments

trap

n-rich nuclides

trap

funnel

Bavarium

ISAC beam

TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility

Paul trapCooling and

Bunching (1-5ms)

EBITRapid charge

breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection

Penning trapPrecision mass measurement

(~ 10-100ms)

J Dilling et al EMIS 2003

Mass measurements

bull T12 asymp10 ms

bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8

bullOperational 2006

fc = qBm

RIKEN (fragmentation) facility

RIKEN RING

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

CNSAnnualReport2003

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

MAFF facility at FRM-II

Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments

trap

n-rich nuclides

trap

funnel

Bavarium

ISAC beam

TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility

Paul trapCooling and

Bunching (1-5ms)

EBITRapid charge

breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection

Penning trapPrecision mass measurement

(~ 10-100ms)

J Dilling et al EMIS 2003

Mass measurements

bull T12 asymp10 ms

bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8

bullOperational 2006

fc = qBm

RIKEN (fragmentation) facility

RIKEN RING

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

CNSAnnualReport2003

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

ISAC beam

TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility

Paul trapCooling and

Bunching (1-5ms)

EBITRapid charge

breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection

Penning trapPrecision mass measurement

(~ 10-100ms)

J Dilling et al EMIS 2003

Mass measurements

bull T12 asymp10 ms

bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8

bullOperational 2006

fc = qBm

RIKEN (fragmentation) facility

RIKEN RING

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

CNSAnnualReport2003

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

RIKEN (fragmentation) facility

RIKEN RING

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

CNSAnnualReport2003

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

RIKEN RING

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

CNSAnnualReport2003

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)

CNSAnnualReport2003

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

CNSAnnualReport2003

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams

E lt 25 AMeV

Production CaveC converter+UCx target

le 1014 fissionss

Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3

E = 40 MeV for deuterons

Low energy RNB (LIRAT)

Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA

Deuteron source 5mARFQ

Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall

Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves

Existing GANIL Exp Area

Existing GANIL Accelerators

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon

GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

20

43

44

PreparationPenning trap

MeasurementPenning trap

EBIT

Side View

Roof crane (2 T)

HV Cage

Ground Floor

First Floor

HV Cage

MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup

EBITcharge breeding

qm selectionseparation

Cooler trapbeam preparation

Precision trapmeasurements

Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron

10 m

RIBbeam

Bmqfc sdotsdot=

π21

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

Mass program at FAIR

MATS

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

measured at FRS-ESR (published)

observed nuclei

r-processpath

measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3

stable nuclei

to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei

r-processpath

2028

50

82

8

8

20

28

50

82

126

Outlook

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)

electron coolers

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP

BAEI

ARENASSPIRAL

EXCYT

ISOLMAFF

FRS

RIBFNSCL

Lanzhou

DubnaDRIBS

SISSISIRIUS

worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities

ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities

BEARS

JYFL

SHIP

(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy

II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis

III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)

IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL

ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)

V Comparisons of the different methods

VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)

VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface

VIII A look into the future

IX Conclusions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline

stables exp1986

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stables exp1986 exp1995

N

Z

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

FRDM92dripline

FRDM92dripline

stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)

N

Z

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

492 331 419 269500

220622

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

year

num

ber n

uclid

es

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E+08

1E+09

60 65 70 75 80 85

A

yiel

d (io

nsu

C)

Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31

Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality

source ISOLDE yieldbook

laser ionized

surface ionized

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

ConclusionsMass Models

microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)

Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me

Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data

better quality

Lichtenberg To find something new

must build something new

Mass Evaluation

global benchmark

(last judgement)

ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78

The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra

And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A

(2003) 337

Bibliography

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney

Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault

Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney

Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney