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Introduction
Emotionregulationandparentingamongmilitaryservicemembers• Militaryservicemembersdeployedtoconflictzonesareatelevatedrisk
forpsychopathologyandadjustmentproblemsduetowar-relatedtraumaexposure(Milliken,Auchterlonie,&Hoge,2007).Thestressofdeploymentandsubsequentadjustmentdifficultiespersistduringthereintegrationperiod,andmaypresentsubstantialchallengestothechildreninmilitaryfamilies.
• Asacoreinternalprocessunderlyingvariouspsychopathologies,emotionregulationiscentraltoeffectiveparentingbehaviors,especiallyemotion-relatedparenting(Rutherford,Wallace,Laurent,&Mayes,2015).
• Theirtendencytodismissemotionsandavoidemotion-relatedstimuli,mayescalatetheirpunitiveandcontrollingbehaviorstoresolveconflicts,leadingtoincreasedratesofcoerciveparent–childinteractions(Dishion &Patterson,2006).
AfterDeployment,AdaptiveParentingTools
• ADAPTisaparenttrainingprogramtailoredtothespecificneedsofmilitaryfamilieswhosegoalistoenhanceeffectiveparentingpractices,thusreducingchildren’sadjustmentproblems(Gewirtz,&Davis,2014).
• Thisgroup-basedpreventiveinterventionisdesignedtotargetsixcoreparentingpractices:positiveinvolvement,skillencouragement,problemsolving,monitoring,discipline,andemotionsocialization(Gewirtz,Pinna,Hanson,&Dustin,2014).
ThePresentStudy• Question1:CantheADAPTinterventionimproveparents’emotion-related
parentingpractices?• Question2:Howparents’difficultiesinemotionregulationmightboostor
lessentheirbenefitfromtheparentingprogram,especiallyformalemilitaryservicemembers?
Participants• ThisstudyusedasubsetofdatafromtheADAPTstudy,whichincluded
181deployedfathersin2-parentfamilieswhosewivesarecivilians.Thefathersareonaverage37.76yearsold(SD=6.42),primarilywhiteandnon-Hispanic(87.8%).Theyarerelativelywell-educated,with52%havinga4-yearcollegeoradvanceddegree.
Procedureonlinescreeningà consentandassentà secureandconfidentialonlinesurveyà in-homeassessmentatbaselineà randomizationà ADAPTinterventionà in-homeassessment1-yearpost-baseline
MeasuresDifficultiesinEmotionRegulation• TheDifficultiesinEmotionRegulationScale(DERS,Gratz&Roemer,2004)
isa36-itemself-reportscaleassessingindividuals’responsestonegativeemotionalexperiences.
Emotion-relatedParentingPractices
Parent-childinteractions• father-childproblem-solving• father-mother-childproblemsolving• father-childconversationaboutdeployment
TheMacro-LevelFamilyInteractionCodingSystem(MFICS;Snyder,2013)
ControlvariablesTreatmentstatus(1forADAPTinterventionconditionand0forcontrols)Fathers’deployment-relatedvariables,includingnumberofmonthsthefathershavedeployed,andfathers’combatexposuremeasuredusingtheDeploymentRiskandResilienceInventoryYearsmarried(averageofhusbandandwifereportsofyearsmarriedtocurrentspouse)Childgender(1forgirland0forboy)ParenteducationChildage
DataAnalysisPlan• Anintent-to-treat(ITT)approachwasusedtoevaluateinterventioneffects• Missingdatainallmodelsweremanagedwiththefullinformation
maximumlikelihood(FIML)procedureusedbyMplus version7.4.
Methods
Resultsshowedthattheinterventiondidnotdirectlyimprovefathers’observedparentingrelativetothecontrolgroup.However,theinterventiondidsignificantlyreduceobservedreactivity/coercionanddistressavoidanceamongfatherswithaboveaverageself-reporteddifficultiesinemotionregulationatbaseline.
ConclusionsandImplicationsTheinterventionhasitsmostbenefitsonfathers’parentingbyreducingdistressavoidanceforfatherswithmoreemotionregulationproblems.Ourfindingsonthemoderatingeffectofemotionregulationontheparentingprogramformilitaryfamiliesmayhaveimportantimplicationsforpersonalizedpreventionintervention.
Results
Reference
ThisstudywassupportedbyGrantDA030114toAbigailGewirtz [email protected] foradditionalinformation.
Moredeficit,morebenefit:Emotionregulationasamoderatoroftheeffectsofamilitaryparenting
programonfathers’parentingpracticesJingchenZhang,NaZhang,JessicaRudi,AbigailGewirtz
UniversityofMinnesota– TwinCities
ADAPT Intervention Emotion-related parenting practices
Difficulties in emotion regulation
Positiveengagement Coercive/hyperactivity
Withdrawalavoidance Distressavoidance
Figure1.Difficultiesinemotionregulationmoderatedtheinterventioneffectonobservedreactivitycoercionanddistressavoidanceat1-yearamongdeployedfathers.
Dishion,T.J.,&Patterson,G.R.(2006).Thedevelopmentandecologyofantisocialbehavior.InD.Cicchetti &D.Cohen(Eds.),Developmentalpsychopathology (Vol.3:Risk,disorder,andadaptation,Reviseded.,pp.503–541).NewYork:Wiley.
Gewirtz,A.H.,Pinna,K.L.,Hanson,S.K.,&Brockberg,D.(2014).Promotingparentingtosupportreintegratingmilitaryfamilies:Afterdeployment,adaptiveparentingtools.Psychologicalservices,11(1),31-40.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0034134
Milliken,C.S.,Auchterlonie,J.L.,&Hoge,C.W.(2007).LongitudinalassessmentofmentalhealthproblemsamongactiveandreservecomponentsoldiersreturningfromtheIraqwar.JournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation,298(18),2141–2148.http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.18.2141
Rutherford,H.J.,Wallace,N.S.,Laurent,H.K.,&Mayes,L.C.(2015).Emotionregulationinparenthood.DevelopmentalReview,36,1-14.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2014.12.008
Snyder,J.(2013).Macro-LevelFamilyInteractionCodingSystem(MFICS):Technicalreport.Wichita,KS:DepartmentofPsychology,WichitaStateUniversity.
