jkpopy; ciueil

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jkpopy; ciueil

ciuahrphpah;fs; (fp.gp.8-16)

E}yhrphpahpd; mhpa fUj;Jfis vy;yhk; ciuahsh; cjtpahNyNa cyfk; czh;e;J ,d;GWfpd;wJ.

NgUgfhhpfshfpa ciuahrphpah;fspd; cjtp ,y;iyahapd;> gz;il cah; E}y;fshk; fUT+yq;fspy; njhFj;Jitj;j tpiy tuk;gpy;yhg; nghUs;kzpf;

Ftpay;fis ahk; vq;qdk; ngWjy; $Lk;?‟ vd;W ciuahrphpah;fspd; rpwg;gpidg; gz;bjkzp. K. fjpNurdhh; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whh;.

ciuahrphpah;fspd; cjtpahNyNa ciueil tbtk; capUld; cytp te;jJ. ciuahrphpah;fspd; gzpFwpj;J 1. ciuapd; njhd;ik 2. ,yf;fz ciuahrphpah;fs; 3. ,yf;fpa ciuahrphpah;fs; 4. rka ,yf;fpa ciuahrpah;fs; 5. ghl;bay; ciuahrphpah;fs; 6. rhrdj; jkpo; ciueil 7. ,ilr;nrUfy; ciufs; 8. ciuahrphpah;fspd; ciu kuGfs; vd;Dk; gFg;gpy; fhzyhk;. ciuapd; njhd;ik

njhd;ikjhNd

ciunahL Gzh;e;j goik Nkw;Nw

vd;Dk; njhy;fhg;gpa E}w;gh (nra;: 238) ciuahrphpah;fspd; ciuf;F Kd;Ndhbahfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ. NkYk;> (1) ghl;bil itj;j Fwpg;G (2) ghtpd;nwOe;j fpstp (3) nghUnshL Gzuhg; ngha;k;nkhop (4) nghUnshL Gzh;e;j eifnkhop vd ciueil 4 tifg;gLk; vdj; njhy;fhg;gpah; tiuaWj;Js;shh;. ngUe;Njtdhh; ghujKk;>

jf^h; ahj;jpiuAk;> rpyk;Gk; „ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr; nra;As;‟ tifiar; Nrh;e;jit MFk;. ,yf;fpaq;fs;> ,yf;fzq;fs; rka ,yf;fpaq;fs; Kjyhdtw;wpw;F ciuahrphpah;fs; vOjpa ciufs; xU GJtif ciueiliaj; Njhw;Wtpj;J tsh;j;jd.

(II) ,yf;fz ciuahrphpah;fs;

1. ef;fPuh; (fp.gp.8(m)9): (ciu topfhl;b) ,d;W fpilf;Fk; ciuahrphpah; ciufSs; ef;fPuh; ciu njhd;ikahdJ. ,th; ,iwadhh;

fstpay; E}Yf;F ciu tFj;Js;shh;. ,tuJ ciuapd; rpwg;ghy; ef;fPuh; ciu topfhl;b vdg;Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whh;. ,tuJ ciu vJif> Nkhidr; rpwg;G kpFe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

„fUtike;j khefh;f;F cUtike;j thapy; khlk; NghyTk;> jifkhz;l neLq;Rth;f;F tifkhz;l ghit NghyTk;‟

(,iw 1> ciu. g: 2) vd;Dk; gFjpahy; ,jid mwpayhk;. %d;W rq;fq;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; ,tuJ ciuapy; ,Ue;Nj Kjd; Kjypy; ngWfpd;Nwhk;. NkYk;> KJehiu> KJFUF> fshpahtpiu> mfj;jpak;> ntz;lhsp> tpahokhiy Kjyhd gy E}y;fs; ,Ue;jik ,tuJ ciuahy;jhd; njhpate;Js;sd.



2. ,sk;G+uzh;(fp.gp.12): (ciu Kjy;th;)

rkzh;> njhy;fhg;gpak; KOikf;Fk; ciu tFj;Js;shh;. ciu Kjy;th; vdg; Nghw;wg;gLk; jpwk; kpf;fth; nrwpTk; epiwTk; nrk;ikAk; nrg;Gk; mwpTk; mUikAk; ngz;gh yhd vd;Dk; njhy;fhg;gpa (nghUs;: 206) E}w;ghtpw;F ,sk;G+uzhhpd; ciu nghUs; tpsf;fk; kpf;fjhf cs;sJ. 1. nrwpT vd;gJ mlf;fk;> 2. epiwT vd;gJ mikjp. 3. nrk;ik vd;gJ kdq;Nfhlhik. 4. nrg;G vd;gJ nrhy;Yjy; 5. mwpT vd;gJ ed;ik gag;gdTk; jPik gag;gdTk; mwpjy;. 6. mUik vd;gJ cs;sf; fUj;jwpjyUik vd;Dk; ciu tpsf;fj;jpd; %yk; ,jid mwpayhk;. 3. Nrdhtiuah; (fp.gp.13): (ciur; nrk;ky;)

njd;ghz;b ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;jth;. njhy;fhg;gpar; nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpw;F ciu vOjpAs;shh;. tlE}w; fliy epiyfz;Lzh;e;j Nrdhtiuah; vdr; rptQhd Kdpth; ,tiug; ghuhl;Lthh;. G+h;t kPkhk;ir> Ie;jpuk; vd;Dk; E}y;fspYk; Njh;r;rp kpf;fth;. fpstpahf;fk; vd;gjid tpsf;Fk;nghOJ „neha;Ak; EUq;Fk; fise;J mhprp mikj;jhiu Mf;fpdhh; vd;gthfypd;‟ vd tpsf;Ffpd;whh;. Nrdhtiuah; ciu Njhd;wpagpd; mjw;FKd; toq;fpte;j ,sk;g+uzh; ciu> nry;thf;F ,oe;jJ. Mapd ,d;Wtiu jkpo; khzhf;fh;fshy; Nrdhtiuah; ciu gapyg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,th; nrhy;Yf;Fr; Nrdhtiuah;. ciur; nrk;ky; vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;. 4. Nguhrphpah; (fp.gp.13): (ciu Kidth;)

njhy;. nghUsjpfhuk; KOikf;Fk; ciu vOjpAs;shh;. nghUnshL Gzuhg; ngha;k;nkhopvd;Dk; njhy;fhg;gpag; gFjpf;F> Xh; ahidAk; FhP,Ak; jk;Ks; el;ghb. ,d;Dopr; nrd;W ,d;dthW nra;jd vd;W mtw;Wf;F ,iaahg; nghUs;glj; njhlh;epiyahy; xUtDio xUtd; fw;W tuyhw;W Kiwahy; tUfpd;wd‟ vdj; njspTgLj;Jfpd;whh;. ,tuJ ciur;rpwg;ghy; ciuKidth; vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whh;. 5. er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; (fp.gp.14): (jkpo;ky;yp ehj#hp) cr;rpNkw; Gyth; nfhs;Sk; er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; vdg; ghuhl;lg;gLgth;. njhy;fhg;gpak;>

gj;Jg;ghl;L> fypj;njhif> FWe;njhif (20 nra;Al;fs;)> rPtf rpe;jhkzp vdg; gyE}w;fSf;F ciu fhz;gth;. ,th; xUtNu gy;Yk; ehTk; Nghy ,yf;fz ciuahrphpauhfTk; ,yf;fpa ciuahrphpauhfTk; ,ize;J tpsq;Fk; ngUkfd; vd t. Rg. khzpf;fk; ghuhl;Lfpd;whh;. irtuhd ,th;rPtf rpe;jhkzpf;F ciufz;L rkzuhdhh;. ,tuJ ciu tlnkhopg; NgUiuahrphpadhfpa ky;y#hpia xg;g ,tuJ ciu fhzg;gLtjhy; jkpo;ky;yp ehj#hp vdr; Rl;lg;gLfpwhh;. 6. nja;tr;rpiyahh;: njhy;fhg;gpak; nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpw;F ciu vOjpAs;shh;. NrdhtiuaUf;Fg; gpw;gl;lth;.



7. fy;yhlh;: njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F ciu fz;Ls;shh;. fhyj;jhy; gpw;gl;lth;> jdf;F Kw;gl;l gy ciuahrphpah;fspd;

Nkw;Nfhs;fisj; jdJ ciuapy; vLj;jhz;Ls;shh;. 8. ed;D}y; ciuahrphpah;fs;: gtze;jp Kdpth; vOjpa ed;D}Yf;F Kjd;Kjypy; kapiyehjh; ciu vOjpdhh;.

rq;fu krpthah; irtkzk; fko ed;D}y; ciu fz;lhh;. ,t;Tiuf;Fr; rptQhdKdpth; gy jpUj;jq;fisr; nra;J tpUj;jpAiu ntspapl;lhh;. vspa Kiwapy; MWKf ehtyh;> tprhfg; ngUkhs; Iah; ,UtUk; ed;D}Yf;Ff; fhz;bifAiu nra;jdh;.

9. gpw ,yf;fz ciuahrphpah;fs;: tPu Nrhopaj;jpw;Fg; ngUe;NjtdhUk; ahg;gUq;fyf; fhhpiff;Ff; FzrhfuUk;>

ek;gpafg;nghUSf;F E}yhrphpauhfpa ehw;ftpuhr ek;gpAk;> Gwg;nghUs; ntz;gh khiyf;Fr; rhKz;bNjt ehadhUk; ciunaOjp cs;sdh;.

(III) ,yf;fpa ciuahrphpah;fs;

1. mUk;gj ciuahrphpah;:

rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; mhpa nrhw;fSf;fk; Mokhd ciu tFj;jjhy; ,g;ngah; ngw;whh;. rpyk;gpd; ciuahrphpah;fSs; Kw;gl;lth;. ,tuJ ciuiaj; jOtpNa mbahh;f;F ey;yhh; ciunaOjpdhh;. 2. mbahh;f;F ey;yhh; (fp.gp.13): (ciuj; njd;wy;)

mbahh;f;F ey;yhUila ciueil rpw;rpy ,lj;J vJif Nkhid Kjypatw;NwhL $b ,dpa Rit gae;J nra;As; eilahf mike;Js;sJ vd;W c.Nt.rh. ghuhl;Lfpd;whh;. Gfhh;f; fhz;lj;jpy; fhdy;thp jtpu Vida gFjpfSf;Fk;> kJiuf; fhz;lj;jpy; Ch;#o; thp tiuapYk; ciu tFj;Js;shh;. tQ;rpf;fhz;lj;jpw;F KOikahfNt ciu vOjtpy;iy. ,tUf;F> epuk;igah; fhtyd;> ciuj;njd;wy; vd;Dk; rpwg;Gg; ngah;fs; cs;sd. 3. ghpNkyofh; (fp.gp.13): (ciuj; njd;wy;)

jpUf;Fws; KOikf;Fk; ciu tFj;Js;shh;. ,th; jpUf;Fws; KOikAk; gyKiw Ez;ikahff; fw;W Mo;e;J rpe;jpj;J Kd;gpd; Kuz;ghbd;wp kaf;fkpy;yhjgb xU Nehf;fpy; itj;J ciu vOJtJ kpfTk; rpwg;ghdJ vd;W mwpQh; K. mUzhryk; Nghw;Wfpd;whh;. jpUNkdp fhhp ,uj;jpd ftpuhah; vd;gth; ghpNkyofh; ciuapd; rpwg;ghd fUj;Jf;fis tpsf;fp Ez;nghUs;khiy vd;Dk; E}iy vOjpAs;shh;. ghpNkyofh; ciuapd; rpwg;ghd fUj;Jf;fis tpsf;fp Ez;nghUs;khiy vd;Dk; E}iy vOjpAs;shh;. ghpNkyofh; ghpghlYf;Fk; ciu tFj;Js;shh;. ciuahrphpah;fSs; ciu ,sturh; vdg; Nghw;wj;jf;f rpwg;G kpf;fth; vd;W nrf;Nfh];NyhNtfpa mwpQh; fkpy;Rtygpy; ghuhl;Lfpwhh;.

gpw ,yf;fpa ciufs;

er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; gj;Jg;ghl;L> fypj;njhif> rPtf rpe;jhkzp Mfpa E}y;fSf;Fk; FWe;njhifapy; 20 ghly;fSf;Fk; ciu vOjpAs;shh;. kiwkiyabfs; Ky;iyg;ghl;L> gl;bdg;ghiy Muha;r;rp ciufs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd. NguhrphpaUk; c.Nt.rhTk; FWe;njhiff;F ciu vOjpAs;shh;.

(IV) rka ,yf;fpa ciuahrphpah;fs;

1. itzt rka ciuahrphpah;fs; (14 (m) 15 E}w;):

itzt rka ciuahrphpah; ehjKdpfs; mUspa ehyhapu jpt;tpag;gpuge;jj;jpw;F vOjpa ciufs; „tpahf;fpahdq;fs;‟ vdg;gLfpd;wd. ,it midj;Jk; kzpg;gpuths eilapy; mike;Js;sd. ,tw;Ws; gb vd;gJ fpue;jq;fisf; (vOj;Jf;fs;) Fwpf;Fk;. xU fpue;jk; vd;gJ xw;nwOj;Jf;fs; ePq;fpa 32 vOj;Jf;fshy; MdJ.



2. irt rka ciuahrphpah;fs;: irt rkaj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapy; gd;dpU jpUKiwfSf;F ciu vOjf; $lhJ‟ vd;Dk;

nfhs;if irthpilNa epytp te;jJ. irt ciu tsf;FiwTf;F ,J Kf;fpa fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ. fhy NtWghl;lhy; Fwpg;gpl;l rpyiuj; jtpu VidNahh;f;Fk; irt E}y;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa ,ilntsp Vw;gl;lJ. 20-Mk; E}w;whz;by; ciu tFf;fj; njhlq;fpdh;. jpUthrfk;> jpUke;jpuk;> nghpaGuhzk; vd;Dk; E}y;fSf;Fg; gy ciufs; voyhapd. jpUthrfj;jpw;F rPh;fhopj; jhz;ltuhah;> fh.R.gps;is> gz;bjkzp K.fjpNurdhh; jpUke;jpuj;jpw;F jphprpuGuk; rpthde;j rhfuNahfPRtuh; etePj fpU\;zghujp Nguh. Rg. mz;zhkiy nghpa Guhzj;jpw;F rptf;ftpkzp rp.Nf. Rg;gpukzpadhh;. rptQhd Nghjj;jpw;Fg; rptQhd Kdpth; (NgUiu> rpw;Wiu) rptQhd rpj;jpahUf;Fg; rptQhd Kdpth; (nghopg;GiuAk;) rptg;gpufhrj;jpw;F gyh; ciufs; neQ;RtpLJ}jpw;F rpjk;gu Rthkpfs; ciu fz;Ls;sdh;

jpUtha;nkhop ciuahrphpah;fs;: gl;bay; - 94

v ciuahrphpah; gbfs; E}w; 1. Mste;jhh; jpUtha; nkhopapd;

Kjy; ciuahrphpah; 11

2. jpUf;FUifg; ngUkhd; gps;is 6000 gb 13 3. ek;gps;is 9000 gb 14 4. nghpa thr;rhd; gps;is 2400 gb 15 5. mofpa kzths rPah; 12>000 gb 15 6. tlf;Fj; jpUtPjpg; gps;is 36>000 gb 15 7. eQ;rPah; 9>000 gb 16

(V) ghl;bay; ciuahrphpah;fs;

ghl;by; E}y;fSs; fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lJ gd;dpU ghl;bay;. ,jw;Ff; fh.uh. Nfhtpe;juhr

Kjypahh; tpsf;fTiu vOjpAs;shh;. ,yf;fz tpsf;fg; ghl;baYf;F E}yhrphpauhd jpahfuha NjrpfNu ciu ,aw;wpAs;shh;. etePjg; ghl;baYf;F K. rz;Kfk; gps;is Gjpa ciu ,aw;wpAs;shh;. Vida ghl;bay;fSf;Fg; gioa ciufs; cs;sd. mtw;iw ,aw;wpath; ngah; njhpatpy;iy.

(VI) rhrdj; jkpo; ciueil

gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; vOe;j rhrdq;fspd; ciueil mikjpia %d;W tifahf tFf;fyhk;

1. KOtJk; jdpj;jkpo; 2. xU ghjp tlnkhop kWghjp jkpo; 3. jkpopd; ,ilapilNa tlnkhop vd;gd mit.

(VII) ,ilr;nrUfy; ciufs;

gioa E}y;fspy; gpw;fhyj;jth; vOjpr; Nrh;g;gJ ,ilr;nrUfy;‟ vdg;gLk;. (1) G+NthL Nrh;e;J ehUk; kzg;gJ Nghy; jd; fUj;J Gfoila tpUk;Gjy; (2) jd; nfhs;iff;F Kuzhdtw;iw ePf;Fjy; (3) rpijTw;w %yg; gFjpf;Fg; gjpyhfj; jhNk vOjpr; Nrh;j;jy; vd;git ,ilr; nrUfypd; Kf;fpa fhuzq;fs;.



(VIII) ciuahrphpah;fspd; ciu kuGfs;

ciuahrphpah;fspd; ciufisj; njhFj;J Nehf;Fk;nghOJ gy nghJthd gz;Gfs; ciunaOjypd; kughff; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;L te;Js;sik Gydhfpd;wd. mit tUkhW: 1. eilr;rpwg;G 2. gpw ciu kWg;G 3. ehlfg;ghq;F 4. ,iaG Rl;ly; 5. nrhw;nghUs; jUjy; 6. Nkw;Nfhs; Rl;ly; 7. tlnkhopg;gapw;rp 8. jUf;f Kiw 9. ghlNtW Rl;ly; 10. ciuapy; ctik $wy;

11.nfhz;L$l;b vOJjy; 12. gyJiwawpT 13. nra;ANshir rpwj;jy; 14. tpdhtpilg; Nghf;F 15. ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; 16. gz;ghL $wy;

17. milnkhop moF 18. jkpo; kugpw;F Kjd;ik ey;fy; 19. gd;D}w; gapw;rp 20. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G $wy; 21. gyfiyg; Gyik 22. jpwdha;Tg; ghq;F 23. E}yhrphpah; fUj;J ntspg;gLj;jy; 24. gonkhop> tpLfij Rl;ly;

vd;gd mit. (31) ciueil Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk; (fp.gp.18 Kjy;)

,yf;fz> ,yf;fpa> rka tif E}y;fSf;Fg; nghUs; tpsf;fk; $Wtjw;fhf vOjg;gl;lit ciuahrphpah;jk; ciueil E}y;fs;. ,tw;iwg; gjpg;gpf;fpd;wnghOJ Njitahd ,lq;fspy; Fwpg;GiuAk;> nghopg;Giu> tpsf;fTiu jUtjw;fhf vOjg;gLgit. jkpopd; njhlf;f fhy ciueilAk; rpWfijAk; ciueilapy; E}y; ,aw;Wk; tof;fk; INuhg;gpahpd; njhlh;ghy; Vw;gl;lJ vd;W khh;lhf; Jiu Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ePz;l thf;fpaq;fshf vOjg;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;j gof;fj;ij INuhg;gpah;fs; khw;wp mikj;jdh;. thh;j;ijfSf;F ,ilNa ,ilntsp tpl;L vOJk; Kiwiag; GFj;jpdh;. tPukhKdpthpd; gukhh;j;jFU fij ,dpa vspa ciueil tbitj; jkpOf;Fj; je;jJ. rPfd; ghy;F Iah; Kaw;rpahy; jkpofj;jpy; ehifkhtl;lk; juq;fk;ghbf;F Kjyhtjhf mr;R ,ae;jpuk; te;jJ. ,jd; %yk; Guhz ,jpfhrq;fs; ciueilapy; voyhapd. Mq;fpNyah;fs; jk; eyd; nghUl;L Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l nrd;idf; fy;tpr; rq;fj;jpd; thapyhfg; gy jkpo; E}y;fs; mr;rplg;gl;ld. ciueilj;jkpo; mwpQh;fs;

1. MWKf ehtyh; (1823 - 1879): mofpa jpUj;jkhd vspa eilf;F tpj;jpl;lhh;. vdNt trdeil ifte;j ty;yhsh; vdg; ghpjpkhw;fiyQuhy; ghuhl;lg;gl;lhh;. ,tuJ eil ehtyh; eil vd;Nw rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; jkpo;; fhtyh; vdTk;> jw;fhyj; jkpo; ciueilapd; je;ij vdTk; Nghw;wg;gl;lhh;. 2. ,uhkypq;f mbfshh; (5.10.1823 - 30.1.1874)

kDKiw fz;l thrfk; Kjyhd E}y;fspYk; tPuhrhkp nrl;bahh; jdJ tpNehjur kQ;rhp E}yhYk; ePz;l njhlh;fisg; gad;gLj;jpdh;. 3. khA+uk; ePjpgjp Ntjehafk;gps;is (1826-1889): 1. gpujhg Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuk; 2. RFz Re;jhp 3. ngz; fy;tp 4. ngz; khdk;

Mfpa E}y;fs; %yk; Mw;nwhOf;fhd eifr;Rit kpf;f eil cUthf;fpdhh;.

4. rpq;fhuNtY Kjypahh; (1853 - 1931) mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp vd;Dk; fiyf;fsQ;rpaj;ij mhpa Kaw;rpapy; ntspapl;lhh;. 10 Mz;L fbd ciog;gpy;> cUthd ,e;E}iyg; ghz;bj;Jiuj;Njth; ehd;fhk; jkpo;r; rq;fj;jpd; %yk; 1910-,y; ntspapl;lhh;.



5. nts;sf;fhy; Rg;gpukzpa Kjypahh; (1857 - 1946): ,tuJ> 1. mfypif ntz;ghTk; 2. Nfhk;gp tpUj;jKk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd 6. jp. nry;tNfrtuha Kjypahh; (1864 - 1921): gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}hpj; jkpo;g; Nguhrphpah;. 1. gonkhop ehD}W (ciu) 2. mwnewpr;rhuk; (ciu) ,uz;lw;Fk; ciu vOjpAs;shh;. 7. vk;.v];. G+uzypq;fk; gps;is (1866 - 1947): 1.fl;Liu ,yf;fpak; (ciueil E}y;) 2. jg;gpyp (ciueil E}y;) vd;gd ,tuJ ciueil E}y;fs; 8. ghz;bj;Jiuj; Njth; (1867 - 1911): gytej;jk; epyf;fpohh;. 14.09.1901 -,y; ehd;fhk; jkpo;r; rq;fk; vdg; Gfog;gLk; kJiuj; jkpo;r; rq;fj;ij epWtpdhh;. ,th; njhFj;J itj;j Vl;Lr; Rtbfs; jPf;fpiuahapd. 1. gd;D}y; jpul;L 2. irtrka kQ;rhp 3. JjpkQ;rhp Kjyhd njhFg;G E}y;fis ntspapl;lhh;. 9. murQ;rz;Kfdhh; (1868 - 1915): 1. nre;jkpo; 2. tpNtfghD Kjyhd gj;jphpiffspy; gy Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liufis vOjpdhh;. 10. fh.uh.Nfhtpe;juhr Kjypahh; (1874 - 1952): 1. ,d;dh ehw;gJ 2. fhh; ehw;gJ 3. gd;dpU ghl;bay; Kjyhd E}y;fSf;F ciu vOjpAs;shh;. ahg;gUq;fyf; fhhpiff;Fk; Fwpg;Giu vOjpAs;shh;. 11. kiwkiyabfs; (1870 - 1950): jdpj;jkpo; ,af;fk; Njhw;Wtpj;jth;. 1. Ky;iyg;ghl;L Muha;r;rp 2. gl;bdg;ghiy Muha;r;rp 3. FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L Muha;r;rp 4. jpUf;Fws; Muha;r;rp 5. rptQhdNghj Muha;r;rp 6. khzpf;fthrfh; tuyhWk; fhyKk; 7. jkpoh; kjk; 8. jpUthrf tphpTiu Kjyhd E}y;fis vOjpAs;shh;. Nfhfpyhk;ghs; fbjq;fs;> ehfehl;lurp Kjyhd Gjpdq;fs; rpwg;G kpf;fd. jhk; elj;jpa Qhd rhfuk; vd;Dk; ,jio mwpTf;fly; vd khw;wpaikj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. 12. K. ,uhfitaq;fhh;(1878 - 1960): 1. Ntsph; tuyhW 2. Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd; 3. Mo;thh;fs; fhyepiy 4. rhrdj; jkpo;f; ftp rhpjk; Kjyhd E}y;fs; ,tuJ Ma;Tg; ghh;itf;Fr; rhd;W gfUk; 13. ehtyh; Nrhkre;ju ghujpahh; (1878 - 1959): 1. Nruh; jhaKiw 2. jrujd; FiwAk; ifNfap epiwAk; vd;Dk; E}y;fs; rpwg;G ngw;wd. njhy; nghUsjpfhuj;jpd; %d;W ,ay;fSf;Fg; Gjpa ciu vOjpAs;shh;.

14. ghpjpkhw;fiyQh; (1979 - 1903): jkpo;g;gw;wpd; fhuzkhf „tp.Nfh.#hpa ehuhaz rh];jphpahh;‟ vd;Dk; ngaiuj; jkpohf;fk; nra;J nfhz;lhh;. jkpo;nkhop tuyhw;iw Muha;e;J Kjd; Kiwahf E}y; tbtpy; nfhzh;e;jth; ,tNu.



15. ,urpfkzp b.Nf. rpjk;guehj Kjypahh;( 1882 - 1954): tl;lj;njhl;b vd;Dk; ngahpy; ,yf;fpa mikg;G xd;wid elj;jp te;jhh;. 1. fk;gh; ahh; 2. fk;gh; jUk; fhl;rpfs; 3. ,ja xyp 4. mw;Gj urk; 5. Kj;njhs;shapu tpsf;fk; Mfpa ciueil E}y;fs; ,tuJ ciueilj; jpwidg; giwrhw;Wk;. 16. jpU.tp.fypahz Re;judhh;(1883 - 1953): 1. nghpaGuhzf; Fwpg;Giu 2. jpUf;Fws; Kjy; 10 mjpfhuq;fSf;F tpsf;fTiu 3. kdpj tho;f;ifAk; fhe;jpabfSk; 4. ngz;zpd; ngUik my;yJ tho;f;ifj; Jiz eyk; 5. KUfd; my;yJ moF 6. rPh;jpUj;jk; my;yJ ,sik tpUe;J Kjyhd E}y;fspd; %yk; ,tuJ ciueilapd; Nkd;ik tpsq;Fk;. jkpo;j;njd;wy;> jkpo;r;Nrhiy vdg; Nghw;wg;gLgth;.

17. e.K. Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhh; (1884 - 1964):

1. rpyg;gjpfhuk; 2. kzpNkfiy 3. mfehD}W 4. jpUtpisahlw;Guhzk; Mfpa E}y;fSf;F tphpthd ciu tiue;Js;shh;. 1. ef;fPuh; (Ma;T E}y;) 2. mfj;jpah; (Ma;T E}y;) 3. fgpyh; (Ma;T E}y;) 4. fs;sh; rhpj;jpuk; (ciueil) Kjyhd E}y;fis vOjpAs;shh;. 18. fh.Rg;gpukzpa gps;is (1888 - 1945):

Kjd; Kjyhfj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;iwj; jkpopy; vOjpath;. irt rpj;jhe;j E}y;fs; gytw;iwAk; gw;wp vspa jkpopy; ciueil E}y;fs; vOjpAs;shh;. irt rkaf; Futh; ehy;th; tuyhW gw;wp vOjpAs;shh;. ,tuJ nka;fz;lhUk; rptQhd NghjKk; vd;Dk; E}y; rpwg;GilaJ. 19. jp.it. rjhrptgz;lhuj;jhh; (1892 - 1960):

fy;ntl;L Muha;r;rpahsh;.

1. Kjw; FNyhj;Jq;fd; tuyhW 2. ghz;bah; tuyhW 3. ,yf;fpa Muha;r;rpAk; fy;ntl;Lf;fSk; 4. Nrhoh; tuyhW Kjyhd E}y;fSk; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhWk; vOjpAs;shh;. 20. ,uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is (1896 - 1961): nrhy;ypd; nry;tH vd miof;fg;gLgth;. 1. CUk; NgUk; 2. nre;jkpOk; nfhLe;jkpOk; 3. jkpopd;gk; 4. jpUts;Sth; E}y;eak; 5. rpyg;gjpfhu E}y;eak; 6. jkpo; tpUe;J 7. rpyg;gjpfhu E}y;eak; 8. jkpo;ehl;L etkzpfs; Kjyhd E}y;fisg; gilj;Js;shh;. jkpopd;gk;> rhfpj;jpa mfhnjkp ghpR ngw;w Kjy;E}y; vd;Dk; rpwg;gpw;F chpaJ.

21. kapiy rPdp> Ntq;flrhkp (1900 - 1979) 1. ngsj;jKk; jkpOk; 2. rkzKk; jkpOk; 3. fpwpj;JtKk; jkpOk; 4. kiwe;J Nghd jkpo; E}y;fs; 5. jkpoh; tsh;j;j moFf; fiyfs; 6. vOtifj; jhz;ltk; (rka Muha;r;rp Nehf;fpy;) Mfpa ,tuJ E}y;fs; Gfo; tha;e;jd. 22. nj.ngh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; (1901 - 1981): 1. fhdy;thp 2. FyNrfuh; 3. Fbkf;fs; fhg;gpak; 4. gpwe;jJ vg;gbNah Kjyhd ,tuJ E}y;fs; rpwg;Gilad. gd;nkhopg; Gyth; ,th;.



23. Qh. NjtNeag; ghtzh; (1902 - 1981): nkhopQhapW vdg; Nghw;wg;gLgth;> jdpj;jkpil tho;f;ifaJthff; nfhz;lth;. jkpNo cyf nkhopfSf;nfy;yhk; jha; vd nkhopapay; mbg;gilapy; ep&gpj;jth;.

1. Kjy; jkpo;nkhop 2. xg;gpay; nkhopE}y; 3. goe;jkpohl;rp 4. jkpoh; jpUkzk; 5. jkpo; tuyhW 6. nkhop tuyhW 7. jkpoh; tuyhW 8. jkpopyf;fpa tuyhW Kjyha E}y;fspy; ,tuJ jkpo;eilAk; Ma;T kdg;ghd;ikAk; Gydhk;. 24. kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhh; (1907 - 1967):

1. nkhfQ;rjNuh 2. gy;yth; tuyhW 3. Nrhoh; tuyhW 4. jkpofj;jpd; tlnty;iy 5. jkpoh; jpUkzj;jpy; jhyp 6. fk;gh; ahh;? 7. jpUts;Sth; fhyk; 8. Mw;wq;fiu ehfhpfk; Kjyhd gy E}y;fs; ,tuJ gq;fspg;GfshFk;.

25. K.tujuhrdh (1912 - 1974):

90 E}y;fSf;F Nky; vOjpAs;shh;. 1. nkhopE}y; 2. nkhoptuyhW 3. ,yf;fpa kuG 4. ,yf;fpaj; jpwd; 5. jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW 6. jk;gpf;F 7. jq;iff;F 8. fs;Nsh fhtpaNkh 9. my;yp 10. mfy;tpsf;F Kjyhd gy E}y;fspd; Mrphpah;. ,tuJ jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW rhfpj;jpa mfhnjkp ghpR ngw;wJ.

26. t.Rg. khzpf;fk; (1917 - 1989): 1. ts;Stk; 2. jkpo;f;fhjy; 3. njhy;fhg;gpag; GJik 4. nfhil tpsf;F 5. ve;jr; rpyk;G 6. rpe;jidf; fsq;fs; 7. ,yf;fpa tpsf;fk; 8. xg;gpay; Nehf;F 9. fk;gh; Kjyhd ,tuJ gilg;Gfs; Gfo;ngw;wit. 27. mwpQh; mz;zh (20 - E}w;): ciueil kWkyh;r;rpf;F cu%l;bath; NguwpQh; mz;zh mth;fs;. ,tuJ eil vJif> Nkhidr; rpwg;G kpf;fJ> ,tuJ Nkilj; jkpo; jdpr; rpwg;Gkpf;fJ. 1. epiyAk; epidg;Gk; 2. ehLk; VLk; 3. jkpohpd; kWkyh;r;rp 4. V jho;e;j jkpofNk vd;Dk; E}y;fs; jkpoh;fSf;F „czh;T‟ Cl;Ltd. 28. K.fUzhepjp (20 - E}w;): „fiyQh;‟ vd;Dk; rpwg;Gg; ngaUf;F chpath;. Kj;jkpo; tpj;jfh;. jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ehl;lk; kpf;fth;. murpay; gzpNahL ,yf;fpag; gzpAk; Ghpgth;. 1. FwNshtpak; 2. neQ;Rf;F ePjp 3. rq;fj;jkpo; 4. njd;ghz;br; rpq;fk; 5. G+k;Gfhh; 6. ke;jphpFkhhp Mfpa E}y;fs; ,tuJ ciueilahd jdpj; jd;ikf;Fr; rhd;Wfshfpd;wd. NkYk;> fy;fp. uh. fpU\;z%h;j;jp> thdkhkiy> Fd;wf;Fb mbfshh; m.r. Qhd rk;ge;jd;> f.g mwthzd;> nghw;Nfh Kjyhd mwpQh;fSk; ciueilj;jkpo; ty;Nyhuhfj; jpfo;e;J tUfpd;wdh;.



(,) ciueil tsh;r;rp

cyf nkhopfspy; Kjd ;Kjy; Njhd;wpaJ ftpijNa vd Ml;Nlh n[];gh;rDk;> vkh;rDk; xUkpj;J nkhopth;. ,th;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; ghl;L nghUs; njsptpy;yhj czh;r;rpf; FKwiyf; Fwpg;gpLk;. cz;ikapy; nkhopapd; mbg;gilahf - nghUz;ikiaj; njspthfr; Rl;Lk; jFjp cilajhf - tpsq;FtJ ciueilNa. ,j;jifa ciueil Njhd;wpa gpd;Ng tskhd nrwpTs;s ftpijfs; Njhd;wpapUf;f KbAk;. ciueiliag; gw;wp tpsf;Fk; gphpl;ld; fiyf;fsQ;rpak; “ciueil vd;gJ> ,yf;fpa kuG nflhj ey;yeilapy;> Mo;e;j fUj;NjhL> ghl;Lf;Fs;s re;jr; Nrh;f;if ,d;wpNa ey;y Xireak; cilajhfp> xspT kiwtpd;wp cs;sij cs;sgb ciuapl;Lf; fhl;Lk; tifapNy NehpaKiwapy; fUj;Jf;Fk; fhuzj;Jf;Fk; nghUj;jkhdjhf - xd;widg; gw;wpNah xUtiug; gw;wpNah - tpsf;fp ciug;gjhFk;” vd;W $Wk;.

ghl;il Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; ciuia ciutPr;R vd;Wk;> ciur; nra;As; vd;Wk; tpsk;Gth;. Ngr;ir Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; ciuiaNa ciueil vd;w nrhy; Fwpg;gpLk;. ciueil Ngr;rpd; rhaiyg; ngw;wpUg;gjhy;. vspikahdJ. NeNu nghUis czur; nra;Ak; Mw;wYilaJ. vdNt ,d;iwa cyfj;jhhpilNa ciueil nry;thf;Fg; ngw;W tUfpwJ. ,d;W ntsptUk; E}y;fSs; ngUk;ghyhd ciueil E}y;fNs.

goe;jkpo; E}yhfpa njhy;fhg;gpak; 3500 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu ciueil jkpopy; toq;fpaikia cWjpg;gLj;Jk;. ciueilapd; tiffs; ehd;fpidj; njhy;fhg;gpah;>

ghl;bil itj;j Fwpg;gpdhDk; ghtpd; nwOe;j fpstpahDk; nghUs; kuG ,y;yhg; ngha;k;nkhopahDk; nghUnshL Gzh;e;j eifnkhop ahDk; vd;W ciutif eilNa ehd;nfd nkhopg

vdj; njspTgLj;Jthh;. ciuAk; ghl;Lk; tputp tUk; ,yf;fpa tifikapidAk; mth; Fwpg;gpl;L cs;shh;. njhd;ik jhNd ciunahL Gzh;e;j goik Nkw;Nw Ngr;R tof;NfhL njhlh;Gila ciueilapidf; „fl;Liu td;ik‟ vd;W njhy;fhg;gpah; Rl;Lthh;. mth; fhyj;J ciu eil ,j;jifaJ vdf; $wg; gjpTr; rhd;W vJTk; ,y;iy. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ciur; nra;ANsh> jdp ciueilNah fhzg;gltpy;iy. jf^h; ahj;jpiu vd;w E}y; ciutputpa ghliyf; nfhz;l rq;ff; fhy E}y; vd;gh;. mjd; xUrpy ghf;fs; Nkw;Nfhs;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdtd;wp ciug;gFjp vJTk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. rq;fg; ghf;fspd; fPo;f; fhzg;gLk; Fwpg;GiufSk;> JiwfSk; goe;jkpo; ciueiliaf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. vdpDk; mit kpfr; rpwpa mstpNyNa cs;sd kw;Wk; mit rq;f kUtpa fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;litahfypd; rq;f fhyj;jJ vdf; nfhs;sw;fpy;iy. rq;f fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;j fy;ntl;Lf;fshy; XusT mf;fhyj;jpa ciueilg; gz;Gfisf; fhz ,aYk;. Mdhy; Ngr;Rj; jkpopy; cs;s mf;fy;ntl;Lf;fs; tOTk; gpio ghLk; kpf;fdthf cs;sd. ghkuj;jdkhd mtw;iw cahpa ciueilg;gFjpahf Vw;ww;fpy;iy. Ngr;R nkhopia MaNtz;Lkhdhy; kl;LNk fy;ntl;Lnkhop cjtKbAk;. rq;fk; kUtpafhy ,yf;fpakhd rpyg;gjpfhuk; ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr; nra;Ashf cs;sJ. mq;Ff; fhzg;gLk; ciufs;> ciug;ghl;L kil> ciungW fl;Liu> fl;Liu vdg; gy FwpaPLfNshL tpsq;Ffpd;wd. gy ciug;gFjpfs; ghl;Lg; NghyNt cs;sd. njhlf;fj;jpy; mike;j ciungW fl;Liuapy; ciueilj;jd;ik XusT tpQ;rpAs;sJ. ciug;ghl;L> fl;Liu Mfpa ,uz;Lk; ntt;Ntwhdjhff; fUjg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtw;Ws; xd;W ciur;nra;As; my;yJ ciutPr;rhfTk; VidaJ ciueilahfTk; nfhs;sj; jf;fd. vdpDk; jdpj;j - nra;As; fythj ciueil> rpyk;gpy; FiwNt. ciu E}y; thpirapy; Kjypy; Njhd;wpajhff; fUjg;ngWk; ,iwadhh; fstpaYiu kpf tpsf;fkhf mike;Js;sJ. ,t;Tiu filr;rq;f fhy ,Wjpapy; ciuf;fg;gl;L 14 jiyKiwfs; fopj;Jf;> fp.gp. vl;lhk; E}w;whz;by; Vl;by; vOjg;gl;lJ vd;gh;. ,t;Tiuapy; rpwpJk; nghpJkhd njhlh;fs; mike;Js;sd. nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;fk;> tUzid Nghd;w rpwg;Gf; $Wfis ,e;E}y; nfhz;Ls;;sJ. ,jd; Nghf;F> jdpj;j ciueilahf ,y;yhky; ciur;nra;Ashf - ciu tPr;rhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ahq;qdk; epw;FNkh ntdpd;> re;jdKk; rz;gfKk; NjkhTk; jPk;gyTk; MrpdpAk; mNrhFk; Nfhq;Fk; Ntq;ifAk; FutKk; tphpe;J> ehfKk; jpyfKk; ewTk; ee;jpAk; khjtpAk; ky;ypifAk; nkstnyhL kzq;fko;e;J… -,iwadhh; fstpaYiu



fp.gp. gj;jhk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J ciu E}y;fs; jkpopy; gy;fpg; ngUfpd. njhy;fhg;gpa ciuahrphpah;fshthh; ,sk;G+uzh;. nja;tr;rpiyahh;> fy;yhldhh;> Nguhrphpah;> Nrdhtiuah;> er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; MfpNahh;. er;rpdhhf;fpdpah; gj;Jg;ghl;bw;Fk;> rPtf rpe;jhkzpf;Fk; $l ciu ,aw;wpAs;shh;. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; rPhpa ciuahf mbahh;f;F ey;yhUiuAk;> jpUf;Fwspd; cw;w ciuahfg; ghpNkyofh; ciuAk; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. tpdhTk; tpilAkhfj; jh;f;fhPjpapy; vOjg;gl;l ciufs; ngUk;ghYk; ePz;l njhlh;fisg; ngw;Ws;sd. fw;wth;f;F kl;LNk Ghpaf; $bait ,it. “Gwf;fhod vdNt> mt;tpop ntspnwd;gJ mwpag;gLk;. mit gidAk; njq;Fk; fKFk; Kjyhapd Gy;Nydg;gLk;: ,Ug;igAk; GspAk; Mr;rhTk; kunkdg;gLk;” - Nguhrphpah; ciu. ciuahrphpah;fspd; eil rw;Wf;fLikahdjhf ,Ug;gpDk;> ciueilia ed;F tsh;j;J tpl;lth;fs; mth;fs;. nrwpTk; fhuz fhhpag; nghUj;jKk; tpsf;fKk; rhd;witahf mt;Tiufs; cs;sd. gy;yth ;fhyj;J ciueilia mwpa cjTtd gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fSk; fy;ntl;Lf;fSk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; rhpf;Fr;rhp tlnkhopr; nrhw;fSk; jkpo;r; nrhw;fSk; fye;j kzpg;gpuths eil Njhd;wpaJ. = Guhzk; vOjpa kz;ly GUlh;jhk; ,j;jifanjhU eiliaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jth;. rkz rka E}yhd fj;jpa rpe;jhkzpAk; kzpg;gpuths eilapyhdNj. rkzh;fshy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l ,e;eil> Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy;> itzt ciuahrphpah;fshy; nghpJk; tsh;f;fg;gl;lJ. ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag; gpuge;jj;jpd; ciuahrphpah;fshd nghpa thr;rhd; gps;is> tlf;Fj; jpUtPjpg; gps;is> mz;zq;fuhr;rhhpahh; Nghd;Nwhh; ,t;tifapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs;. kzpg;gputhseil tpyfj; njhlq;fpa Neuj;jpy; Nkiy ehl;bdhpd; Ml;rp jkpofj;jpy; Vw;gl;lJ. fpwpj;Jt rkaf; FUkhh;fs; gyh; jkpo; ehl;L kf;fNshL fye;J tho;e;jdh;. jkpoh;fspilNa jk; kjj;ijg; gug;g Ntz;Lnkdpy;> jkpo; nkhopapy; nra;jpfisj; ju Ntz;Lnkd vz;zdh;. ftpijapy; rkaf; fUj;Jf;fisr; nrhy;tijf; fhl;bYk; ciueilapy; $wNy jf;fJ vdf; fz;L nray;gl;ldh;. mr;Rg; nghwpapid mwpKfg;gLj;jpaNjhL> vz;zpwe;j ciueil E}y;fs; jkpopy; Njhd;wTk; top tFj;jdh;. ePz;lneba njhlh;fis tpLj;Jr; rpwpa> vspa njhlh;fisf; ifahz;ldh;. jkpo; nkhopAk; jd; ,Wf;fkhd Nghf;if tpl;L> nefpo;e;J nfhLj;jJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf ciueil E}y;fs; gy ngUfpd. cz;ikapNyNa ciueil ngUFtjw;F mr;Rg; nghwpNa fhuzk;. tPukhKdpth; jkpo; thptbtj;ij vspikahf;fp xOq;FgLj;jpaikAk;. ,lj;jpw;Nfw;w epWj;jw;Fwpfis ,lk;ngwr; nra;jikAk; ciueil tpiue;J tsuf; fhuzkhapd. ,jdhy; tPukhKdptiuj; jkpo; ciueilapd; je;ij vd;gh;. ,uhgh;l;b nehgpyp> [p.A.Nghg;> tPukhKdpth; Kjypa Nkiy ehl;bdUk;> ,uhkypq;f mbfshh;> rptQhdpKdpth; Nghd;w jkpo;ehl;L mwpQh;fSk; gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;Lj; jkpo; ciueilia ed;F tsh;j;jdh;. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fs; nghpa mstpy; jkpopy; CLUtj; jiyg;gl;ld. Vw;fdNt tlnkhopj; jhf;fj;jhy; thl;lKw;wpUe;j jkpo;> Mq;fpyf; fyg;igAk; jhq;f Kbahky; jj;jspj;jJ. jkpo; vDk; xsp ,Uz;L Nghfhky; fhf;Fk; nghUl;Lj; jkpopd;ghy; ,ay;ghf <LghL nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,aw;if. kiwkiyabfisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jJ. vQ;rpapUe;j kzpg;gputhsj;jpd; khia mfyTk;> Mq;fpyf; fyg;ghk; Nga; XlTk; nra;j jdpj;jkpo; ,af;fk; fz;l jifahsh;. kiwkiyabfs;. vk;nkhopf; fyg;Gk; vk;nkhopf;Fj; Njitapy;iy vd;w ,WkhWg;Gf;Fhpauhapdh;. jkpoh; mtiuj; njhlh;e;J NjtNeag; ghthzh;> ngUQ;rpj;judhh;> jkpo;f; Fbkfd;> ,uh.,stuR Nghd;w jdpj;jkpo; ,af;fj;ijf; fl;bf; fhf;Fk; jifahsh; ngUfpdh;. ,d;W xUnrhy; $lf; fyg;gpd;wp vOjTk; NgrTk; ty;y gyh; ek;kpilNa tho;fpd;wdh;. vdpDk; ,d;Wk; $lr; rpyh; ifahSk; jkpopy; tlnkhop xypfshf [.].\.~>` vd;gd tLf;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nkiy ehl;lhh;fshd jj;JtNghjfh;> tPukhKdpth;> rPfd;ghy;F> vy;yPrh;> fhy;Lnty;> ,Nudpay;> tpd;RNyh> Nghg; Nghd;Nwhh; Mq;fhq;Nf mr;Rf;$lk; Vw;gLj;jpAk; mUe;jkpo; ciueilapy; fpwpj;Jtf; fUj;Jf;fisg; gug;gpAk;> mfuhjp> nkhop Muha;r;rp> nkhopngah;g;G Nghd;w E}y;fis Mf;fpAk; jkpo; tsu cjtpdh;. ,th;fNshL Nrh;e;J - my;yJ ,th;fl;Fg; Nghl;bahf - ,e;J kjj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fSk; gy ciueil E}y;fisg; gilj;jdh;. rptQhdKdpth;> ,uhkypq;f mbfshh;> kiwkiy mbfshh;> tpGyhde;j mbfshh; Nghd;Nwhh; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;. rkaj;jpw;F mg;ghw;gl;l epiyapy; ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fshd rpWfij> Gjpdk; Nghd;wit Nkiyj;jhf;fj;jhy; cUthfp tsh;e;jd. mjd; fhuzkhf ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fs;> ftpij ,yf;fpaq;fis tplTk; kpFjpahd nry;thf;Fg; ngwj; jiyg;gl;ld. mk;gyf;fhl;by; 1577,y; ntspahd fpwp];JNthgNjrk; vd;w E}Ny jkpopy; mr;rhd Kjy; E}y; vd;gh;. ,JNt ,e;jpahtpy; mr;rplg;gl;l Kjy; mr;RE}Yk; $l Ngr;Rj;jkpOk; gonkhopfSk; fye;J vOjg;gl;l jj;Jt Nghjf rhkpapd; ciueilNa ,f;fhy eilapd; rhaypy; vOjg;gl;lJ. ,th;jk; E}y;fs; Qhd cgNjrfhz;lk;> Qhd jPgpif> cgNjrry;yhgk; Kjypait. tPukhKdpth; Ntjpah; xOf;fk;> Ntj tpsf;fk;> NgjfkWj;jy;> Qhdk; czh;j;jy;> jpUr;rigf;fzpjk;> gukhh;j;j FUfij> thkd; fij Mfpa ciueil E}y;fis ,aw;wpdhh;. ,it jj;Jt Nghjf rhkpapd; eilia tplg;gz;gl;l eilapy; mike;jd. 1716,y; rPfd; ghy;F jkpo; - ,yj;jPd; xg;gpyf;fz Ma;T vd;w E}iyg; gjpg;gpj;jhh;.



[p.A+. Nghg; vOjpa ,q;fpyhe;J Njr rhpj;jpuk;> fhy;L nty; ,aw;wpa jhkiuj; jlhfk;> Qhd];ehdk;> vy;yp];Jiu vOjpa tPukhKdpth; tuyhW Nghd;witAk; gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; rpwe;j ciueil E}y;fshf ntspte;jit. jkpioj;jha; nkhopahff; nfhz;lth;fshd rptQhd Kdpth;> MWKf ehtyh;> rp.it. jhNkhjuk; gps;is> c.Nt. rhkpehijah;> kiwkiy mbfs;> jpU.tp.f.> Nfhghy fpUz\;;khr;rhhpahh;> gz;bj kzp fjpNurQ;nrl;bahh;> fh.R. gps;is> v];. itahGhpg;gps;is> uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is> K.tujuhrdhh;> NjtNeag; ghthzh;> nj.ngh.kP Nghd;w gyUk; jkpo; ciueil tsh;r;rpf;fhfg; ghLgl;Ls;sdh;.

MWKf ehtyh;

Ch; aho;g;ghzj;J ey;Y}h;. irtNtshs kugpdh;. aho;g;ghzk;> rpjk;guk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; jkpo;f;fy;Y}hpfs; epWtpj; jkpo; tsh;j;jhh;. irt tpdh - tpil> irtrka newp ciu> jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil ciu> jpUtpisahlw;Guhz trdk;> nghpa Guhz trdk;> ghujk;> fe;jGuhz trdq;fs;> rptQhd Nghjr; RUf;fk; Nghd;w ciueil E}y;fis ,aw;wpdhh;. jpUthtLJiw Mjpdk; ,tUf;F „ehtyh;‟ vdg;gl;lk; toq;fpaJ. ,tuJ eil> ,yf;fzg; gpioaw;w J}a eil. “trd eil ifte;j ty;yhsh;” vdg; ghpjpkhw;fiyQh; ,tiug; ghuhl;Lthh;. ,th; jkpo;f; fhtyh; vd;Wk; jw;fhyj; jkpo; ciueilapd; je;ij vd;Wk; Nghw;wg;gLthh;. „itjhYk; tOtpd;wp itthh;‟ vdr; rp.it.jhNkhjuk; gps;is ,tiug; ghuhl;Lthh;. ,uhkypq;f mbfshh;

,th; mUl;gh vOjpaNjhL rpwe;j ciueil E}y;fshd kDKiw fz;l thrfk;> [PtfhUzpa xOf;fk;> cz;ik newp Nghd;w ciueil E}y;fisAk; Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;. ,tuJ ciueil ePz;l njhlh;fisf; nfhz;lJ. rp.it.jhNkhjuk; gps;is

Ch; aho;g;ghzk; rpWgl;b> 1832,y; gpwg;G. je;ij ituehjg;gps;is. ,th; gjpg;gpj;j E}y;fshtd: njhy;fhg;gpak;> er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; Nrdhtiuah; ciufs;> ,iwadhh; fstpay; ciu> tPuNrhopak;> ,yf;fz tpsf;f ciu vDk; ciu E}y;fs;> fypj;njhif> #shkzp> jzpifg;Guhzk; Nghd;w ,yf;fpaq;fspd; ciufs;. c.Nt.rhkpehijah;(1855 - 1942)

Ch; cj;jkjhdGuk;: je;ij Ntq;fl Rg;igah;; „jkpo;j; jhj;jh‟ vd miof;fg;gLk; ,th; ngUk;ghyhd goe;jkpo; E}y;fis mr;rpNyw;wpAs;shh;. kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is rhpj;jpuk;> GjpaJk; gioaJk;> fz;lJk; Nfl;lJk;> epidT kQ;rhp Nghd;w ciueil E}y;fis vOjpAs;shh;. khepyf;fy;Y}hpg; Nguhrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpa ,th; „vd; rhpj;jpuk;‟ vd;Dk; jkJ tho;f;if tuyhW $Wk; E}iyAk; ntspapl;Ls;shh;. ,th;f;F Mq;fpy murpdh; “kfh kNfhghj;jpaha” vd;Dk; gl;lk; toq;fpdhh;. ,tiug; ghujpahh;> Fle;ij efh;f; fiyQh; NfhNt nghjpakiyg; gpwe;jnkhop tho;twpAk; fhynky;yhk; Gyth;thapy; Jjpawptha; vdg; ghuhl;bdhh;.

it.K.Nfhghy fpU\;zkhr;rhhpahh; Ch; jpUty;ypf;Nfzp: “ciuahrphpar; rf;futh;j;jp” vdg; ghuhl;lg; ngWgth;. jkpo;g; Ngufuhjpf; FOtpy; 20 Mz;Lfs; gzpahw;wpdhh;. gj;Jg;ghl;L> jpUf;Fws;> jz;bayq;fhuk;> tpy;ypGj;J}uhh; ghujk;> fk;guhkhazk; Nghd;w E}y;fl;F ciu vOjpAs;shh;. gz;bjkzp fjpNuQ;nrl;bahh; (1881 - 1953)

mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyfj; jkpo;g;Nguhrphpah;: kpUr;r fbjk; vd;w tlnkhop E}iy “kz;zpay;” rpWNjh; vd;w ngahpy; jkpopy; ngah;j;J ntspapl;lhh;. Rf;uePjp> cjaz rhpj;jpuk;> RNyhrid> nfslypak; vd;gdTk; ,th;jk; nkhop ngah;g;g E}y;fs;. jpUthrfj;jpd; ePj;jy; tpz;zg;gk;> jpUr;rjfk; Mfpa E}y;fl;F ciu tiue;jhh;. ,tuJ nrhw;nghopTfSk; fl;LiufSk; “ciueilf;Nfhit” vd;w jiyg;gpy; ,UnjhFjpfshf ntspte;Js;sd. gz;bjkzp> kfh kNfhghj;jpaha vDk; gl;lq;fisg; ngw;Ws;shh;. ,tuJ ciueil fLikahd gz;bj eil vd;gh;.



fh. Rg;gpukzpa gps;is (1884 - 1945) jkpo; ehl;by; Kjy; gl;lk; ngw;wth;. rl;l epGzh;. mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyj; jkpo;g; Nguhrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;. irtf;Futh; tuyhW> jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW> njhy;fhg;gpag; nghUsjpfhuk; my;yJ goe;jkpoh; ehfhpfk; Mfpa ,th;jk; ciueil E}y;fs; rpwg;Gf;Fhpait. e.K. Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhh; (1884 - 1944)

mfj;jpah;> fgpyh;> ef;fPuh; gw;wp mhpa E}y;fis ntspapl;Ls;shh;. jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;> rpyk;G> Nkfiy> mfehD}W Mfpatw;wpw;Fr; rPhpa ciufs; tiue;Js;shh;. v];.itahGhpg;gps;is (1888 - 1956)

,th; jiyikapy; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fofk; jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp (Tamil Lexicon) ntspapl;lJ. jkpo;r;Rlh; kzpfs;> jkpoh; gz;ghL> ,yf;fpar; rpe;jidfs;> fhtpafhyk;> ,yf;fpa cjak; Nghd;w jkpo; ciueil E}y;fis vOjpAs;shh;. kiwkiy mbfs;(1883 - 1950)

Ch; ehifia mLj;j fhlk;ghb. jkpo;> tlnkhop Mq;fpyk; Mfpa Kk;nkhopfspYk; ty;yth;. Rthkp Ntjhryk; vd;w jk; ngaiu kiwiy mbfs; vdj;jkpopy; nkhopngah;j;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. jhk; elj;jpa Qhdrhfuk; vd;w ,jopd; jiyg;ig mwpTf; fly; vd khw;wpdhh;. tlnkhopAk;> Mq;fpyKk; jkpopy; fyg;gpid Vw;gLj;jpaikiag; nghwhJ. mf;fyg;gpid vjph;g;gjw;nfd;Nw jdpj;jkpo; ,af;fk; fz;l jifahsh; kiwkiy mbfshh;. ,th; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fis kf;fspilNa gug;gpaNjhL> Nkdhl;Lj; jpwdha;T KiwfisAk; jkpopy; GFj;jpdhh;. “kiwkiy xU ngUk; mwpTr; Rlh;: jkpo; epyT” vdj; jpU.tp.f. ,tiug; ghuhl;bAs;shh;. ,th; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; Ky;iyg; ghl;L Muha;r;rp> gl;bdg;ghiy Muha;r;rp> FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L Muha;r;rp> jpUf;Fws; Muha;r;rp rptQhd Nghj Muha;r;rp> khzpf;fthrfh; tuyhWk; fhyKk;> jkpoh;kjk;> jpUthrf tphpTiu> rhFe;jyk; (nkhopngah;g;G E}y;)> rpWth;f;fhd nre;jkpo; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ghlE}y;fs;. ehfehl;lurp. Nfhfpyhk;ghs; fbjq;fs; vd;Dk; Gjpdq;fisAk;> jpUnthw;wpA+h; KUfh; Kk;kzpf;Nfhit> Nrhk Re;juf; fhQ;rpahf;fk; Nghd;w ftpij ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; Mf;fpAs;shh;. fl;Liu vOJk; Kiwia ,tuJ mwpTf;nfhj;J vDk; E}ypy; tpsf;Ffpwhh;. ,th; vOjpa Mq;fpy E}y; The Ancient and modern Poets. ,th; elj;jpa Mq;fpy ,jo; The Ocean of wisdom.

jpU.tp.fy;ahz Re;judhh ;(1883 - 1953) Ch; jpUth&h;> ngw;Nwhh; tpUj;jhry Kjypahh;> rpd;dk;ik> Mrphpah; aho;g;ghzk; fjpiu Ntw;gps;is: nt];yp fy;Y}hpapy; jkpohrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;. ,th; elj;jpa ,jo;fs; Njrgf;jd;> etrf;jp ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; kdpj tho;f;ifAk; fhe;jpabfSk;> ngz;zpd; ngUik my;yJ tho;f;ifj; Jiz> rPh;jpUj;jk; my;yJ ,sik tpUe;J> KUfd; my;yJ moF> irtj;jpwT> jkpo;j;njd;wy; (nrhw; nghopTfs;)> jkpo;r; Nrhiy (gj;jphpifj; jiyaq;fq;fs;) Nkilj; jkpo; (Nkilg; Ngr;Rf;fs;)> mUs;Ntl;ly; (nra;As; E}y;). ,tuJ ciueil rpd;dQ;rpW njhlh;fs;> tpdh - tpil tpaq;Nfhs;> tpag;Gj; njhlh;fs;> mLf;Fj; njhlh;fs;> GJr; nrhy;yhf;fk;> ctik> cUtfk; Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;L jdpj;jd;ikAk; vspikAk; rhd;W tpsq;Fk;. Gjpa ciueilapd; je;ij vd;Wk; jkpo; Nkilg; Ngr;rpd; je;ij vd;Wk; ,th; Nghw;wg; ngWfpwhh;. t.R.g. khzpf;fk;

gpwe;j Mz;L 1917> Ch; Nkiyr;rptGhp. kJiug; gy;fiyf; fofj; JizNte;juhfg; gzp Mw;wpath;. E}y;fs; : ts;Stk;> jkpo;f; fhjy;> njhy;fhg;gpag; GJik> nfhil tpsf;F> ve;jr; rpyk;G> rpe;jidf;fsq;fs;> ,yf;fpa tpsf;fk;> xg;gpay; Nehf;F> ney;ypf;fdp (ehlfk;) Kjypa 15 E}y;fs;.



jkpoz;zy;

,aw;ngah; ,uhk: nghpafUg;gd;. kJiug; gy;fiyf; fofj; jkpo;j;Jiwj; jiytuhfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;. E}y;fs;: Foe;ijfs; ,yf;fpak; (ghly;)> xg;gpyf;fpa mwpKfk;> rq;f ,yf;fpa xg;gPL> Gjpa Nehf;fpy; jkpo; ,yf;fpa xg;gPL> Gjpa Nehf;fpy; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW> mwptpay; mwpKfk; Kjypad. kapiyrPdp Ntq;flrhkp (1900 - 1980)

Ch; kapyhg;G+h;: njhlf;fg;gs;sp Mrphpah; gzp. E}y;fs;: ,iwadhh; fstpay; Muha;r;rp> mQ;rpiwj; Jk;gp> kiwe;J Nghd jkpo; E}y;fs;> Gj;j [hjf; fijfs;> ngsj;jf; fijfs;> rkzKk; jkpOk;> ngsj;jKk; jkpOk;> fpUj;jtKk; jkpOk;> jkpoh; tsh;j;j moF fiyfs;> rkak; tsh;j;j jkpo; Kjypad. eh.thdkhkiy

Ch; ehq;FNdhp> Muha;r;rp fhyhz;L ,jo; elj;jpdhh;. jkpoh; ehl;Lg; ghly;fs;> fl;l nghk;kd; fijg;ghly;> jkpoh; tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;. ,aw;ifr; nry;tq;fs;> tpz;Afk;> ug;ghpd; fypAfk;. uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is (1896 - 1961)

nrd;id gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; Kjy; jkpo;g; Nguhrphpah;. nrhy;ypd; nry;th; vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;. 25 E}y;fs; vOjpa ,th;> jkpopd;gk; vd;w E}Yf;fhfr; rhfpj;jpa mfhlkp tpUJ ngw;whh;. E}y;fs;: nre;jkpOk; nfhLe;jkpOk;> jpUts;Sth; E}y; eak;> rpyg;gjpfhu E}y;eak;> tPukhefh;> jkpo;tpUe;J> fhy;LNtyh;> jkpo;ehl;L etkzpfs; Kjypait. D.Litt gl;lk; ngw;whh;. xsit Jiurhkpg; gps;is (1902 - 1981)

Ch; jpz;btdk;: ,th; E}yhrphpauhfTk;> ciuahrphpauhftk; tpsq;fpdhh;. fy;Y}hpg; Nguhrphpah;. E}y;fs; : kUs; ePf;fpahh; (ehlfk;)> rpyg;gjpfhu kzpNkfiy> Nru kd;dh; tuyhW> tuyhw;Wf; fhl;rpfs;> ee;jh tpsf;F> kj;j tpyhrk; (nkhopg;ngah;g;G) Kjypad. ciufs;: ahNrhju fhtpak;> GwehD}W> gjpw;Wg;gj;J> Iq;FEW}W> ew;wpiz> rptQhd Nghjk;> jpUtUl;gh Kjypa gy E}y;fSf;F ciu toq;fpdhh;. kh.,uhrkhzpf;fdhh;(1907 - 1967)

Ch; jQ;rhT+h; : nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofj; jkpo;j;Jiwapy; gzpahw;wpAs;shh;. E}y;fs; : nkhfQ;rjhNuh> gy;yth; tuyhW> Nrhoh; tuyhW> jkpof Ml;rpf;fiyfs; tuyhW> jkpoh;: ehfhpfKk; gz;ghLk;> jkpoh; jpUkzj;jpy; jhyp> gj;Jg;ghl;L Muha;r;rp> fk;gh;ahh;> jpUts;Sth; fhyk; Kjypa E}y;fs;: jkpo;fw;gpf;Fk; Kiw> goe;jkpo;> njhy;fhg;gpak; Muha;r;rp tpsf;fk;> ,yf;fpak; $Wk; jkpoh; tho;tpay;. rp. ,yf;Ftdhh; (1910 - 1973)

ehfh; Nfhapy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}hpj; jkpo;j; Jiwj; jiytuhfg; gzpahw;wpath;. jdpj;jkpo; newpahsh;. 1965,y; ,e;jp vjph;g;Gf; fpsh;r;rpapy; ngUk;gq;F nfhz;lhh;. mjdhy; gjtp gwpf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd; nrd;id khepyf; fy;Y}hpj; jiyikj; jkpo;g; Nguhrphpauhdhh;. E}y;fs;: jkpo; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiw> goe;jkpo;> njhy;fhg;gpak; Muha;r;rp tpsf;fk;> ,yf;fpak; $Wk; jkpoh; tho;tpay;. jh.V. Qhd%h;j;jp

1911,y; gpwe;jhh;. Fd;wf;Fb mbfshh; „E}ywpT Gyth;‟ vDk; gl;lk; toq;fpdhh;. E}y;fs; : rpe;jhkzpr; nry;tk;> mbrpw;fpdpahs;> mty tPuh;fs;> rkzk; Kjypad. mfpy ,e;jpag; gy;fiyf;fofj; jkpohrphpah; kd;wj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jth;fSs; xUth;. m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jd;

gpwe;j Mz;L 1916> kJiug; gy;fiyf;fofj; jkpo;j; Jiwj;jiytuhfg; gzpahw;wpAs;shh;. E}y;fs;: ,yf;fpaf; fiy> ,uhtzd; khl;rpAk; tPo;r;rpAk;> murpah;%th;> mfk;> Gwk;> kfsph; tsh;j;j jkpo;> fk;gd; Gjpa ghh;it> njs;shW vwpe;j ee;jp Kjypad. 2000Mk; Mzby; Fws; gPlj;jpd; ghuhl;Lk; ghpRk; ngw;Ws;shh;.



f.nts;is thuzh; Ch; jpUehNfr;Ruk; mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofj; jkpo;j; Jiwapy; gzpahw;wpdhh;. E}y;fs;: rq;ffhyj; jkpo; kf;fs;> gd;dpU jpUKiw Muha;r;rp> njhy;fhg;gpa ciutsk; Kjypad. nghw;Nfh

gpwe;j ehs; 09.06.1941. Ch; jpUr;rp khtl;lk; ,Uk;Gypf; Fwpr;rp. nkhopapay; Jiwapy; Kidth;g; gl;lk; ngw;wth;. jkpo; kl;Lkpd;wpj; njYq;F. tq;fhsk;> kiyahsk;> rg;ghd; Mfpa nkhopfspYk; Gyik cilath;. mnkhpf;fh> gphpl;ld;> rg;ghd;> rpq;fg;G+h; Mfpa ehLfSf;F nkhopauha;r;rp njhlh;ghfr; nrd;W te;jpUf;fpwhh;. 1970 - 72,y; ,yz;ld; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; gzpahw;wpdhh;. nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;ffofj; jkpo;j; Jiwj; jiytuhapUe;j ,th; 24.06.1999 Kjy; 23.06.2002 tiu nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fofj; JizNte;juhfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;. ,th; Nkw;ghh;itapd; fPo; 30 Ngh; gp.vr;.b gl;lKk; Vwj;jho 100 Ngh; vk;/gpy; gl;lKk; ngw;Ws;sdh;. nkhopapay;> jkpo; ,yf;fzk;> xg;gpyf;fzk; jkpo; ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;iffs;> xg;gpyf;fpak;> ghtpay; Mfpa Jiwfspy; ty;Yeh; gy Mz;Lfshfg; Gyik ,jopd; gjpg;ghrphpauhf ,Ue;J tUfpwhh;. nre;jkpo;> khw;wpypf;fzk;> ,yf;fz cyfpy; Gjpa ghh;it> ePq;fSk; gpioapd;wp vOjyhk;> nghw;Nfhtpd; ftpijfs; Kjypa Kg;gjpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l E}y;fisAk;> E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd nkhopaha;Tf; fl;LiufisAk; gilj;Js;shh;. jkpo; nkhop> xg;gpyf;fzk;> ,yf;fpak;> gz;ghL Mfpait gw;wpa ,tuJ Mq;fpyf; fl;Liuj; njhFg;G(Tamil Studies) 2001) ntsptu cs;sJ.

k.uh.Ngh.FUr Nfhit G+.rh.Nfh. fiyf; fy;Y}hpj; jkpo;j; Jiwj;jiytuhfg; gzpahw;wp Xa;T ngw;wth;. gilj;j E}y;fs; 1. jkpo; E}y;fspy; Fwpg;Gg; nghUs;> rq;ffhyk;> rq;ffhyj;jpw;F Kd;> rpyg;gjpfhur; nra;jp> Kjw;fhg;gpar; rpe;jid> ,uhkhazr; rpe;jid> jpU.tp.f.> khjtp Kjypa Muha;r;rp E}y;fs; 2. kz;zpYk; tpz;zpYk;> mrhkpa ,yf;fpa tuyhW> J}ah; gpuhd;rp]; mrpr - kfhj;kh fhe;jp xg;gpl;lha;T Kjypa nkhop ngah;g;G E}y;fs; Kg;gjpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;. ,. Re;ju%h;j;jp

2001 Mk; Mz;Lf;Fhpa jpUts;Sth; tpUJ jkpof murhy; ,tUf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. jkpo;g gy;fiyf;fofj; Jiz Nte;juha;g; gjtp Vw;Ws;shh;. jpUf;Fws; ahg;gikjpAk; ghlNtWghLk;> jpUf;Fws;> eilapay;> ghujp eilapy;> eilapay; mwpKfk; Kjypa Ik;gjpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l E}y;fis vOjpAs;shh;. jkpopy; ciueil tsh;r;rp jd; vz;zq;fis ntspg;gLj;j kdpjd; Ngr;R nkhopiag; gilj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F Kd;dhy; jd; czh;r;rpfisg; ghl;bd; %yk; njhptpj;Jf;nfhz;lhd;;;: vd;w nkhop E}ywpQh; n[];gh;]d; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,jdhy; xU nkhopapy; nra;ANs ciueilf;F Kd; toq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJ ntspg;gil. „,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; ftpijNa ciueilf;Fk; Kw;gl;l fhyj;jhFk;‟ vd;W mwpQh; vkh;rd; $wpapUg;gJk; ,f;fUj;Jf;F muz; nra;tjhFk;. jkpopy; INuhg;gpah; tUiff;F Kd;dh; ciueil mike;jpUf;ftpy;iy vd;w $w;W KOtJk; nfhs;sf; $bajd;W: INuhg;gpah; njhlh;ghy; „ciueil‟ vd;w ,yf;fpag; gphpT jdpf;fiyaha; tsh;e;jJ vdyhk;. ciueil tsh;r;rpapidAk; tho;tpidAk; ngw;wJ mth;fshy; vdyhk;. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpNyNa ciueiliag; gw;wpa Fwpg;gpidf; fhz;fpNwhk;. ciueilAk; nra;Ask; fye;j E}y;fs; mf;fhyj;jpy; vOe;jpUe;jd vd;gNj mf;Fwpg;ghFk;> ,jid. njhd;ik jhNd ciunahL Gzh;e;j gioik Nkw;Nw‟ vd;W njhy;fhg;gpadhh; nra;Aspaypy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,jid „ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr; nra;As;‟ vd;W mf;fhyj;jpy; toq;fpdh;. ngUe;Njtdhh; ghujKk;> jf^h; ahj;jpiuAk; ,tw;wpw;Fr; rhd;Wfshfg; gioa ciu E}y;fspy; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk;> njhy;fhg;gpadhh;> „mq;fjk; KJnrhnyh lt;Nto; epyj;Jk;‟



vd;W nghUspaypYk; xU E}w;ghtpid mikf;fpwhh;. ,e;E}w;gh> E}y; Gzh;f;Fk; Kiw VO gphpntd;Wk; mtw;wpy; xd;W „ciuahg;G‟ tif vd;Wk; tpje;NjhJfpwJ. mt;Tiueilapid ehd;F tifahf mtNu gphpj;Jiuf;fpwhh;. „ghl;bid itj;j Fwpg;gp dhDk; ghtpd; nwOe;j fpstp ahDk; nghUz;ku gpy;yhg; ngha;k;nkhop ahDnkd;W ciutif eilNa ehd;nfd nkhopg‟. ,jdhy;> ciueilAk; nra;ASk; fye;Js;s E}y;fSk;> ghl;bw;F ciuahff; $wg;gLk; ciu E}y;fSk;> XU nghUspd;wpg; ngha;glj; njhlh;e;J nrhy;Yk; etPdq;fSk;> eFjw;F VJthfpa ehlfq;fSk;> rpWfijfSk; ciueil E}y;fshk; vd;gJ ngwg;gLfpd;wJ. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; nra;As;fSf;F ,ilapy; nra;As;fSf;F ,ilapy; rpy ,lq;fspy; ciueil tputp tUtjidf; fhzyhk;. ,iwadhh; mfg;nghUs; ciuapy; rpwpJ fbdkhd eilapy; mike;j ciueil fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,ilf; fhyj;jpy; tlnkhopapy; fye;j jkpo; ciueilapidr; rkz Mrphpah; rpyh; „kzpg;gputhsk;‟ vd;dk; eilapy; vOjpdh; vd;W = Guhzk;> fj;jpa rpe;jhkzp Kjypa E}y;fshy; mwpayhk;. gjpdhd;fhk; E}w;whz;by; njhy;fhg;gpak;> rq;f E}y;fs;> rq;fk; kUtpa fhy E}y;fs; Kjypatw;wpw;F ciunaOjpa ,sk;g+uzh;> er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;> mbahh;f;F ey;yhh;> Nguhrphpah;> Nrdhtiuah;> ghpNkyofh; KjypNahh; jpl;gkhd nrwpe;j ciueilapid vOjpAs;sdh;. itzt ciuahrphpah; ehyhapuj;jpt;tpag; gpuge;jj;jpw;F kzpgpuths eilapy; ciu nra;jdh;. irt rpj;jhe;j rhj;jpuq;fSf;Fk; irt rkag; Gyth; ciu fz;Ls;sdh;. mf;fhyj;jpYk; nra;As; mikg;Ng ciueilapDk; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; nghpJk; gapyg;gl;lJ vdyhk;. „,yf;fpak;> ,yf;fzk;> Nrhjplk;> kUj;Jtk;> epfz;L Kjypa midj;J E}y;fSk; nra;As; E}y;fshfNt Jyq;fpd. mf;fhyj;jpy; gidNaLfspy; ,Uk;ngOj;jhzpnfhz;L vOjpdh;. ,J> ,f;fhyj;jpy; jhspy; Ngdhthy; vOJtJ Nghd;w vspa nrayd;W> „Ruq;fr; nrhy;yp tpsq;f itj;jy;‟ vd;w Kiwahy; jhd; me;j ,lh;g;ghL fisag;gl Kbe;jJ. xU fUj;ij ciueilapy; nrhy;tijtplr; nra;Aspy; nrhy;tjhy; fhyr; RUf;fj;ijAk; Kaw;rp vspikiaAk; ngw ,aYk;> mr;Rg; Gj;jfq;fs; ,y;yhj fhykhjyhy; E}y;fisg; gapy;tjw;Fk;> gapw;Wtjw;Fk; kdj;jpy; nfhs;tjw;Fk; kdg;ghlk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba mtrpak; Vw;gl;lJ. nra;Ais kdg;ghlk; nra;tNj vspa tpiue;j nray;. ,t;thwhd fhuzq;fshy; nra;As; tof;Nf INuhg;gpah; tUiff;F Kd; ngUtof;fhapUe;jJ. ,Nj epiyikapid INuhg;gpah; ed;F Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;. jkpoh; ciu vOJk; gof;fk; ,d;Dk; njhlf;f epiyapy; ,Uf;fpwJ. tpiuthfTk; rukhhpahfTk; ftpghlf;$ba Gyth; ciueilapw; rpy nrhw;nwhlh;fs; vOjj; njhpahkypUf;fpd;wdh;‟ vd;Dk; fUj;Jg;gl tpd;]; Nyhtpd; jkpo; Mq;fpy mfuhjpapd; KfTiuapy; vOjg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. „kUj;Jtk;> fzpjk;> ,yf;fzk;> epfz;L Kjypa vy;yh E}y;fSk; (mtw;wpd; ciufisj; jtpu) nra;AspNy ,aw;wg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. „ciueilapy; E}y; ,aw;Wk; tof;fk;> INuhg;gpahpd; njhlh;ghy; Vw;gl;ljhFk;‟ vd;W jkpiog; gw;wp kh;lhf; Jiu vOjpapUf;fpwhh;. NkNy $wg;gl;L te;j fUj;Jfs; nghUe;J khw;wpidg; gpd;dh;f; fhz;Nghk;. ciueil E}y;fs; kl;Lkd;wp NtW gy khw;wq;fSk; INuhg;gpah; tUifahy; tpise;jd. „jkpo; vOj;Jfis vspikahf;fpdh;. gy nrhw;fs; mike;j njhlhpid (thf;fpaj;ij) xNu ePz;l nrhy;yhy; Md njhlh; Nghy vOjp te;j gof;fj;jpid khw;wpr; rpwpa thf;fpakhapUg;gpDk; nghpa njhluhapUg;gpDk; nrhw;fspd; ,ilapilNa ,lk; tpl;L vOJfpd;w Kiwapid mth;fs; GFj;jpdh;. Jz;Lj;jhs;fisAk;> Gj;jfq;fisAk;> nra;jpj; jhs;fisAk; mr;rpaw;wpa Kjy;th; mth;fNs. gz;ghl;by; cah;e;j cyfpd; gpw gFjpfspy; jkpo;nkhop gbf;fg;ngWk; Mh;tj;jpid mth;fNs Cl;bdh;. INuhg;gpa nkhopfspypUe;J rpy E}y;fis Kjd;Kjypy; jkpopy; nkhop ngah;j;jdh;: jkpo;r; nrhw;Nfhitapid kdg;ghlk; nra;Ak; gioa gof;fj;jpw;F mfuhjpfisAk; rJufuhjpfisAk; ,aw;wp Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itj;jdh;;;;;;: ,aw;if> tpQ;Qhdk; gw;wpa fl;Liufis tiue;jdh;: jkpowpe;j mwpQh;fisj; jkpo; E}y;fs; ntspaplj; J}z;bdh;: nkhop> ,yf;fpak;> ,yf;fzk;> ,itfis EZfp MAk; jpwDf;F top fhl;bdh;: vy;NyhUk; Ghpe;J nfhs;s ,ayhj epiyapy; xU nkhop mike;jpUg;gJ ey;yjd;W vd;W $wp> ciueil ,yf;fpak; jq;fSf;nfd;W ,y;yhjth;fs; rKjhak;> xOq;F> rkak;> murpay;> nghUshjhuk;> Kjypa Jiwfspy; Kd;Ndw Kbahnjd;Wk; vLj;Jf;fhl;bdh;. mk;kl;NlhL mikahJ etPdj; jkpo; ciueilapidg; NgrTk; vOjTk; gbf;fTk; MdnjhU gof;fj;jpidf; fw;gpj;jdh;. ,t;thW INuhg;gpah;fshy; tpise;j ed;ikfisnay;yhk; fpwpj;Jtf; fy;Y}hpapy; jkpo;g; Nguhrphpauha; tpsq;fp kiwe;j rw;Fzh; mth;fs; tphpthff; $wpAs;shh;.



,e;jpahtpYs;s nkhopfSs; ciueil E}y; Kjd; Kjy; Njhd;wpa ngUik ek; jkpo; nkhopapidNa rhUk;. mk;gyf; fhl;by; mr;Rg; nghwpapid mikj;J mjd; gadha;f; “fpUj;JNthgNjrk;‟ vd;Dk; jkpo; E}y; fp.gp 1577 ,y; ntspahapw;W. khWgl;l fUj;Jk; cz;L. „ng];fp‟ vd toq;Fk; tPukhKdpth; gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;by; ciueilapidg; nghpJk; tsh;j;jdh;. aho;g;ghzj;J ey;Y}h; MWKf ehtyh; ciueil E}y;fis> mr;rpaw;wp ntspapl;Lr; irtKk; jkpOk; jioj;jpdpNjhq;fg; ghLgl;lhh;. ,t;thW jkpo; ciu eil tpj;J> fp.gp. gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;by; Kisj;J> gjpNdO> gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; nrbahfp> gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; fdpj; je;J gyd; jUfpd;wJ. ciueilapd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk; kdpjd; jd; vz;zq;fisAk; czh;r;rpfisAk; ntspg;gLj;j ifahz;l fUtpNa nkhop. ,k;nkhopapYk; Kjd; Kjypy; ftpij my;yJ nra;As; eilNa gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;jJ. nkhop E}ywpQh;fshd n[];gh;]d;> vkh;rd; Nghd;NwhUk; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; ftpijNa ciueilf;Fk; Kw;gl;l fhyj;jhFk; vd;w fUj;J nfhz;lth;fshth;. ,t;Tiu eil ,yf;fpak; jkpOf;Fg; Gjpajd;W. njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpNyNa ciueil vd;Dk; gphpT ,Ue;jJ vd;gij njhd;ik jhNd ciunahL Gzh;e;j gioik Nkw;Nw (njhy;. nra;.229) ghl;bil itj;j Fwpg;gpdhDk; ghtpd; neOe;j fpstp ahDk; nghUz; kugpy;yhg; ngha;k;nkhop ahDk; nghUnshL Gzh;e;j eifnkhop ahDk; vd;W ciueil tifNa ehd;nfd nkhopg vd;Dk; E}w;ghf;fs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd. vdNt> mf;fhyj;jpy; jdp ciueil E}y;fs; ,y;iynadpDk; nra;ASk; ciueilAk; fye;j E}y;fs; ,Ue;jd vd;gJk; ciueil vDk; gFjpapYk; ehd;F tif ,Ue;jd vd;gJk; ngwg;gLfpwJ. ciueilAk; ,Ue;;jJ vd;gNjad;wp nra;ANs nghpJk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;jJ fhuzk; mf;fhyj;jpy; gof;fj;jpypUe;j vOJnghUl;fNs gidXiyAk; ,Uk;G vOj;jhzpAk; gad;gLj;Jtw;Ff; fbdkhf ,Ue;jjdhy; RUq;fr; nrhy;yp tpsq;f itj;j ftpij eilNa ,j;Jd;gj;jpw;F khw;Wtopahfj; jpfo;e;jJ. ,yf;fpak;> ,yf;fzk;> Nrhjplk;> kUj;Jtk;> epfz;L> Mfpa midj;JNk nra;As; tbtpNyNa ,aw;wg;gl;L te;jd. vJifAk;> NkhidAk; nghUe;j Xir eaj;Jld; kdg;ghlk; nra;tjw;F vspikaha; ,Ue;j ftpij ,yf;fpaNk nghpJk; gof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J te;jJ. mLj;J te;j ciueil ftpijapd; rpije;j tbtk; vd;Nw $wyhk;. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ciueiliaAk;> nra;AisAk; fye;J fij E}y;fis Mf;fj; njhlq;fpdh;. ,tw;iw ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr; nra;As; vd;W Fwpj;jdh;. ,t;tifapy; ngUe;Njtdhhpd; ghujk;> jf^h; ahj;jpiu> rpyg;gjpfhuk; Mfpait ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr; nra;As; vdg;gLfpd;wd. gpd;dh;> gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j rpy rkz Kdpth;fs; rhpf;Fr; rhp mstpdjhf tlnkhopAk;> jkpOk; fye;J vOjg;gLk; xU Gjpa cj;jpiaf; ifahz;ldh;. ,J kdpg;gpuths eil vdg;gl;lJ. ,e;eilapy; =Guhzk;> rj;jpa rpe;jhkzp Nghd;w trd E}y;fis vOjpdh;. ,k;Kiw ntw;wp ngwhJ mope;jjhapDk; jkpopy; [>]>\>`>B vd;Dk; Ie;J rpwe;j vOj;Jf;fspd; Xir GFe;J fyg;gijAk; kpFjpahd tlnrhw;fs; fyg;gijAk; ,J ,ay;ghf;fp tpl;lJ. ,f;fhyj;Nj Njhd;wpajhff; fUjg;gLk; ,iwadhh; fstpay; ciuapy; rpwpJ fbdkhd eilapy; mike;j ciueil mike;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,jd; mikg;Gg; nghUSzuf; fbdkhf ,Ue;jikapd;> ef;fPuh; ,jw;F vspanjhU ciu tFj;jhh;. ,JNt fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpa ciu. Mdhy; ,t;Tiu Vl;by; vOjg;glhky; gy jiyKiwfs; tiuapYk; tha;nkhopahfNt toq;fg;gl;L te;jJ. gpwFjhd; ,J vOj;J tbtk; ngw;wJ. ,J Vwf;Fiwa fp.gp. 9 Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy; Vl;by; vOjg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ftpij tbtpyhd E}y;fs; kdg;ghlk; nra;tjw;Fk; vOJtjw;Fk; vspjhf ,Ue;jNj jtpu nghUswpe;J nfhs;tjw;Ff; fbdkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,j;Jd;gKk; ciuahrphpah;fshy; ePf;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;Tiuahrphpah;fNs jkpopy; ciueil Njhd;w topfhl;bdh; vdyhk;. ,sk;g+uzh;> er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;> Nguhrphpah;> Nrdhtiuah;> mbahh;f;F ey;yhh;> ghpNkyofh;> KjyhNdhh; jpl;gkhd> nrwpe;j ciu vOjpajd; %yk; ciueilj; Njhw;wj;jpw;F tpj;jpl;ldh;. ,th;fs; vOjpa ciufis ,d;W tof;fj;jpypUe;J tUk; ciueil vd;Dk; nghUspy; toq;f ,ayhJ. ,tw;iw tpsf;fciu vd;Wjhd; $wNtz;Lk;.



ek; ehl;bw;F tUif je;j INuhg;gpahpd; tUifahy; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; kWkyh;r;rp ngw;wJ. me;epah; tUif md;idj; jkpOf;F mhpanjhU tug;gpurhjkhapw;W. mr;Rg;nghwp mwpKfkhdJ. mk;gyf;fhL> Gd;idf;fhay;> nfhr;rp Kjyhd ,lq;fspy; mr;Rf;$lq;fs; epWtg;gl;Lg; gy E}y;fs; ciueilapy; ,aw;Wk; tof;fk; INuhg;gpah; njhlh;ghy; Vw;gl;ljhFk;. rq;f fhyj; jkpo; ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr; nra;Aspy; njhlq;fp> ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fSf;F ciutFf;Fk; gzpapy; njhlh;e;J mr;R ,ae;jpu tUifahy; ghlg;Gj;jfq;fshfTk; nkhop ngah;g;GfshfTk; tsh;e;J jw;fhy ciueil epiyf;F cah;e;Js;sd. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;Lj; jkpo;g; Gyth;fSs; gyh; ciueil vOjpdh;. ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa ciuarphpah;fs;> MWKf ehtyh;> rp.it.jhNkhjuk; gps;is> ,uhkypq;f mbfs;> c.Nt.rh fjpNurd; nrl;bahh; Nghd;Nwhhpd; ciueilg; gzpia Kd;dh;f; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s ciuahrphpah;fs;> fpwpj;jth;fspd; jkpo;j; njhz;L> aho;g;ghzj;Jj; jkpo;g; Gyth;fs; Mfpa gFjpfspy; fz;L nfhs;f.

fh.R. gps;is (1885 – 1945) Kjd;Kjyhf vk;.vy;.gl;lk; ngw;W vk;.vy;.gps;is vd;W toq;fg;gLk; rl;lepGzNu jkpOyfk; Nghw;Wk; jpU.fh.R.gps;is> fh.Rg;gpukzpa gps;isahd ,th; rpwe;j irtg; gw;Wkpf;fth;. mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jkpo;g; Nguhrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpath;. irtrkaf; Futh; ehy;th; tuyhw;iwg; goF jkpopy; moFw vOjpAs;shh;. ,tuJ „,yf;fpa tuyhW‟ E}y; rpwe;j Muha;r;rp E}yhf tpsq;FfpwJ. njhy;fhg;gpag; nghUsjpfhuk; my;yJ goe;jkpoh; ehfhpfk; vd;w Ma;T E}iy vOjpAs;shh;. vd;fld; gzpnra;J fplg;gNj vd;w cahpa Nehf;Fld; tho;ehs; KOtJk; XahJ cioj;jth;. fz;ghh;it Fd;wp Jd;Gw;w fhyj;Jk; E}y;,aw;wpa ngUikf;Fhpath;.

v];. itahGhpg;gps;is (1888 – 1956) jkpo; E}w;gug;G KOtijAk; fw;Wzh;e;j ngUk; Muha;r;rpahsh;. Vl;Lg;gpujpfisg; gbj;Jzh;e;J ghl Ngjq;fisf; fz;L mwpe;J E}y; gjpg;gpg;gjpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhh;. nrd;id gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; jkpo;Ngufuhjp ,th; jiyikapy; cUthdNj. Gwj;jpul;L Nghd;w E}y;fisg; gjpg;gpj;jhh;. jkpo;r; Rlh;kzpfs;> jkpoh; gz;ghL> ,yf;fpar; rpe;jidfs;> fhtpa fhyk;> ,yf;fpa cjak;> jkpo;nkhop tuyhW (Mq;fpyk;) Kjypa ciueil E}y;fisAk; Muha;r;rp E}y;fisAk; vOjpAs;shh;.

kiwkiyabfs; (1883 - 1950) ehifia mLj;j fhlk;ghbapy; gpwe;jth;. jkpo; tlnkhop> Mq;fpyk; Mfpa %d;W nkhopfspYk; Mo;e;j Gyik ngw;wth;. tho;ehs; KOtJk; nrhw;nghopTfs; Mw;wpAk; Muha;r;rpfs; nra;Jk; Mo;e;j fUj;Jr; nrwpTkpf;f E}y;fis ntspapl;Lk; jkpo;j; njhz;L nra;J fopj;jth;. jdpj;jkpo; ,af;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jth;: Rthkp Ntjhryk; vDk; jdJ tlnkhop ngaiu kiwkiy mbfs; vd khw;wp mikj;Jf; nfhz;lth;. jhd; elj;jpa „Qhd rhfuk;‟ vDk; gj;jphpifapd; ngaiuAk; „mwpTf;fly;‟ vd khw;wpaikj;jth;. Kjd;Kjyhfr; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fisj; jkpo; kf;fspilNa gug;gpaJld; Nkdhl;lf;Fhpa Kw;Nghf;Ff; fUj;Jf;fisAk; Muha;r;rp KiwfisAk; jkpopw; GFj;jpdhh;. Ky;iyg;ghl;L Muha;r;rp> FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L Muha;r;rp> gl;bdg;ghiy Muha;r;rp Nghd;w Muha;r;rp E}y;fisAk; khzpf;fthrfh; tuyhWk; fhyKk;> jkpoh; kjk; jpUthrf tphpTiu Nghd;w gy E}y;fisAk; vOjpAs;shh;. rhFe;jy ehlfj;ijj; jkpopy; nkhopngah;j;Js;shh;. tlnkhopia ntWj;jhYk;> tlnkhopE}iyr; Rit Fd;whky;> jdf;NfAhpa jd;Ndhpy;yhj; jkpopy; nkhopngah;j;Jj; jkpoh;fSk; tlnkhop fhtpaj;ijr; Ritf;Fk; gb nra;Js;shh;. rpWth;fSf;fhd nre;jkpo; vd;w ghlE}y;fs;> „mwpTiuf; nfhj;j‟ vDk; E}y; kl;Lkpd;wpf; fl;Liu vDk; jkpo;r; nrhy;iyAk; fl;Liu vOJk; KiwfisAk; khzth;fSf;Fg; gutyhf czh;j;jpath;. Ehf ehl;lurp>Nfhfpyhk;ghs; fbjq;fs; Mfpa rpwe;j ehty;fisAk; vOjpAs;;shh;. jkpopy; kl;Lkpd;wp Mq;fpy ,johd The ocean of Wisdom vd;gjd; Mrphpauhfj; jpfo;e;jJld;

Ancient And Modern Poet vd;w xU Mq;fpy E}iyAk; vOjpAs;shh;. jd;khd ,af;fj;jpd; Kd;Ndhbahfj; jpfOk; ,tiuj; jkpo;j; njd;wy; jpU.tp.f. mth;fs; kiwkiy xU ngUk;mwpTr; Rlh;: jkpo;epyT: irtthd; vd;nwy;yhk; ghuhl;bAs;shh;.



jpU.tp.fy;ahz Re;judhh; (1883 – 1953) jpUth&h; - tpUj;jhryk; fy;ahz Re;judhh;. Js;sk; vd;Dk; Chpy; gpwe;jhh;. aho;g;ghzk; fjpiuNtw; gps;isapd; jkpo; khzhf;fh;. kiwkiyaplk; ,yf;fpaKk;> jzpfhry Kjypahhplk; rpj;jhe;j rhj;jpuKk; gapd;whh;. nt];yp fy;Y}hpapy; jkpohrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;. Njrgf;jd;> etrf;jp Mfpa ,jo;fspd; Mrphpauhthh;. Kjd;Kjypy; njhopyhsh; rq;fj;ijr; nrd;idapNy Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;. rpwe;j nrhw;nghopthsh;. ,th; kdpj tho;f;ifAk; fhe;jpahbfSk;> KUfd; my;yJ moF> rPh;jpUj;jk; my;yJ ,sik tpUe;J> ngz;zpd; ngUik my;yJ tho;f;ifj; Jiz> irj;jpwT Nghd;w E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;. ,tuJ nrhw;nghopTfs; jkpo;j; njd;wy; vdTk;> gj;jphpf;ifj; jiyaq;fq;fs; jkpo;r;Nrhiy vdTk; E}y;fshf ntspte;Js;sd. ciueilapy; vspikAk; GJikAk; GFj;jpa ngUikf;Fhpath;.

,uh.,uhft Iaq;fhh; (1870 - 1948) gh];;fu NrJgjpapd; muritg; Gytuhfj; jpfo;e;jth;. nre;jkpo; vd;Dk; kJiuj; jkpo;r; rq;f ,jopd; Mrphpah;. gftj; fPij> rhFe;jyk; Mfpa E}y;fis nkhopngah;j;Js;shh;. rq;f ,yf;fpaf; FWe;njhiff;F ciu vOjpAs;shh;. ghhp ts;sy; gw;wpf; fw;gid tsk; kpFe;j ghhpfhij vDk; fhg;gpak; xd;iw ntz;gh ahg;gpy; gilj;Js;shh;. Gtp vOgJ vDk; nra;As; E}y;> tQ;rpkhefh;> ey;ypirg; Gyik nky;ypayhh;> jkpoh; tuyhW Mfpa Muha;r;rp E}y;fSk; ,aw;wpj; jkpo; ciueilf;Fj; njhz;lhw;wpdhh;.

K.,uhft Iaq;fhh; (1878 - 1960) nre;jkpo; vd;Dk; ,jOf;F ,sikapNyNa Mrphpauhfj; jpfo;e;j ,th; fk;guhkzaj;jpy; rpwe;j Gyik ngw;Wj; jpfo;e;jhh;. njhy;fhg;gpag; nghUsjpfhu Muha;r;rp> Ntsph; tuyhW> Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd; rhrdj; jkpo;f;ftp rhpjk; Kjypad ,th; ,aw;wpa E}y;fshFk;. NkYk; jkpo;r; rhd;Nwhh; gyhpd; Muha;r;rp E}y;fs; tsuTk;> ciueil Mf;fk; ngwTk; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jth;. ciuahrphpah;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fs;

njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fk; Kd;Ng jkpopy; ciueil ,Ue;jJ. ,jid> “ghl;bil itj;j Fwpg;gp dhDk; ghtpd;W vOe;j fpstp ahDk; nghUnshL Gzuhg; ngha;nkhop ahDk; nghUnshL Gzh;e;j eifnkhop ahDk; ciutif eilNa ehd;nfd nkhopg” vd;W tUtjhy; mwpayhk;.

ghl;bil itj;j Fwpg;G : ,uhk rhpjk;> ghz;lth; rhpjk;> rpyg;gjpfhuk; Mfpa E}y;fs;. ghtpd;W vOe;j fpstp: E}Yf;F vOjg;gl;l ciufs; ngha;k;nkhop eifnkhop ,uz;Lk; fijfs; “njhd;ik jhNd ciunahL Gzh;e;j gioik Nkw;Nw” vd;W vz;tif tdg;gpy; xd;whd njhd;ik Fwpj;Jj; njhy;fhg;gpah; $wpAs;shh;. ciuapilapl;lg; ghl;Lilr; nra;As; vd;W rpyg;gjpfhuk; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. “ciuAk; ghl;Lk; cilNahh; rpyNu kiuapiy Nghy kha;e;Njhh; gyNu”

vd;W GwehD}W $WfpwJ. nra;ASf;Fk; ciueilf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l eilapy; vOjg;gl;lit nka;fPh;j;jpfs;. murdpd; ntw;wpiaAk; tPuj;ijAk; $Wtd nka;f;fPh;j;jpfs;. rpw;wpyf;fpa tifAs; xd;W nka;f;fPh;j;jp njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; jtpu kw;w ghl;bay; E}y;fs; nka;f;fPh;j;jpiar; rpw;wpyf;fpa tifAs; xd;whff; $Wfpd;wd.



“jpUkfd; Nghyg; ngUepyr; nry;tpAk; jdf;Nf chpik g+z;lik kdf;nfhsf; fhe;jSh;r; rhiy fyk; mWj;J mUsp> Ntq;if ehLk; fq;if ghbAk; jbif ghbAk; Esk;g ghbAk; Flkiy ehLk; nfhy;yKk; fypq;fKk; Kul;L vopy; rpq;fsh; <o kz;lyKk;

,ul;l ghb Voiu ,yf;fKk; Kd;dPh;g; goe;jPT gd;dP uhapuKk;

jpz;jpwy; ntd;wpj; jz;lhw; nfhz;l jd;vopy; tsh;CopAs; vy;yh ahz;Lk; njhOjf tpsq;Fk; Mz;Nl nropaiuj;

NjRnfhs; Nfh uhrNfrhp gd;kuhd =uhruhr Njth;f;F ahz;L ,Ug;gj;njhd;gJ”

vd Kjyhk; uh[uh[ Nrhodpd; nka;fPh;j;jp tUfpwJ. jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; ciu: ,iwadhh; fstpaYf;F ef;fPuh; vOjpa ciu: ,J 10 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;jJ. ciuia tsh;j;jth;fs; rkzh;fs; ciuia ciueilahf;fpath;fs; fpwpj;jth;fs; ciueiliaj; jdp ,yf;fpakhf tsh;j;jth;fs; fpwpj;jth;fs; ciueil vd;w tif Njhd;wpa Kjy; nkhop jkpo; ciueilapd; je;ij tPukhKdpth;. uhgh;l; - b - Nehgpyp vd;Wk; rpyh; $Wth; ciuahrphpah;fs; fhyk; 13-18 E}w;whz;L ciueil kWkyh;r;rpf; fhyk; 19 E}w;whz;L ciueilapd; nghw;fhyk; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;L 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; „ciueil ,stuR‟ jhz;ltuha Kjypahh;. 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; „ciueil Nte;jh;‟ MWKf ehtyh; ,f;fhyj; jkpo; „ciueilapd; je;ij‟ MWKf ehtyh; gioa ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fSf;F ciu vOjp mtw;iw mopahky; fhj;jth;fs;

ciuahrphpah;fs; jkpopd; Kjy; ciu Mrphpah; ef;fPud; „ciuahrphpah; vd;W rpwg;ghff; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwth; ,sk;g+uzh;.

,sk;g+uzh;

,yf;fz ciuahrphpah; njhy;fhg;gpak; KOikf;Fk; Kjypy; ciu fz;lth; ,th; ciu „,sk;g+uzk;‟ vdg;gLfpwJ ciuahrphpah; vd;w rpwg;Gf;F chpath; rkzj; Jwtp 11 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;jth; je;ij kzf;Fb ,sk;Nghjpahh; nfhq;FNts; khf;fij (ngUq;fij) jpUf;Fws; Mfpatw;Wf;Fk; ciu vOjpath; jpUf;FwSf;F ,th; vOjpa ciu kzf;Flthh; ciu vdg;gLfpwJ vd;gh;. mk;> gy; vd t&ck; ngauhy; ,Wjp vd;w njhy;fhg;gpa E}w;gh I - jhkiu> mk; -

nts;sk;> gy; - Mk;gy; vd;w Ngnuz;fisf; Fwpf;fpwJ vd;W njspTgLj;jpath;. ,> <> IfSf;F „a;‟ vd;gJk; gpw caph;fSf;F „t;‟ vd;gJk; clk;gL nka;ahf tUk; vd;W

Kjd;Kjyhfj; njspTgLj;jpath; ,f;fUj;ijg; gpd; te;j ed;D}yhh; jk; E}ypy; mg;gbNa Vw;Ws;shh;. jkpo; kl;LNk mwpe;j ,sk;g+uzh;‟ vd;W ,tiu rptQhd Kdpth; Fwpj;Js;shh;. „csq;$h; Nfs;tp ,sk;g+uzh;‟ vdg; Gfog;gLfpwhh;.

Nrdhtiuah;

,yf;fz ciuahrphpah;



giljsgjpahfg; gzpahw;wpath; njd;ghz;b ehl;L khNwhf;fj;ijr; (jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk;) rhh;e;j Mw;Wiur; Nrh;e;jth;

vd;gh;. irt rkak; 13 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;jth; tlnkhop ,yf;fzg; Gyik kpf;f ciuahrphpah;. jh;f;f eilapy; ciu fz;lth; khzth;fspd; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil $WtJ Nghd;W ciu fz;lth;. ,th; njhy;fhg;gpak; nrhy;yhjpfhuj;jpw;F vOjpa ciu Nrdhtiuak; vdg;gLfpwJ. nrhy;Yf;Fr; NrdhtiuAk; vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. tlE}w;fliy epiyfz;L czh;e;j

Nrdhiuah; vd;W ,tiug; Gfo;e;jth; rptQhd Kdpth;.

er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; ,yf;fzk;> ,yf;fpak; vd;w ,uz;bf;Fk; ciu fz;lth; kJiuapy; guj;Jthr Nfhj;jpuj;jpy; gpwe;j me;jzh; er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; vd;gJ rptdpd; ngah;fSs; xd;W er;rh; vd;W RUf;fkhff; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwhh; 14 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;jth; jpUf;Fws; ciuahrphpah; er;rh; vd;gth; NtW njhy;fhg;gpak;> rPtfrpe;jhkzp> gj;jg;ghl;L> fypj;njhif> FWe;njhifapd; filrp 20

ghly;fs; Mfpatw;Wf;F ciu vOjpath;. FWe;njhif ciu fpilf;ftpy;iy ,th; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F vOjpa ciu „er;rpdhh;fpdpak;‟ vdg;gLfpwJ rPtfrpe;jhkzpf;F ,UKiw ciu fz;lhh; vd;gh; Kjy; ciuia rkzh;fs; Vw;ftpy;iy vd;gh;. ghly; mbfis xbj;J tpUk;Gk; ,lj;jpy; xl;b ciu fz;lth; er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; „cr;rpNkw; Gyth;nfhs; er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;‟ vd;w rpwg;Gf;F chpath;. er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; KjypNahh; Nghy ahk; gpbj;jNj rhjpg;Nghk; vd;W ,tiug; gw;wp rptQhd

Kdpth; Fwpj;Js;shh;;.

Nguhrphpah; njhy;fhg;gpak; nghUsjpfhuj;jpw;F ciu fz;lth; ,aw;ngah; njhpatpy;iy irt rkaj;jth; 12 Mk; E}w;whz;bdh; nghUsjpfhuj;jpd; filrp ehd;F ,ay;fSf;F (nka;ghl;bay;> ctktpay;> nra;Aspay;>

kugpay;) kl;LNk ,th; ciu fpilj;Js;sJ. „vd;whd; Mrphpad;‟ vd;W E}yhrphpaiu xUikapy; $Wk; xNu ciuahrphpah; ,th; kl;LNk. ez;Lf;F %f;FsNjh vdpd; Mrphpad; $wypd; cz;L‟ vd;W jk; ek;gpf;ifia

ntspg;gLj;jpath; khzpf;fthrfhpd; jpUf;Nfhitf;F tpsf;f ciu fz;lth;. FWe;njhif Kjy; 380

ghly;fSf;F ciu fz;lth;. ,t;Tiu fpilf;ftpy;iy. 800 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng „Nguhrphpah;‟ vd;W Nghw;wg;glf;$ba msTf;F NguwpT gilj;jth; njhy;fhg;gpak; KOikf;Fk; ciu fz;lth;fs; ,sk;g+uzh;> er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;> Gypa+h;Nfrpfd; nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpw;F kl;Lk; ciu fz;lth;fs; Nrdhtiuah;> nja;tr;rpiyahh;> fy;yhlh; nghUsjpfhuj;jpw;F kl;Lk; ciu fz;lth; Nguhrphpah;.

kapiy ehjh;

ed;D}ypd; Kjy; Mrphpah; rkzh; 14 Mk; E}w;whz;bdh; ,th; ciuia kWf;Fk; KfkhfTk; tpsf;Fk; KfkhfTNk gpw;fhy ed;D}y; ciufs;

Njhd;wpd.

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