Jofkf/ tyf n}lËs ljifosf] z}lIfs ;fdu|L · 6 ^=@ c+uf]nfsf] n}lËs lrq (Profile)––––––––––––––––––– ^=# Jofkf/ / Jofkf/ gLltaf/] cfwf/e"t tYo

Jofkf/ tyf n}lËs ljifosf] z}lIfs ;fdu|L

;DaGwsf] hfgsf/L

k':ts !

∞

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

∞

g]kfnL efiffdf k|sfzg

2

l6Kk0fL

o; k':tsdf k|o'Qm gfd / ljifoj:t'sf] k|:t'tLs/0fn] s'g} b]z, e"efu, zx/ jf If]q jf

To;sf ;/sf/L clwsf/L÷lgsfosf] sfg"gL x}l;ot jf ltgsf] l;dfgf tf]Sg] jf ;LdfÍg ug]{

;DaGwL jf ltgsf] cfly{s Joj:yf jf ljsf;sf] :t/sf] af/]df s'g} klg cy{df ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3

;lrjfnosf] wf/0ff cleJoQm u/]sf] hlgg] 5}g . o;df 8n/ pNn]v ul/Psf]df ;+o'Qm /fHGo

cd]l/sfsf] 8n/ eGg] ;lDemg' k5{ .

;+o'\Qm /fi6« ;+3sf b:tfj]hdf k|of]u ul/g] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] lrGx d'gL c+u|]hL 7"nf

cIf/df o'gfO6]8 g]zg eg]/ pNn]v x'G5 . o:t]f lrGx÷cfs[lt pNn]v ePdf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf]

b:tfj]h eg]/ a'emfpF5 .

o;df k|sflzt ;fdu|LnfO{ :jtGqtfk"j{s ;fef/ jf k'gM k|sfzg ug{ ;lsg]5 t/ ;+o'Qm

/fi6« ;+3 Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng -o'Pgl;l6P8L_ er'{cn OlGi6Ro"6af6 l:js[ltsf] nflu

cg'/f]w ug'{ kb{5 . cg'/f]wsf] ;fydf b:tfj]hsf] qmd;+Vof klg pNn]v ug'{ kg]{5 . ;fef/

ul/Psf] c+z jf k'gM d'lb|t ;fdu|L ;lxtsf] k|sflzt s[ltsf] Ps k|lt ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 Jofkf/

tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng -o'Pgl;l6P8L_ er'{cn OlGi6Ro"6, ljZjJofkLs/0f / ljsf; /0fgLlt ljefu,

k]n]; b]z g];G;, !@! h]lgef !), l:j6\h/Nof08df k7fpg' kg]{5 .

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng -o'Pgl;l6P8L_ cr'{cn OlGi6Ro"6

ljsf;f]Gd'v tyf ;+qmd0fsfnLg cy{ Joj:yf ePsf b]zsf z}lIfs ;+:yfx?df cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/

tyf ljsf;sf] ljifodf cWofkg / cg';GwfgnfO{ ;jnLs/0f ug]{ Pj+ cg';Gwfg tyf gLlt

lgdf{0faLrsf] ;DjGwsf] k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zo /x]sf] Pp6f Ifdtf clej[l4 / sfo{ ;+hfndf cfwfl/t

sfo{qmd xf] .

3

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng er'{cn OlGi6Ro"6sf] af/]df yk hfgsf/Lsf]

nflu s[kof lgDg lnlvt gfd / 7]ufgfdf ;Dks{ ug'{ xf]nf M

;'>L Enf:tf dfSo'; k|d'v, er'{cn OlGi6Ro"6;

ljZjJofkLs/0f / ljsf; /0fgLlt ;DaGwL ljefu .

E-mail: [email protected]

Website: http://vi.unctad.org

Jofkf/, n}lËs / ljsf; zfvfn] Jofkf/ gLltnfO{ ;dfj]zL ljsf;sf] Pp6f zlQmsf] ?kdf ljsf;

ug]{ p2]Zon] Jofkf/ / n}lËs ljifodf ;+u7gsf] sfo{ of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ub{5 .

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng Jofkf/, n}lËs / ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{ of]hgfsf]

af/]df yk hfgsf/Lsf] nflu b]xfos]f gfd / 7]ufgfdf ;Dks{ ug'{ xf]nf M

;'>L l;df]g]§f hfl/{NnL

k|d'v, Jofkf/, n}lËs tyf ljsf; zfvf

j:t', ;]jf tyf pkef]Uo ;fdu|L ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ zfvf

Email: [email protected]

Web-site: http://unctad.org/gender

;jf{lwsf/ M ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3÷ o'Pgl;l6P8L er'{cn OlG:6Ro'6

of] ;fdu|L ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] l:js[ltljgf k'gp{Tkfbg ug{ ;lsg] 5}g .;a} clwsf/ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3df lglxt 5 .

of] cWoog ;fdu|L df:6/ Og OG6/g]zgn sf]ck/]zg P08 8]enjd]G6 -PdcfOl;8L_,

dWoklZrdf~rn ljZjljBfnon] g]kfnLdf cg'jfb u/L u|x0f u/]sf] xf] . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 g]kfnL

efiffdf ;Dkflbt ljifoj:t'df lhDd]jf/ 5}g\ .

4

s[t1tf

Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;DaGwL of] z}lIfs ;fdu|L ;'>L Enf:tf dfSs'sf] ;'k/Lj]If0f cGtu{t

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng (UNCTAD) cr'{cn OlGi6Ro"6 / ;'>L l;df]g]§f

hfl/{NnLsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f cGtu{t ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ngsf] j:t', ;]jf tyf

pkef]Uo ;fdu|L ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ljefusf] Jofkf/, n}lËs tyf ljsf; zfvfåf/f ;+o'Qm

?kdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] .

…;DaGwsf] hfgsf/LÚ zLif{s /x]sf] of] z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] klxnf] u|Gy Plnhfj]y h]g

sf;fljofGsf, dflh{of kmf]G6fgf, d]l/ofGh]nf lngf];L, Ol/g d';]NnL, z]jf t]hfgL / l;df]g]§f

hl/{NnL nufotsf] 6f]nLn] tof/ u/]sf] xf] . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 Jofkfl/s tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng

(UNCTAD) er'{cn OlGi6Ro"6sf lqml:6og pufg]{ / Enf:tf dfSs'n] o;dfly l6Kk0fL ug'{ ePsf]

lyof] . of] k':tssf] …l8hfOg / n]cfp6Ú xfl8«og lUncf]Hhf]n] tyf k|sfzg sfo{sf] Joj:yfkg

hf]/f l/sf]:6fn] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .

lkmgNof08 ;/sf/åf/f k|bfg ul/Psf] cfly{s ;xof]usf] nflu xflb{s cfef/ JoQm, ub{5f}+ .

5

ljifo ;"rL

l6Kk0fL ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

s[t1tf––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

ljifo ;"rL–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

PsfO{ !––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

Jofkf/ / n}lËs jx; M cjwf/0ff, kl/efiff / ljZn]if0ffTds

9fFrf÷k|f?k–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

!= kl/ro––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

@= n}lËs ;+/rgfsf] ?kdf cy{tGq––––––––––––––––––––––––

@=! dlxnf >lds / pTkfbgstf{sf] ?kdf––––––––––––

@+=@ dlxnf Jofkf/Lsf] ?kdf–––––––––––––––––––––––––

@=# dlxnf pkef]Qmfsf] ?kdf––––––––––––––––––––––––

@=$ dlxnf s/bftfsf] ?kdf–––––––––––––––––––––––––

#= n}lËs -c_ ;dfgtfsf] dfkg–––––––––––––––––––––––––––

#=! n}lËs ;dfgtf ;"rssf tLgj6f k|efj If]q–––––––

#=@ n}lËs c;dfgtfsf ;fk]lIfs / lg/k]If dfkg––––––

#=# n}lËs ?kdf ljeflht tofÍsf] pknJwtf / u'0f:t/–

$= Jofkf/M kl/efiff tyf dfkg–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

$=! s]xL k|f/lDes leGgtf––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

$=@ Jofkf/ cjwf/0ffsf] k|of]u––––––––––––––––––––––––

%= Jofkf/–n}lËs ;DjGw––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

%=! bf]xf]/f] ;DaGw––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

%=@ Jofkf/–n}lËs ;DaGw ljZn]if0f lglDt n}lËs

;+j]bgzLn l;4fGt -k|f?k_––––––––––––––––––––

%=# Jofkf/ / n}lËstfaLr cGt/lqmofsf dfWod (Channel)–

^= n}lËstf / Jofkf/sf] b[i6fGt 36gf cWoogM cËf]nf–––––––

^=! cy{tGq÷Joj:yfa/f] cfwf/e"t tYox?––––––––––––

6

^=@ c+uf]nfsf] n}lËs lrq (Profile)–––––––––––––––––––

^=# Jofkf/ / Jofkf/ gLltaf/] cfwf/e"t tYo––––––––––

^=$ Jofkf/ / n}lËs cGt/lqmof––––––––––––––––––––––

&= Jofkf/ gLltdf n}lËs ljifosf] d"n k|jfxLs/0f–––––––––––

&=! Jofklf/ ;Demf}tfsf] n}lËs k|efj–k"j{ cj:yfsf]

lj:t[t d"NofÍg––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

&=@ Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf jftf{ (negotiations)––––––––––––

&=# Jofklf/ ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog e};s]kl5sf] cj:yfdf

ljsf; ;xfotf––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

5nkmnsf] nflu cEof; / k|Zgx?–––––––––––––––

;Gbe{ ;"rL––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

PsfO{ @ –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

dlxnfsf] sNof0f / cfly{s ;zlQms/0fdf Jofkf/sf] k|efjM

k|df0f / cg';Gwfg÷zf]w–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

!= kl/ro––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

@= Hofnfbf/L >ldssf ?kdf dlxnf––––––––––––––––––––––

@=! /f]huf/L k|efj––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

@=@ Hofnfbf/L k|efj–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

#= pTkfbgstf{sf] ?kdf dlxnf–––––––––––––––––––––––––––

#=! ;}4flGts ck]Iff–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

#=@ pknJw k|df0f (Existing evidence)––––––––––––––

$= Jofkf/Lsf] ?kdf dlxnf–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

$=! ;}4flGts ck]Iff–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

$=@ pknJw k|df0f–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

%= pkef]Qmfs]f ?kdf dlxnf–––––––––––––––––––––––––––

%=! cfofltt j:t'sf] pkef]Qmf–––––––––––––––––––

%=@ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] pkef]Qmf––––––––––––––––––

7

^= s/bftfsf ?kdf dlxnf––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

^=! ;}4flGts ck]Iff––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

^=@ pknJw k|df0f––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

&= lgisif{–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

cEof; / 5nkmnsf] nflu k|Zgx?––––––––––––––––––

kl/lzi6 M s]xL lglZrt pkfud (approaches) /

sfo{ k|0ffnLsf] ;dLIff÷k'g/fjnf]sg––––––––––––––––

-s_ jfDaf]y / ;]u'Ogf] -@)!@_ ––––––––––––––––––

-v_ s';]/f, /f]Gsf]nf6f] / ef]g pP:s'n -@)!@_–––––

-u_ /fgL / pGgL -@))(_–––––––––––––––––––––––

-3_ t]hfgL / ldNju{ -@)!)_––––––––––––––––––––

;Gbe{ ;"rL––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

PsfO{ # –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

lnË cfwfl/t c;dfgtf / Jofkf/ sfo{Ifdtf–––––––––––––––

!= kl/ro–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

@= …k|lt:kwf{Tds nfesf] ;|f]tÚ sf] ?kdf dlxnf–––––––––

@=! lnË cfwfl/t Hofnfsf] c;dfgtf (gap) / …nrstfÚ–

@=@ lnlËs d"NodfGotf / ?9Lu|:t ;f]rfO––––––––––––

@=# lgof{t k|lt:kwf{ Ifdtf / cfly{s ljsf;––––––––––

@=$ n}lËs c;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t lgof{t /0fgLltsf]

sdhf]/ cfwf/ (unsustainability)––––––––––––––––

@=% lrgsf] tfOjfg k|fGtsf] b[i6fGt cWoog M k|lt:kwf{Tds

nfe k|fKt ug{ n}lËs c;dfgtfsf] pkef]u–––––––––

#= k|lt:kwf{Tds nfesf …sd pknlJw k|fKtstf{sf ?kdf dlxnfÚ––

#=! c;dfgtfsf tLgj6f k|efj If]q––––––––––––––––––––––

#=@ uflDaofsf] dT:o kfng If]qsf] b[i6fGt cWoog M Jofkf/

8

gLltn] n}lËs c;dfgtfnfO{ s;/L a9fpF5 ––––––––––

#=# ?jfG8fsf] s[lif If]qsf] b[i6fGt cWoogM cfly{s a[l4df

n}lËs c;dfgtfsf] tuf/f]––––––––––––––––––––––––––

$= lgisif{

cEof; tyf 5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx?–––––––––––––––––––––––

kl/lzi6–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

-s_ ;]u'Ogf] -!((&_––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

-v_ ;]u'Ogf] -@)))_––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

-u_ a':;] / :k]OnDofg -@))^_––––––––––––––––––––––––––

-3_ 8fl/6L -!((%_–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

;Gbe{ ;"rL–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

zAbfjnL–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

9

PsfO{ !

Jofkf/ / n}lÍs ax; M cjwf/0ff, kl/efiff / ljZn]if0ffTds k|f?k

!= kl/ro

s'g} klg k|sf/sf] cg';Gwfg ;'? ug'{ eGbf klxnf tLgj6f cfwf/e"t k|Zgsf] pQ/ lgwf{/0f

ug'{ kb{5 . tL k|Zg x'g\ – -s_ d}n] cWoog÷k/LIf0f ug{ rfx]sf] ljifo s] xf] -v_ o;sf]

cg';Gwfg ug'{ lsg dxTjk"0f{ 5 / -u_ d d]/f] ljZn]if0f s;/L ug{ ;S5' . of] k|f/lDes PsfO{df

xfdL oL k|To]s k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg] k|of; ;fy} PsfO{ @ / # sf] ljZn]if0fsf] nflu cfwf/ tof/

ug]{5f} .

ljut #) aif{df ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] sf/0f cGt/b]zLo ;Ldf jf/kf/ j:t' tyf ;]jf, k'FhL,

k|ljlw / ;"rgfsf] k|jfxdf a[l4 ePsf] 5 . of] cjlwdf s] cg'dfg ul/of] eg] cfly{s, ef}uf]lns /

;fF:s[lts c8\rgsf] Go"gLs/0fsf] sf/0f pTkfbsTj / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/df a[l4 x'g uO{ ;a}n]

nfe k|fKt ug]{5g\ . ahf/nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ tTjx?n] :jtM oL kl/0ffd k|fKt x'g] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg

ug]{5g\ eGg] cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df k|foM cfly{s gLltsf] th'{df ug]{ ul/of] .

;g\ @)) df ;x>fAbL 3f]if0ffsf] cg'df]bg eP;+u} cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;sf] ax; ljsf;sf]

dxTjk"0f{ (overarching) k|f?ksf] ?kdf ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIftk{m ;/]sf] 5 . Jofkf/sf]

;Gbe{df, ljsf;df yk hf]8 lbP/ ;g\ @))! df ;'? ul/Psf] …bf]xf r/0fÚ elgg] jx'kIfLo Jofkf/

jftf{n] kl/0ffd :j?k ljZjJofkLs/0fn] ;a}sf] nflu cfly{s a[l4 / ljsf; Nofpg]5' eGg]

;f]rfO{k|lt r'gf}tL v8f u/]sf] 5 . jf:tjd} cl3Nnf] bzssf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] ljz]iftf s] /Xof]

eg] cfly{s a[l4 / ;fdflhs ljsf;aLr b"/L /xg uof] . cfly{s a[l4sf] pRr :t/ xfl;n u/]sf

tyf pTs[i6 Jofkf/ sfo{Ifdtf k|bz{g u/]sf b]zdf ;d]t cfDbfgLsf] c;dfgtf, ;fdflhs

c;dfgtf / jlxis/0f a9]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . cfly{s gLltn] dlxnf / k'm?if nufot hg;+Vofsf]

ljleGg tx / tKsfsf JolQmnfO{ leGg leGg k|sf/n] c;/ u5{ eGg] s'/f cem k|v/ ?kn]

k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 . cfly{s gfLltx? n}lËs ?kn] t6:y x'G5g\ eGg] cg'dfgdfly r'gf}tL a9]sf] 5

/ oL w/ftnLo leGgtfnfO{ gLlt lgdf{tfn] ;r]ttfk"j{s Wofgdf /fv]df dfq Jofkf/ gLlt nufot

cfly{s gLltn] n}lËs c;dfgtfnfO{ 36fpg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5g\ eGg] :ki6 ePsf] 5 .

-;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng, @)!@_

10

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ngn] u/]sf] cg';Gwfg nufot ljleGg b]zdf

cfwfl/t cg';Gwfgn] ;dfh / cy{ Joj:yfdf dlxnf / k'?ifn] lgjf{x ug]{ leGg leGg e"ldsfn]

b]zsf] Jofkf/ sfo{;Dkfbg / glthfsf ;fy} ;f] b]zsf] lj:tfl/t Jofkf/jf6 l;h{gf x'g]

cj;/af6 nfeflGjt x'g] dlxnf / k'?ifsf] Ifdtfdf k|efj kfb{5 eGg] s'/f b]vfpF5 .

n}lËs b[li6sf]0fsf] cjnDagn] Jofkf/ sfo{;Dkfbgsf] af/]df uxg / lj:t[t ?kdf

a'em\gdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy} Jofkf/ gLltsf] ljZn]if0fdf gofF b[li6sf]0f NofpF5 . k|ydtM

n}lËs b[li6sf]0fn] /fi6«sf] txdf Jofkf/n] kfg]{ k'gM ljt/0f k|efjnfO{ cf]e]mndf kfl//fv]sf]

k/Dk/fut Jofkf/ gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] jt{dfg ;du| s]Gb| laGb"nfO{ r'gf}tL lbG5 . bf];|f], n}lËs

b[li6sf]0fn] cfo / ;DklQ ;DaGwL c;dfgtf nufot c;dfgtfsf cGt/;DalGwt 9fFrfsf ;fy}

gZn÷hft÷hfltotf jf :yfgut cjl:yltdf h/f] u9]sf w/ftnLo leGgtfnfO{ cufl8 Nofpg

cxd\ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 h'g cGoyf d"Vo wf/sf] Jofkf/ gLlt ljZn]if0fdf a]jf:tfdf k/]sf] x'G5

. clGtddf ;fdflhs d"No–dfGotf / zlQm ;DaGwsf] ulx/fOnfO{ vf]tn]/ n}lËs b[li6sf]0fn]

;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts tTjnfO{ cfly{s ljZn]if0fdf ;dflxt ub{5 . o;n] cGttf]uTjf cf}krfl/s

gd"gf÷k|f?kaf6 jf:tljs cy{tGqtk{m kl/jt{g ug{ k|f]T;fxg ub{5 . lgZsif{df n}lËs b[li6sf]0fn]

;di6Lut cy{tGq ;DaGwL gLlt tyf ljz]if u/]/ Jofkf/ gLltsf] ;fdflhs ;fy{stf /

;dfj]zLtfnfO{ lj:tf/ u/]/ To;sf] k'gM d"NofÍg ug{sf] nflu Pp6f k|f?k k|+bfg ub{5 . -;+o'Qm

/fi6« ;+3 Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng, @)!@_

of] lzIf0f ;fdu|Ln] dlxnfsf] cfly{s ;zlQms/0f / sNof0fdf Jofkf/sf] tyf Jofkf/df

n}lËs c;dfgtfsf] k|efjsf] af/]df cGj]if0f (explores) ub{5 . cy{tGq Pp6f n}lËs ;+/rgf

ePsf]n] cy{tGqdf Jofkf/sf] s'g] k|efjn] lglZrt n}lËs k|ltlqmofTds kl/0ffd Nofpg] ;+efjgf

/xG5 . To;sf/0f n}lËs cfFvfn] b]zx?sf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s ;+/rgfnfO{ b[li6uf]r/ ug]{ tl/sf

Pp6f ;fdfGo 9fFrf xf] / o;sf] j0f{g efu @ df ul/g]5 . To;kl5 efu # / $ df o; ljifo

;DalGwt s]xL d"Vo cjwf/0ff / ;jfnsf] jf/]df j0f{g ul/g]5 / o;/L To;kl5sf efudf o;sf]

ljZn]if0f ug]{ dfu{ k|z:t ul/g]5 . ljz]iftM efu # df n}lËs c;dfgtf dfkg ug]{ k|d'v

;"rsx? k|:t't ul/g]5g\ h;n] ubf{ kf7snfO{ cfkm\gf] cWoogsf] p2]Zo cg'?k s'g ;"rs k|of]u

ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] a'em\gsf] nflu cfjZos pks/0f pknJw x'g]5 . efu $ df cg';Gwfg /

gLlt–lgdf{0fdf k|o'Qm x'g] zJb–Jofkf/sf ljleGg kl/efiffsf] cWoog ul/g'sf ;fy} of] lzIf0f

11

;fdu|Ldf …Jofkf/Ú zAbnfO{ s;/L k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 eGg] af/]df :ki6 ul/g]5 . oL k|f/lDes

kl/efiff;+u ;fIffTsf/ ul/;s]kl5 ljZn]if0f Jofkf/ / n}lËs jx;df dxTj /fVg] d"Vo ljifotk{m

s]lGb|t x'g]5 . efu % df Jofkf/ / n}lËs ljifo aLr x'g] cGt/lqmofdf cfpg] ljljw dfWodx?

k|:t't ul/g]5g\ . To;kl5 efu ^ df klxn] k|:t't ul/Psf] l;4fGtnfO{ 7f]; cfFs8fdf k|of]u

ug'{sf ;fy} Jofkf/ / n}lËs jx;df k|f/lDes ;"Idb[li6 / cg'ejhGo k|df0f k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon]

cËf]nf b]zsf] b[i6fGt cWoog k|:t't ul/g]5 . clGtd efu -efu &_ df …Jofkf/ gLltdf n}lËs

ljifosf] d"n k|jfxLs/0fÚ sf] cjwf/0ff; Jojxf/df o;sf] cy{, cfOkg]{ r'gf}tL / Jofkf/ gLltdf

n}lËs c;dfgtfnfO{ k"0f{ ?k]0f l:jsfg{ / ;Daf]wg ug{ ckgfpg' kg]{ sbdsf] af/]df pNn]v

ul/g]5 . k|Zgx? / cEof; ;lxt of] PsfO{ ;dfKt x'g]5 .

o; PsfO{sf] cGTodf ljBfyL{n] b]xfosf s'/f ug{ ;Ifd x'g] 5g\ M

– Jofkf/ / n}lsË ;DaGw;+u ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljifo klxrfg ug{ / oL ljifodfly slxn] /

lsg cg';Gwfg ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ x'g5 eGg] a'em\g;

– cy{ Joj:yf lsg n}lËs ;+/rgf xf] eGg] :ki6 kfg{ / o;sf k|d'v cflËs tTjx?sf]

af/]df JofVof ug{;

– n}lËs c;dfgtfsf ljleGg ;"rssf ;jn / b'j{n kIfsf] t'ngf ug{ tyf pko'Qm tYofÍ

;|f]tsf] klxrfg ug{;

– …Jofkf/Ú / …Jofkf/ gLltÚ aLrsf] leGgtf a'em\g'sf ;fy} Jofkf/sf ljleGg pkfox?

kl/eflift / t'ngf ug{;

– Jofkf/ / n}lËs ;DaGw b'O{tkmL{ xf] eGg] tYo cfTd;ft ub}{ n}lËs / Jofkf/

cGt/lqmofsf] k|d'v dfWodsf] JofVof ug{';

ljleGg lsl;dsf n}lËs ljZn]if0f k|f?ksf] k|of]u ;DaGwL a'em\g] / cfTd ljZjf;

cfh{g ug{';

…Jofkf/ gLltdf n}lËs ljifosf] d"n k|jfxLs/0fÚ sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ kl/eflift ug{ .

@= n}lËs ;+/rgfsf] ?kdf cy{ Joj:yf

12

Jofkf/ / n}lËs jx;df k|j]z ug'{ k"j{ …Jofkf/Ú / …n}lËs ;+/rgfsf] ?kdf cy{ Joj:yfÚ of] lzIf0f

;fdu|Ldf s;/L kl/sNkgf ul/Psf 5g\ eGg] af/]df :ki6 ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ 5 .

k'?if / dlxnfnfO{ pgLx?s]f lnËsf]-!_ cfwf/df lglZrt e"ldsf, ljz]if u'0f / cfr/0f

afgL–Joxf]/f lgwf{/0f ug]{ d"No–dfGotf / k|rngsf] Joj:yfnfO{ n}lËs k|0ffnL eg]/ kl/eflift

ug{ ;lsG5 . o; k|0ffnLdf ;fdfGotM dlxnf eP/ hGd]sf] JolQmnfO{ ;dfhdf tNnf] bhf{sf]

sf]6Ldf /flvG5 . …k|fs[ltsÚ leGgtfsf] cfwf/df eGbf klg oL lkm/skg÷ljlzi6 u'0fx? ;fdflhs

?kdf lgld{t x'G5g\ / kl/jf/, ahf/ / a[xt\ ;dfhleq km/s–km/s lnËsf] klxrfg ePsf JolQm

aLrsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts zlQmsf] ;DaGwsf] :t/Ls/0f ub{5g\ . of] lzIf0f

;fdu|Ldf xfd|f] ljZn]if0f kx'Frdf x'g] ;dfg k|s[lts]f cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts cj;/df

dlxnfsf] kx'Fr x'gaf6 jl~rt ug]{ n}lËs kIfkftdf s]lGb|t x'g]5 . To;sf/0f n}lËs c;dfgtf

eGgfn] xfdLn] dlxnfsf] nflu ljifdtf -h:t} sd Hofnf_ l;h{gf ug]{ n}lËs ?kdf kIfkftk"0f{

b[li6sf]0fsf] 7f]; k|s6 ?k eGg] a'em\b5f} . To:t} n}lËs ;dfgtf eGgfn] xfdL k'?if / dlxnfk|lt

;dfg ?kn] Jojxf/ x'g] -h:t}– ;dfg sfdsf] nflu ;dfg Hofnf_ kl/l:ytL a'em\b5f} .

cy{ Joj:yfnfO{ …n}lËs ;+/rgfÚ sf] ?kdf a'em\bf xfdLn] …cy{ Joj:yfÚ sf] If]q ;+u

hf]l8Psf ljleGg ;+:yf, sf/f]jf/ / ;DaGw dfly hf]8 lbg] n}lËs zlQm ;DaGwnfO{ :ki6 ?kdf

l:jsf/ ug'{sf ;fy} klxrfg ub{5f} . Tof] eg]sf] xfdLn] cy{tGqnfO{ ;fdflhs ;DaGw k|0ffnLsf]

Ps c+zsf] ?kdf a'em\b5f} hxfF n}lËs ljifo klxn] b]lv s'FlbPsf] x'G5 . t/ ;fy;fy} of] k|0ffnL

cGtu{tsf n}lËs ;DaGwx?nfO{ kl/jt{g u/]/ gofF :j?k k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu–

>d ahf/df lnËdf cfwfl/t e]befj Jofks /x]sf] 5 / o;sf] cy{ ;Lldt Joj;fo÷k]zfdf dfq

dlxnfsf] kx'Fr x'G5 / pgLx?nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] Hofnfn] pgLx?sf] of]ubfgnfO{ cjd"Nog u/]sf]

x'G5 . of] s]jn cfwf/e"t >d clwsf/sf] pNn+3g dfq geP/ o;n] s'g} b]znfO{ To;sf] jt{dfg

/ efjL >lds zlQmsf]-@_ k"0f{ pTkfbsTj Ifdtjf6 nfe lngnfO{ cK7\of/f] t'NofpF5 . To:t} hj

dlxnfn] /f]huf/L / cfDbfgLdf kx'Fr k|fKt u5{g\ To; cj:yfdf kl/jf/leq dlxnfsf] k|efj /

lg0f{o zlQm klg a9\5 h;sf] kl/0ffd :j?k s]xL n}lËs c;dfgtfdf sdL cfpF5 .

cy{ Jouj:yfnfO{ n}lËs b[li6sf]0fjf6 x]bf{ klxnf] sbd ahf/d"vL cy{tGqnfO{ lg/gt/

?kdf lqmofzLn ug{df dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] a]tg/lxt kl/jf/df cfwfl/t csf{sf] :ofxf/–;';f/ ug]{

13

sfdnfP{ b[Zok6ndf Nofpg' x'g]5 . kof{Kt hLjg:t/sf] nflu rflxg] j:t' tyf ;]jfx?

ahf/hlgt >d dfk{mt dfq pTkfbg x'g] geO{ vfgf ksfpg, ;/;kmfO{ ug{, kfgL / O{Gwgsf]

hf]xf] ug{ tyf a[4a[4f, lj/fdL, x[i6k'i6 z/L/ ePsf] jo:s / jfnjflnsfsf] x]/rfx÷:ofxf/

;';f/ ug{df k|of]u ePsf] w]/} 306f cjlwsf] Hofnf lagfsf] >d dfk{mt klg x'G5 eGg] tYotk{m

n}lËs ?kdf ;r]t cy{zf:qLn] Wofg cfs[i6 u/fO/x]sf 5g\ . cb[Zo /x] tfklg of] Hofnf lagfsf]

>d Hofnf ;lxtsf] cy{tGqsf] ;~rfngsf] nflu ckl/xfo{ 5 . To;sf/0f ahf/ / u}/–ahf/ b'j}

cfofdnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L cfly{s Joj:yfsf] bfo/fnfO{ a9fpg' k5{ eg]/ k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . ahf/

lqmofsnfk -jf …pTkfbgÚ_ / u}/–ahf/ lqmofsnfk -a}slNks ?kdf …k'gM pTkfbgÚ jf …Hofnf

lagfsf] :ofxf/–;Def/ ;DjGwL sfdÚ klg elgg]_ aLrsf] cGt/lge{/tf tyf oL lqmofsnfk

cGtu{tsf] n}lËs >d ljefhgsf] 1fg÷a'emfO{ s'g} klg n}lËs ;r]t cfly{s ljZn]if0fsf] nflu

k|:yfg laGb" xf] .

k'?ifn] ug]{ sfd / dlxnfn] ug]{ sfd ;DaGwL n}lËs d"No dfGotfdf cfwfl/t cjwf/0ff

cg';f/ :ofxf/–;';f/ ;DaGwL sfdsf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] 7"nf] lx:;f dlxnfn] lng] ck]Iff ul/G5 .

o;n] s] ;+s]t u5{ eg] -k'?if eGbf cem a9L_ dlxnfx?dfly Hofnf ;lxt / Hofnf/lxt b'j}

k|sf/sf] sfdsf] bf]xf]/f] af]em kg{ hfG5 . o:tf] bf]xf]/f] e"ldsf÷lhDd]jf/Ln] k|foMh;f] Hofnfbf/L

>d ahf/df dlxnfsf] x}l;ot / jftf{ ug]{ Ifdtf sdhf]/ kfb{5 tyf To;n] shf{df / cGo

pTkfbgd"ns ;fwg;|f]tdf pgLx?sf] kx'FrnfO{ ;+s6df kfb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu o;n] ubf{

dlxnfx? :ofxf/ ;Def/sf] bfloTj ;+u} sfd ug{ ldNg] cgf}krfl/s-#_ / cf+lzs ;dosf]

(part-time) /f]huf/L vf]Hg afWo x'G5g\ . t/ cgf}krfl/s / cf+lzs ;do sfddf cf}krfl/s

/ k"0f{sfnLg /f]huf/Ldf eGbf yf]/} Hofnf x'g] x'Fbf dlxnfnfO{ k|fo;M j]tg;lxtsf] /f]huf/Ldf

;+nUg x'gsf] nflu k|f]T;fxgdf sdL x'G5 h;n] ubf{ j]tg/lxt 3/÷kl/jf/df cfwfl/t sfddf

pgLx?sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ a9fjf k'Ug hfG5 -lxluG;, @)!@_ . kl/0ffd:j?k dlxnfx? cfkm\gf]

kl/jf/ leq} a9L sdhf]/ cj:yfdf k'U5g\ . pbfx/0f:j?k pgLx? cfkm\gf] >Ldfg\sf] cfodf a9L

lge{/ x'G5g\ .

n}lËs ;r]t ljZn]if0fsf] bf];|f] sbd dlxnfn] cy{tGqdf v]Ng] ljljw e"ldsfsf] ;Gbe{df

n}lËs kIfkft÷e'msfj s;/L ;+rfng x'G5 / dlxnfnfO{ c;/ kf5{ eGg] s'/f klxrfg / ljZn]if0f

ug'{ xf] . ;fwf/0ftof cy{ Joj:yfdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsf sfdbf/ / pTkfbgstf{, Jofkf/L, pkef]Qmf

14

-tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|of]ustf{_ / s/bftfsf] ?kdf x'G5 . o;sf ;fy} ;dfgfGt/ ?kdf

dlxnfx?n] cGo y'k|} e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf x'G5g\ h;n] ubf{ pgLx? ljleGg :j?ksf n}lËs

c;dfgtfaf6 kLl8t x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 / ahf/ cy{tGqdf dlxnfx?nfO{ cK7\of/f] l:ytLdf

kfb{5 . -oL e"ldssf] ;f/f+z / dlxnfnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ To;sf ;DalGwt n}lËs e]befjk"0f{

b[li6sf]0fsf] nflu tflnsf @ x]g'{xf]; ._ efu @=! b]lv @=$ ;Dd xfdL oL k|To]s

lhDd]jf/L÷e"ldsfdf n}lËs ?kn] kIfkftk"0f{ b[li6sf]0fn] s;/L sfd u5{ eGg] pbfx/0f ;lxt

JofVof ug]{5f} / ;+ej eP;Dd ;+lIfKtdf tYofÍ ;|f]ttk{m OlËut ug]{5f} . t/ n}lËs ;"rs /

tYofÍ ;DaGwL ljifosf] af/]df lj:t[t JofVof xfdL efu # df ug]{5f} .

@=!= >lds / pTkfbgstf{sf] ?kdf dlxnf

dlxnfx? cy{ Joj:yfdf >lds / pTkfbgstf{sf] ?kdf ;xefuL x'G5g\ . cy{ Joj:yfsf]

n}lËs ;+/rgf / oL cfly{s e"ldsfdf dlxnfx?n] e]mNg' kg]{ n}lËs ?kn] e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/sf]

k|sf/nfO{ a'em\gsf] nflu xfdLn] k|ydtM dlxnf / k'?ifn] ;+u} sfd ug]{ If]q -s[lif, j:t' pTkfbg

jf ;]jf_ / bf];|f]df pgLx?sf] /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf -pbfx/0fsf] nflu–:j/f]huf/, Hofnf dhb'/ jf

kfl/jfl/s sfdbf/_ s] xf] klxrfg ug'{ kb{5 .

b]z / If]qut ?kdf s]xL cGt/ eP klg dlxnfx? -s[lifdf vfB j:t' pTkfbg,

pkef]Uoj:t' pTkfbgdf sk8f tyf kf]zfs pTkfbg / 3/]n' ;fy} cGo ;fdflhs ;]jf h:tf_

s]jn l;ldt If]qdf dfq s]lGb|t -w/ftnLo n}lËs ljefhg_-$_ x'g] ge} zlQm / lg0f{o ug]{ cf]xf]bf

-nDa n}lËs ljefhg_-%_ df klg pgLx?sf] k|ltlglwTj sd /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;sf] ljkl/t k'?ifx?

Joj;fo / pTkfbgd"ns lqmofsnfksf] lj:t[t If]qdf ;dfg ;+Vofdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . -ljZj a}+s,

@)!@_ .

dlxnfx? k'?ifsf] bfFrf]df a9L clglZrt k|sf/sf sfddf ;+nUg x'g] ;Defjgf klg /xG5

. o; ;DaGwL tYofÍ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gjf6 kof{Kt dfqfdf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . dlxnfsf]

/f]huf/L k|a[lQ ;DaGwL k|ltj]bg -cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g, @)!@_ af6 ;fef/ ul/Psf] b]xfosf]

lrq g+=! n] s] b]vfpF5 eg] ljZjsf ;j} If]qdf dlxnfx? …kfl/jfl/s sfdbf/Ú sf] 7"nf] lx:;fdf

/x]sf 5g\ .-^_ of] n}lËs leGgtf ljz]if u/L blIf0f Plzofdf 68\sf/f] ?kdf b]lvG5 . oxfF a]tg

lagfsf] kfl/jfl/s sfd dlxnf /f]huf/Lsf] #( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] k'?if /f]huf/Lsf] !! k|ltzt

15

5 . To:t} pk–;+xf/f If]qdf j]tg ljgfsf] kfl/jfl/s sfd dlxnfsf] xsdf s'n dlxnf /f]huf/sf]

$) k|ltzt 5 eg] k'?ifsf] xsdf !( k|ltzt 5 . cfodf :jtGq kx'Fr gx'g] x'Fbf kfl/jfl/s

sfdbf/ clglZrt /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf x'G5g\ .-&_

-lrq g+=!M bhf{ / lnËsf] cfwf/df s"n /f]huf/Lsf] cGt/f{li6«o JofkL ljt/0f, @)!@; -k|ltztdf_

;|f]tM cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g -@)!@_

To:t} hf]lvdk"0f{ /f]huf/Lsf] l:ytLdf j]tg gkfpg] -3/]n'_ dlxnf sfdbf/x? /x]sf 5g\ .

o:tf dlxnf sfdbf/x? …>lds / pTkfbgstf{sf] ?kdf dlxnfÚ ;d"x cGtu{t kb{5g\ . vfgf

ksfpg], kfgL / O{Gwgsf] hf]xf] ug]{, 3/sf] sfd ug]{, ;fy;fy} afnjRrf tyf a[4a[4fsf]

:ofxf/–;';f/ ug]{ sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L ljZje/L dlxnfsf] sfFwdf c;dfg cg'kftdf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

ef/tdf k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfx?n] ;/b/ k|lt lbg #%$ ldg]6 3/sf] sfd / afnaRrfsf]

:ofxf/df vr{ ug]{ u/]sf] s'/f a'8n]G8/ -@))*_ n] cfkm\gf] cWoogdf b]vfPsf 5g\ . ToxfF k'?ifn]

oL sfdsf] nflu k|lt lbg cf};t #^ ldg]6 vr{ ug]{ kfOPsf] 5 . tfGhflgofdf of] tYofÍ

dlxnfsf] xsdf @&) ldg]6 tyf k'?ifsf] xsdf nueu %) ldg]6 /x]sf] 5 . ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf]

sdLsf] sf/0f j]tg ljgfsf] sfdsf] af]em ljz]if u/L b'u{d If]qsf u|fdL0f dlxnf dfly a9L kg]{

u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dfly pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ o;n] ubf{ j]tg ;lxtsf] pTkfbgd"ns lqmofsnfkdf

of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ;Sg] o:tf dlxnfsf] IfdtfnfO{ ;Lldt ug]{ ;Defjgf x'G5 h;n] ubf{ pgLx?

sd cfDbfgL / k|ltkmn lbg] cgf}krfl/s /f]huf/Ldf ;+nUg x'g] ;+efjgfdf a[l4 x'G5 -ljZj a}+s,

@))&_ . ;dosf] vkt ;DaGwL ;e]{If0fx? a]tg ljgfsf] sfd af/]df ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ ;a}eGbf

clws k|of]u ul/Psf] tYofÍ ;|f]t xf] -aS; ! x]g'{xf];\_ .

aS; !M ;do vkt ;j]{If0f

kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]sLsf] nflu a]tgljgfsf] ;]jf k|bfg ug{ vkt ePsf]

;do ;DaGwL hfgsf/L …;do vkt ;j]{If0fÚ df x]g{ ;lsG5 . o:tf

;j]{If0fx? ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf a9L ;+Vofdf ug]{ ul/G5 -lrq g+=@

x]g'{xf];\_ . ;fwf/0ftof ;do vkt ;j]{If0fdf k~hLs/0f ul/Psf

lqmofsnfk / tL lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg dflg;sf ;fdflhs–cfly{s

16

ljlzi6tf -h:t} pgLx? u|fdL0f If]qdf a:5g\=÷a:b}gg\ / pgLx?sf

cfo / lhljsf]kfh{g pkfosf] :t/ s] xf]_ b'j}sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f ;lxt

;a} k|sf/sf] cgf}krfl/s sfdsf] dfkg ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;do vkt

;j]{If0fdf cffwfl/t ljZn]if0fn] ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] If]qut

ljlgof]hgsf] k|fyldsLs/0f s;/L ug]{ / s[lifsf] Jofj;foLs/0f,

k"jf{wf/ / /f]huf/L h:tf k|d'v If]qdf n}lËs–;+|j]bgzLn gLltnfO{

s;/L ;jnLs/0f ug]{ eGg] ;DjGwL lg0f{o lng dfu{bz{gsf] ?kdf

k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . u0ftGq sf]l/of / d]lS;sf] h:tf s]xL ckjfb

afx]s t/ ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf] ;do vkt ;j]{If0fx? lglZrt cjlwsf]

nflu dfq pknJw 5g\ h;n] ubf{ nfdf] cjlws]f cfly{s kl/jt{gsf]

ljZn]if0fdf To;sf] pkof]lutfnfO{ ;Lldt kfb{5 . cGo tYofÍ–kof{Kt

gePsf] cj:yfdf tNnf] txdf ul/Psf ;fgf] cfsf/sf u'0ffTds

cg';Gwfgn] pkof]uL cjwf/0ff÷;"Idb[li6 k|bfg ug{ ;S5g\ .

;|f]tM ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ngs]f ;lrjfno .

lrq g+=@ j]tg /lxt :ofxf/ ;';f/ ;DaGwL sfddf k|lt lbg vkt ePsf] cf};t ;do -ldg]6df_,

lnË / 5flgPsf s]xL b]zsf] cfwf/dfM

;|f]tM a'8n]G8/ -@))*_

l6Kk0fLM oxfF k|of]u ul/Psf] cfFs8f ;DalGwt b]zx?n] ;do vkt ;j]{If0f slxn]

;~rfng u/], To; cg'?k km/s km/s 5M ch]{lG6gf @))! df, ef/t !((*÷(( df, u0ftGq

sf]l/of @))$ df, blIf0f clk|msf @))) df / tfGhflgof @))^ df .

dlxnfx?nfO{ pknJw ;Lldt ;don] s] ;+s]t u5{ eg] pgLx?n] ljz]if u/L >lds /

pTkfbgstf{sf] e"ldsfdf gofF cfly{s k|f]T;fxgk|lt b]vfpg] k|ltlqmofdf k'?if eGbf a9L dfqfdf

cK7\of/fx?sf] ;fdgf u5{g\ . pTkfbgd"ns ;|f]t -h:t}– shf{, hldg tyf s[lif ;fdu|Lx?_ df

;Lldt kx'Frsf] sf/0f dlxnfx?n] k'?if eGbf sd pTkfbg ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . ljleGg b]zsf]

17

cg'ejhGo k|df0faf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] dlxnf ls;fgx? k'?if ;dsIfL a/fa/ Ifdtfjfg x'G5g\ t/

yf]/} dfq hldg dfly :jfldTj tyf ;fdu|Ldf ;Lldt kx'Frsf] sf/0f pgLx?sf] bIftfdf sdL

cfpgfsf] ;fy} yf]/} kl/0ffddf jfnL pTkfbg u5{g\ -vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g @)!)_ . w]/} clk|msL

b]zx?df / Plzofsf cfwf h;f] b]zdf hldg dflysf] :jfldTj / k}t[s xs ;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs /

k/Dk/fut sfg"gsf sf/0f dlxnfx? c;'ljwfdf kg]{ u/]sf] tflnsf ! n] bzf{pF5 . shf{sf]

;Gbe{df dlxnfx?;+u ;Lldt lwtf] /fVg] ;DklQ g} gx'g] x'gfn] pgLx?n] ;fgf] shf{ dfq kfpF5g\

. To;}n] dlxnfx? k|foM pgLx?sf Jofjxfl/s cfjZostfsf] k"lt{ ug{df ;xof]uL x'g] t/

pgLx?sf] cj;/ lj:tf/ gug]{ vfnsf jf k'FhL ;+u|xdf cg'kof]uL Go"g d"Nosf cfly{s

lqmofsnfkdf hsl8Psf x'G5g\ . dlxnf ljsf;sf] nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo zfvf, @))(_ . lzIff

/ Joj;flos tflndsf ;Gbe{df dlxnf / lszf]/Lx?nfO{ ;Lk ljsf;sf] nflu k'?if / lszf]/x?sf]

eGbf sd cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 lsgsL s]6Lx? eGbf s]6fx?nfO{ ljBfno k7fpg] ;+efjgf a9L x'G5

. s]6Lx? k|fo;M 3/fo;L sfddf ;3fpg 3/d} a:5g\ . kl5Nnf] r/0fdf s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf

nufotsf Jofj;flos tflndx? dlxnfsf] ;do tflnsf;+u gfldNg] x'gfn] To:tf tflnddf

;xefuL x'gjf6 pgLx? al~rt x'G5g\ . ljz]if u/L cTofw'lgs k|fljlws If]qdf dlxnfsf] lzIff /

1fgdf sdLsf sf/0f cy{tGqdf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ePsf] cj:yfdf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/df dlxnfx?

cl3 a9\g c;dy{ x'G5g\ .

tflnsf !M k}t[s ;DklQ dfly clwsf/ tyf hldg / cGo ;DklQ dflysf] :jfldTj;+u ;DalGwt

n}lËs c;dfgtf ePsf b]zsf] ;+Vof, If]qut cfwf/df

;|f]tM ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 cfly{s / ;fdflhs dfldnf ljefu -@)!)_ .

l6Kk0fLM sf]i7s leq lbOPsf] ;+Vofn] d"NofÍg ul/Psf b]zsf] ;+Vof hgfpF5 . dlxnfsf]

;DklQsf] :jfldTj ;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{ z"Goaf6 ;'? u/]/ ! ;Dd c+s ef/ lbOPsf] 5 . z"Gon]

To:tf clwsf/ s'l07t gePsf] cj:yf b]vfpF5 eg] ! n] dlxnfdfly k"0f{ e]befj /x]sf] cj:yfsf]

;+s]t u5{ .

k}t[s

;DklQdf

hldg k|fKt

ug]{ /

hldg afx]s

cGo ;DklQ

18

pQ/flwsf/

clwsf/

:jfldTj

u|x0f ug]{

clwsf/

dfly

:jfldTj

/fVg] clwsf/

clk|msf -$*_ $% $# #%

pQ/L clk|msf -%_ % # !

k"jL{ clk|msf -!%_ !# !# !@

dWo clk|msf -*_ & * *

blIf0fL clk|msf -%_ % % $

klZrd clk|msf -!%_ !% !$ !)

Plzof -$@_ @% @! !(

dWo] Plzof -%_ @ @ @

k"jL{ Plzof -$_ ) ! )

blIf0f k"jL{ Plzof -!)_ $ @ !

blIf0f Plzof -*_ & & &

klZrd Plzof -!%_ !@ ( (

Nofl6g cd]l/sf /

Sofl/ljog -@@_

@ % @

Sofl/laog -^_ @ ! !

dWo cd]l/sf -^_ ) # )

blIf0f cd]l/sf -!)_ ) ! !

cf]l;oflgof -@_ ) @ @

k"jL{ o'/f]k -(_ @ % !

@=@= Jofkf/Lsf] ?kdf dlxnf

ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?df dlxnf ;Ldf jf/kf/ x'g] cgf}krfl/s Jofkf/df ;lqmotfk"j{s

;xefuL x'G5g\ . dlxnfsf] cfjt hfjtdf s'g} lglZrt cj/f]w gePsf b]zx?df clwsf+z ;8s

Jofkf/L dlxnf x'g] ub{5g\ . n3', ;fgf / dWod cfsf/sf Joj;fo ug]{ / :jfldTj ePsf dlxnf

klg of] ju{df kb{5g\ .

19

;Ldf jf/jf/ cgf}krfl/s Jofkf/Lsf] ?kdf dlxnfx?n] n}lËs ;DaGwL cj/f]wsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k5{

. dlxnfnfO{ oftfoftsf] s'n ;fwg pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;fF:s[lts d"No dfGotfsf]

sf/0f o:tf] ePsf] xf] . ljz]if u/]/ ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?df oftfoftsf ;fwgsf] pknJwtf, To;

k|ltsf] wf/0ff / k|of]usf] ;Gbe{df w]/} n}lËs leGgtf cl:tTjdf 5g\ . ;fOsn, 3f]8f, vRr/ jf

uwf / 7]nfuf8f h:tf ;fwf/0f oftfoftsf ;fwg dfly ;d]t dlxnfsf] lgoGq0f ;Lldt ?kdf

dfq x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ plrt d"No / cj:yf k|fKt x'g] ahf/;Dd pgLx?sf pTkfbg ;dod}

k'¥ofpgjf6 dlxnfnfO{ sl7gfO{ x'g] ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu o'uf08fdf s] kfOof] eg] k'?ifn] dfq

;fOsnsf] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] /x]5g\ . o;/L pgLx?n] ufpF aflx/ cfjt hfjt ug]{ / Jofkf/ ug]{

cj;/ k|fKt u5{g\ h'g s'/f Tolta]nf dlxnfnfO{ alh{t lyof] -dfNju{ sfNef], !(($_ .

ef/tsf] tldngf8'df ;g\ !(() df Pp6f kl/of]hgfn] dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tf k|j4{g ug]{

pkfosf] ?kdf ;fOsn k|of]udf Nofof] . ;fOsnn] dlxnfsf] ;zlQms/0fsf ;fy} pgLx?sf]

hLjgdf kl/jt{g NofPsf] kfOof] lsgeg] o;n] ubf{ ljBfno, c:ktfn / ahf/df dlxnfsf] rfF8f]

kx'Fr x'g] eof] . o;sf] cltl/Qm dlxnfx?n] jfnjRrfnfO{ ljBfno k'¥ofpg] / ljz]if u/L k'?ifn]

ug]{ sfdx? ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] n}lËs e"ldsfdf kl/jt{g cfof] . To;}u/L ;fOsnsf] k|of]un]

dlxnfnfO{ pgLx?sf] sfd rfF8f] / ;xh ?kn] ;Sg ;Ifd agfof] h;n] ubf{ cGo lqmofsnfksf]

nflu ;do pknJw eof] -:6f/sL / cGo, @))@_ . ;Ldf jf/kf/ cgf}krfl/s Jofkf/df ;+nUg

dlxnf Jofkf/Ln] eG;f/ clwsf/L÷sd{rf/Lsf] b'Jo{jxf/ klg ;fdgf ug'{ kg]{ x'g;S5 . kl/0ffd

:j?k laq]mtf / q]mtf b'j} ?kdf o:tf dlxnfx? Jofkf/df c;dfg sf/f]jf/sf] df/df kb{5g\ .

lzIff / ;f}bfafhL ug]{ Ifdtfsf] sdL tyf pTkfbgd"ns ;|f]t ;fwg / ahf/ ;+hfn Pj+ ;"rgfdf

sd kxF'rsf] sf/0f k'?ifsf] bfFrf]df ;8s / k'm6kfydf v'b|f Jofkf/ ug]{ / n3' tyf ;fgf Joj;fo

ug]{ dlxnfx? c;'ljwfdf kg]{ ;Defjgf /xG5 . k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnf pBdLx?sf km/s

lhDd]jf/L, nIo / Jofkf/ /0fgLlt x'g] u5{g\ . kl/jf/sf] enfO{ / lxt;+u ;DalGwt st{Josf]

sf/0f o:tf pBdL dlxnfsf] ;do / cfodf yk af]em kg{ hfG5 . ;fgf Jofkf/ Joj;fo nlIft

sfo{qmdx? pknJw eP klg To:tf sfo{qmdn] dlxnf pBdLsf cfjZostf / :yfgLo cfjZostf

k|lt kof{Kt Wofg lbPsf] kfO{b}g . To;sf/0f dlxnfåf/f ;~rflnt Joj;fo ;fgf] cfsf/sf] / sd

cfDbfgL lbg] vfnsf x'G5g\ h;n] ubf{ To:tf Jofkf/–Joj;fosf] a[l4sf] ;Defjgf sdhf]/ x'G5 .

ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sdf /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf ug{df ;fgf tyf dWod :t/sf pBdsf] dxTjk"0f{

e"ldsf tyf ltgn] cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] 7"nf] lx:;f cf]u6\g] s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ dlxnf

20

;~rflnt Joj;fo ;fgf] cfsf/ d} ;Lldt /xg] tyf k|ljlwsf] ;Gbe{df a[l4 tyf :t/f]Gglt x'g

;Sg] ;Defjgf Go"g /x]sf] sf/0f k'/} cy{tGqsf] a[l4 x'g] ;Defjgf dfly g} s'7f/f3ft ub{5 .

;8s / k'm6kfydf Jofkf/–Joj;fo ug]{ kl/j]zdf ;fdfGotofM :jf:Yo / ;'/Iff :t/df

sdL /xG5 . k|fo;M dlxnfx?n] :jf:Yo ;]jf k|fKt ug{ nfdf] b"/L kf/ ug'{ k5{ h;n] ubf{

pgLx?n] Jofkf/–Joj;fodf nufpg] ;do v]/ hfG5 / cfDbfgLdf 3f6f k'Ug hfG5 . o:tf

c;'/lIft / c:j:ys/ cj:yfsf] cltl/Qm dlxnfsf] yk 3/fo;L sfo{ af]emsf sf/0f tgfj /

sdhf]/ :jf:y nufot sfd;+u ;DjlGwt hf]lvd a9\b5 . cgf}krfl/s If]qdf sfd ug]{ >lds

x'g'sf] gftfn] ;8s / k'm6kfydf Jofkf/–Joj;fo ug]{ dlxnf Joj;foLx? >d P]g–sfg"gsf]

;+/If0fjf6 klg jl~rt x'G5g\ / ladf, c;Qmtf, k|;"lt / dft[Tj tyf a]/f]huf/L ;'ljwf h:tf

cf}krfl/s ;fdflhs ;'/Iff pkfox?af6 nfeflGjt x'g ;Sb}gg\ -ln,@))$_ .

ahf/ / cGo ;+hfndf kx'Fr ;DaGwL n}lËs ?kn] juL{s/0f ul/Psf] cfFs8f÷tYofÍ ;xh}

pknJw x'Fb}g / :t/Lo ;j]{If0fx?df klg kfOb}g . lglZrt If]q jf b]zsf] 36gf cWoog tyf

k'?ifsf] bfFrf]df s'g} lglZrt pkef]Uo j:t'sf] pTkfbg / ljt/0fsf ljleGg r/0fdf dlxnfsf]

;+nUgtfaf/] If]qut n}lËs d"No ;[+vnf ljZn]if0fx? o:tf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ cfofdx? ;dfj]z ug{df

sd k|of]udf cfPsf ;"rgf ;|f]t x'g\ .

@=# pkef]Qmfsf] ?kdf dlxnf

ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?df pkef]Qmfsf] ?kdf dlxnfn] dxTjk"0f{ cfly{s e"ldsf lgjf{x

ub{5g\ . dlxnfn] pgLx?sf kl/jf/sf] nflu vfB j:t' / cGo ;fdfg lsGg'sf ;fy} ;fj{hlgs

;]jf ;'ljwfsf] k|of]u u5{g\ . b}lgs cfjZostfsf j:t'sf] ;fk]lIfs d"Nodf tyf cTofjZos

;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{df kl/jt{g Nofpg] vfnsf] cfly{s em8\sfn] To;sf/0f kl/jf/sf dlxnf

tyf k'?if ;b:ox? dfly km/s–km/s k|efj kfg]{ ;Defjgf x'G5 .

:ofxf/–;';f/stf{sf] ?kdf dlxnfn] cy{ Joj:yfdf ug]{ of]ubfgsf] cy{ dlxnfn] 3/ /

kl/jf/sf] e/0f–kf]if0fsf] nflu ;fdfgsf] vl/b ub{5g\ . k'?ifsf] cfDbfgLsf] 7"nf] lx:;f 8fl/6L -

!((%_ sf] zJbdf …z'4 ljnfl;tfsf] j:t'Ú ;dlk{t x'G5 eg] dlxnfx?sf] pkef]Uo 8fnf] d'VotM

vfg]s'/f÷vfB j:t'jf6 ag]sf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu vfB kbfy{s]f d"No a9\g] u/L cfly{s

gLltdf x'g] kl/jt{gsf] cy{ dlxnfx?n] lglZrt cfojf6 sd kl/df0fdf vfB j:t' lsGg' kg]{

x'G5 . ;fdfGotofM o;n] ubf{ kl/jf/sf] sNof0fdf c;/ kfb{5 t/ kl/jf/sf k'?if / dlxnf

21

;b:ox?aLr vfgf c;dfg ?kdf ljt/0f x'g] x'Fbf ljz]if u/L s]6Lsf] enfO{df c;/ kb{5 . pQ/L

ef/tdf vfg]s'/f afF8\g] ;jfndf 5f]/LnfO{ eGbf 5f]/fnfO{ k|>o lbg] ul/Psf] s'/f sf]lno/n] -

!((%_ pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . kl/jf/df sd kl/df0fdf vfgf pknJw x'g' eg]s]f dlxnf

;b:ox?nfO{ kf]if0fsf] sdL / c:j:ytf x'g] pRr hf]lvd x'g' xf] .-*_

olb cfly{s ;+s6÷em8\sf dx'n kl/jt{g h:t} Jofkf/ gLltdf ePsf] kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f

ePsf] xf] eg] dlxnfx? –-s_ cfofltt ;fdu|Lx?sf] 3/]n' d"Nodf Jofkf/ gLlts]f k|efj slt 5

/ -v_ ljleGg cfofltt j:t'df pgLx? slt lge{/ 5g\ To;sf] dfqf cg';f/ k|efljt x'G5g\ . of]

k|efjsf] af/]df PsfO{ @ df lj:t[t ?kdf JofVof ;fy} dxz'ndf ePsf] kl/jt{g dlxnfx?sf]

enfOdf :yfgfGt/0f÷k|;f/0f x'g] ljlwsf] af/]df j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .

dlxnfx? ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf pkef]Qmf klg x'g\ . z'Ns 36fPsf] jf Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf]

Joj:yf c'g;f/ x6fPsf] kl/0ffd :j?k ;/sf/L /fhZjdf x'g] kl/jt{gn] olb ;fj{hlgs vr{sf]

cfsf/ / agfj6df k|efj kf/]df To;sf] lglZrt n}lËs ?kdf k|efj kg]{ ;+efjgf /xG5 h:t}

olb ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?df s6f}tL ePdf To;sf] c;/ dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ leGg–leGg dfqfdf kb{5

. PskIfLo ?kdf jf Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf] Joj:yf cg'?k ul/Psf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] lghLs/0fsf]

sf/0f d"No a[l4 x'g] jf b'ud{ :yfgdf o:tf ;]jf cg'knJw x'g] tyf o:tf :yfgdf oL ;]jf

k'¥ofpg' kmfObfhgs gx'g] x'G5 .

olb plrt ?kdf th'{df / kl/nlIft ul/Psf] v08df :jf:Yo / lzIff ;]jfsf ;fy} ljB't,

;/;kmfO / kfgL cfk"lt{ ug]{ k"jf{wf/ h:tf cfjZos ;]jfx?n] sdhf]/ / ljkGg ;d"xnfO{ kmfObf

k'¥ofpg] ;+efjgf x'G5 . k|fo;M ;+/rgfut ;dfof]hgsf] ;'?cftL r/0fdf ul/Psf] n}lËs–;r]tgf

cg';Gwfg -jS; g+=@ x]g'{xf];\_ n] ;fj{hlgs vr{df ul/Psf] s6f}tLsf] gsf/fTds c;/ k'?ifnfO{

eGbf dlxnf dfly a9L x'g] b]vfPsf] 5 -Unf8ljg, !((! Pn;g\ !((!_ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu PN;g

-!((!_ n] hflDaofdf :jf:Yo vr{df ul/Psf] s6f}tLn] ToxfFsf dlxnf ls;fgx?nfO{ xfgL ePsf]

pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ lsgeg] ;f] vr{ s6f}tLsf] sf/0f dlxnfx?n] cfkm\gf la/fdL cfkmGtsf]

;]jf–;'>'iff ug'{ kg]{ eof] / v]ltkftL ug{sf] nflu sd ;do lbg' k¥of] . ljleGg b]zdf k|j4{g

ul/Psf] n}lËs–;+j]bgzLn ah]6 ljlgof]hg kxn -pbfx/0fsf] nflu a'8n]G8/ / cGo, @))@

x]g'{xf];\_ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|of]u ;DaGwL n}lËs :j?ksf] af/]df hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{ / ljz]if u/L

n}lËs ;dfgtfnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{tk{m kl/nlIft ;fdflhs If]qsf] vr{ ;'/lIft ug]{ ;'lglZrttf k|bfg

ug{ b'j}sf] nflu pkof]uL ;fwg x'g ;S5 . tyflk oL ljifodf tYofÍ ce}m ;Lldt /x]sf] kfOG5 .

22

aS; @M ;+/rgfTds ;dfof]hg sfo{qmd eg]sf] s] xf] <

;+/rgfut ;dfof]hg sfo{qmd ;g\ !(*) sf] ;'?lrt/ clk|msfsf]

pk–;fxf/f If]qdf cg'ej ul/Psf] cfly{s ;+s6sf] ;fdgf ug{ ljZj

a}s / cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]ifn] ;g\ !(&) df k|j4{g u/]sf] cfly{s

gLltx?sf] ;di6Lut :j?k xf] . of] sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo ljsf;f]Gd'v

b]zdf a9L v'Nnf / k|efjsf/L cy{tGqnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L cfly{s a[l4

a9fpg' xf] . C0f k|fKt ug{sf] nflu b]zx?nfO{ o:tf gLlt cjnDjg

ug'{ kg]{ k"j{ zt{ lyof] . ;+/rgfut ;dfof]hg sfo{qmd cGtu{t v'nf

Jofkf/, ahf/dflysf] lgoGq0f v's'nf] kfg]{, ;fj{hlgs ;+:Yffsf]

gLlhs/0f, /fHosf] uf}0f e"ldsf, cg'bfg s6f}tL / >d ahf/nfO{

v's'nf] kfg]{ h:tf pkfox? kb{5g\ . ;+/rgfut ;dfof]hg sfo{qmdn]

ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?sf] cy{tGqdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ s'/fdf

cfz+sf pTkGg ePsf] sf/0f of] sfo{qmd a9\bf] cfnf]rgfsf] ljifo x'g

k'Uof] . pRr a]/f]huf/L, sNof0fsf/L sfo{qmddf vr{ s6f}tL / a9\bf]

c;dfgtf nufot of] sfo{qmdsf] pNn]vgLo ;fdflhs nfutsf

af/]df lrGtf klg o;sf] cfnf]rgfsf] sf/0f lyof] ;g\ !((( ljZj

a}+s / cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]ifn] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf] nflu k|bfg ug]{

;x'lnot C0f / C0f df]rgsf] nflu u/LaL lgjf/0f /0fgLlt -ul/jL

lgjf/0f /0fgLlt kq_ sf] ;'?cft u/] .

;|f]tM ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng ;lrjfno .

@=$= s/bftfsf] ?kdf dlxnf

dlxnf tyf k'?ifn] s/ lt5{g\ . t/ pgLx?sf leGg–leGg cfly{s e"ldsf / pQ/bfloTjsf

sf/0f s/ gLltsf] c;/ dlxnf / k'?ifdf km/s–km/s lsl;dn] kb{5 . s/ Joj:yfdf dlxnfk|lt

b[Zo / cb[Zo ?kdf x'g] k"jf{u|xaLr e]b 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 -:6f]6\:sL, !((&_ . k'?if / dlxnfnfO{

23

km/s–km/s s/ lgod nfu" ePdf Tof] b[ZofTds -:ki6_ k"jf{u|x cGtu{t kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf]

?kdf k'?ifdfly cfl>t JolQmnfO{ s/ 5'6 lbg] t/ dlxnf cfl>t JolQmnfO{ To:tf] ;'ljwf glbg]

k|fjwfg ePs]f df]/f]Ssf]sf] lgodnfO{ lng ;lsG5 -af]pcfHhfcf}O cflb, @)!) x'O{, @)!# df

;fef/ ul/P cg';f/_ . csf]{tk{m dlxnfk|lt x'g] cb[ZofTds kIfkft ;fdflhs d"No–dfGotfsf]

kl/0ffd :j?k x'g] ePsf]n] klxrfg ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 . of] cj:yfdf dlxnf / k'?ifk|lt ul/g]

km/s–km/s Jojxf/ s/ lgodsf] kl/0ffd :j?k ge} ;dfhsf] ;+/rgf÷agf]6 s:tf] 5 eGg]

s'/fjf6 lgwf{l/t x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf ch]{lG6gf, d]lS;sf], df]/f]Ssf], blIf0f clk|msf /

o'ufG8fdf s/ 5'6 / s6f}tLjf6 Joj;flos / cf}krfl/s /f]huf/df /x]sf JolQmx? nfeflGjt

x'G5g\ / k'?ifx? To;sf] nflu of]Uo x'g] a9L ;Defjgf /xG5 -u|fpg / enf]l8of, @)!)_ .

lnË ;DaGwL leGgtf k|ToIf / ck|ToIf s/sf] ;Gbe{df b]Vg ;lsG5 -aS; # x]g'{xf];\_ .

pbfx/0fsf] nflu cfos/sf] xsdf x'g] s'g} klg kl/jt{gn] k'?ifn] ;fdfGotof dlxnf eGbf a9L

cfo cfh{g ug]{ / ;DklQsf] :jfldTj /fVg] ePsf]n] k'?ifnfO{ c;dfg'kflts ?kdf c;/ k'¥ofpg]

;+efjgf /xG5 . cfo s/ jfktsf] k|ltkmn k~hLs/0fs]f tl/sfjf6 klg s/ k|0ffnLsf] n}lËs

k|efj d"NofÍg ug]{ ;Gbe{df pko'Qm x'G5 . s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu ha >Ldfg\ / >LdtLsf]

cfo;|f]tnfO{ PsLs[t ?kdf ;+sng ul/G5 To:tf] cj:yfdf k'?ifsf] bfFhf]df sd cfo;|f]t ePsf

dlxnfx?n] olb cfDbfgLsf] 3f6f sd ;LdfGt s/sf] b/jf6 ;f]w egf{ x'g] xf] eg] cf}krfl/s

/f]huf/Ljf6 cnu x'g] lg0f{o ug]{ ub{5g\ . -u|f]g / enf]l8of, @)!) sf Gofo ;+hfn, @)!!; x'O,

@)!#_ .

ck|ToIf s/ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg jf pkef]udf jf cfoft /

lgof{t nufot sf/f]jf/df nfUg] s/ xf] . laqmL s/, d"No clej[l4 s/

-Eof6_, sfg"gL sf/f]jf/df nfUg] s/ / eG;f/ z'Ns ck|ToIf s/sf

s]xL pbfx/0f x'g\ . ;fj{hlgs laqmL s/ clwsf+z pkef]Qmfn] ug]{

vr{df nfu" ul/Psf x'G5g\ . s/of]Uo ;a} j:t'df ;dfg s/sf] b/

nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 jf ljleGg j:t' -h:t} vfB kbfy{ / cf}iflw_ sf]

nflu leGg leGg b/ klg nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 . sd cfo ePsf

kl/jf/dfly s/sf] ef/ 36fpg slxn]sfFxL s]xL cfwf/e"t j:t'x?nfO{

laqmL s/ ldgfxf ug]{ klg ul/G5 . o;sf] ljkl/t cGtMz'Ns s]xL

aS; #M k|ToIf / ck|ToIf s/

s/ s;n] lt5{g\ s/sf] clGtd ef/ s;n] axg u5{g\, s:sf]

af]em k/ ;fg{ ;lsg] xb / cGo dfkb08sf] cfwf/df s/nfO{

ljleGg lsl;dn] juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . k|ToIf / ck|ToIf s/ g}

;a}eGbf k|rlnt -;fdfGo_ juL{s/0f xf] .

cfo / ;DklQnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ dfkg ul/Psf] s/bftfsf] s/

ltg]{ Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t JolQm jf sDkgL dfly nufOPsf] s/

-cfo / ;+:yfut s/_ k|ToIf s/ xf] . JolQmut cfos/

;fdfGotof s/bftf -rfx] tL JolQm x'g\ jf kl/jf/_ sf] cfodf

nufOG5 . o:tf s/x? kl/jf/sf] l:ylt, afnjRrfsf] ;+Vof /

24

lglZrt j:t' jf ;]jf ljz]if u/L dfbs k]o kbfy{, ;"lt{ / ;jf/L

O{Gwgdf nufOG5 . ck|ToIf s/x? s/sf] ef/ af]Sg] JolQm -h:t}

q]mtf, u|fxs_ af6 s'g} dWo:y -h:t} Jofkf/L_ n] ;+sng ub{5g\ .

;|f]tM OG;fOSnf]k]l8of la|6flgsf -cgnfOg ;+:s/0f_, æs/Æ eGg]

zLif{saf6 ;fef/ ul/Psf] .

;+ul7t÷;+:yfut (corporate) s/sf] klg dlxnf / k'?ifdfly km/s–km/s k|efj x'g;S5 .

pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;fgf] cfsf/sf Joj;fodf s/ s6f}gL ePsf] v08df o:tf Joj;fo k|fo;

dlxnfn] ;~rfng ug]{ jf pgLx?sf] :jfldTjdf /xg] x'Fbf ljz]if u/L dlxnf nfeflGjt x'G5g\ .

d"No clej[l4 s/ h:tf ck|ToIf s/x? cfodf ge} pkef]udf cfwfl/t x'G5g\ . a9L

;DklQ ePsf jf wgL ;d"xsf] t'ngfdf sd cfo ePsf ;d"xx?–dlxnf ;d]t–n] cfkm\gf] cfosf]

7"nf] cg'kft pkef]udf vr{ ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 h;n] ubf{ pgLx?n] w]/} s/ ltg'{kg]{ cj:yfdf

/xG5g\ . cyf{t\ csf]{ zJbdf eGg] xf] eg] cfkm\gf] cfosf] cg'kftdf pgLx?n] a9L s/ ltg]{

ub{5g\ .-(_ p; jfx]s dfly efu @=# df pNn]v eP adf]lhd k'?if / dlxnfn] leGg leGg

k|sf/sf ;fdu|L lsGg] ub{5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ef/tsf] xsdf dlxnf k|d'v ePsf] kl/jf/n]

cfkm\gf] pke]fu vfB kbfy{, cf}iflw / n'ufkmf6f]df s]lGb|t u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] k'?if k|d'v ePsf]

kl/jf/n] k]o kbfy{, ;"lt{hGo kbfy{ / oftfoft ;DaGwL vr{ a9L ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 -x'O{, @)!#_ .

s/ ;DaGwL JolQmut tYofÍ gkfOg] x'gfn] k|ToIf / ck|ToIf b'j} s/df ePsf] kl/jt{gsf]

n}lËs k|efjsf] d"NofÍg ug{ k|foM k|of]u ul/g] ljlw eg]sf] kl/jf/sf] d"nLsf] n}lËs kl/ro xf] -

pbfx/0fsf] nflu u|f]g / enf]l8of, @)!) x]g'{xf];_ t/ of] ljlwnfO{ ;fnfvfnf cg'dfgsf] ?kdf

lng' kb{5 .

tflnsf @M dlxnfsf] cfly{s e"ldsf / n}lËs lje]b

dlxnfsf] cfly{s e"ldsf n}lËs lje]b

sfdbf/ of pTkfbgstf{M cf}Bf]lus, If]qut / Jofj;flos txdf

25

–:j/f]huf/ jf Hofnfbf/L

>lds .

–kfl/jfl/s sfdbf/ .

–tnjlagf -kfl/jfl/s_

sfdbf/ .

–cgf}krfl/s -df};dL_

sfdbf/ .

>dsf] ljefhg -w/ftnLo juL{s/0f_ .

– nDaLo k[ysLs/0f÷juL{s/0f .

– n}lËs Hofnfsf] b"/L (gap) leGgtf

– c;'/lIft tyf Go"g tnj÷;'ljwf

ePsf] sfddf -cf+lzs–;do /

cgf}krfl/s sfd_ df PsqLt .

– yf]/} ;Lk÷bIftf / lzIffsf] sdL .

– pknJw ;dosf] ;Lldttf -…;dosf]

u/LaLÚ_M 3/fo;L lhDd]jf/Lx? c;dfg

cg'kftdf dlxnfs]f sfFwdf cfpg]

cj:yf .

– cfo / pTkfbgzLn ;fwg–;|f]t -

h:t}M shf{, hldg / s[lif ;fdu|L_ df

;Lldt dfq kx'Fr .

Jofkf/LM

– cgf}krfl/s ;Ldf

jf/kf/ Jofkf/L .

– ;8s / k'm6kfy Jofkf/L

.

– n3' tyf ;fgf

Joj;fosf

:jfldTjwf/L÷dflns .

– Jofkf/df pQd sf/f]jf/sf] cj;/sf]

vf]lhdf nfdf] b"/L kf/ ug{sf] nflu

;dofefj .

– oftfoftsf ljljw ;fwg -h:t}M

;fOsn_ dfly ;Lldt kx'Fr / lgoGq0f .

– sdhf]/ ;f}bfafhL ug]{ zlQm÷Ifdtf

– n}lËs b'Jo{jxf/ / lx+;fdf kg]{ pRr

;Defjgf .

– k"FhLdf ;Lldt kx'Fr .

– pRr :jf:Yo ;DaGwL hf]lvd .

– cf}krfl/s ;fdflhs ;+/If0fdf ;Lldt

kx'Fr .

– Jofkf/÷Joj;fo ljsf; ;]jf ;DaGwL

sfo{qmddf ;Lldt kx'Fr h'g sfo{qmd

26

k|foMh;f] dlxnf Joj;foLsf]

cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf g/fvLsg

lgdf{0f ul/Psf x'G5g\ .

pkef]QmfM

– vfB kbfy{ / cGo

jk:t'sf vl/bstf{ .

– ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf

k|of]ustf{ .

– cfoft d"No a[l4sf] pRr ;fdgf ug'{

kg]{ .

– ;fj{hlgs vr{ s6f}tLsf] pRrf

hf]lvd÷c;'/Iff .

s/bftf – s/sf ;Gbe{df b[ZofTds /

cb[ZofTds k|sf/sf e]befjsf] pRr

;Defjgf .

– pRr k|ToIf s/sf sf/0f sfdjf6

cnu x'g] pRr hf]lvd .

– pkef]udf ck|ToIf s/ nfUg] pRr

;Defjgf .

;|f]tM ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng ;lrjfno

Jofkf/df k|efj kfg]{ gLltx?dfly pNn]v ul/P h:t} n}lËs ;+/rgfsf] ;Gbe{df

sfof{Gjog ul/G5g\ . w]/} cj:yfdf k'?ifsf] bfFhf]df dlxnfnfO{ yf]/} dfq ;fwg ;|f]t pknJw x'g]

x'Fbf Jofkf/n] Nofpg] gofF cj;/jf6 nfe lng] s'/fdf xf];\ jf Jofkf/ ;'wf/sf sf/0f x'g]

;dfof]hgsf] ;fdfgf ug]{ ;jfn b'j} s'/fdf dlxnfn] Jojwfg ;fdfgf ub{5g\ . of] efusf] p2]Zo

cfly{s gLlt / ;DjlGwt ;'wf/x? n}lËs ?kn] lgikIf÷t6:y x'Fb}gg\ eGg] bzf{pg' xf] . gsf/fTds

k|efj sd ug]{ / n}lËs ?kn] ;dfg ;dfof]hgnfO{ a9fjf lbg] p2]Zon] gLlt tyf k"/s

x:tIf]kx? lgdf{0f ug]{tk{m Wofg lbg' kb{5 . Jofkf/ tyf Jofkf/ ;DjGwL gLlt / n}lËs ljifox?

aLrsf] cGtlq{mof x'g] dfWodsf] af/]df efu % df j0f{g ul/g]5 . To;eGbf klxnf] xfdLn]

Psftk{m …n}lËs -c_ ;dfgtfÚ -efu #_ / csf]{tk{m …Jofkf/Ú / …Jofkf/ gLltÚ -efu $_ sf] kl/efiff

/ dfkgsf af/]df cem lj:t[t ?kdf cWoog ug'{ kg]{5 .

27

#= n}lËs – c÷;dfgtfsf] dfkg

o; efudf n}lËs c;dfgtf dfkg ug{ xfn k|of]udf /x]sf ljleGg ;"rssf] af/]df

;fdfGo kl/rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . of] Ps–Ps j6f ;"rsdf s]lGb|t 5 / o;n] ;du| ;"rssf] af/]df

JofVof u/]sf] 5}g .-!)_ ;+o'Qm÷ldl>t ;"rsx/ Jofkf/n] Nofpg] kl/jt{gsf] k|efjsf]

jx'–ljt/0fhGo c;/nfO{ s]nfpg] p2]Zon] ;Lldt ?kdf pkof]uL x'g] sf/0fn] of] efudf s]jn

Ps–Ps j6f ;"rsdf dfq Wofg s]lGb|t ul/Psf] 5 . of] lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] p2]Zo Jofkf/n] Nofpg]

kl/jt{gsf] ax'–ljt/0f k|efjnfO{ s];|f–s];|f s]nfP/ :ki6 kfg'{ xf] .

aS; $M n}lËs ;dfgtf ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;fwg -k|fjwfg_ / nIf

n}lËstf eGgfn] dlxnf / k'?ifsf] aLrdf ;fdflhs ?kdf agfOPsf]

leGgtfnfO{ hgfpF5 . of] Pp6f ;dfh / csf]{ ;dfhdf km/s x'G5 / ;dosf]

cGt/fndf kl/jt{g x'G5 tyf s;s]f s] dfly k|efj / lgoGq0f 5 eGg] s'/f

kl/eflift ub{5 .

dlxnf la?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj lgd"{n ug]{;DaGwL dxf;lGw

of] dxf;lGwdf ljleGg b]zsf ;/sf/n] ;g\ !(&( df x:tfIf/ u/]kl5 ;g\

!(*! jf6 nfu" eof] . o;df clxn] !*& b]z kIf /fi6«sf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

dlxnf la?4 x/]s If]qdf x'g] e]befjdf k|ltaGw nufpg] Jofks b[li6sf]0f

;lxts]f of] g} klxnf] sfg"gL ?kn] afWofTds b:tfj]h x]f / o;nfO{ Pp6f

pNn]vgLo pknlAwsf] ?kdf lnOG5 .

a]OlhË 3f]if0ffkq tyf sfof{Tds d~r M of] b:tfj]hdf ;g\ !((% df !*(

b]zsf ;/sf/n] x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP . of] g} klxnf] cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL ;fwg xf]

h;df !@ j6f rf;f]sf ljifodf dlxnf ;dfgtf / dlxnfsf] nflu k"0f{ dfgj

clwsf/ k|Tofe"t ug]{ /0fgLlt ;lxtsf] la:t[t sfo{ of]hgf ;dfj]z 5 . afx|

28

j6f rf;f]sf ljifox? o; k|sf/ 5g\M cy{ Joj:yf, zlQm / lg0f{o lgdf{0f /

dlxnf, dfgj clwsf/, ;~rf/ dfWod, jftfj/0f / aflnsfsf] ljsf;sf] nflu

;+:yfut ;+oGq .

;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIf # M n}lËs ;dfgtf / dlxnfsf] ;zlQms/0fdf ljlzi6

?kdf s]lGb|t ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIf xf] . nIo # sf] p2]Zo æ;g\ @))% ;Dd

k|fylds / dfWodls txsf] lzIffdf tyf lzIffsf] ;a} txdf ;g\ @)!% leq

n}lËs lje]b÷c;dfgtf x6fpg] xf] . of] nIosf] dfkg k|fylds, dfWoflds /

pRr lzIffdf 5fqf / 5fqsf] egf{ ;+Vofsf] cg'kftsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] 5 .

;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo # df ylkPsf c? tLg j6f ;"rsx? o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

!%–@% jif[ pd]/sf ;fIff/ dlxnfsf] ;dfg pd]/sf ;fIff/ k'/if;+usf] cg'kft,

u}/–s[lif If]qsf] Hofnfbf/L /f]huf/Ldf dlxnfsf] lx:;f / /fli6«o ljwflosfdf

dlxnfn] cf]u6]sf] ;L6 ;+Vofsf] cg'kft . ;x;|fAbL ljlsf; nIo # nfO{ n}lËs

;dfgtf / dlxnf ;zlQms/0f ;DaGwL ;+sL0f{ -d'\votM ;fdflhs_ JofVof tyf

cfly{s tTjn] dlxnfs]f lxtdf kfg]{ k|efjsf] af/]df ;Lldt ?kdf dfq Wofg

lbPs]f egL cfnf]rgf ul/Psf] 5 .


n}lËs ;dfgtf / dlxnf ;zlQms/0fsf] leGgtfsf] af/]df k|i6 x'g' dxTjk"0f{ 5 . oL b'O{

cjwf/0ff Ps csf{;+u lgs6 ?kn] ;DalGwt 5g\ t/ leGg klg 5g\ . n}lËs ;dfgtf eGgfn]

k'?ifsf] bhf{sf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf] bhf{ a'lemG5 eg] dlxnf ;zlQms/0fn] Jojxfl/s / /0fgLltut

lg0f{o dlfy lgoGq0f ug]{ Ifdtf tyf ljsNk / 5gf]6 ug]{ cj;/ 5÷5}g eGg] hgfpF5 .

pbfx/0fsf] nflu cfkm\gf] ;|f]t ;fwg / cfDbfgLsf] k|of]u, u'0f:t/Lo lzIffdf kx'Fr / /fhgLlts

hLjgdf ;xefuL x'g] ;Gbe{df dlxnfnfO{ pgLx? cfk}mn] cfkm\gf] lg0f{o ug{ lbP/ ;zlQms/0f

ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fdflhs d"No dfGotf / ;+:yfx? h:tf ;Gbe{ cg';f/ cy{ nfUg] / JofVof ug{

;lsg] y'k}| hl6n cfofd;+u ;DalGwt ePsf]n] n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] t'ngfdf dlxnf ;zlQms/0f

a9L ljjflbt / dfkg ug{ klg cK7\of/f] cjwf/0ff xf] .

#=! n}lËs ;dfgtf ;"rssf tLgj6f k|efj If]q

29

lzIff / n}lËs ;dfgtf ;DjGwL ;x;|fAbL kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;d"xn] n}lËs ;dfgtfsf tLgj6f sfo{

If]q aLr leGgtf 5'l§g] u/L Pp6f pkof]uL sfo{ut 9fFrfsf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . tL sfo{If]q o;

k|sf/ 5g\M

-s_ Ifdtf, -v_ ;fwg;|f]t / cj;/dfly kx'Fr; / -u_ ;'/Iff -;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 ;x;|fAbL

kl/of]hgf, @))%_ .

-s_ Ifdtf If]qn] 1fg / :jf:Yo h:tf cfwf/e"t dfgjLo IfdtfnfO{ hgfpF5 . oL Ifdtfx?

JolQmut sNof0f / lxtsf] nflu cfwf/ x'gfsf ;fy} pTkfbg / cfly{s lg0f{odf ;+nUg

/lx/xgsf] nflu k"j{ zt{sf] l;h{gf ub{5g\ . ljleGg z}lIfs, :jf:Yo / kf]if0f ;DjGwL

;"rsåf/f logsf] dfkg ul/G5 .

-v_ ;fwg;|f]t / cj;/df kx'Fr If]qn] o:tf] cj:yf hgfpF5 h;n] cfly{s ;DklQ /

;fwg;|f]tdf kx'Fr / /fhgLlts lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/sf] k|of]uåf/f JolQm cfk}mnfO{ / pgsf]

kl/jf/sf] nflu kof{Kt hLjLsf]kfh{g ug{ ;Ifd agfpF5 . hldg, cGo ;DklQ / k"jf{wf/x?

cfly{s ;DklQ gfKg] dfkb08 x'g\ . cfo / /f]huf/L ;fwf/0ftof cfly{s ;|f]tdf kx'Frsf]

l:ylt gfKg k|of]u x'G5g\ . ;xsf/L, Joj;fo / zf;sLo lgsfosf] Joj:yfkg / g]t[Tj txdf

dlxnfsf] lx:;fnfO{ /fhgLlts cj;/sf] ;"rssf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .

-u_ ;'/Iff If]qn] lx+;f / åGåsf] ;Gbe{df c;'/Iff / hf]lvdsf] l:yltnfO{ hgpF5 . lx+;f /

åGån] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s Iflt k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy} JolQm / ;d'bfosf] k"0f{ ;DefJotf /

sfo{Ifdtf xfl;n ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ sdhf]/ kfb{5 . anfTsf/, of}g b'Jo{jxf/ jf dlxnf

a]rlavgsf] Jofkstf h:tf ;"rssf] cfwf/df ;'/Iffsf] l:yfltsf] dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .

PsfO{ # n] of] ;+/rgfs]f cfwf/df b]zsf] lgof{t k|lt:kwf{nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ n}lËs c;dfgtfsf]

9fFrfsf] t:jL/ ptfg]{ sf]lz; u/]sf] 5 .

#=@= n}lËs c;dfgtfsf] ;fk]lIfs / lg/k]If gfk

n}lËs c;dfgtfnfO{ ;fk]lIfs / lg/k]If ?kn] dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fk]lIfs ?kdf b]xfodf

lbOP nufot n}lËs c;dfgtfnfO{ ljleGg tl/sfjf6 d"NofÍg ug{ ;lsG5 M

30

Pp6f tl/sf k'?ifsf] pknlJwsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf] pknlAwsf] cg'kft lgwf{/0f u/]/ x'g ;S5

h;nfO{ n}lËs ;fk]Iftf ;"rsf+s eGg ;lsG5 . n}lËs ;fk]Iftf ;"rsf+s b]xfosf] ;"q k|of]u u/]/

lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5M

GPIt = F ...........................(1)

hxfF Fl / Mt n] ;dodf qmdzM dlxnf / k'?ifsf] i ;l"rssf] dfg hgfpF5g\ . n}lËs

;fk]Iftf ;"rsf+s k|foh;f] k'?if / dlxnfsf] lzIffdf t'ngfTds kx'Frsf] dfqfnfO{ gfKg k|of]u

ul/G5 . pbfx/0fs]f nflu egf{ b/, lzIff k"/f u/]sf] b/ / ;fIf/tf b/s]f nflu n}lËs ;fk]Iftf

;"rfsfÍ lgsfNg ;lsG5 . h:t} egf{ b/sf] n}lËs ;fk]Iftf ;"rsf+s (GPI) lglZrt txsf]

lzIffsf] nflu dlxnfsf] egf{ b/nfO{ k'?ifsf] egf{ b/n] efu u/]/ lgsfNg ;lsG5 . n}lËs

;fk]Iftf ;"rsfÍ ! 5 eg] b'O{6} lnËsf] aLr a/fa/sf] l:ylt b]vfpF5 . ) b]lv ! ;Dd cfj[lQ

x'g] GPI n] dlxnfx? c;'ljwfsf] l:yltdf 5g\ eGg] b]vfpF5 .-!!_

bf];|f] ljlw eg]sf] s'g} lbOPsf] ;"rs -h:t} ;fIf/tf b/, /f]huf/L b/ cflb_ sf] nflu

dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;+VofTds leGgtfsf] ;fk]lIfs cGt/sf] u0fgf ug'{ xf] h'g k|ltztdf b]xfosf]

;"qåf/f k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M-!@_

;fk]lIfs cGt/ (RG)i =

hxfF, MMt / Ft sf] kl/efiff dlfy hgfOPsf] h:t} 5 .

;fk]lIfs cGt/nfO{ Hofnfsf] cfwf/df klg dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 / o;sf] xsd To;nfO{

n}lËs Hofnf cGt/ -jf n}lËs j]tg cGt/_ eGg ;lsG5 . n}lËs c;dfgtf ;DaGwL of]

t'ngfTds dfkg dfly y'k|} cWoog ePsf 5g\ ljz]if u/L Jofkf/sf] n}lËs c;/s]f ;Gbe{df .

PsfO{ @ n] Jofkf/jf6 lnlËo ?kdf x'g] :yfgfGt/0fsf ;+oGqsf] JofVof ug'{sf ;fy} n}lËs Hofnf

cGt/nfO{ klg dWogh/ ug]{5 . To; k|sf/sf] ljZn]if0fsf] nflu tof/L :j?k n}lËs Hofnf

cGt/sf] lj:t[t j0f{gsf] nflu aS; % x]g'{xf];\ .

lg/k]If ?kdf n}lËs c;dfgtfsf] lgwf{/0f ubf{ dlxnf / k'?ifsf] lglZrt s'g} cfly{s /

;fdflhs hLjgdf pgLx?sf] ljz]if ;+VofTds leGgtfsf] cfwf/df ug{ ;lsG5 -h:t} ljBfno

egf{_ / k'?ifsf] ;+Vofaf6 dlxnfsf] ;+Vof 36fP/ o;sf] lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

31

klxnf] lalwsf pNn]v ul/Psf] dlxnfaf6 k'?if cg'kft n}lËs c;dfgtfsf] dfkgdf k|foM k|of]u

ul/g] ;fwg xf] . t/ o:tf ;"rssf] a]kmfObfsf k|lt klg ;hu x'g' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . cg'kftsf]

;d:of s] xf] eg] n}lËs a/fa/Lsf] cg'kft ! e|d pTkGg ug]{ vfnsf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu

Snf;]g -@))$_ sf cg';f/ afnd[To' b/sf] ;Gbe{df cg'kft Ps jf:tjdf hLjLt P]g

;DefJotfsf] a/fj/Lsf] ;f6f] k'?ifsf] kIfdf ePsf] n}lËs e]befjsf] b[i6fGt x'G5 lsgsL

gfafns cj:yfdf k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf] lhljt /xg] ;DefJotf a9L x'G5 eGg] tYo ;a}nfO{

yfxf ePs} laifo xf] . csf]{ uDeL/ sdhf]/L s] xf] eg] cg'kftn] kl/jt{g ePsf] cj:yfsf] af/]df

/ k|To]s c+z s'g lbzflt/ kl/jlt{t e} /x]sf] 5 eGg af/] s]xL atfpFb}g . cg'kftdf x'g]

kl/jt{gsf] oyfy{k/s JofVofsf] nflu ljleGg dfks lgdf{0f ubf{ k|of]u ul/Psf] tYofÍsf] af/]df

;"rgf÷hfgsf/L pknJw x'g' k5{ . k'?ifsf] Hofnfsf] t'ngfdf dlxnf Hofnfsf] cg'kftnfO{

pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf ln+bf k'?if pk/ dlxnf Hofnfsf] cg'kftsf] a[l4n] dlxnfsf] Hofnfdf a9f]Q/L

ePsf] x'g' cfjZos 5}g, t/ pbfx/0fsf] nflu Tof] dlxnfsf] Hofnf l:y/ /x]/ k'?ifsf] Hofnfdf

cfPsf] sdL jf dlxnf / k'?if b'j}sf] Hofnf 36]sf] / To;df klg dlxnfsf] bfFhf]df k'?ifsf]

Hofnf tLa| b/df tn em/]sf] -v:s]sf]_ cj:yfsf] sf/0f klg x'g ;S5 . To;sf/0f yk hfgsf/L

lagf cg';Gwfgstf{n] cg'kftdf ePsf] ;'wf/n] dlxnfsf] Hofnf a9]sf] xf] jf k'?ifsf] Hofnf 36]/

ePsf] To:tf] glthf cfPsf] xf] eGg] af/]df s]xL atfpg ;Sg] cj:yfdf x'Fb}gg\ . To;}n]

cg'kftsf] oyfy{k/s JofVofsf] nflu cGtlg{lxt ;"rsx?sf] k|+a[lQ ljZn]if0f ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .

;fk]lIfs gfkf]sf] ljkl/t lg/k]If dfksdf glthfsf] dfkg ug{sf] nflu :yL/÷lglZrt k|:yfg

ljGb"sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu dft[d[To' b/ clwstd pknlAwsf] dfkb08;+u

t'ngf u/]/ dfkg ul/G5 . csf]{ zAbdf eGg] xf] eg] ;a}eGbf sd d[To'b/ ePsf] d'n'ssf]

t'ngfdf s'g} Ps csf]{ d'n'ssf] dft[d[To' b/sf] dfkg ul/G5 .

32

aS; %M n}lËs Hofnf cGt/

n}lËs Hofnf cGt/ cfDbfgLdf x'g] n}lËs c;dfgtfsf] ;fk]lIfs

dfkg xf] . o;n] k'?ifsf] cf}ift Hofnfsf] k|ltztsf] ?kdf cleJoQm

ul/Psf] dlxnfsf] cf}ift Hofnf / k'?if Hofnf aLrsf] cGt/nfO{

hgfpF5 . dfly ;dLs/0f -@_ df ;"rs i n] cf}ift Hofnf hgfpF5 .

o; cy{df n}lËs Hofnf cGt/n] k'?ifsf] cf}ift cfDbfgLsf] t'ngfdf

dlxnfnfO{ x'g] kmfObf jf a]kmfObf÷;'ljwf jf c;'ljwfnfO{ hgfpF5 .

pbfx/0fsf] nflu #) k|ltztsf] n}lËs Hofnf cGt/n] dlxnfn]

k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf #) k|ltzt sd cfDbfgL u5{g\ / To;sf/0f pgLx?

c;'ljwfdf 5g\ eGg] b]vfpF5 . To:t}– !) k|ltztsf] n}lËs Hofnf

cGt/n] dlxnfx?n] k'?if eGbf !) k|ltzt a9L cfDbfgL u5{g\ /

To;sf/0f ;'ljwfsf] l:yltdf 5g\ eGg] b]vfpF5 . of] b]lvPsf]

cjnf]sg ul/Psf] s"n Hofnf cGt/ xf] h;nfO{ tYofÍsLo efiffdf

æsf]/f n}lËs Hofnf cGt/Æ elgG5 .

t/ n}lËs Hofnf cGt/ s] xf] / o;nfO{ s;/L dfkg ug]{ eGg] af/]df

k"0f{ ?kdf a'em\gsf] nflu yk JofVof cfjZos kb{5 . cg';Gwfgstf{

/ ljZn]ifsx?n] tYofÍssf] pknJwtf / cfkm\gf] cWoogsf] p2]Zo

cg'?k n}lËs Hofnf cGt/nfO{ ljleGg k|sf/n] k|of]u tyf dfkg

ub{5g\ . oxfF b]xfosf b'O{j6f sbd÷b[i6fGt dfk{mt kf7snfO{ o;

ljifodf :ki6 kfg]{ sf]lz; ul/Psf] 5 .

klxnf] r/0fdf n}lËs Hofnf cGt/sf] agfj6 jf cfk"mn] k|of]u ug{

rfx]sf] Hofnfsf] dfkgsf] k|sf/sf] af/]df klxrfg ug'{ kb{5 .

k|foh;f] olb tYofÍ pknJw ePs]f v08df k|of]u ug{s]f nflu k|To]s

306fsf] Hofnf pQd dfkg x'g ;S5 . dlxnfx?n] k'?ifsf] eGbf sd

306f sfd ug]{ x'gfn] dlxgf jf xKtf lkR5]sf] tYofÍ k|of]u ubf{

n}lsÍ Hofnf cGt/ k|lt k"jf{u|xL eP/ glthf a9fO{ r9fO{ x'g hfG5 .

306fsf] Hofnfsf] k|of]u ubf{ tYofÍsLo b[li6sf]0fjf6 dfq pko'Qm

33

x'g] ge} dlxnfn] >d ahf/df u/]sf] jf:tljs pknlJwnfO{ klg

bzf{pF5 .

bf];|f] sbddf sf]/f -ck|zf]lwt_ n}lËs Hofnf cGt/nfO{ :ki6 kfl/Psf]

/ :ki6 gkfl/Psf] -jf cjlzi6_ c+zsf] ?kdf 6'qm\ofpg' kb{5 .

cl3Nnf]n] sfdbf/n] slt 306f sfd u/]sf] eGg] afx]s >ldssf]

Hofnfdf k|efj kfg]{ cGo tTj lzIff, cg'ej, k]zf / >lds ;+3÷

;+u7gdf bhf{ h:tf dfgjLo k'FhL tTjx?sf] cfwf/df a'em\g ;lsg]

c+znfO{ hgfpF5 eg] kl5Nnf]n] n}lËs lj:tf/sf] qmddf a/fj/

of]Uotf ePsf dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ sfddf lnof] / cGt/f{li6«o ?kd}

k|lt:kwf{Tds x'g ;kmn eof] . t/ k'?ifx?n] pRr ;Lko'Qm / w]/}

Hofnf÷tnj kfOg] kbdf lgo'lQm kfP eg] dlxnfx? sk8f pTkfbgsf]

tNnf] txdf a9L ;+Vofdf Pst[t kfl/Psf lyP . kl/0ffd :j?k n}lËs

Hofnf c\gt/ a9\g uof] . n}lËs Hofnf cGt/nfO{ JofVof÷:ki6

ul/Ps]f / gul/Psf] c+zdf k|zf]wg ug{ ljleGg tYofªsLo k4ltsf]

ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 -pbfx/0fsf] nflu h'xg / dkmL{ -!(*(_ jf

AnfOG8/–cf]cfS;fsfsf] juL{s/0f, !(&# x]g'{xf];\_ .

;|+f]tM ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 Jofklf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng ;lrjfno .

#=#= n}lËs ?kdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] tYofÍsf] pknAwtf / u'0f:t/

n}lËs ?kdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf tYofÍsf] pQd ;|f]t 3/ kl/jf/ ;j]{If0f / >d zlQm

;j]{If0f x'g\ . cl3Nnf]n] kl/jf/sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] l:yltsf] lj:t[t hfgsf/L k|bfg ug'{sf ;fy}

kl/jf/s]f k|To]s ;b:osf] pd]/, j}jflxs l:ylt, kl/jfl/s e"ldsf, lzIff /f]huf/L l:ylt, cfDbfgL

/ vr{sf] af/]df tYofÍ k|bfg ub{5 eg] kl5Nnf] Hofnf, sfd u/]sf] ;do -306fdf_ / JolQmsf]

>lds ;+3÷;+:yfdf ;b:otf h:tf >d ahf/ tYofÍdf s]lGb|t x'G5g\ . o:tf] tYofÍ 3/ kl/jf/

;j]{If0faf6 klg k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . kl/jf/ / >d ahf/ ;j]{IF0f k|foh;f] /fli6«o tYofÍ lgsfon]

th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{ ub{5g\ . To:t} ljZj a}+sn] ug{ nufPsf] hLjg:t/ dfkg ;j]{IF0f h:tf

cGt/.f{li6«o ;+:yfn] k|fof]hg u/]sf ;j]{IF0f klg cl:tTjdf /x]sf 5g\ . lnËsf] cfwf/df auL{s/0f

34

ul/Psf tYofÍssf] ;a} pknJw ;|f]tsf] ;"rL tof/ ug]{ of] PsfOsf] p2]Zo xf]Og t/ efu @ df

pNn]lvt tYofÍsf] cefjsf] af/]df xfdL kf7snfO{ cfZjf:t ug{ rfxG5f} . n}lËs ;r]ttf ;lxt

cg';Gwfg / gLltdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] pko'Qm n}lËs tYofÍsf] ljsf; ug]{ Ifdtfdf ;+s'rg x'g]

xb ;Dd d'n'se/ tYofÍ / To;sf] :t/Ls/0fsf] sdL x'Fbf x'Fb} klg ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?n] n}lËs

?kn] juL{s/0f ul/Psf] tYofÍsf k|dfl0fs ;|f]tsf] ljsf; ug]{ cfkm\gf] IfdtfnfO{ ;jnLs/0f

ub}{5g\ . n}lËs c;dfgtfsf] x/]s If]qdf o'0ffTds / ;+VofTds ?kn] kl/dflh{t÷;'wfl/Psf]

tYofÍ s]xL jif{ d} pknJw x'G5g\ eGg] cfzf /fvf}+ . clxn];Ddsf] cj:yfs]f s'/f ubf{ c? If]q

eGbf s]xL If]qdf tYofÍsf] pknAwtfsf] ;d:of a9L dfqfdf /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L tYofÍ

pknAwtfsf] ;d:of s'g} ljsf;zLn If]q eGbf csf]{ If]qdf tLa| /x]sf] kfOG5 . Ifdtf If]qdf

;j}eGbf a9L ;+Vofdf t'ngLo cGt/b]zLo ;"rsx? /x]sf 5g\ . t/ ;'/Iff If]qdf eg] yf]/} dfq

ljZj;gLo ;"rsx? pknAw 5g\ . To:t} cfly{s cj;/sf] If]qdf klg tYofÍssf] sdL /x]sf]

kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu …ljZjsf dlxnfÚ -;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs dfldnf

;DaGwL ljefu, @)!)_ sf] tYofÍ ;'wf/ ;DaGwL k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ clk|msfsf]

pk–;fxf/f If]q / blIf0f Plzofsf clwsf+z b]zx?df u}/–s[lif Hofnfbf/L /f]huf/Ldf dlxnfsf]

lx:;f ;DaGwL tYofÍ g} pknAw 5}g . To:t} cem yf]/} b]zx?;+u dlxnfsf] ;fk]lIfs cfDbfgL

;DaGwL tYofÍ /x]sf] 5 .

o;sf] cltl/Qm Go"g cfo ePsf w]/} b]zsf] tYofÍ ljz]if u/L /f]huf/L tYofÍ ;DjGwL

af/Daf/sf] ;d:of s] 5 eg] tL tYofÍdf Jofkf/ juL{s/0fdf k|fo;M k|of]u x'g] If]qut juL{s/0f

-s[lif nufot j:t' pTkfbgsf] :t/df sdL 5 . o;n] ubf{ Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] a[xb n}lËs

k|efj d"NofÍg ug]{ Ifdtf sdhf]/ x'G5 . jt{dfg kl/jf/ / >d ahf/ ;DaGwL ;j]{If0fsf] ;fdfGo

;Lldttf s] xf] eg] oL ;j]{If0fn] sfo{:ynsf] cj:yf, ;'ljwf, sfd ug]{ ;do -306fdf_ /

cfDbfgL h:tf sfd;+u ;DalGwt u'0ffTds kIfx?sf] ljj/0f af/]df sd / clgoldt ?kdf

tYofÍ÷hfgsf/L k|bfg ug'{ xf] .

aS; ^M dlxnf k|d'v 3/ kl/jf/sf] k|sf/x?

n}lËs ?kn] juL{s/0f ul/Ps]f tYofÍ cS;/ u/]/ dlxnf k|d'v jf k'?if

k|d'v 3/ kl/jf/sf] leGgtfsf] cfwf/df ;+sng ul/G5 . k|foM n}lËs

36

;+j]bgzLn ljZn]if0fsf] nflu o:tf] k|sf/sf] tYofÍ Ps dfq ;|f]t xf] .

t/ o:tf] k|sf/sf] tYofÍ k|of]u ubf{ s]xL ;hutf ckgfpg' k5{ .

dlxnf k|d'v ePs]f kl/jf/ ljleGg cj:yfsf] x'g ;S5g\ M Ps JolQm

kl/jf/, To:tf kl/jf/ hxfF Psdfq jo:s dlxnf x'G5g\, jf kl/jf/

hxfF b'O{hgf jo:s JolQm x'G5g\– Pp6f k'?if / Pp6f dlxnf / h'g

kl/jf/df dlxnfnfO{ kl/jf/sf] k|d'vsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm

s'g} dlxnf olb pgsf] >Ldfg\ c:yfoL ?kdf aflx/ 5g\ eg] tL dlxnf

nuftf/ jf c:yfoL ?kdf kl/jf/sf] k|d'v x'g ;S5g\ .

k/Dk/fut ?kdf kl/jf/sf] d"nL JolQm kl/jf/ k|lt cfly{s ?kn]

lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ / kl/jf/dfly lgoGq0f /fVb5g\ . t/ hj b'j}

>Ldfg\÷>LdtLn] kl/jf/nfo{ cfly{s ?kn] 6]jf k'¥ofpF5g\ / b'j}hgfsf]

lhDd]jf/L / lgoGq0f x'G5, To:tf] cj:yfdf of] cjwf/0ffsf] ;fGble{stf

/xFb}g . kl/jf/sf] jo:s k'?if :jtM kl/jf/sf] d"nL x'G5 eGg] cg'dfg

e|fds 5 / tYonfO{ a+Uofpg ;S5 . t}klg o:tf] cg'dfg n}lËs

ljZn]if0fdf k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

kl/jf/sf] d"nLs]f klxrfgs]f nflu ljleGg dfkb08 (criteria) sf]

k|of]un] leGg leGg ul/aLsf] b/;+u oL ljleGg kl/jf/x? s;/L

;DalGwt 5g\ eGg]df c;/ ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;'g\ !((& df

kfgfdfdf ul/Psf] hLjg:t/ dfkg ;j]{If0fdf cfwfl/t tYofÍaf6 ToxfF

tLgj6f ljleGg k|sf/sf dlxnf d"nL ePsf kl/jf/x? /x]sf] kfOof],

h:t}M -s_ kl/jf/ hxfF dlxnfn] cfk"m kl/jf/sf] d"nL ePsf] atfP; -

v_ jo:s k'?if lagfsf kl/jf/ hxfF dlxnfnfO{ æ;+efJoÆ kl/jf/sf]

d"nL eg]/ kl/eflift ul/Psf] lyof]; / -u_ 3/ kl/jf/ hxfF 3/ kl/jf/

>dsf] hDdf sfo{ 306fsf] cfwf eGbf a9L dlxnfn] of]ubfg u/]sf 5g\

. ljZn]if0f c'g;f/ oL tLg k|sf/sf kl/jf/df ;dfgtf Go"g lyof] /

k|To]s kl/jf/sf] ul/aL b/ klg km/s–km/s lyof]M :j3f]lift dlxnf

37

k|d'v ePsf] kl/jf/ @( k|ltzt; …;+efJoÚ dlxnf k|d'v ePsf] kl/jf/

@# k|ltzt; / …k|d'v ?kdf dlxnfsf] sfddf e/ kg]{ kl/jf/Ú @!

k|ltzt .

;|f]tM ;|o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs dfldnf ;DaGwL ljefu .

#=$= /f]huf/L, cfo / ;DklQsf] nflu n}lËs ;"rs

of] efusf] afFsL c+zdf n}lËs ljifo / Jofkf/ ;DaGwsf] cWoogdf k|foMh;f] k|of]u ul/g]

;"rssf] ?kdf /x]sf cfly{s cj;/sf] If]qsf s]xL yf]/} r/ /flzsf ;an / b'a{n kIfs]f af/]df

rrf{ ul/g]5 . z}lIfs pknlAw jf :jf:Yo cj:yf h:tf cGo enfO{÷sNof0f ;DaGwL ;"rsx?

klg n}lËs leGgtf / Jofkf/ kl/jt{g aLrsf] cGt/lqmof a'em\gsf] nflu ;fGble{s x'G5g .

ljZjJofkL ?kdf n}lËs ;dfgtf cg'udg ug{sf] nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 / cGo ljlzi6Ls[t

lgsfon] k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf ;a} ;"rssf] lj:t[t ;"rLsf nflu kf7sx?nfO{ a'lelgs / cGo n]vs

-@))*_ h:tf ;|f]t k':ts k|of]u ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/G5 .

cfly{s cj;/s]f If]qdf /x]sf n}lËs c;dfgtfnfO{ ;d]6\g w]/} ;"rs -oL ;"rssf]

;f/f+zsf] nflu tflnsf # x]g'{xf];\_ sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . tna ;lxts]f /f]huf/Ls]f xsdf

>d zlQmdf ;xeflutf, tna ;'ljwf ;lxts]f u}/–s[lif /f]huf/Ldf dlxnfsf] lx:;f / a]/f]huf/L

g} To:tf ;"rs x'g\ . j]tg/lxt sfdsf] xsdf dlxnf / k'?ifn] :ofxf/ ;';f/ / x]/rfxsf] nflu

lbPs]f u}/–ahf/ ;do ;"rsdf kb{5 . c;'/lIft /f]huf/Ldf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] lx:;f,

Joj;flos÷k]zfut juL{s/0f / k'?ifsf] bfFhf]df dlxnfsf] cfo o:tf ;"rs x'g\ h;n] sfdsf]

cj:yf / nfenfO{ ;d]6\5g\ . ;|f]tdf kx'Frsf cGo ;"rsdf hldg / cfjf; h:tf pTkfbgzLn

;DklQdfly dlxnfsf] :jfldTj / lgoGq0f nufot kb{5g\ . oL dWo] s]xL ;"rssf] af/]df tn

lj:t[tdf rrf{ ul/g]5 .

-s_ >d zlQmdf ;xeflutfsf] b/ j]tg ;lxtsf] /f]huf/Ldf Jofks ?kn] k|of]udf cfpg]

n}lËs c;dfgtf ;DaGwL ;"rs xf] . of] b/n] >d zlQmdf /x]sf dflg;sf] ;+VofnfO{ sfd

ug{ of]Uo pd]/sf] hg;+Vofsf] k|ltztsf] ?kdf dfkg ub{5 / of] k|foMh;f] lnË / pd]/sf]

38

cfwf/df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . /f]huf/Ldf /x]sf / /f]huf/Ldf g/x]sf t/ sfd vf]Hb}

u/]sf] b'j} k|sf/sf JolQmx?nfO{ o;df ;dfj]z ul/G5g\ . ljz]if ?kdf !% b]lv ^$ au{

aLrsf JoflQmx?nfO{ …sfd ug]{ pd]/sf JolQmÚ eg]/ kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ of]

dfkgn] sfdsf] u'0f:t/sf] af/]df s]xL klg atfpFb}g / dlxnfx? :j]R5fn] jf

cfjZostfn] j]tg ;lxtsf] /f]huf/Ldf uO/x]sf 5g\ eGg] af/] klg s]xL ;+s]t ub}{g .

j]tg ;lxts]f /f]huf/Ldf dlxnfsf] pRr ;xeflutfn] gofF cj;/ lngdf dlxnfsf]

:jtGq 5gf}6 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ k|ltlalDat ub{5 . t/ o;n] kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:osf]

36\bf] cfosf] sf/0f dlxnfn] afWofTds kl/l:yltdf dlxnfn] cfkm\gf] >dsf]

æcfktsfnLg laqmLÆ u/]sf] l:yltsf] klg k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;S5 . csf]{ ;+efJo a]kmfObf

eg]sf] >d zlQmdf ;xeflutf ;DaGwL tYofÍn] yf]/} ;do -306f_ sf] nflu dfq sfd

ug]{ jf cfkm\gf] 3/df sfd ug]{ >ldssf] cNk u0fgf ub{5 . o:tf] k|sf/sf] /f]huf/Ldf

k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnf a9L ;+nUg ePsf] kfOG5 .

-v_ kfl/>lds ;lxtsf] u}/–s[lif /f]huf/Ldf dlxnfsf] lx:;f

j]tg;lxtsf] u}/–s[lif /f]huf/Ldf /x]sf dlxnfs]f ;+VofnfO{ kfl/>lds ;lxts]f u}/–s[lif

/f]huf/Ldf /x]sf] JolQmsf] s"n ;+Vofn] efu u/]/ lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . o; dfkgnfO{ ;x;|fAbL

ljsf; nIo # sf] pknlAw ;DaGwL k|ultsf] cg'udg ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 . o;sf] Pp6f

;d:of s] 5 eg] w]/} b]zdf ljz]if ui/L blIf0f Pl;of / clk|msfsf] pk–;xf/f If]qdf

u}/–s[lif Hofnf dhb'/Ln] s"n /f]huf/Lsf] ;fgf] c+znfO{ dfq k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . o;sf

cltl/Qm, of] dfkgn] sfdsf] :t/nfO{ ;dfj]z ub}{g . pbfx/0fsf] nflu o;n] laleGg

k|sf/sf u}/–s[lif Hofnf dhb'/L v'nfpFb}g . o:tf u}/–s[lif Hofnf dhb'/LdWo] s]xL -

h:t} 3/]n' sfd_ sfd cfDbfgL jf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] b[li6sf]0fn] s[lif kmd{ eGbf g/fd|f]

x'G5g\ . olb sd pTkfbgzLn / c;'/lIft k|sf/sf /f]huf/Ldf dlxnfsf] lx:;f a9]sf]

sf/0f u}/–s[lif /f]huf/Ldf dlxnfsf] ;+Vofdf a[l4 ePsf] xf] eg] o;nfO{ k|dfl0fs ?kdf

dlxnfsf] d'lQm ePsf] eg]/ JofVof ug'{ x'Fb}g .

-u_ j]tg/lxt sfd -cgf}krfl/s sfd_M ;g\ !((# sf] /fi6«o n]vf ;+oQm /fi6« ;+3Lo k|0ffnLn]

j]tg/lxt sfdnfO{ tLg k|sf/df ljefhg u/]sf] 5M -s_ cfly{s lqmofsnfk eg]/ ;+o'Qm

/fi6« ;+3 /fli6«o n]vf k|0ffnLn] dfGotf glbPsf 3/]n' sfd, jfnaRrfsf] :ofxf/ / cGo

39

kfl/jfl/s ;]jfx?; -v_ 3/fo;L pkef]usf] nflu s[lif pTkfbg / cfk"m a;]sf] 3/ lgjf;

ef8fdf nufpg] h:tf lgjf{xd'vL / u}/–ahf/d'vL lqmofsnfk; / -u_ kl/jf/sf] PseGbf

a9L ;b:on] lagf kfl/>lds >d ug]{ 3/]n' Joj;fo h;n] ahf/s]f nflu pTkfbg ub{5 .

j]tg/lxt sfddf k|lt xKtf k'?ifn] nufgL u/]sf] ;do -306f_ sf] t'ngfdf k|lt xKtf

j]tg/lxt sfddf dlxnfn] nufgL u/]sf] ;do -306f_ sf] cg'kft j]tg/lxt sfddf /x]sf]

n}lËs c;dfgtsf] ;"rs x'g;S5 . Ps c+s eGbf 7"nf] cg'kftn] k'?if eGbf dlxnfn]

o:tf] sfd a9L u5{g\ eGg] b]vfpF5 . o; efudf cl3 pNn]v ul/P e}m j]tg/lxt sfddf

/x]sf] n}lËs c;dfgtfsf] ;"rssf] lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos ;do vkt tYofÍx? a9L

eGbf a9L ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?df ;+sng ul/b}5 . t/ b'ef{Uojz oL cfFs8fx? lgoldt

?kdf pknAw x'Fb}gg\ / la/n} cBfjlws ul/G5g\ .

-3_ a]/f]huf/L b/M lnËsf] cfwf/df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] a]/f]huf/L b/ cf}Bf]lus b]zdf >d

ahf/sf] sfo{ k|ult bzf{pg] dxTjk"0f{ ;"rs xf] t/ sd cfo ePsf cy{tGqdf lhxfF

hg;+Vofsf] ax'dt ;+Vof cgf}rfkl/s >ddf jf :j/f]huf/df ;+nUg x'G5g\, ToxfF sd

pkof]uL x'G5 . a]/f]huf/L ladfsf] Joj:yf ePsf] d'n'ssf] t'ngfdf gePsf] d'n'sdf

…a]/f]huf/LÚ leGg] zAbsf] a]Un} cy{ nfUg] x'g ;S5 . a]/f]huf/L ladf gePs]f d'n'sdf

ax';+Vos dflg;x? a]/f]huf/L eP/ al;/xg ;Sb}gg\ . cljsl;t If]qsf ax';+Vos b]zdf

olx cj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf b]zdf bf]Vg ;lsg] a]/f]huf/L yf]/} ePtf klg Tof] k|fozM

/f]huf/Lsf] sdLs]f ?kdf ljn'Kt cj:yfdf /x]sf] x'G5 . o; afx]s lg?T;flxt sfdbf/n]

sfdsf] vf]hL gug{ ;S5g\ / To;sf/0f pgLx? a]/f]huf/sf] u0fgfaf6 afx]s x'g;S5g\ .

cNk /f]huf/L / xtf]T;flxt sfdbf/ b'j}sf] k|efj b]z leq / b]z–b]zsf aLr ljlzi6

n}lËs :j?k wf/0f ub{5 .

-ª_ Jofj;flos÷k]zfut juL{s/0f– dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ laleGg k]zfdf laeQm ugf{n] dlxnf /

k'?if sfdbf/sf nflu pknAw laleGg cj;/ k|ltlalDat x'g] ePsf]n] of] dlxnfsf] nflu

k]zfut >]0fLa4tf / …v'8\sLnfÚ sf] s7f]/tfsf] dfkgb ug{sf] nflu pkof]uL x'G5 .

k]zfut juL{s/0f k|foh;f]M …c;dfgtfsf] ;"rsÚ sf] cfwf/df dfkg ul/G5 . of] ;"rsfÍ

z"Go -)_ b]lv Ps -!_ ;Dd hfg ;S5 . z"Go ;"rsfÍn] juL{s/0f gePsf] cj:yf jf

k|To]s k]zfdf k'?if a/fa/sf] dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt hgfpF5 eg] Ps ;"rsfÍn] clwstd

40

juL{s/0f (segregation) jf Pshgf klg k'?if ;+nUg gePsf] k]zf÷Joj;fodf ;a}

dlxnf ;+nUg ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ hgfpF5 . o;nfO{ k]zfx?df dlxnf / k'?ifsf] lg/k]If

cGt/sf] of]usf] ?kdf dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 / lgDg ;"qdf cleAoQm ug{ ;lsG5 M

ID = ½ Mi - Fi

M F

hxfF M Mi n] lglZrt k]zf (i) df ;+nUg k'?ifsf] ;+\Vof, M n] >dzlQmdf /x]sf]

k'?ifs]f ;+Vof, Fi n] lglZrt k]zf (i) df ;+nUg dlxnfsf] ;+Vof / F n] >dzlQmdf /x]sf]

dlxnfs]f ;+VofnfO{ hgfpF5g\ . ;"rsf+ssf] cÍ eGgfn] /f]huf/Lsf] ;dfg ljt/0f k|fKt ug{sf]

nflu k]zf kl/jt{g ug'{ kg]{ sfdbf/sf] k|ltzt a'lemG5 . c;dfgtfsf] ;"rsf+sn] e]befj

:jodsf] dfkg ug]{ ge} >d ahf/sf] n}lËs lx;fjn] ljeflht x'g] k|j[lQsf] dfkg ub{5 .

tYofÍsf] cknAwtf;+u ;DalGwt csf]{ a]kmfObf s] 5 eg] k]zfut juL{s/0fn] cgf}krfl/s

/f]huf/LnfO{ ;d]6\b}g .

k]zfuty juL{s/0f ;DaGwL tYofÍsf] /fd|f] ;|f]t eg]sf] cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf]

SEGREGAT gfds tYofÍ ;+u|x xf] . o;df lnËsf] cfwf/df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] k]zfsf]

lj:t[t ljj/0f ;+nUg 5 -yk hfgsf/Lsf] nflu aS; & x]g'{xf];\_ c;L eGbf a9L ljsl;t /

ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?sf] /f]huf/L ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbOPsf] ePtf klg tL tYofÍnfO{ Ps csf]{

b]zaLr / ljleGg ;do cjlw aLr t'ngf ug{ gldNg] b]lvG5 . tYofÍ ;|f]t, tYofÍn] ;d]6]sf]

If]q / ljleGg b]zsf] leGbfleGb} juL{s/0fsf sf/0f o;/L t'ngf ug{ gldNg] b]lvG5 .

aS; & M cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g SEGREGAT tYofÍ ;+u|x

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gs]f SEGREGAT tYofÍ ;+u|xdf tLg c+ssf]

k]zfut txdf lnËsf] cfwf/df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] /f]huf/L

;DaGwL hfgsf/L ;+nUg 5 . b]z cg';f/ tYofÍ s;/L ;+sng

ul/Psf] 5, To;sf] cfwf/df ljleGg k]zfut juL{s/0f u/]/

tYofÍnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . t/ clwsf+z b]zx?sf] xsdf

/f]huf/L ;DaGwL ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/L cGt/f{li6«o :t/df

41

k]zfsf] juL{s/0f (ISCO)–** tLg c+s k]zfut txdf pknJw

5 .-!$_ /f]huf/L eGgfn] s'g} lglZrt k]zfdf ;+nUg dflg;x? /

-b]zut txdf hfgsf/L÷tYofÍsf] ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t_ /f]huf/Lsf]

vf]hLdf /x]sf dflg;x?sf] hDdf ;+VofnfO{ hgfpF5 .


-r_ cfDbfgL÷pkfh{g cfly{s cj;/df /x]sf] c;dfgtfnfO{ c;/ ug]{ k|d'v tTj xf] . n}lËs

Hofnf cGt/ of] juL{s/0fdf k5{ / dfly pNn]v u/] cg';f/ o;n] nuftf/ dlxnfnfO{ k|efj kfg]{

c;dfgtfnfO{ k|ltlalDat ub{5 . sd j]tg ePsf] kbdf /fv]/ k]zfut lje]bLs/0f jf k|ToIf

sdfOdf e]befjsf] sf/0f k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf] cfDbfgL sd x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;afx]s

Hofnf cGt/n] JolQmut /f]hfOnfO{ klg k|ltlalDat ub{5– cfDbfgLsf] ;Gbe{df sd dxTjfsf+Iff

x'g] ePsf]n] dlxnfx? k|foh;f]M sd kfl/>lds l:jsf/ ug{ klg tof/ x'G5g\ . n}lËs Hofnf

cGt/sf] Pp6f k|d'v a]kmfObf s] klg xf] eg] w]/} b]zx?n] lnËsf] cfwf/df juL+{s/0f ul/Psf]

cfDbfgL ;DaGwL tYofÍ pknAw u/fpFb}gg\ . To:tf] tYofÍ cl:tTjdf /x] klg s]jn u}/–s[lif

sfd / k|fozM cf}krfl/s a:t' pTkfbg If]qsf] nflu dfq pknJw 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu

cgf}krfl/s If]qjf6 k|fKt x'g] kfl/>ldsjf/] olsg hfgsf/L sd} dfq pknJw x'G5 . ljleGg

b]zx?aLr Hofnf ;DaGwL tYofÍsf] t'ngf clws ;do sfdsf] Hofnf, af]g;, lhG;Ldf e'QmfgL

ul/Psf] Hofnf / cGo ;'ljwfx? ;dfj]z 5g\÷5}gg\ eGg] s'/fsf] ;fy} k|of]u ul/Psf] ;dosf]

PsfO{jf6 k|efljt x'G5 . cfDbfgLnfO{ w]/}h;f] k|To]s dlxgfsf] cf}ift cfDbfgLsf] ?kdf hgfO{G5 /

o;n] ubf{ hj sfd u/]sf] 306f ;DaGwL tYofÍ pknJw 5}g To:tf] cj:yfdf k'?if / dlxnfsf]

HofnfaLr t'ngfnfO{ cem yk hl6n t'NofpF5 lsgls dlxnfx? k'?ifsf] eGbf leGb} ;dofjlw -

306f_ sfd ug]{ ub{5g\ . n}lËs ?kdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] Hofnf ;DaGwL tYofÍsf] ;Lldttf Pp6f

uDeL/ ;d:of xf] h;n] ;doqmd / b]zx?aLrsf] k|a[lQsf] ljZn]if0fnfO{ sdhf]/ t'NofpF5 .

-5_ ;DklQsf] ljlgof]hg÷ljt/0f – s[lif k|wfg ;dfhdf Hofnf / /f]huf/L egbf hldg /

shf{ h:tf ;DklQdf kx'Frsf] n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] ;"rssf] ?kdf k|d'v e"ldsf /xg ;S5 -

cu|jfn, @))# n] pNn]v u/] cg';f/_ . t}klg Hofnf ;DaGwL tYofÍsf] t'ngfdf hldgsf]

ljt/0f tyf cfjf;sf] :jfldTj jf shf{df kx'Fr ;DaGwL -n}lËs ?kn] auL{s/0f ul/Psf]_

tYofÍ cem yf]/} c+zdf dfq pknJw 5 . clk|msf / Pl;ofdf n}lËs ?kdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf]

42

hldg dflysf] :jfldTjsf] ljt/0f ;DaGwL clwsf+z hfgsf/L 5l/Psf kl/jf/ ;j]{If0fjf6 k|fKt

ug{ ;lsG5 . ljZj a}+sn] ;+rfng u/]sf s]xL hLjg:t/ dfkg ;j]{If0fdf hldgdfly JolQmut

:jfldTj ;DaGwL ljifox? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] ePtf klg Tof] sd} ;+Vofdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . hldg,

3/ :jfldTj jf shf{df dlxnfsf] kx'Fr ;DaGwL sfg"gL cfFs8f kfOg]÷pknJw x'g] ePklg

;fdflhs bjfj / k|rngsf sf/0f Jofjxfl/s ?kdf dlxnfsf] oL ;|f]t dfly lgoGq0f 5÷5}g

eg]/ k/LIf0f ug{ ;f] tYofÍ kof{Kt x'Fb}g . s[lif u0fgfdf s[lif e"–:jfldTjsf] kl/efiff kl/dfh{g

ug{ ;xfotf k'¥ofpg] x]t'n] k|of; hf/L /x]sf 5g\ . ;f] kl/efiff kl/dfh{gn] u|fdL0f kl/jf/df

hldgdfly ax'–:jfldTj / ax'–lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] ;+efjgf bzf{pg] tYofÍ ;+sng ug{ ;xof]u

k'¥ofpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . -vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g, @)!)_ . of] Pp6f cfzf nfUbf] sbd xf]

t/ clxn]sf] cj:yfdf s[lifdf cfwfl/t cy{ Joj:yfdf n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] d"NofÍgdf r'gf}tL

ce}m ljBdfg 5g\ .

tflnsf #

/f]huf/L, cfDbfgL÷cfo / ;DklQ ;DaGwL n}lËs ;"rssf] ;f/f+z

;"rs ju{÷;d"x If]q ljj/0f ;jn kIfx? b'j{n kIfx?

>d

zlQmdf

;xeflutf

b/

(LFPR)

j]tg ;lxtsf]

/f]huf/L

;|f]t /

-cfly{s_

cj;/df

kx'Fr

LFPR=

EMPt/i +

Ut/i X 100

Popt/i

EMPt/i= (t)

;dodf (i) lnËsf

/.]huf/Ldf

/x]sf JolQmsf]

;+Vof .

– j]tg ;lxtsf]

/f]huf/Ldf

n}lËs

c;dfgtf

;DaGwL Jofks

?kdf k|of]u x'g]

;"rs .

– tYofÍsf]

pknJwtf

– sfdsf]

u'0f:t/sf]

af/]df

hfgsf/L

gx'g' .

– s]xL 306f

dfq sfd ug]{

sfdbf/ /

3/]n'

sfdbf/sf]

af/]df s]xL

klg pNn]v

43

Ut/i = (t)

;dodf (i) lnËsf

/f]huf/Ldf

g/x]sf t/

/f]huf/Lsf]

vf]hL ul/x]sf

JolQmsf] ;+Vof .

Popt/i = (t)

;dodf (i) lnËsf sfd ug{

of]Uo pd]/sf

JolQmsf]

hg;+Vof .

ub}{g .

j]tg

;lxtsf]

u}/-s[lif

/f]huf/Ldf

dlxnfsf]

lx:;f

(FPNAE)

j]tg ;lxsf]

/f]huf/L

;|f]t /

-cfly{s_

cj;/df

kx'Fr

FPNAEt =

FNAEt X

100

NAEMPt

FNAEt= (t) ;dodf j]tg

;lxtsf]

u}/–s[lif

/f]huf/Ldf

– ;x;|fgAbL

ljsf; nIf #

sf] k|ults]f

cg'udg u5{ .

– sfdsf]

u'0f:t/nfO{

;dfj]z ub}{g

.

–

ljsf;f]Gd'v

b]zdf j]tg

;lxtsf]

u}/–s[lif

/f]huf/Ln] k"/}

/f]huf/Lsf]

44

/x]sf dlxnfsf]

;+Vof

NAEMPt =

(t) ;dodf

j]tg ;lxtsf]

u}/–s[lif

/f]huf/Ldf

/x]sf JolQmsf]

s"n ;+Vof .

Pp6f ;fgf]

c+zsf] dfq

k|ltlglwTj

u5{ .

3/]n'

sfdsf]

cg'kft

(DWR)

j]tg /lxt

/f]huf/L

;|f]t / -

cfly{s_

cj;/df

kx'Fr

DWRt =

DFt

DMt

DFt = (t) ;dodf k|lt

xKtf 3/]n'

sfddf dlxnfn]

Joltt u/]sf]

;do -306fdf_

.

DMt = (t) ;dodf k|lt

xKtf 3/]n'

sfddf k'?ifn]

– dlxnfsf]

sfFwdf

c;dfg'kflts

?kn] cfOkg]{

3/]n' sfdsf]

c+znfO{

;Daf]wg u5{ .

– ;do vkt

;j]{If0f

;lhn} k|fKt

gx'g] / sd}

dfq

cBfjlws

ul/g] .

45

Joltt u/]sf]

;do -306fdf_

a]/f]huf/L

b/ (UR)

a]tg ;lxt /

a]tg lagfsf]

/f]huf/L .

;|f]t /

-cfly{s_

cj;/df

kx'Fr

URt/i = Ut/i

EMPt/i

+ Ut/i

Ut/i /

EMPt/i sf]

kl/efiff dfly

lbOP h:t}

– ljz]if u/L

ljsl;t b]zdf

/f]huf/L /

a]/f]huf/Ls]f

dxTjk"0f{ ;"rs

.

–

:j/f]huf/Ldf

/x]sf,

cNk–/f]huf/

/

cgf}krfl/s

If]qdf

/f]huf/Ldf

/x]sf

JolQmnfO{

g;d]6\g] .

c;dfgtf

;"rsf+s

(DI)

k]zfut

juL{s/0f

(segregation)

;|f]t / -

cfly{s_

cj;/df

kx'Fr

ID = ½

(.....) Mi

- Fi

M F

Mi = (i) Joj;fo÷k]zfdf

k'?ifs]f cg'kft

Fi = (i) Joj;fo÷k]zfdf

dlxnfsf]

n}lËs ?kdf

k]zf÷Joj;fosf]

ljt/0fs]f dfkg

u5{ .

– e]befjsf]

of] PsLg

dfkg xf]Og .

– tYofÍsf]

pknJwtf .

-cgf}krfl/s

If]qs]f

/f]huf/LnfO{

g;d]6\g] .

46

cg'kft

M = >d

ahf/df k'?ifs]f

;+Vof

F = >d

ahf/df

dlxnfsf] ;+Vof

n}lËs

ofnf

cGt/ .

cfo÷cfDbfgL ;|f]t / -

cfly{s_

cj;/df

kx'Fr

GWG =

Wt/m- Wt/f

Wt/m

Wt/m = (t) ;dodf

k'?ifx?sf]

k|lt306f Hofnf

.

Wt/f = (t) ;dodf

dlxnfx?sf]

k|lt306f Hofnf

.

– dfgj k"FhLsf

rn /flznfO{

PsLg ?kn]

lgoGq0f u/]sf]

cj:yfdf

Hofnfdf /x]sf]

n}lËs lje]bsf]

If]qnfO{ JoQm

ub{5 .

– tYofÍsf]

pknJwtf .

- s[lifdf

cfwfl/t

cy{tGqdf

/x]sf] n}lËs

c;dfgtfnfO{

g;d]6\g

;S5 .

;DklQsf]

ljt/0f

;|f]tdf kx'Fr ;|f]t / -

cfly{s_

cj;/df

kx'Fr

– s[lifhGo cy{

Joj:yfdf /x]sf]

n}lËs

c;dfgtfsf]

– tYofËsf]

pknJwtf .

x 100

47

yk PsLg dfk

;|f]tM ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng ;lrjfno .

$= Jofkf/ M kl/efiff / dfkg

cl3Nnf] efudf n}lËs -c_ ;dfgtfnfO{ laleGg tl/sfaf6 kl/eflift / dfkg ug{ ;lsG5

eGg] xfdLn] b]Vof}+ . of] efudf Jofkf/sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ljZn]if0f ul/g]5 . o;sf] p2]Zo …Jofkf/Ú

s] xf] / o;nfO{ s;/L dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf :ki6 kfg'{ xf] . jf:tjd} Jofkf/ / lnËsf]

ljifodf n]lvPs]f ;flxTonfO{ x]bf{ …Jofkf/Ú sf w]/} km/s vfnsf JofVof e]l6G5g\ / cWoogs]f

p2]Zo tyf Pp6f jf csf]{ dfkgsf] k|of]usf] sf/0f slxn]sfFxL laNs'n} km/s lgisif{ lgl:sg

;S5g\ . To;sf/0f Jofkf/sf] s'g dfkg k|of]u ePsf] 5, To;af/] k|i6 x'g'sf ;fy} o; ;DaGwL

egfO{sf] k|dfl0fstf ;"rssf] 5gf]6df e/ k5{ . of] lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] afFsL efudf æJofkf/Æ

zAbnfO{ ljleGg 36gf lqmofsnfk hgfpg klg k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . t/ …Jofkf/Ú eGgfn] s]

a'lemG5 eGg] AofVof ug'{ eGbf klxnf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ leGgtfsf] af/]df pNn]v ub}{ To;df ;+nUg

ljZn]if0fsf ljleGg txx?sf] af/]df k|i6 x'g' cfjZos 5 .

$=!= s]xL k|f/lDes e]bx?

k|f/Dedf …Jofkf/Ú / …Jofkf/ gLltÚ aLrsf] leGgtfsf] af/]df :ki6 x'g' dxTjk"0f{ 5 .

…Jofklf/Ú n] j:t' / ;]jfsf] cGt/f{li6«o k|jfx jf cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf jf/kf/ j:t' / ;]jfsf]

ljlgdonfO{ hgfpF5 . …Jofkf/ gLltÚ n] Jofkf/nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ gLlt–lgod / ;DalGwt

k|fjwfgnfO{ hgfpF5 . b'j} cjwf/0ffnfO{ lj:t[t ?kdf a'em\g' cfjZos 5 .

$=!=!= Jofkf/

Jofkf/ / lnËsf] aLrsf] ;DaGwsf] d"NofÍg ubf{ k|fo;M Jofkf/sf b'O{j6f ;+/rgfut

kIfx?nfO{ leGg leGg jf ;+u} x]g'{ kb{5 . tL kIfx? x'g\– cy{tGqsf] Jofkf/ v'nfkgsf] dfqf /

Jofkf/sf] agf]6df ;+/rgfut kl/jt{gsf 9fFrf .

-s_ Jofkf/ v'nfkg

48

klxnf] ljifo–Jofkf/ v'nfkg jf vf; ?kdf …Jojxf/Ú df Jofkf/ v'nfkg–eGgfn] s'g} Ps

b]zsf] ljZj cy{tGqdf PsLs/0fsf] dfqfnfO{ hgfpF5 . csf]{ zJbdf eGg] xf] eg] Jofkf/

v'nfkgn] 3/]n' lqmofsnfksf] ;fk]Iftfdf cGt/f{li6«o sf/f]jf/sf] dxTjnfO{ hfFRb5 / lglZrt

cjlwsf] jf:tljs Jofkf/s]f cfotg -kl/df0f_ sf] cfwf/df dfkg ul/G5 . o;sf lglZrt ;"rs

lgof{t jf cfoft jf b'j} x'g\ .-!%_ o;nfO{ ;fk]lIfs ?kdf jf b]zsf] s'n ux{:y pTkfbg (GDP)

sf] lx:;f÷c+zsf] cfwf/df dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .

…Jojxf/df Jofkf/ v'nfkgÚ nfO{ ;DalGwt t/ km/s cjwf/0ff …gLltut v'nfkgÚ af6

cnu ?kdf x]g'{ kb{5 -tflnsf $_ . kl5Nnf] cjwf/0ff Jofkf/nfO{ lgoGq0f jf k|a4{g ug]{

pkfo÷k|fjwfgsf] cl:tTj / dfqf÷Jofkstf;+u ;DalGwt 5 -Dofss'nf]s / cGo n]vs, @))!_

o; ljifonfO{ …Jofkf/ gLltÚ zLif{s cGtu{t tn j0f{g ul/g]5 . ;fwf/0f jf Jofkf/–efl/t cf}ift

dx;'n :t/, ;+slnt dx;'n, ;+/If0fsf] k|efjsf/L b/, u}/–z'Ns c8\rg (Non-tariff

barriers) / laleGg ;+o'Qm (composite) ;"rsf+sx? ;a}eGbf w]/} k|of]u x'g] s]xL ;"rs

x'g\ . Jojxf/df v'nfkg b]zsf] cfsf/, k|fs[lts ;|f]t / t'ngfTds nfesf cGo lgwf{/0fsf] sf/0f

klg x'g] x'gfn] of] gLltut ?kdf Jofkf/ v'nfkg;+u ;DalGwt x'g' k5{ g} eGg] cfjZostf 5}g -

!^_ -Dofss'nf]s, @))!_ . To;sf/0f oL b'O{ dfks aLrsf] leGgtf dgg\ ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

Jojxf/df v'nfkgnfO{ ;/sf/x?n] lgwf{/0f jf lgoGq0f ug{ ;Ifd gx'g ;S5g\ . pRr jf Go"g

lgof{t / cfoft gLltsf] sf/0f x'g' k5{ eGg] h?/t 5}g . e"uf]n, cfsf/ / cfo s'g} b]zsf] afXo

If]qsf ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ lgwf{/s x'g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu 7"nf d'n'ssf] t'ngfdf ;fgf d'n'sdf

Jofkf/n] tL d'n'ssf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg (GDP) df w]/} 7"nf] lx:;f cf]u6]sf] x'G5 . Jojxf/df

v'nf b]zx? gLltut ?kdf v'nf gx'g ;S5g\ / To:t} gLltut ?kdf v'nf b]zx? Jojxf/df v'nf

gx'g ;S5g\ . o;sf] cltl/Qm Jofklf/ gLlt laleGg sf/0fn] ck]lIft Jofkf/ glthfdf cg'jfb

gx'g ;S5 . oL sf/0fdf aGb/ufxf / ;8s h:tf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ;Lldttf, sdhf]/

pTkfbgzLn Ifdtf, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;nfO{ a9fjf lbg] ;|f]t / pkfosf] sdL, ljs[t ahf/ / ;"rgf

/ pTkfbgzLn ;|f]tdf aGb]hk"0f{ kx'Fr kb{5g\ . k|fo u/L oL c8\rgn] sdhf]/ cj:yfsf

dlxnfnfO{ c;/ ub{5g\ . of] a'Fbf xfdL cfpg] PsfO{, ljz]if u/L PsfO{ # df yk 5nkmn ug]{ 5f}

. Jofkf/ ;fe]mbf/n] ahf/ kx'Frdf k|ltaGw nufPsf] cj:yf, b]zsf] k|d'v lgof{tdf cGt/f{li6o

49

d"No t/n cj:yfdf x'g' jf cGo b]zx?;+usf] a9\bf] k|lt:kwf{ h:tf c8\rgx? cGt/f{li6«o txdf

cl:tTjdf x'G5g\ / b]zsf] ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0f eGbf aflx/ x'G5g\ .

tflnsf $ M Jofkf/ v'nfkgsf] dfkg

Jojxf/df v'nfkg

dfkg kl/efiff

lgof{t /÷jf

cfoftsf] kl/df0f

lglZrt ;do, ljz]if u/L Ps aif{df lgof{t

/÷jf cfoftsf] kl/df0f -dfqf jf d"Nodf_ .

s"n Jofkf/ lglZrt ;dosf] lgof{t / cfoftsf] of]ukmn .

Jofkf/df lx:;f /fli6«o d'b|fdf lgof{t -/ cfoft_ / b]zsf] s'n

ufx{:y pTkfbg aLrsf] cg'kftM

Jofkf/ = lgof{t -+cfoft_

s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg

(GDP)

ljZn]if0fsf] p2]Zosf] cfwf/df slxn]sfFxL

cfoft ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'Fb}g .

;dfof]lht Jofkf/sf]

lx:;f

qmo zlQm ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df lgof{t /

cfoft tyf b]zsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf]

cg'kft . ljsf;sf ljleGg r/0fdf /x]sf

b]zdf Jofkf/of]Uo / u}/–Jofkf/of]Uosf]

d"Nosf] leGgtfnfO{ ;Rofpg of] dfkg

pkof]uL l;4 x'G5 .

lgof{t÷cfoftsf]

a[l4b/ s"n

Jofkf/÷Jofkf/ lx:;f

.

;DalGwt ;"rssf] ;dosf] Ps laGb"af6 csf]{

ljGb"df kl/jt{g -k|foh;f] Ps aif{df_ .

gLltdf v'nfkg

50

dx;'nsf] cf}ift

-;fwf/0f tyf

Jofkf/–efl/t_

;fwf/0f cf}ift dx;'n ;a} dx;'nnfO{ hf]8]/

cfPsf] of]ukmnnfO{ cfoft ;d"x/ju{sf]

;+Vofn] efu u/]/ lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . ;fwf/0f

cf}iftn] ;+/If0fnfO{ a9fO{ r9fO{ ug{ pGd'v

x'G5;

dfkg kl/efiff

;DalGwt ju{sf] cfoftsf] d"Nosf] cfwf/df

k|To]s dx;'nnfO{ d"NofÍg (weighing)

u/]/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] efl/t cf}iftaf6 of]

;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ o;n]

;+/If0fnfO{ uf}0f ?kdf pNn]v u/]/ ljkl/t

;d:of Nofpg ;S5 . h:t} aGb]hk"0f{ ?kdf

pRr dx;'n uf}0f ?kdf k|ltlglwTj x'g

;S5g\ .

;+/If0fsf] k|efjsf/L

b/

pTkfbg lgj]z (input) sf ;fy}

glthf÷kl/0ffddf dx;'nn] kfg{ ;Sg]

k|efjnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ ;+/If0fsf] k|efjsf/L

b/n] b]zsf] dx;'n ;+/rgfn] s;/L

pTkfbgs]f laleGg r/0fdf pBf]ux?sf] d"No

clea[l4sf] ;+/If0f u5{ eGg] cg'dfg ub{5 .

s'g} j:t'sf] k|efjsf/L ;+/If0f eg]sf] To;sf

x/]s c+znfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] ;+/If0fsf]

of]ukmn a/fa/ x'G5 eGg] dfGotfdf of]

b[li6sf]0f cfwfl/t 5 .

;+slnt dx;'n b/ jf:tljs ?kdf ;+slnt eG;f/ dx;'nsf]

cfoft d"No (values) eg]/ kl/eflift

ul/Psf] ;+slnt dx;'n Jofkf/ lgoGq0fs]f

;a}eGbf k|ToIf ;"rsdWo] Ps xf] . lk|6\r]6

51

Pj+ ;]7L -!(($_ n] ;+slnt b/ / cflwsfl/s

dx;'n b/ aLr km/flsnf] cGt/sf] af/]df

pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx?n] ;+slnt b/nfO{

…k|efjsf/LÚ dx;'nsf] k|of]u ug'{ cem a9L

pko'Qmx'G5 . of] ;"rssf] ;fGble{stf oL b'O{

b/x?aLr leGgtf Nofpg] tTjdf lge{/ x'G5 .

kl/df0ffTds

aGb]hsf] k|efj If]q

jf cGo u}/–dxz'n

pkfox?

kl/df0ffTds aGb]h -sf]6f_ n] ;d]6]sf]

;fdfgsf] k|ltzt jf lgof{t cg'bfg jf cfoft

k|f]T;fxg h:tf cGo u}/–dxz'n ;Ldf

(barriers) x? csf]{ dfkg x'g\ .

;|f]tM P8jf8{\; -!((#_ / Dofss'nf]s cflb -@))!_ sf] kl/efiffdf cfwfl/t

-v_ Aofkf/sf] ;+/rgfut agf]6

s'g} klg b]zsf] Jofkf/ ;DaGwL c8fgsf] d"NofÍg ubf{ Jofkf/ v'nfkgsf] d"NofÍgaf6

cl3 a9]/ pQm b]zsf] a}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] ;+/rgfut jf u'0ffTds kIfsf] klg cWoog ug'{

dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o; qmddf lgof{t ljljwLs/0f÷s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] dfqf tyf b]zsf] a}b]lzs Jofkf/sf]

k|lalwut lta|tf b'O{j6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf x'g\ . oL b'O{6}sf] dxTjk"0f{ n}lËs k|efj /x]s]f x'g;S5 .

pbfx/0fsf] nflu, kf]zfs÷sk8f pBf]u jf aQL h8fg tyf pTkfbg h:tf >ddf lge{/ Pj+ Go"g

k|lalw lta|tf ePsf lgof{thGo j:t'sf] a[l4n] k|fo cf}krfl/s If]qdf dlxnf Hofnfbf/L

/f]huf/Lsf] a[l4 x'G5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng (UNCTAD) n] s]xL b]zdf -

h:t}– n];f]of] / c+uf]nf_ u/]sf] cWoogdf pTkfbg / Jofkf/sf] ;+/rgfut kl/jt{gsf n}lËs

k|efjsf] d"NofÍg ul/Psf] 5 .

s'g} Ps b]zsf] a}b]lzs Jofkf/s]f s]Gb|Ls/0f÷ljljwLs/0fs]f dfqfnfO{ Tof] b]zn]

cGt/f{li6«o txdf Jofklf/ u/s]f] j:t'÷;fdu|Lsf] ;+Vof, s]Gb|Ls[t÷3gTjsf ;"rsf+s / ljljwLs/0f

;"rsf+s nufot ljleGg dfkb08sf] cfwf/df lgwf{+/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . s'g} b]zn] cGt/f{li6«o txdf

Jofkf/ u/]sf]] j:t'sf] ;+Vof Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fsf] ;fwf/0f dfkg xf] eg] s]Gb|Le"t ;"rsf+sn] s'g}

Ps d'n's jf b]zsf ;d"xsf] lgof{t tyf cfoft s;/L ;Lldt ;+Vofsf j:t'df s]Gb|Le"t 54g\ jf

52

ljleGg pTkfbgdf 5l/P/ /x]sf] 5 eGg] b]vfpF5 . ljljwLs/0f ;"rsf+sn] b]zsf] jf b]zsf

;d"xsf] Jofkf/sf] ;+/rgf / ljZj cf}iftaLrsf] leGgtfsf] dfqfnfO{ b]vfpF5 .-!&_ k|lalwsf]

ltaa|tf ;DaGwL dfkgn] k|lalwsf] k|of]usf] cfwf/df a:t'sf] PsqLs/0f / juL{s/0f ub{5 .-!*_

bf];|f] kb– Jofkf/ gLlt– sf] af/]df rrf{ ug'{ cl3 Jofkf/sf :yL/ / ultlzn dfkg x'G5g\ eGg]

s'/fsf] x]Ssf /fVg' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . Jofkf/sf] :yL/ dfkgn] lglZrt ;dosf] Jofkf/s]f cj:yf

h:t} s'g} b]zsf] lglZrt aif{sf] lgof{tsf] dfqfnfO{ ;+s]t u5{g\ / b]zsf] s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] :t/

bzf{pF5g\ . Jofkf/sf ultlzn dfkgn] lgof{t a[l4 b/ h:t} ;do qmddf cfPsf] Jofkf/df ePsf]

kl/jt{gnfO{ klxrfg ub{5g\ .

Jofkf/df cfPs]f kl/jt{g Jofkf/ ;'wf/s]f kl/0ffd :j?k ePsf] x'g ;S5 . t/ o;n]

Jofkf/ k|jfx -h:t} lgof{t / cfoft_ nfO{ dfqdf dfkg ul/Psf] cj:yfdf d"No jf b]zsf]

cf}Bf]lus gLltdf ePsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ klg k|ltlalDat ub{5 . hg;f+lVos kl/jt{g -a9\bf]

hg;+Vofsf] w]/} pkef]Uo cfjZostf x'G5_ jf pkef]usf] tl/sfdf ePsf] kl/jt{g -vfgfdf

cf+lzs ?kdf vfBfGgnfO{ lj:yflkt ub}{ df;'sf] dfqfdf a[l4sf] sf/0f klg Jofkf/df kl/jt{g

cfPsf] x'g ;S5 .

$=!=@= Jofkf/ gLlt

dfly pNn]v ul/P h:t} …Jofkf/ gLltÚ eGg] zAbn] Jofkf/nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ lgod, sfg"g /

k|fjwfgnfO{ ;d]6\5 . xfdL k|foM …Jojxf/df Jofkf/ gLltÚ sf] af/]df s'/f u5f}{ . jf:tjdf lgod

dfq eP/ x'Fb}g t/ Tof] lgod Jojxf/df s;/L nfu' ePsf] 5, To;n] dxTj /fVb5 .

æJofkf/ gLltÆ Pp6f ;'ljwfsf] zJb xf] M o;sf] cfy{ ;a} xf] / s]xL klg xf]Og . of]

cjwf/0ffnfO{ k'i6fO{ ug{ Jofkf/ gLlt ;dLs/0fs]f b'O{ kIf aLrsf] leGgtfnfO{ 5'6\ofpg cfjZos

5 – Psftk{m cfoftnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ gLltut pkfo / csf]{tk{m lgof{tnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ gLltut

pkfox? -lrq # x]g'{xf];\_ klxnf] k|sf/sf] pkfo s'g} klg b]zs]f cfoft Jofkf/ v'nfkgsf]

bfo/fl;t ;DalGwt 5 jf csf]{ zJbdf pQm b]zn] lbg] ahf/ kx'Frsf] bfo/f;+u ;DalGwt 5 .

bf];|f] k|sf/sf pkfon] cGo s'/f nufot s'g} b]zsf] lgof{t k|lt:kwf{ -h:t} lgof{t cg'bfg_ sf]

cfsf/nfO{ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . t/ o;n] vfB ;'/Iff -pbfx/0f–cfGtl/s ?kdf pkef]u x'g] k|d'v

cGgsf] lgof{tdf aGb]h_ h:tf 3/]n' gLltut p2]ZonfO{ klg ;xof]u ub{5 .

53

Jofkf/ gLltsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;Ldfgf / cfGtl/s pkfo aLrsf] leGgtfsf] af/]df klg

k|i6 x'g' cfjZos 5 . oyfy{df of] Pp6f klxNofpg g;lsg] leGgtf xf] lsgls cfGtl/s -

3/]n'_ pkfox? k|foM l;dfgfdf nfu' ul/Psf x'g5g\ . To:t} eG;f/ dx;'n / u}/–eG;f/ cj/f]w

aLrsf] leGgtf 5'6\ofpg klg dxTjk"0f{ 5 . Jofkf/sf] k|jfxnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{df ljz]if ?kn]

s]lGb|t gePtf klg 3/]n' pTkfbg / Jofkf/ -3/]n' ;xof]u b]lv lnP/ /fHon] ug]{ Jofkf/_ nfO{

k|efj kfg]{ ljljw Jofkf/ gLlt / ;fwg÷b:tfj]hsf af/]df klg oxfF xfdL rrf{ ug]{5f} . Jofkf/

gLltn] jf:tljstfdf hl6n ?kn] Ps csf{ l;t cGt/ ;DalGwt -h]lnPsf_ oL ;a] kIfnfO{

;d]6\5 . gLltut lbzfsf] ;Gbe{df …Jofkf/ gLltÚ eGg] zJb t6:y zAb xf] lsgeg] o;n] Jofkf/

pbf/Ls/0f / ;+/If0f b'j} k|sf/sf pkfonfO{ ;d]6\5 . Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf pkfodf j:t' tyf

;]jfsf] :jtGq ljlgdodf eG;f/ z'Ns÷dxz'n / u}/–eG;f/ cj/f]w x6fpg] jf sd ug]{ pkfo

kb{5g\ .

lrq # M Jofkf/ gLlt pkfo

l;dfgf;+u

;DalGwt pkfo

eG;f/ dxz'n cj/f]w–cfoft

eG;f/ dxz'n / eG;f/ dxz'n

b/ sf]6f .

cfoftnfO{ k|ToIf

k|efj kfg]{ pkfo

u}/–eG;f/ dx'zn–eG;f/ k|lqmof

/ d"NofÍg, cfoft O{hfht

;DjGwL k|fjwfg cfoft lgoGq0f /

k|ltaGw, l;dfgfdf ;+sng ul/g]

3/]n' s/ -h:t} d"=c=s=_ cflb .

cfGtl/s pkfo k|fljlws lgodg, dfkb08 /

cg'?ktf d"NofÍg k|lqmof nufot

s'g} j:t'sf] cfGtl/s laqmL,

laqmLdf /fVg] cj;/, vl/b 9'jfgL,

ljt/0f jf k|of]udf c;/ ug]{ ;a}

pkfox? tyf /f]uL hgfj/, k+IfL,

lapljhg tyf af]6 la?jfsf]

54

;+;u{ x'gjf6 /f]syfd .

lgof{t k|ltaGw

aGb]h

lgof{t s/, z'Ns / dxz'n

lgof{tnfO{ k|ToIf

k|efj kfg]{

sbd÷pkfo

lgof{t k|ltaGw / cGo lgof{t

aGb]h -lgolGqt lgof{t cg'dltsf

zt{x?, Go"gtd lgof{t d"No cflb

.

lgof{t / lgof{t lgoGq0fsf nflu

eG;f/ k|lqmof -btf{ /

clen]vLs/0f_

lgof{t ;xfotf lgof{t cg'bfg

u}/–afl0fHo zt{, u}/–k|dfl0ft vfB

;xof]u lgof{t pGd'v /fHo Jofkf/

Joj;fo cflbnfO{ lgof{t C0f /

lgof{t C0f shf{sf] hdfgt .

ck|ToIf ?kdf

cfoft /÷jf

lgof{tnfO{ k|efj

kfg]{ pkfox?

;/sf/åf/f vl/b / /fHon] ug]{

Jofkf/

cg'bfg÷3/]n' ;xof]u gLlt

af}l4s ;DklQ ;'/Iff ;DaGwL

clwsf/

;|f]tM ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng ;lrjfno

Jofkf/sf pkfox?, ljz]if u/]/ eG;f/ z'Ns -dxz'n_ nfO{ ;dli6ut ?kdf laleGg txdf

ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . Psftk{m ;dli6ut pkfon] s'g} b]zsf] Jofkf/ ;fe]mbf/ nufot pQm

b]zsf] Jofkf/ v'nfkgaf/] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L k|bfg ub{5g\ / Jofkf/ ;DaGwL ljZn]if0fsf] k|f/lDes

55

r/0fdf pkof]uL x'G5g\ /. cs]f{tk{m auL{s[t -5l/Psf_ pkfox?n] If]qut, pTkfbg jf Jofkfl/s

k|lti7fg txdf s'g} b]zsf] Jofkf/ v'nfkgdf s]lGb|t x'G5g\ . of] ;"Id txsf] hfgsf/L lj:t[t

Jofkf/hlgt ljZn]if0fdf a9L pkof]uL x'G5, h:t}– Jofkf/sf] n}lËs ljt/0f k|df0fsf] cg';Gwfg

ubf{ . s'g} b]zsf] Jofkf/ gLlt dfly b[li6ut ubf{ ;fdfGo lgodsf] ?kdf w]/} lj:t[tdf hfgaf6

;r]t /xg' k5{ . o;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] cy{k"0f{ cGt1f{g xfl;n ug{sf] nflu cfoft / lgof{t;+u

;DalGwt pkfosf] ljZn]if0f juL{s[t (disaggregate) txdf -cfbz{ cj:yf j:t' / PrP;

^ c+ssf] txdf_ b]zsf] låkIfLo Jofkf/sf] k|jfxnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} ug'{ k5{ . b]zsf] låkIfLo

Jofkf/ k|jfx cGtu{t k|d'v lgof{t / cfoft kb{5g\ . -uGtJo / ;|f]t d'n'ssf] cfwf/df_ aS; *

df Jofkfl/s j:t'sf] juL{s/0fsf] ljj/0f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

cf}krfl/s Jofkf/sf cj/f]wnfO{ qmdzM x6fpg] qmddf cGo ljifon] dxTj kfPsf 5g\

o; cGtu{t Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f ;fy} u}/–cflwsfl/s ahf/df k|j]z ;DaGwL aGb]hnfO{ ;Daf]wg

ug]{ laifo kb{5g\ .

aS;

sf]7f * M Jofkfl/s a:t' juL{s/0fsf] cGt/f{li6«o k|0ffnL -Joj:yf_

;dfof]lht j:t' ljj/0f tyf ;+s]t (coding) k|0ffnL

;dfof]lht j:t' ljj/0f tyf ;+s]t k|0ffnL ljZj eG;f/ ;+u7gn] ;g\ !(** df ljsl;t

u/]sf] j:t'sf] juL{s/0fsf] nflu lbOPsf] gfd xf] . of] k|0ffnLnfO{ ljZjJofkL ?kdf clwsf+z

b]zx?n] cjnDjg u/]sf 5g\ / ljZje/df x'g] j:t' Jofkf/sf] (* k|ltzt eGbf a9L j:t'sf]

juL{s/0fdf k|o'Qm 5 . k|ljlw ljsf;, Jofkf/ 9fFrfdf ePs]f kl/jt{g / k|of]ustf{sf]

cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df of] juL{s/0f k|0ffnLs]f :yfkgf sfn b]lv w]/} k6s cBfjlws ul/Psf] 5

. ;dfof]lht k|0ffnL cGtu{t @! v08, (( cWofodf ljleGg zLif{s / pk–zLif{sdf %,#))

j:t'sf] ljj/0f pNn]v 5 . cGt/f{li6«o txdf ;dfof]lht k|0ffnL ^ c+ssf] Pp6f ;+s]t k|0ffnLsf]

?kdf /x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o txdf yk c+sx? yKg ;lsg] k|fjwfg 5 .

:t/Lo cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ juL{s/0fM

56

Jofkf/Ls j:t'nfO{ ef}lts u'0fsf] cfwf/df dfq geP/ ltgLx?s]f k|zf]wgsf] r/0f, cfly{s

pkof]u / k|lalwut u'0f cg'?k juL{s/0f ug]{ dg;fon] ;+o'Qm, /fi6« ;+3n] ljsf; u/]sf]

juL{s/0f :t/Lo cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ juL{s/0f xf] . of] juL{s/0fsf] ;du| p2]Zo cfly{s

ljZn]if0fnfO{ ;xh agfpg' xf] . of] juL{s/0fsf] ;dfof]lht k|0ffnL;+u ;fd~h:otf sfod /fVg]

ul/Psf] x'Fbf ;f] k|0ffnL;+u Ps?ktf ldnfpg To;df rf/ k6s k'g/fjnf]sg eO{;s]sf] 5 -rf}yf]

k'g/fjnf]sg ;g\ @))^ df ePsf] lyof]_ . of] juL{s/0fdf Jofkfl/s j:t'nfO{ sl/j #,)))

;d'xdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf 5g\ / of] ;dfof]lht k|0ffnLsf] t'ngfdf sd lj:t[t 5 .

;|f]tM ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 tYofÍ ljefu .

cf}rfkl/s Jofkf/ cj/f]w qmdzM x6fOP;+u} cGo ljifox?sf] dxTj a9]sf] 5 . oL

ljifodf Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf ;fy} u}/–cf}krfl/s ahf/ k|j]z cj/f]wsf] ;fdgf kb{5g\ .

l;ldt kl/efiff cg';f/ Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f eGgfn] Jofkf/ k|lqmofsf] ;/nLs/0f -h:t},

eg;f/ kf/jxg cg'dtL_ eGg] hgfpF5 . Jofks cy{df Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f oftfoft÷9'jfgL /

e08f/0f h:tf Jofkf/ hlgt k"jf{wf/s]f :yfkgf, pTkfbsTj Ifdtf clea[l4sf] nflu cfk"lt{ ;]jf

k|bfg -h:t}, ahf/ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L jf s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf_ / Jofkf/ gLlt ;'wf/ sfof{Gjog ug{sf]

nflu ;xof]u k|bfg ug'{;+u ;DalGwt 5 . Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f jt{dfgdf Jofkf/ gLltsf] Ps

c+Ësf] ?kdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . s]xL xb;Dd Jofkf/ gLltsf] hf]8 …Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fÚ af6 …Jofkf/

;xhLs/0fÚ df :yfgfGt/0f ePsf] b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu– clk|msL, Sofl/laog / k|zfGt

If]qsf b]zx?n] o'/f]k]nL ;+3 -Oo'_ ;+u o'/f]k]nL ;fe]mbf/L ;Demf}tf u./] jfkt k|fKt ug]{ nfe

ahf/df kx'Fr eGbf Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f;+u a9L ;DalGwt 5 . ;g\ @)!# sf] l8;]Da/df ePsf]

ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] dGqL:t/Lo ;Dd]ngdf ;+u7gsf ;b:ox?n] ;du| …afnL Kofs]hÚ sf] Ps

c+zsf] ?kdf Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f ;Eemf}tfdf ;xdlt hgfP . ;Demf}tfdf ;Ldf k|lqmofsf]

;/nLs/0f, ;dfof]hgf, / :t/a[l4 kl/nlIft pkfo / gLltdf s]lGb|t k|fjwfgsf ;fy} oL If]qdf

k|fljlws ;xof]u Pj+ Ifdtf clea[l4 ;DjGwL k|fjwfg ;dfj]z 5g\ .

ahf/ k|j]z cj/f]w ahf/ / cfk"lt{ >[+vnfsf] ;+/rgfut ljz]iftfjf6 l;h{gf x'g]

Jofkf/sf] u}/–cf}krfl/s cj/f]w x'g\ . jf:tjdf lgof{t ahf/df k|j]z ug]{ vf; Ifdtf ahf/

kx'Fr lgwf{/0f ug]{ cj:yfnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ ;/sf/L P]g sfg"gn] dfq lgwf{/0f x'Fb}g . dxTjk"0f{

57

Jofkf/ cj/f]wx? lghL kIf (actors) n] l;h{gf ug]{ k|j]z ;DalGwt kl/l:yltsf] sf/0f klg

l;lh{t x'G5g\ . h:t}, 7"nf ljt/0f ;+hfnx?n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf lghL dfkb08x? -;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo

Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng, @))#_ . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] If]qflwsf/ aflx/ kg]{ oL ljifox?

;+ejtM Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f kxnsf] ;+/rgf leqaf6 xn ug{ ;lsG5 .

$=@ Jofkf/ cjwf/0ffsf] k|of]u

ca xfdL o; cWofkg ;fdu|Ldf k|of]u ePsf] Jofkf/sf] lglZrt cjwf/0ff af/] 5nkmn

ug]{ 5f}+ .!(

PsfO{ b'O{df Jofkf/jf6 n}lËs :j?kdf k|;f/0f x'g] ;+oGqsf] af/]df JofVof ug]{ qmddf

k|foM k|o'Qm x'g] Jofkf/ ;Da4 zAbfjnL b]xfo adf]lhd 5g\ M–

– Jofkf/ gLlt– Jofkf/ gLlt eGgfn] eG;f/ z'Ns / u}/–eG;f/ z'Ns ;DaGwL pkfo nufot

cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ gLltut pkfonfO{ hgfpF5 . dfly 5nkmndf pNn]v eP h:t}

Jofkf/ gLltn] Jofkf/ cj/f]wsf] Go"gLs/0f jf a9f]Q/Ltk{m ;+s]t ub{5 . s:tf] k|sf/sf] Jofkf/

gLlt nfu' ug]{ eGg] s'g} klg b]zsf] lg0f{o 3/]n'÷cfGtl/s -h:t}, cf}Bf]lus gLlt_ / afXo -h:t},

cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] bjfj, lgof{t a[l4_ b'j} tTjdf e/ k5{ .

– Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0f– Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn] kl/df0ffTds aGb]h nufot eG;f/ z'Ns /

u}/–eG;f/ z'Ns pkfosf] :j?kdf Jofkf/ cj/f]wsf] Go"gLs/0f jf x6fpg] pkfonfO{ OlËt ub{5 .

Jofkf/ /Iff÷arfj ljkl/t Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0f Jofkf/ gLlt lgdf{0fsf] nflu pknJw ljsNkdWo]

Ps xf] . s'g} b]zn] lnPsf] låkIfLo, If]qLo jf ax'kIfLo k|lta4tf jf PskIfLo ?kdf cjnDag

ul/Psf] gLltsf] kl/0ffd :j?k Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] l;h{gf x'G5 . xfdLn] dfly u/]sf] juL{s/0f

cg';f/ Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0f ægLltut ?kdf Jofkf/sf] v'nfkgÆ ju{ cGtu{t kb{5 . tyflk Jofkf/

pbf/Ls/0f / æJojxf/df v'nfkgÆ aLrsf] sfo{–sf/0f ;DaGwsf sf/0f oL b'O{ cjwf/0ffsf]

af/]df cndn÷cGof}ntf /x]sf] kfOG5 . Jofkf/ cj/f]wsf] Go"gLs/0fn] k|foM Jofkf/ k|jfx a9fpF5

/ To;nfO{ a9fpg k|]l/t ub{5 . t/ ;Fw} o:tf] cj:yf /xFb}g .

58

– Jofkf/ ;'/If0f– Jofkf/ ;'/If0fn] cfofltt a:t';+usf] k|lt:kwf{af6 3/]n' pTkfbgstf{nfO{

;'/Iff k|bfg ug]{ x]t'n] eG;f/ z'Ns / u}/–eG;f/ z'Ns dfk{mt cfoftdf nufOPsf k|ltaGwnfO{

hgfpF5 .

– Jofkf/ PsLs/0f– Jofkf/ PsLs/0fn] Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fjf6 k|fKt x'g] tyf Jofkf/ dfk{mt s'g}

b]zsf] ljZj ahf/df ;xeflutf a9fpg] k|lqmofnfO{ hgfpF5 .

– Jofkf/ lx:;f– Jofkf/ lx:;fn] cfoft jf lgof{t -jf b'j}sf] of]ukmn_ s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgs]f

k|ltztsf] ?kdf hgfpF5 .

– Jofkf/ Joj:yf (REGIME)– Jofkf/ Joj:yfn] b]zsf] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/nfO{ lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfg"g

tyf k|rng÷cEof;nfO{ hgfpF5 .

– :jtGq Jofkf/ – :jtGq Jofkf/n] To:tf] cj:yf hgfpF5 hxfFf Jofkf/df cj/f]w x'Fb}gg\ .

– Jofkf/ lgikfbg -sfo{ ;Dkfbg_– Jofkf/ lgikfbgnfO{ lgof{t kl|jfxsf] cfwf/df kl/df0f lgwf{/0f

ul/G5 . s'g} b]zn] p;sf] lgof{tsf] kl/df0fdf a[l4 ePsf] dxz'; u/]df xfdLn] ;f] b]zn] Jofkf/

lgikfbgdf ;'wf/ u/]sf] eg]/ dfGg ;lsG5 . Jofkf/ ;fe]mbf/n] Jofkf/ cj/f]w x6fPsf]÷sd

u/]sf] jf pQm b]zn] :jod k|j4{g u/]sf] lgof{t–lgwf{l/t a[l4 /fhgLltsf] kl/0ffd :j?k o:tf]

ePsf] x'g;S5 . lgof{tsf] d"Nodf ePsf] a9f]Q/LnfO{ Jofkf/ lgikfbgdf cfPsf] ;'wf/sf] ?kdf

klxrfg ug'{ a]7Ls x'g ;S5 . -d"No a9]sf] xf] jf kl/df0f a9]sf] xf] To;sf] cfwf/df_ Jofkf/

lgikfbgdf ;'wf/ eof] eGg' slxn] sflx unt klg x'G5 .

PsfO{ tLg, hxfF xfdLn] Jofkf/df n}lËs k|efjs]f af/]df ljZn]if0f ug]{ 5f}; ToxfF xfdLn]

Jofkf/nfO{ Jofkf/ lgikfbg /÷jf lgof{t k|lt:kwf{ Ifdtfsf] ?kdf hgfpg] 5f}+ . lgof{t

k|lt:kwf{sf] xsdf s'g} Ps d'n'ssf] lgof{t k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf p;sf cGt/f{li6«o k|ltåGåLsf]

lgof{tsf] d"Nosf] t'ngfdf sfd d"Nosf] bfFhf]df dfkg ul/G5 . lgof{t k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtfdf ePsf]

;'wf/ ;'wfl/Psf] Jofkf/ lgikfbgdf cg'jfb x'g ;S5 / o;n] ;du|df b]zsf] cy{tGqdf

;sf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ ck]Iff ul/G5 . of] a'Fbfsf] af/]df xfdL PsfO{ # df yk rrf{ ug]{5f} / s]xL

blIf0f–k"jL{ Pl;ofnL /fi6«sf] lgof{t k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf a[l4 ug{df n}lËstfsf] e"ldsfsf] af/]df klg

yk JofVof ug]{5f}+ .

59

%= Jofkf/–n}lËs ;DaGw

%=!= b'O{tkmL{ ;DaGw

3/]n' Jofkf/ gLlt jf lgof{t / cfoftsf] cGt/f{li6«o d"No c;Gt'ng h:tf cGt/f{li6«o txsf

sf/0f x'g] s'g} klg b]zsf] Jofkf/ 9fFrf tyf cfotgdf x'g] kl/jt{g n}lËs k"jf{u|xjf6 k|efljt

x'g] ;+efjgf ePsf] cfly{s ;+/rgf / ;+:yfsf] kl/k|]Iodf x'g] ub{5 . o;sf] b'O{ k|sf/sf] c;/

x'G5 .

klxnf] c;/ Jofkf/sf] ljt/0fd'vL kl/0ffd n}lËs cfwf/df km/s kb{5 . PsfO{ @ df lj:t[t

?kdf JofVof ul/P cg';f/ Pp6} d'n's leq Jofkf/sf] 9fFrf / cfotgdf ePsf] kl/jt{gaf6

dlxnf / k'?if leGg–leGg k|sf/n] k|efljt x'g] u5{g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm Jofkf/sf] k|efj

dlxnfaLr g} pgLx?sf] hftL, pd]/, cfo, z}lIfs :t/, cfk|jf;gsf] l:ytLsf ;fy} kl/jf/ /

;d'bfodf JofKt ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj cg';f/ km/s kb{5 . PsfO{ b'O{df dlxnf / k'?ifaLr

Jofkf/ / Jofkf/ gLltsf] leGgf leGg} k|efjsf] af/]df JofVof ul/Psf] 5 h;nfO{ Jofkf/–n}lËs

;DaGw b]vfpg] ;dLs/0fsf] klxnf] efudf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

bf];|f] k|efj÷c;/ eg]s]f n}lËs c;dfgtfn] k|lt:kwf{ ;DaGwL Jofkf/ /0fgLltnfO{ ug]{

c;/ xf] . To:t} n}lËs c;dfgtfn] Jofkf/ pkfosf] lglZrt gLltn] ck]lIft cfly{s lgikfbgdf

?kfGt/0f x'g] xbnfO{ klg c;/ ub{5 . Jofkf/ gLlt / Jofkf/ lgikfbgaLrsf] cj/f]wsf ;+efJo

sf/0fdf ckof{Kt pTkfbsTj Ifdtf, ahf/ / ;"rgfdf ;Lldt kx'Fr, ;Lk / shf{ h:tf

pTkfbgzLn ;|f]tsf] ;Lldt pknJwtfsf ;fy} sdhf]/ k"jf{wf/ kb{5g\ . oL ;a} tTjsf] c;dfg

ljt/0f x'g] x'Fbf / logLx?sf] c;/ dlxnfdf a9L kg]{ ePsf] sf/0f …n}lËs ?kn] uxgÚ tTjsf]

?kdf lng ;lsG5 . oL tTjn] k'?if / dlxnf b'j}sf] cj;/nfO{ ;Lldt kfl/lbG5g\ t/ a9L

dfqfdf dlxnfsf] cj;/nfO{ ;+s'lrt ub{5g\ . PsfO{ # df s'g} b]zsf] k|ltikwf{Tds Ifdtf /

lgof{t lgikfbgdf n}lËs k"jf{u|xn] kfg]{ c;/sf] af/]df lj:t[t ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{

Jofkf/–n}lËs ;DaGw bzf{pg] ;dLs/0fsf] bf];|f] v08df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

%=@= Jofkf/–n}lËs ljZn]if0fsf] nflu n}lËs ;Dj]bgzLn k|f?k

60

n}lËs c;dfgtf / Jofkf/aLrsf] cgt/lqmofsf af/]df xfd|f] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojl:yt

t'Nofpg d2t k'¥ofpg] w]/} ljZn]if0ffTds k|f?kx? cl:tTjdf /x]sf 5g\ . …a[xt\Ú, …dWodÚ /

…;"IdÚ tx aLrsf] leGgtf 5'6\ofpg] k4lt oL dWo] Ps xf] -PN;g, nufot cGo n]vs, !((&_ .

of] k4lt k|fo;M n}lËs ljZn]if0fdf k|of]u ul/G5 t/ Jofkf/ / n}lËstf aLrsf] ;DaGwdf klg

k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . a[xt\ :t/sf] ljZn]if0fn] pTkfbgzLn Jofkf/ If]q / k|hgg\ If]qaLr >d

zlQmsf] n}lËs ljefhgsf] k/LIf0f ub{5 . dWod :t/sf] ljZn]if0fdf ;|f]tsf] ljt/0f, ;fj{hlgs

;]jf k|bfg tyf >d, j:t' / cGo ahf/ sfo{sf] nflu lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf / k|f?k÷;+/rgf dfly

ljrf/ ul/G5 . ;"Id txsf] ljZn]if0fn] ljz]if u/L kl/jf/ leq n}lËs ?kdf x'g] >d, ;fwg ;|f]t

/ lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] ljefhgnfO{ uxg ?kdf ljZn]if0f ub{5 -;+o'Qm, /fi6« ;+3Lo jfn sf]if,

@)!_ .

Jofkf/ / n}lËs cGt/lqmofsf] ljleGg dfWodaf/] xfd|f] ljZn]if0fjf6 oL ltgj6} txdf

Jofkf/n] n}lËs c;dfgtfnfO{ k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvG5 . pbf/x0fsf] nflu olb ;+s'lrt If]qx?sf]

t'ngfdf lj:tfl/t If]qx? a9L dlxnf s]lGb|t ePdf ahf/ ;xeflutfdf b]lvPsf n}lËs b"/LnfO{

sd ug{ ;lsG5 -a[xt\ :t/_ . eG;f/ z'Nssf] sdLsf sf/0f ;/sf/L /fhZj 36\g uO{ :jf:Yo /

lzIff h:tf ;fdflhs ;]jfsf If]qdf x'g] s6f}tLn] ubf{ dlxnfsf] kIfdf o:tf ;]jfsf] ;fj{hlgs

k|fjwfg k|efljt x'g ;S5 -dWod :t/_ / Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn] dlxnfsf] :jtGq cfosf]

;|f]tx?sf] ;[hgf u5{ jf gi6 ul/lbG5, To;sf] cfwf/df dlxnfsf] kfl/jfl/s vr{ dflysf]

lgoGq0f 36\g] jf lj:tfl/t x'g] x'G5 -;"Id tx_ . ;"Id tx -kl/jf/sf ;b:oaLrdf_ / a[xt\ tx

-kl/jf/ / ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfaLrdf_ b'j}df kfl/>lds–lagf >dsf] tx / n}lËs ljt/0fdf /f]huf/L,

;fj{hlgs k|fjwfg / pkef]u k|efjsf] c;/ kb{5 .

Jofkf/sf] n}lËs k|efjsf] ljZn]if0fdf csf]{ pkof]uL e]b eg]s]f n}lËs cfjZostfsf]

Jojfl/s / /0fgLlts leGgtf xf] -df];]/, !(*(_ . :yflkt n}lËs >d ljefhg -Jojxfl/s

cfjZostf_ cGtu{t dlxnfsf] sfd / pQ/bfloTjsf] ;Gbe{df dlxnfsf] jt{dfg ef}lts l:ylt

dfly kg]{ k|efjnfO{ dfq ;dLIff ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ geO{ dlxnfsf cfly{s c;dfgtfsdf cfwf/nfO{

sd u/]/ tyf pgLx?sf nflu /f]hfOsf cj;/nfO{ lj:tf/ -/0fgLlts cfjZostf_ u/]/ kl/0ffdn]

bL3{sfn;Ddsf] nflu a9L ;dtfd"ns n}lËs ;DjGw :yflkt ug{df of]ubfg k'¥ofpF5g\ ls

k'¥ofpFb}gg\ eGg] s'/f klg k/LIf0f ug'{ kg]{ ts{ df];]/n] k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . Jofjxfl/s lj?4

61

/0fgLlts cfjZostfsf] b[li6sf]0fjf6 Jofkf/ x:tIf]ksf] ;dLIff ubf{ sk8f pBf]u h:t}

k/Dk/fut ?kdf …dlxnfÚ n] sfd ug]{ 7flgPsf s]xL yf]/} pBf]udf ;Lldt pkfo eGbf k|fljlws

/f]huf/Ldf c;xfo dlxnfsf] k|ultnfO{ 6]jf lbg] vfnsf tflnd÷k|lzIf0fsf] k|j4{g h:tf gofF

If]qdf To:tf dlxnfsf] cfly{s ;xeflutfnfO{ a9fjf lbg] x:tIf]knfO{ k|fyldstftk{m pGd'v ub{5

.

Jofkf/ / n}lËstfsf] ljZn]if0fs]f ;}4flGts k|f?kdf PN;g / cGo n]vsx? -@))&_ n] csf]{

dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . pgLx?n] ck/Dk/fut÷gljg Jofkf/ l;4fGtsf] k|of]u u/]/

t'ngfTds nfesf] cjwf/0ffs]f cfnf]rgf ug'{sf ;fy} k|lt:kwf{Tds nfe k|fKt ug'{ n}lËs k|lqmof

xf] eGg]df hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . pgLx?n] Jofkf/ t'ngfTds nfe eGbf klg lg/k]If nfedf cfwfl/t

x'G5 tyf k|lt:kwf{nfO{ t'ngfTds nfesf] vf]hLdf ul/g] ;lqmof ;xeflutf, hxfF k|To]s shf{ -

h:t} Jofkfl/s k|lti7fg_ n] cGo stf{dfly k|e'Tj /fVg /0fgLltsf] k|of]u u5{g\ sf] ?kdf a'em\g'

kb{5 eGg] dfGotf af]s]sf pQ/ lsg]l;og / dfs;{jfbL l;4fGttk{m ;+s]t ub{5g\ . xfdLn]

cfpFbf] efudf n}lËstf / Jofkf/ aLrsf] cGt/lqmofsf] ;fwgnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{ of] ;}4flGts

k|f?knfO{ s;/L k|of]u ul/G5 eGg] s'/f x]g{5f} .

%=#= Jofkf/ / n}lËstfaLrsf] cGt/flqmofsf dfWod

Jofkf/n] dlxnfsf] cfly{s ;zlQms/0f / sNof0fdf s;/L k|efj kf5{ eGg] s'/fsf] JofVof

ub}{ xfdLn] of] v08sf] ;'?cft ub{5f} . Jofkf/n] dlxnf / k'?ifsf ljleGg ;d'xaLr cfo / ;fwg

;|f]tsf] ljt/0fnfO{ ljleGg dfWodåf/f km/s kfb{5 . To:t} Jofkf/n] >lds / pTkfbgstf{,

pklef]\qmf / ljleGg ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] xs ;lxt s/bftfsf] ?kdf pgLx?sf] ax'?kL lhDd]jf/Ldf

;d]t k|efj kfb{5 .

;j{k|ydtM Jofkf/n] pTkfbgsf] 9fFrfdf kl/jt{g NofpF5 h;n] ubf{ lgof{thGo If]q

lj:tf/ x'g] tyf cfoft k|lt:kwf{ ;+j]bgzLn cGo If]q ;+s'lrt x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . o;n] ubf{

>ldssf ljleGg ;d'x - ljleGg dfqfdf ljleGg If]qdf /f]huf//t _ sf] /f]huf/Lsf] :t/ /

ljt/0fsf ;fy} pgLx?sf] kfl/>ldsdf kl/jt{g NofpF5 . ljZj ahf/sf] nflu pTkfbg;+u

;DalGwt cfly{s clglZrttf÷cl:y/tfn] >lds / pTkfbgstf{sf] leGg leGg ;d'xsf]

62

/f]huf/Ls]f u'0f:t/ / ;'/Iffdf leGg–leGg k|efj kfb{5 . ;fgf pTkfbgstf{ / sd bIftf ePsf

>ldsx? o;jf6 ;a}eGbf a9L k|efljt x'G5g\ .

bf];|f], j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ;fk]If d"Nodf Jofkf/jf6 x'g] kl/jt{gn] jf:tljs cfodf

kl/jt{g NofpF5 h;n] ubf{ ;d'xx? leGg leGg ?kn] k|efljt x'G5g\ tyf o:tf] kl/jt{g pke]fu

9fFrf / hLljsf]kfh{g /0fgLltdf e/ kb{5g\ . ljleGg k|sf/sf kl/jf/df ;|f]t / ;dosf] ljt/0fdf

o;sf] k|efj kb{5 .

t];|f], Jofkf/ v'nfkgn] eG;f/ dxz'njf6 k|fKt x'g] /fhZjdf sdL cfpg ;S5 h;n] ubf{

;/sf/sf] vr{sf] cfsf/ / agfj6df n}lËs lglb{i6 k|efj kb{5 . h:t} ;fdflhs sfo{qmd /

k"jf{wf/sf] nflu ;/sf/L ;|f]tsf] pknJwtf dfk{mt a}slNks k|ToIf / ck|ToIf s/af6 olb

;/sf/n] eG;f/ z'NsnfO{ k|lti7fkg u/] tfklg To;sf] n}lËs ?kdf km/s km/s k|efj kb{5 .

PN;g / cGo n]vs -@))&_ n] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] / v08 %=@ df j0f{g ul/Psf] ;}4flGts

kl|f?k n}lËs c;dfgtfn] Jofkf/nfO{ s;/L k|efj kf5{ eGg] a'em\g pkof]uL x'G5 . n]vsx?n]

n}lËs c;dfgtfn] dlxnfnfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds nfesf k|flKtstf{ eGbf klg k|lt:kwf{Tds nfesf]

;|f]tsf] ?kdf :yfg lbPsf] x'G5 eGg] ts{ ub{5g\ - PsfO{ @ sf] aS; ! x]g'{xf];\ _ . dlxnf

k|lt:kwf{Tds nfesf] ;|f]t eGgfn] dlxnfnfO{ c?x?n] ;~rfng u/]sf Joj;fodf of]ubfg lbg]

Hofnfbf/L sfdbf/ / a]tg/lxt kfl/jfl/s sfdbf/sf ?kdf hgfpF5 eg] dlxnf k|lt:kwf{Tds

nfesf k|flKtstf{ eGgfn] c? JolQmnfO{ /f]huf/L k|bfg ug]{ Joj;fosf dflns jf :j/f]huf/

pTkfbgstf{sf] ?kdf hgfpF5 . k|lt:kwf{Tds nfe k|fKt ug{sf] nflu pTkfbgstf{nfO{ hldg,

k|ljlw, 1fg, kof{Kt ;do, ahf/ / cg's"n gLltut jftfj/0fsf] cfjZostf k5{ eGg] ts{

n]vsn] u/]sf 5g\ . k'?if;+u k|lt:kwf{ ug{ dlxnfnfO{ oL ;fwg ;|f]t k|of]u ug{df w]/} afwfn]

/f]syfd ub{5g\ . ha dlxnf Joj;foLn] k|lt:kwf{Tds nfe k|fKt ub{5g\ Tof] k|foh;f] s'g}

:yfgLo :t/sf] lglZrt ahf/sf] nflu x'G5 .

csf]{tk{m >d jhf/ / kl/jf/df zlQmsf] n}lËs leGgtfsf] sf/0f >d k|wfg pTkfbg k4lt

k|of]u ug]{ pTkfbgstf{sf] nflu dlxnfx? k|lt:kwf{Tds nfesf] ;|f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . >d

ahf/df /x]sf] n}lËs k"jf{u|xsf] sf/0f oL pTkfbgstf{nfO{ oftfoft / ahf/Ls/0fdf cfw'lgs

k|ljlw;+u ;:tf] >dsf] k|of]unfO{ hf]8\g] /0fgLlt cl3 a9fpg ;lhnf] kfl/lbG5 . pTkfbgd"ns /

63

s[lif Joj;fo b'j} If]qdf >d k|wfg j:t'sf] lgof{t lj:tf/n] Hofnfbf/L /f]huf/Lsf] pknJwtfsf]

b[li6sf]0faf6 dlxnfnfO{ nfe eP h:tf] b]lvP klg dlxnfnfO{ /f]huf/L k|bfg ug]{ Jofkfl/s

k|lti7fgsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds nfe dlxnfsf] Go"g kfl/>lds tyf g/fd|f] sfo{ jftfj/0fdf e/ k5{ .

PN;g tyf cGo n]vs -@))&_ n] o:t]f /0fgLlt n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] nflu dfq v/fj x'g]

ge} :j:y / bIf >d zlQmsf] jftfj/0fnfO{ sdhf]/ kfg]{ x'Fbf nfdf] cjlwdf k"/} Joj;fosf] nflu

klg xflgsf/s x'G5 . PsfO{ tLgdf xfdL n}lËs c;dfgtf Jofkf/df s;/L :yfgfGt/0f x'G5 eGg]

af/]df lj:t[t rrf{ ug]{ 5f}+ .

^= n}lËstf / Jofkf/ ;DaGwL 36gf cWoog@)

clxn];Dd xfdLn] cd"t{ ?kdf ;Daf]wg u/]sf ljifonfo{ cem a9L d"t{ ?kdf a'em\gsf]

nflu Pp6f bj]zsf] 36gf cWoog k|:t't ub{5f}+ . xfdLn] cWoog ug]{ b]z cËf]nfdf /f]huf/Lsf]

lglZrt n}lËs 9fFrf /x]sf] kfOG5 h'g ;f] b]zsf] ;fdflhs cfly{s ;+/rgfnfO{ k|ltlalDat u5{ .

of] 36gf cWoogdf Pp6f t]n lgof{tdf lge{/ d'n'sdf Jofkf/df cfwfl/t ;+/rgfut kl/jt{gsf]

n}lËs kl/0ffdsf af/]df u'Xo s'/f yfxf kfOG5 . xfdLn] of] b]zsf] 5gf]6 s'g} crfgs ul/Psf]

xf]Og . jf:tjdf cËf]nfsf] cg'ejsf] JofVof ub}{ ubf{ xfd|f] p2]Zo s] eg] Jofkf/ n}lËstf aLrsf]

;DaGwsf] cWoog cg';Gwfg ubf{ cfOkg]{ hl6ntfsf af/]df kf7snfO{ ;r]t u/fpg] xf] . To:t}

kl/0ffdx? b]z cg';f/ km/s–km/s x'G5g\ tyf ltgsf] ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ g;lsg] tYo klg

kf7snfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] klg o;sf] p2]Zo xf] . tyflk o; 36gf cWoogaf6 s]xL gLltut

c;/x? b]Vg ;lsG5 / c;n cEof;nfO{ klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

of] PsfO{s]f cGTodf Jofkf/ / n}lËstf;+u ;DjlGwt ljifodf kf7snfO{ vf]h cg';Gwfg

ug{df k|f]T;fxg ug{sf] nflu s]xL k|Zgx? lbOPsf 5g\ . ;fy;fy} Jofkf/ / n}lËstfsf] cGt/

;DaGwdf s'g} lglb{i6 b]zsf] ;+1fgfTds ljZn]if0f ubf{ jf Jofkf/ / n}lËstf cGt/lqmof ug]{

tl/sf ;DaGwL ;}4flGts k|f?ksf] k/LIf0f ubf{ cg';Gwftf /÷jf gLlt–lgdf{tfn] ;f]Rg'; kg]{ s]xL

k|Zgx? x'g\ .

^=!= cy{tGqsf] af/]df cfwf/e"t tYox?

64

cËf]nf k|fs[lts ;|f]t, ljz]if u/L vlgh / t]n O{Gwgdf wgL b]z xf] . ToxfF k|r'/ dfqfdf

dT:o ;|f]t x'gfsf] ;fy} k|z:t v]tL of]Uo hdLg tyf cg's"n xfjfkfgL ePsf sf/0f ljleGg

vfnsf s[lif afnL / kz'kfng ug{ ;xh 5 . tyflk of] cg's"n xfjfkfgL / hdLg ToxfFsf

hg;+Vofsf] enfO{÷sNof0sf] nflu cj;/sf] ?kdf ce}m ?kfGt/0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cËf]nfn] ;g\

!(^! af6 $) aif{ ;Dd ;z:q åGåaf6 u'lh|g' k¥of] . kf]r'{unaf6 :jtGq x'g] qmdjf6 ;'? ePsf]

of] åGå ;g\ !(&% df :jtGqtf k|flKt x'g] lalQs} z'? ePsf] u[x o'4sf] ?kdf lg/Gt/ rNof] .

clGtddf ;g\ @))@ df dfq zflGt k|fKt eof] . ;z:q åGåsf] nfdf] cjlwsf sf/0f s[lif /

pTkfbg If]qx? uDeL/ ?kn] tx; gx; eP . o'4 ;dfKt ePsf] Ps bzs kl5 cËf]nfn] cfly{s

/ /fhgLlts ?kdf pNn]Vo k|ult u/]sf] 5 t/ klg nfdf] ;do ;Dd rn]sf] cfGtl/s åGåsf

sf/0f ePsf] Ifltn] ce}m ;Dd klg cy{tGq / ;dfhnfO{ c;/ ul//x]sf] 5 / dlxnfdfly lglZrt

k|efj kf/]sf] 5 .

;z:q åGåsf] ;dflKt kl5sf] Ps bzs -;g\ @))@–@)!_ sf] cjlwdf cËf]nfn] !@

k|ltztsf] cf}ift a[l4b/ xfl;n u¥of] h;sf] sf/0f of] ljZjsf tLa| a[l4 xfl;n ug]{ cy{tGq

dWo]df ulgof] . of] a[l4 7"N7"nf k'gM lgdf{0f kl/of]hgf / vlgh t]nsf] pRr cGt/f{li6«o d"Nosf]

sf/0f ePsf] lyof] . t/ zflGt tyf cfly{s a[l4sf] pRr b/sf] ;+o'Qm c;/sf] u/LaL lgjf/0fdf

;Lldt dfqfdf dfq k|efj k/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . c;dfgtf / r/d ul/aLsf] :t/ pRr /x]sf] 5 .

ljZj a}+ssf c'g;f/ cËf]nfsf] hg;+Vofsf] ^&=$ k|ltzt dflg;x? ;g\ @))( df k|lt lbg b'O{

8n/ eGbf sd cfo:t/df afFRg' k/]sf] lyof] . dlxnf k|d'v ePsf] kl/jf/ / ljz]if u/]/ u|fdL0f

If]qdf ul/aLsf] dfqf a9L /x]sf] kfOG5 . cËf]nf ljZjsf] ;j}eGbf a9L c;dfgtf ePsf b]zdWo]

Pp6f xf] . ;du| c;dfgtfsf] cltl/Qm u|fdL0f / zx/L If]qaLr 7"nf] vf8n /x]sf] 5 .

cËf]nfsf] pTkfbg ;+/rgfsf] ;Gbe{df vlgh pTvgg\ If]qsf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 . ;g\

@))( df of] If]qn] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg (GDP) sf] nueu ^$ k|ltzt cf]u6]sf] lyof] . ;]jhf

If]qn] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] @% k|ltzt, s[lif / dT:o Joj;fon] cf7 k|ltzt / j:t' pTkfbgn]

s]jn rf/ k|ltzt lx:;f cf]u6]sf 5g\ . s[lif If]qsf] glthf /fd|f] -;Gtf]ifhgs_ geP klg of] g}

clwsf+z hgtfsf] cfDbfgLsf] k|d'v ;|f]t x'g'sf] ;fy} b]z leq l;h{gf x'g] ;Dk"0f{ /f]huf/Lsf] *)

k|ltzt /f]huf/L k|bfg ub{5 . s[lifdf ;+nUg ;Dk"0f{ hgzlQmsf] &) k|ltzt dlxnf 5g\ .

65

ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdWo] cËf]nf ;j}eGbf 7"nf] cgf}krfl/s jf c;+ul7t cy{tGq ePsf] b]z

xf] . of] c;+ul7t If]qnfO{ :yfgLo efiffdf …sfG8f]ª\ufÚ elgG5 . cgf}krfl/s If]qsf] cfly{s

ultljlwn] ToxfFs]f s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgs]f nueu $% k|ltzt cf]u6]sf] tYofÍ /x]sf] 5 .

cËf]nfsf] hg;+Vofsf] pNn]Vo cg'kftdf dflg;x?, ljz]if u/]/ dlxnf, of] cgf}krfl/s If]qjf6

u'hf/f ul//x]sf 5g\ .

^=@= cËf]nfsf] n}lËs t:jL/÷ljj/0f (profile)

rfln; aif{ ;Ddsf] åGåsf lj/f;tsf] ?kdf cËf]nfsf dlxnfsf] l:ylt ce}m klg ljleGg

r'gf}tLn] el/Psf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ :jf:Yo, z}lIfs nIf k|flKt / hldg h:tf dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]tsf]

kx'Frdf dlxnfx? a]kmfObfdf k5{g\ . :jf:Yosf] ;Gbe{df, e/kbf]{ / lgoldt :jf:Yo÷pkrf/

;]jfdf kx'Frsf] sdLsf] sf/0f dlxnfx? :jf:Yo hf]lvddf /xG5g\ / la/fdL tyf kl/jf/sf a[4

;b:ox?sf] :ofxf/ ;';f/df ;do lbg' kg]{ x'Fbf ;dfh / cy{tGqdf ;xefuL x'g] pgLx?sf]

Ifdtfdf sdL NofpF5 . åGåsf] cjlwdf / åGå kZrft cËf]nfdf n}lËs lx+;f Pp6f uDeL/

;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 / o;n] dlxnfs] sdhf]/ ;fdflhs bhf{ -l:ylt_ nfO{ em\g w]/} gfh's

agfPsf] 5 . lzIff If]qdf n}lËs c;Gt'ng 68\sf/f] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . jo:s k'?ifsf] ;fIf/tf b/

*@=& k|ltzt 5 eg] dlxnfsf] %*=! k|ltzt dfq 5 . c7xQ/ k|ltzt lszf]/L / (* k|ltzt

lszf]/ k|fylds ljBfnodf egf{ ePsf 5g\ . kl/0ffd :j?k cËf]nfsf dlxnfnfO{ b]zsf]

;fdflhs / cfly{s ljsf;df cy{k"0f{ ?kdf ;xefuL x'gsf] nflu ;fwg ;|+f]t / ;dosf] ;Gbe{df

pNn]Vo afwf c8\rgsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] cj:yf 5 . t/ pT;fxk|b s'/f s] 5 eg] lg0ff{os

kbx?df dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj /fd|f] /x]sf] 5 .

n}lËs ;dfgtf / dlxnf la?4 e]befj gug]{ ;DaGwL l;4fGt cËf]nfsf] ;+lwjfg / k|d'v

P]g sfg'gdf /flvPsf] 5 . 3/]n' gLlts]f ljZn]if0f ubf{ n}lËs ;dfgtfk|lt cËf]nfsf] k|lta4tf /

n}lËs ljifo tyf dlxnf ;zlQms/0fnfO{ /fli6«o ljsf; /0fgLltsf] cfwf/e"t cËsf] ?kdf

canDag ug]{ ToxfFsf] ;/sf/sf] k|0fsf] k|df0f k|ltlalDjt ePsf] kfO{G5 . kf]r'{ufnL b]jfgL sfg"gf

/ k/Dk/fut sfg"gdf cfwfl/t å}w sfg'gL kl|0ffnL cËf]nfdf k|rlnt /x]sf] 5 . cËf]nf /

clk|msfsf cGo w]/} b]zdf k|rlnt k/Dk/fut sfg"gsf] dlxnf k|lt e]befjk"0f{ c;/÷k|efj /x]sf]

5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu of] sfg"gsf] sf/0f dlxnfsf] ;DklQ dflysf] clwsf/ s'l07t /x]sf] 5 .

66

cGt/f{li6«o txdf cËf]nf dlxnf ljsf; / n}lËs ;dfgtf ;DaGwL k|d'v If]qLo / cGt/f{li6«o

dxf;lGwsf] kIf /fi6« /x]sf] 5 .

^=#= Jofkf/ / Jofkf/ gLlt ;DaGwL cfwf/e"t tYo

^=#=!= Jofkf/ ;+/rgf tyf Jofkf/ ;fe]mbf/

k|fs[lts ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t cËf]nfsf] cy{tGqsf] k|s[ltn] To; d'n'ssf] cfly{s /

/fhgLlts ultlzntfnfO{ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!! df cËf]nf clk|msfdf bf];|f] 7"nf] vlgh

t]n pTkfbgstf{ lyof] eg] ljZjdf kfFrf} 7"nf] lx/f pTkfbgstf{ lyof] . k|fs[lts UofF; / cGo

vlghsf] lj:tfl/t pTkfbgn] lgof{t a9fpg] 7"nf] ;Defjgf /xG5 .

cËf]nfdf ;g\ @))$ af6 ;'? ePs]f j:t' lgof{ts]f ljsf;n] b'O{j6f dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftf k|:t't

ub{5M -s_ vlgh pTvgg\sf] k|e'Tj h'g ;g\ @)!) df cËf]nfsf] ;Dk"0f{ lgof{tsf] (( k|ltzt

/x]sf] lyof]; / -v_ ;do qmddf lgof{t ;+/rgfsf] pNn]Vo l:y/tf h;df vlgh t]n / lx/f

afx]s cGo pTkfbgdf ;Lldt ultlzntf / Psbd Go"g d"No b]vf k/]sf] lyof] . k|d'v ?kdf

vlgh t]nsf] / s]xL xb;Dd lx/f lgof{tstf{sf] ?kdf cª\uf]nfsf] ljZj cy{tGqdf PsLs/0fn]

ToxfFsf] cy{tGqnfO{ ljljwLs/0f ug{df ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] kfO{b}g h;sf] sf/0f cª\uf]nfnfO{ 3/]n'

cfoft–k|lt:kwL{ jf lgof{thGo If]qsf] ljsf; ug{ Psbd} cK7\of/f] l:ylt l;h{gf ePsf] 5 /

cy{tGqsf] k|fylds vlgh pTvggdf cfwfl/t ljz]iftfnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

cª\uf]nf a9L dfqfdf cfoftdf e/ kg]{ d'n's xf] . ;g\ @))$ b]lv @)!) sf] cjlwdf

cfoftsf] cf}ift aflif{s a[l4b/ !#=% k|ltzt lyof] . clwsf+z If]qdf cfoftsf] kx'Fr pNn]Vo

/x]sf] kfOG5 . hxfF;Dd ;]jfsf] ;jfn 5 – cfoftsf] Psbd pRr aflif{s a[l4b/ b]lvG5 eg]

ko{6g jfx]ssf lgof{tn] ;Lldt ultlzntf tyf Go"g lgof{t d"No b]vfPsf 5g\ . afl0fHo ;]jfsf]

;+s'rgn] cGo ljsf;zLn b]zdf b]lvP h:t} / :jf:Yo tyf ;"rgf / ;+rf/ k|ljlw ;]jf h:tf

If]qdf dlxnf >ldsnfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] ;+efljt ;|f]tsf] ?kdf ;]jf lgof{t ultljlwdf ljljwtf

gePsf] tk{m ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 .

cª\uf]nfaf6 x'g] lgof{ts]f @=$ k|ltzt lgof{tsf] dfq uGtJo cGo blIf0f clk|msL ljsf;

;d'bfosf b]zdf, ljz]if u/L blIf0f clk|msfdf, /x]sf] x'Fbf cGt/ If]qLo Jofkf/ Psbd ;Lldt 5 .

67

;g\ @)!! df cª\uf]nfaf6 x'g] lgof{tsf] 7"nf] lx:;f lrg / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn] cf]u6]sf lyP

. cª\uf]nfaf6 x'g] lgof{tsf] #&=& k|ltzt lrg / @! k|ltzt cd]l/sfdf ePsf] lyof] . cª\uf]nfdf

x'g] cfoft d'Vot kf]r'{un / lrgaf6 x'G5 h'g qmdzM !( / !^=# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

^=#=@= Jofkf/ ;DaGwL k|fjwfg / gLltx?

cª\uf]nf ljZj Jofkf/ ;+uy7gsf] ;+:yfks ;b:o xf] / cNk ljsl;t /fi6«sf] x}l;otdf

o;nfO{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf bfloTj / k|lta4tf ;DaGwL ljz]if / ;'ljwfk"0f{÷hgs Jojxf/

k|fKt 5g\ . To:t} cª\uf]nfn] ;+o;'Qm, /fHo cd]l/sfsf] clk|msL a[l4 / cj;/ P]g / o'/f]k]nL

;+3sf] …xltof/ afx]s ;a}Ú kxn h:tf ljleGg låkIfLo k|fjwfg cGtu{t kf/:kl/s cfbfg–k|bfg

/lxt ;x'lnotk"0f{ ;'ljwfjf6 nfeflGtj ePsf] 5 .

eG;f/ z'Nssf] xsdf cª\uf]nfdf s'g} If]qdf 3/]n' pTkfbgsf] nflu pRr:t/sf]= ;'/If0f

k|bfg u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;f] ug'{sf] nIf cTofjfZos j:t'sf] cfoft lj:yflkt ug]{ qmlds

k|lqmofnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] tyf u}/–vlgh t]n If]qjf6 lgof{t a9fpg] g} xsf] . clt ;x'lnot

k|fKt /fi6«sf] nflu nfu" ul/Psf] b/sf] pRr cf}iftn] ;"lt{, k]6«f]lnod kbfy{, df5f / df5fhGo

j:t', skmL, lrof / sk8f h:tf pTkfbgnfO{ k|efljt ub{5 . afFsL ;a} pTkfbg ;d"xx?df !)

k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/L jf Tof] eGbf sd cf}ift z'Ns nfUb5 . k/Dk/fut ?kdf pTvgg\ If]q;+u

;DalGwt k"FhLut j:t' dfly nufOPsf] cf}ift eG;f/ z'Ns Psbd Go"g /x]sf] 5 .

cf}Bf]uLs/0fsf] k|a4{g ug]{ / s[lif pTkfbg a[l4 ug]{ p2]Zon] cª\uf]nf ;/sf/n] cjnDjg

u/]sf] ;+/If0fjfbL gLltn] eg] clxn];Dd pNn]vgLo kl/0ffd lbg ;s]sf] 5}g . cy{tGqnfO{

l:y/tf lbg] ;DaGwL Joj:yf cGtu{t ;g\ @))@ af6 nfu' ul/Psf] æs8f–SjfGhfÆ@! gLltsf]

kl/0ffd :j?k cfPsf] 3/]n' d'b|f clwd"Nog gLlt / æ8r l8lhh -/f]u_Æ@@ gfd lbOPsf] gLltsf]

k|efjsf] sf/0f cfoftsf] s[lqd ?kdf d"No 36\g uof] eg] 3/]n' cy{tGqdf u}/–Jofkfl/s j:t'sf]

d"No a9\g k'Uof] . o;n] ubf{ cy{tGqsf] ljljwLs/0fnfO{ afwf k'Ug uof] / b]zsf] lglDt

;+/rgfut tyf k4ltut r'gf}tL l;h{gf eof] .

^=$= Jofkf/ / n}lËs cGt/lqmof

68

cy{tGqdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflut / /f]huf/Ldf tLa|tf cy{tGqdf ul/g] ;du| ;+/rgfut

kl/jut{gdf lge{/ x'G5g\ . ljz]if u/L Jofkf/n] ;d]t cu'jfO{ ug{ ;Sg] ljleGg If]qsf] a[l4 tyf

cjglt (decline)÷x|f;df klg lge{/ x'G5 . ;+/rgfut kl/jt{gn] dlxnf >d zlQmsf]

bIftfsf] :t/ ;'xfpFbf] /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf ug]{ xb;Dd >d gf/L d}qLtk{m pGd'v ePsf]

dfGg ;lsG5 .

cª\uf]nfdf Jofkf/sf] cu'jfO{df ePsf] ;+/rgfut kl/jt{gn] dlxnf >dzlQmnfO{ s;/L

k|efj kf5{ eGg] a'em\gsf] nflu >d ahf/df ljleGg If]qut txdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf s:tf] 5

eg]/ x]g'{ cfjZos 5 . dlxnfx? dT:o kfng Joj;fo nufot s[lif If]qdf a9L dfqfdf ;+nUg

/x]sf] kfOG5 . s[lif If]q ce}m klg Go"g pTkfbg ug]{ If]q xf] . zx/L cgf}klrfl/s If]q b]zJofkL

?kdf dlxnfsf] /f]huf/Lsf] nflu bf];|f] dxTjk"0f{ If]q xf] . cGo If]qdf sfo{/t dlxnfsf] lg/k]If

;+Vof Psbd} ;Lldt 5 . cf}krfl/s cy{tGqdf ;a} eGbf 7"nf] ;+Vofdf dlxnfnfO{ /f]huf/L k|bfg

ug]{ If]q eg]sf] /fHo xf] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo k|zf;g tyf :jf:Yo / lzIff h:tf

k/Dk/fut If]q hxfF dlxnf sfdbf/ lng] w]/} ;Defjgf x'G5 .

cª\uf]nfsf] nflu pknJw ;fgf] kl/df0fsf] ;+Zn]if0f gul/Psf]÷k'm6s/ tyf ;do

qmdfg';f/ gldnfOPsf] tYofÍsf] sf/0f Jofkf/åf/f cu'jfO{ ul/Psf] pTkfbg ;+/rgfdf ePsf]

kl/jt{gn] b]zdf ePsf] >dsf] dlxnf–pGd'vLs/0fdf s] k|efj k/]sf] 5 eGg] cWoogdf uDeL/

;Lldttf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . pknJw tYofÍdf cfwfl/t k|df0fn] s] b]vfpF5 eg] ;g\ @))@ df

u[xo'4 ;dflKt eP otf cª\uf]nfsf] cy{ Joj:yfn] cg'ej ug{ kfPsf] ;Lldt ;+/rgfut

kl/jt{gn] dlxnf ;zlQms/0fsf] k+|a4{g ug{ ;s]g . cf}krfl/s If]qdf klg dlxnf >dzlQm

u}/–Jofkfl/s / sd pTkfbgzLn lqmofsnfkdf ;Lldt /x]sf] kfOG5 . cgf}krfl/s If]qn] b]z

leq j:t'sf] cfoft ug]{ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ dfWodnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ub{5 / Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fjf6

nfeflGjt ePsf] 5 . cª\uf]nfdf ax';+Vos dlxnf cgf}krfl/s If]qdf /f]huf/ 5g\ / Jofkf/sf]

cu'jfOdf ePsf] cgf}krfl/s ultljlwsf] lj:tf/n] pgLx?nfO{ hLjLsf]kfh{g ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg

u/]sf] 5 .

v08 ^=# df pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ k|d'v ?kdf vlgh t]n lgof{tstf{sf] ?kdf cª\uf]nfsf]

ljZj cy{tGqdf ;dfof]hgn] To;sf] ;di6Lut cy{tGqdf ljs[lt NofPsf] kfOG5 . h:t} ToxfFsf]

69

d'b|fsf] jf:tljs ljlgdo b/df ul/Ps]f clws clwd"Nog . o:tf] ljs[ltsf] sf/0f dlxnf

sfdbf/nfO{ vkt ug]{ / pgLx?nfO{ pko'Qm cfo k|bfg ug]{ ;Defjgf ePsf s[lif / xn'sf j:t'

pTkfbg h:tf pTkfbgzLn If]qx?df sfdbf/sf] rfkfrfk x'g uof] / dlxnfx?nfO{ oL If]qdf

/f]huf/L k|fKt ug{ k|foM c;Dej h:t} x'g k'Uof] . o;n] ;+/rgfut ljifox? -h:t} …8r l8lhh -

/f]u_Ú n}lËs ?kn] t6:y x'G5g\ eGg] dfGotfnfO{ r'gf}tL v8f ub{5 . -;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo Jofkf/

tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng, @)!#_

of] k[i7e"lddf gLlt lgdf{tfn] ljz]if u/L s[lif / xn'sf j:t' pTkfbg If]q h:tf u}/–vlgh

t]n lgof{t If]qnfO{ k'gM ;lqmo ug]{ gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ / sfof{Gjog ug]{ r'gf}tL ;fdgf ub{5g\

;fy} o;n] ubf{ 3/]n' ?kdf k|lt:kwf{Tds pTkfbgsf] ljsf; x'g] u5{ . n}lËs b[li6sf]0fjf6 x]bf{

olb n}Ëdf cfwfl/t cK7\of/fx?nfO{ l:jsf/ u/]df / n}lËs–lglb{i6 tyf cfjZos k'gM ljt/0f

;DaGwL pkfoåf/f To;sf] lg/fs/0f ul/Pdf s[lif / xn'sf pTkfbgtk{m lgof{t ljljwsLs/0f

ul/Pdf o;n] dlxnf sfdbf/nfO{ nfeflGjt ub{5 .

cª\uf]nfn] lgof{ts]f nflu y'k|} k|d'v vfBfGg / gub] afnLdf pNn]Vo ?kdf a[l4 tyf

ljljwLs/0f ug]{ ;Defjgf /fVb5 . k/Dk/fut s[lif ultljlwdf ;+nUg ;Dk"0f{ hg;+Vofsf] &)

k|ltzt dlxnf ePsf] x'Fbf s[lifhGo j:t'sf] lgof{tn] dlxnf lxtdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kfb{5 . t/

o:t]f k|efjsf] nflu dlxnfsf ljlzi6 cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg] If]qut gLlt tyf >dsf]

n}lËs ljefhgsf] Joj:yf x'g' cfjZos 5 . o:tf gLltdf ;/sf/ jf u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfåf/f

9f8; lbOPsf n3' laQ of]hgf dfk{mt u|fdL0f ljQLo ;]jfdf kx'Fr s[lif k|;f/0f ;]jfx? ljz]if

u/L s[lif pTkfbg ljlw, pTkfbgsf] ahf/Ls/0f / cfwf/e"t Joj;fo Joj:yfkgdf kx'Fr s[lif

;fdu|L -h:t} ljleGg k|hfltsf aLpm ljhg / dnvfb_ / ef}lts k"jf{wf/ -h:t} uf]bfd_ df kx'Fr

;fd'bflos ;DklQ dfly k|of]ustf{sf] clwsf/ nufot dlxnfsf] nflu ;'lglZrt hUuf ef]u rng

/ dlxnf ;+3 ;+:yf tyf ;xsf/LnfO{ k|fT;fxg ug]{ sfo{ ;d]t ;dfj]z ahf/ ;~hfn lj:tf/ /

ahf/nfO{ k'gM:yfkgf o; cGtu{t kb{5g\ .

cª\uf]nfdf dT:okfng If]qsf] /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug]{ pNn]Vo ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 / cGo

ljsfzzLn b]zsf] cg'ejjf6 k|foM dlxnfn] w]/} dT:o Joj;fo;+u ;DalGwt lqmofsnfk ug]{

u/]sf] b]vfpF5 . lgof{td'vL dT:okfng Joj;fosf] ljsf;tk{m kl/nlIft gLltdf dlxnfnfO{

70

:t/Lo ;'ljwfdf kx'Fr / df5f sf/f]jf/ k|zf]wg ljlw ;DaGwL tflnd k|fKt u5{g\ eGg] ;'lgZrt

ug'{ k5{ .

cª\uf]nfdf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fn] clxn];Dd lgof{td'vL j:t' pTkfbg ultljlwsf]

ljsf;nfO{ k|j4{g u/]sf] kfO{b}g . t'ngfTds nfesf If]qdf cª\uf]nfsf] pTkfbg IfdtfnfO{ k'gM

;lqmo ug]{ ;Defjgf ljBdfg 5 . ljleGg k|sf/sf pRr d"No / k|zf]lwt vfB kbfy{sf]

pTkfbgn] t'ngfTds ?kdf cbIf dlxnfnfO{ cf}krfl/s /f]huf/Lsf] pNn]Vo cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 .

o;sf] cltl/Qm cª\uf]nfsf] cy{tGqsf] ljljwLs/0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;Sg] dxTjk"0f{

cfly{s ;Defjgf ePsf] If]qsf] ?kdf ko{6gnfO{ lnOPsf] 5 . t/ d'b|fsf] clws clwd"Nog /

kof{Kt ef}lts k"jf{wf/s]f sdL / ;Lko'Qm÷bIf dfgj;|f]tsf] sdL of] If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu k|d'v

r'gf}tL /lx cfPsf 5g\ . ;]jf If]q ljz]iftM ko{6g ;Da4 lqmofsnfkdf dlxnf ;xeflutf cGo

b]zsf] t'ngfdf sd /x]sf] 5 . of] If]qdf dlxnf pRr /f]huf/Lsf] pRr ;+efjgfnfO{ dWogh/

/fVb} lzIff / Jofj;flos tflnddf /x]sf] n}lËs c;dfgtf÷lje]b sd ug]{ / ;Lk ljsf;nfO{

k|f]T;fxg ug]{ kxn cl3 ;fg{ ;lsG5 . vlgh t]n÷lx/f pBf]ujf6 k|fKt x'g] /sdsf] s]xL c+znfO{

;dlk{t sf]ifdf :yfgfGt/0f u/]/ cª\uf]nfsf] t'ngfTds nfe ePsf If]qsf] jfl0fHo÷Jofkflf/s

;DefjgfnfO{ phfu/ ug{df ToxfFsf] ;/sf/n] of] /fhZjnfO{ k|of]u ug{ / u/La kIfLo tyf n}lËs

;+j]bgzLn ;fdflhs gLltdf nufgL ug{ ;S5 .

&= Jofkf/ gLltdf n}lËstfsf] d"n k|jfxLs/0f

n}lËstf / Jofkf/sf] ljifon] gLlt lgdf{tf a[Qsf] Wofgfsif{0f ub}{5 t/ n}lËstfnfO{

Jofkf/df d"n k|jfxLs/0f ug{df k|efjsf/L ?kn] of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] 7f]; pkfo s] x'g ;S5g\ t <

of] v08sf] p2]Zo Jofkf/ gLltdf n}lËstfsf] d"n k|jfxLs/0f dfly k|sfz kfg]{ xf] .

Jofkf/ gLltd n}lËstfsf] d"n k|jfxLs/0f eGgfn] Jofkf/ gLlt k|lqmofsf] k|To]s r/0fdf

n}lËs c;dfgtf / To;sf] c;/sf] af/]df k|of{Kt Wofg lbOg] s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt ug'{ xf] . Jofkf/

gLlt k|lqmofsf r/0fx? o; k|sf/ 5g\ -s_ Jofkf/ gLlt ;DaGwL lg0f{o ln+bf To;nfO{ ;;"lrt

ug]{ pko'Qm k|df0f h'6fpg] r/0f; -v_ o:tf] k|df0fsf] cfwf/df gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ r/0f / -u_ oL

gLltsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf] nflu sfo{ If]qdf x:tIf]k u/]/ ;3fpg] r/0f . oL k|To]s tLgj6f

r/0fsf] Jofkf/ gLlt lgdf{0fdf ljz]if u/L Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf] jftf{ (negotion) bfpdf /x]sf]

71

cj:yfdf n}lËs b[li6sf]0fnfO{ ;anLs/0f ug{sf] nflu s:tf] sfo{ cfjZos k5{ eGg] af/]

pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfdf s]lGb|t eP tfklg Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0f PskIfLo ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg

;lsG5 / To;sf/0f o:tf] cj:yfdf ;dfg sfo{x? klg ;fGble{s x'G5g\ . of] k|of;df w]/}

stf{x?sf] e"ldsf /xG5 – cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo, dGqfno / cGo ;/sf/L lgsfo, Jofkf/ jftf{sf/,

cg';Gwfgstf{ / tYofÍzf:qL ;fy} gful/s ;dfhsf] ;+3 ;+:yf . oL ;a} kIfnfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg'

/ pgLx?sf] sfo{ cGt/ ;DalGwt tyf tfnd]n k"0f{ 5 eGg] k|Tofe"t ug'{ Pp6f k|d'v r'gf}tL xf] .

&=!= Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf] a[xt k"j{jtL{ n}lËs k|efj d"NofÍg

;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, Sofg8f / o'/f]k]nL ;+3 h:tf clwsf+z pRr cGo ;d"xsf b]z÷If]qn]

Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf jftf{ cl3 lgoldt ?kdf d"NofÍg cWoog ug]{ ub{5g\ . o:tf d"NofÍgx? sfo{

If]q / p2]Zosf] lx;fjn] leGg x'g] eP tfklg larf/fwLg Jofkf/ pkfosf] ;DefJo ljt/0fut

k|efjsf] s]xL n}lËs ?kdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] ljZn]if0fnfO{ :t/Lo cEof;sf] ?kdf ;dfj]z ug{

;S5g\ .

Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfs]f n}lËs d"NofÍg ug{ O{R5's ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o

;d'bfon] ;3fpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . k|fljlws ;xof]u / Ifdtf clea[l4 h:tf If]qdf y'k|}

kxnsbdLnfO{ k|a4{g u/]/ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng (UNCTAD) n] of]

If]qdf dxTjk"0f{ bfloTj lgjf{x ul//x]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu v08 ^ df k|:t't ul/P h:t}

b]zut ljZn]if0f dfk{mt ;Dd]ng (UNCTAD) n] cy{tGqdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsfsf] gSzfÍg /

dlxnfdfly Jofkf/ gLltsf] k|efjsf] cWoog u/]/ ljsf;f]Gd'v / cltsd ljsl;t b]zx?nfO{

;xof]u k'¥ofO{ /x]sf] 5 . Jofkf/ gLltn] dlxnf dfly kfg]{ k|efjsf] :t/ k/LIf0f ug{ k|of]u ug{

;lsg] k4ltsf] af/]df tTsfnLg ;xof]u pknJw 5 . o:tf] ultlawLn] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf]

cg';GwfgfTds Ifdtf clea[l4 x'G5 / Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf] ;DefJo n}lËs c;/ d"NofÍg ug{sf]

nflu cfwf/ tof/ ub{5 .

uxg / lj:t[t n}lËs k|efj d"NofÍgsf] nflu cfjZos b'O{j6f k|d'v tTjdWo] n}lËs

?kdf ljeflht u'0f:t/Lo tYofÍ / cg';Gwfg Ifdtf kb{5g\ . ljleGg txdf sfo{x?sf] ;+of]hg

u/]/ oL b'j}nfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu tYofÍ sfof{nonfO{ k|bfg ul/g]

72

k|fljlws / cfly{s ;xof]u n}lËs ?kn] juL{s/0f ul/Psf] tYofÍssf] cem lgoldt ?kn] ;+sng

k|a4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] clek|]l/t x'g' kb{5 . To:t} of] ;xof]u pko'Qm r/ /flz / cfofdsf] lj:t[t

If]q ;d]6\g] lsl;dn] tYofÍ ;+sngdf s]lGb|t x'g'k5{ . :yfgLo dlxnf ;+u7gn] cfly{s ;fIf/tf

;DaGwL tflnd ;+rfng u/]/ o;df cfkm\gf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ / o:tf cfly{s ;fIf/tf

tflnddf Jofkf/ ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ff / dfWod klg ;dfj]z x'G5g\ . cfly{s

gLlt–lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf n}lËs tYofÍsf] lgoldt k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ :yfgLo dlxnf ;+3

;+:yfn] tYofÍ sfof{no / ;/sf/L sd{rf/L;+u lgs6 /x]/ sfo{ ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . u'0ffTds /

kl/df0ffTds cWoog nufot k|d'v n}lËs ;fGble{s If]qdf bft[ ;d'bfon] :jtGq Jofkf/

cg';Gwfgdf ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ . n}lËs ?kdf ;r]t cy{tGq ;'xfpFbf] ljZn]if0ffTds Ifdtf

cg';Gwfgstf{df dfq ge} dGqfnof leq} / Jofkf/;+u ;DalGwt cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfaLr klg

clea[l4 ul/g' cfjZos 5 .

&=@= Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf jftf{

o;df b'O{j6f leGg ljifox?sf] ;Daf]wg ug'{ kb{5M -s_ Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfdf n}lËs ljifo

;DalGwt k|fjwfgsf] ;dfj]z; / -v_ pbf/Ls/0f ;DaGwL k|lta46tfsf] to ubf{ dlxnfsf] lxt /

:jfy{ klg k|ltlalDat x'G5g\ eGg] k|Tofe"t ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf .

s]xL Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfn] n}lËs ;dfgtf nIftk{m v'nf ;+s]t u/]sf x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf]

nflu sf]6f]gfp ;Demf}tf@# df ;Demf}tfsf kIf /fi6«x?n] dlxnfsf] clwsf/ ;DaGwdf cGt/f{li6«o

dxf;lGwsf] ;Ddfg ug'{ kg]{ eGg] pNn]v 5 . ;fy} To;df ;xof]usf ;j} If]qdf n}lËs b[li6sf]0f

;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ pNn]v 5 . To;kl5 xfn}sf aif{df x:tfIf/ ul/Psf clwsf+z lgof{t k|j4{g

;Demf}tfdf eg] :ki6 ?kdf n}lËs k|fjwfg /flvPsf] kfOb}g .

s] lglb{i6 k|fjwfgsf] k|of]u Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfdf n}lËs ljifonfO{ d"n k|jfxLs/0f ug]{

k|efjsf/L pkfo x'g ;S5 < Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfdf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf k|d'v dxf;lGwdf

cfwfl/t ;fdflhs bkmfsf] ljifo clns ljjfbf:kb ljifo xf] . o;sf] kIfdf jsfnt ug]{x? oL

;fdflhs bkmfn] h'g;'s} b]zsf ePklg ;a} >ldssf] xsdf nfu' u/fpg ;lsg] cGt/f{li6«o :t/f

l:jsf/ ul/Psf] ljZjJofkL clwsf/nfO{ :yflkt ug]{ x'gfn] tL -bkmfx?_ dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ eGg]

ljZjf; ub{5g\ . -h:t}, sfut]O, @))!_ n] o:tf ;fdflhs bkmfn] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?jf6 x'g]

73

cfoftnfO{ 6f9} /fv]/ pQ/sf b]zx? -ljsl;t b]zx?_ df /f]huf/Lsf] ;'/Iff ug]{ ePsf]n]

gofF lsl;ds]f Jofkf/ ;'/If0f xf] eGg] ts{ ub{5g\ .

clxn] ;Ddsf] k|df0fn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] hj Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfdf >lds kIfLo ;Demf}tf

hf]l8P/ cfPsf] x'G5, To;sf] sfof{Gjog ;+oGq sdhf]/ x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;g\ !(($ df

d]lS;sf], ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf / Sofg8fn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf] …pQ/ cd]l/sL :jtGq Jofkf/

;Demf}tfÚ nfO{ lng ;lsG5 h;sf w]/} ;xfos ;Demf}tf klg /x]sf 5g\ . >d ;xof]u ;DaGwL

pQ/ cd]l/sL ;Demf}tf g} To:tf] klxnf] ;Demf}tf xf] h;df dlxnf / k'?ifaLrdf ;dfgtf

nufot /f]huf/L / tnadf >ldssf clwsf/nfO{ ljrf/ ul/Psf] 5 .

t/ ;f] ;Demf}tf nfu' eP b]lv ;g\ @)!) aLrsf] cjlwdf pQ/ cd]l/sL :jtGq Jofkf/

If]qsf] s'g} ;b:o /fi6«n] >d clwsf/ pNn+3g u/]sf] ;DaGwL #( j6f dfq l;sfot btf{ ePsf

5g\ . oL dWo] nueu &) k|ltzt ph'/Lx? k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu l:jsf/ ul/Psf 5g\ eGg] afFsL

l;sfot cl:js[t ePsf 5g\ . ;a} k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf ph'/Lx? dGqL :t/Lo

5nkmn÷k/fdz{df uP/ 6'lËP / s'g} klg dWo:ytfsf] 7f]; tx;Dd k'u]g . csf]{ zJbdf eGg] xf]

eg] Jofkf/ k|ltaGwsf] k|of]u slxn] klg ePg . oL lgj]bg÷ph'/Lsf] sf/0f ljjfbdf ;+nUg

b]zx?sf] >d cEof;df 7f]; ;'wf/ ePsf] kfO{b}g / To;sf/0f k"/} k|0ffnL s]xL xb;Dd

ck|efjsf/L b]lvG5 -gf]nfg ufl;{of, @)!)_ .

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng -;g\ @))(_ n] u/]sf] Pp6f cWoogn]

Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfdf n}lËstf ;DaGwL bkmf ;dfj]z ug]{ af/] hf/L ax; / jftfj/0f ;DaGwL

k|fjwfg ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ eGg] ;g\ !(() lt/ cfPsf] ax; aLrsf] ;dfgtfnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

of] jx;df ljsl;t / ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x? leGg leGg b[li6sf]0f / c8fg /fVg yfn] . Jofkf/

;Demf}tfdf jftfj/0fLo zt{ ;dfj]z ubf{ Jofkf/df c8\rg cfpg] / ltgsf] sfof{Gjog ubf{

cfly{s nfut / dfgj ;+;fwgsf] b[li6sf]0fjf6 7"nf] af]em kg]{ sf/0f bzf{pb} ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?

oL k|fjwfg k|lt ;hu÷;z+lst eP . of] ax;df cl3 ;fl/Psf] yk ts{ s] lyof] eg] Jofkf/

;Demf}tfdf jftfj/0fLo k|fjwfg /fVg rfxg] b]zsf] cfsf/ / cfly{s jhgn] o; ;DaGwL e}/x]sf

5nkmnsf] kl/0ffddf c;dfg'kflts e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . o;sf cltlf/Qm s]xL

ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zn] cfkm\gf] /fli6«o jftfj/0fLo k|fjwfgx? k|f/lDes r/0fd} ePsf] / ltgnfO{ cem

kl/:s[t kfg'{ kg]{ cfjZostf ePs} cj:yfdf cfk"mx?nfO{ Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfdf jftfj/0fLo k|fjwfg

74

;dfj]z ug]{ ;DaGwL jftf{ ug{ af]nfOPs]f eGg] u'gf;f] /fv]sf 5g\ . n}lËstf ;DaGwL bkmfsf]

xsdf klg o:t} ts{x? ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . t/ Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfdf jf:tjdf s'g

lglZrt k|fjwfgx? /fVg] < dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f h:tf n}lËstf ;DaGwL

lglb{i6 dfkb08 tyf n}lËstf ;DaGwL k|fjwfgsf] kfngfaf/] sfof{Gjog / ljjfb ;dfwfg ;+oGq

o;sf ;DefJo pbfx/0f x'g ;S5g\ .

Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfdf jftfj/0fLo k|fjwfg ;dfj]z ug]{ ;DaGwL dfly pNn]v ul/Psf

ts{x?n] w]/} ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«n] ;fdgf ul//x]sf cK7\of/fsf] jf:tljs ?kn] lrlqt u/]sf] eP

tfklg oL ljifos]f p7fgn] s]xL ;sf/fTds k|efj klg kf/]sf] kfOG5 . oL ;sf/fTds k|efj o;

k|sf/ 5g\ M -s_+ ljsf;sf] nflu jftfj/0fLo ljifosf] dxTjsf af/]df a9]sf] hgr]tgf; -v_

Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf jftf{ / sfof{Gjogdf gful/s ;dfhsf] Jofks ;xeflutf; / -u_ ljsf;f]Gd'v

d'n'snfO{ jftjf/0f;+u ;DalGwt lqmofsnfksf] nflu rflxg] cfly{s ;xof]u lngsf] nflu ;xh

kx'Fr -h:t} ljZjJofkL jftfj/0f ;'ljwf sf]if_ . ljz]if ?kn] a'Fbf -u_ n] ;Demf}tfsf kIfw/

/fi6«x?aLr jftfj/0fLo ljifodf jftf{ / ;xof]usf] k|a4{g ub{5 . ;fy} o;n] ;Demf}tfsf kIfw/

ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x?nfO{ pko'Qm jftfj/0fLo ljifodf cem a9L k|fljlws ;xof]u / Ifdtf

clea[l4 ug{ d2t ub{5 . Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfdf n}lËs ljifox? ;dfj]z ePdf o:t} k|efjx? x'g]

ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . h'g;'s} cj:yfdf klg n}lËs k|fjwfgx? ;Gt'lnt / jf:tljs x'g' kb{5 /

;Demf}tfsf kIfw/ ;a} b]zx?sf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs kl/j]znfO{ Wofgdf /fVg' kb{5 .

dfly pNn]lvt bf];|f] ljifo pbf/Ls/0f k|lta4tfsf] n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn ljifoj:t'sf]

cfjZostf– sf ;Gbe{df Jofkf/ k/fdz{ / jftf{df ;j{kIfLo ;xeflutfn] n}lËs rf;f]nfO{ Wofg

lbg' kg]{ cj;/nfO{ a9fpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 eGg] s'/f dgg ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ 5 . n}lËs ;dfgtf

;DaGwdf ljleGg ;/sf/L ljefu -Jofkf/, of]hgf, dlxnf dGqfno, tYofÍ ljefu, cflb_ aLr

;xsfo{ h'6fpg' / gful/s ;dfh ;+3 ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf clea[l4 ug'{ o;sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ .

pbfx/0fsf] nflu dlxnfsf] /f]huf/L / ;zlQms/0f clea[l4 ug{ Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fnfO{ tLa|tf

lbg], l9nfO{ ug]{ jf ldgfxf ug]{af/] Jofkf/ jftf{sf/x?nfO{ Pp6f n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn If]q ;DaGwL

Pp6f ;'rL pknJw u/fpg ;lsG5 . cGttf]uTjf Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf] ;+/rgf leq s'g} kIfn]

k|lta4tf lng tof/ ePsf] v08df dlxnf nufot hg;+Vofsf] ;a} tx / tKsfsf] nflu nfek|b

x'g' kb{5 .

75

&=#= Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf nfu' ePkl5sf] ljsf; ;xof]u

v08 &=@ df 5f]6s/Ldf JofVof ul/P h:t} n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn x:tIf]k sdhf]/ cj:yfdf

/x]sf dlxnf tyf k'?ifnfO{ gj ljsl;t Jofkf/ cj;/jf6 nfeflGjt u/fpg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

o:tf] x:tIf]k sk8f pBf]u h:tf] yf]/} ;+Vofdf k/Dk/fut ?kdf …dlxnf s]lGb|tÚ pBf]unfO{

;+/If0f lbg jf :yflkt lgof{td"ns If]qnfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpgdf dfq ;Lldt x'g' x'Fb}g . o:tf x:tIf]k

dlxnfx?sf] ;du| cfly{s ;xeflutf / ljz]if u/L pRr d"Nosf j:t'x?sf] pTkfbgdf pgLx?sf]

;xeflutf clea[l4 ug]{tk{m kl/nlIft x'g' k5{ . ljz]if ?kdf Jofkf/;+u ;DalGwt k"jf{wf/ /

Ifdtf clea[l4 If]qsf pkfox? ;Gbe{ ;fk]If x'g' kb{5 / tL pkfo cGo ;lxt b]xfo k|sf/sf 5g\

M dlxnfdfly ;do / pmhf{sf] ef/ sd ug]{ ;8s / c? k"jf{wf/df nufgL dlxnf ls;fgsf

ljlzi6 cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ vfnsf s[lif Joj;flos tflnd / k|;f/ ;]jfsf] th'{df ug]{; n}lËs

;DalGwt k|zf;lgs k4ltsf] n}lËs n]vfhf]vf ug]{; dlxnfsf] cfly{s pGglt / >d ahf/df

;xeflutfnfO{ a9fjf lbg] vfnsf ;+:yfut ;+oGq ;/sf/sf] txdf k|a4{g ug]{ - ;fgf pTkfbs /

Jofkf/Ldf ljz]if s]lGb|t_; jf eG;f/ z'Ns jfkt x'g] /fhZjsf] x|f;sf] k|ltlqmof :j?k

;fj{hlgs vr{ / s/df ul/g] lg0f{ox? n}lËs k|efjsf] /fd|f] a'emfOdf cfwfl/t 5g\ eGg] k|Tofe"t

ug]{ .

ax'kIfLo ljsf; ;xof]u ;+/rgfnfO{ Jofkf/ ;DalGwt If]qdf n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn x:tIf]k

ug{df ;3fpg klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ;jnLs[t PsLs[t ;+/rgf / Jofkf/ kxnsf] nflu

;xof]u h:tf sfo{qmdn] n}lËs d"n k|jfxLs/0fnfO{ ;~rfng ug{ / ;/sf/x?nfO{ pgLx?sf]

Jofkf/ /0fgLltdf n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] nIf k|fKt ug{df d2t k'¥ofpg'df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5g\ .

pbfx/0fsf] lglDt ;jnLs[t PsLs[t ;+/rgf cGtu{t ;g\ @)!# df ;DkGg ul/Psf] uflDaofsf]

Jofkf/ PsLs/0f cWoogn] dT:okfng If]qdf n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn kl/of]hgfsf] nflu /sd

h'6fpgdf ;xof]uL e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 . Jofkf/ kxnsf] nflu ;xof]u / ;jnLs[t PsLs[t

;+/rgf ;|f]t ;xfotfsf] k|efjsfl/tf ;DaGwL k]l/; 3f]if0ffkqdf ;Demf}tf ePsf l;4fGtsf] ljz]if

u/L /fli6«o :jfldTjsf] l;4fGt cg';/0f ub}{ k|of]u ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu xf] .@$ cfkm\gf] /fli6«o

ljsf;s]f /0fgLlt to ug]{ tyf To;sf] pknlJw k|fKt ug{ dxTjk"0f{ x'g] sfo{qmd / kl/of]hgfnfO{

klxrfg ug]{ ljz]ifflwsf/ ;xfotf k|fKt ug]{ b]zx?df lglxt 5 . k|d'v ?kdf dlxnfn] pkof]u

ug]{ ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] :t/f]Gglt, ljQLo ;fIff/tf / Joj;fo of]hgf h:tf ljifodf dlxnf–nlIft

76

tflnd k|bfg ug]{; / ahf/sf] cfjZostf a'em\g ;fgf dlxnf oBdLsf] Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{

d~rsf] :yfkgf ;jnLs[t PsLs[t ;+/rgf / Jofkf/ kxnsf nflu ;xfotf dfk{mt cfly{s

;xof]u k|fKt ug{ of]Uo lqmofsnfksf s]xL pbfx/0f x'g\ .

5nkmnsf] nflu cEof; / k|Zg

;fdfGo k|Zgx?

!= cy{tGqsf] n}lËs :j?k xfdL s;/L yfxf kfpg / k/LIf0f ug{ ;S5f}+ <

@= n}lËs c;dfgtfsf] ;j}eGbf ;fwf/0f ;"rs s] x'g\ / Jofkf/ ljZn]if0fsf] nflu s'g n}lËs ;"rs

pko'Qm x'G5 <

#= n}lËs c;dfgtfsf s]xL cfofdx? ljZn]if0fdf kof{Kt ?kdf ;Daf]wg ePsf x'Fb}gg\ . tL cfofd

s] s] x'g\ JofVof ug'{xf];\ / ltgLx?nfO{ ljZn]if0fdf ;dfj]z ug{ lsg cK7of/f] 5 <

$= cfly{s cj;/sf] If]qdf /x]sf n}lËs c;dfgtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ w]/} ;"rssf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5

/ To;dWo]sf] Pp6f lnË / HofnfaLrsf] km/s xf] . n}lËs / HofnfaLr km/s lsg b]lvG5 <

k|i6 kfpg'xf];\ / To;sf] dfkg ubf{ cfpg] hl6ntf s] x'g\, pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .

%= w]/} b]zx?n] n}lËs ?kdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] tYofÍ lgoldt ?kdf ;+sng gug]{ x'Fbf lnË cg';f/

juL{s/0f ul/Psf] ljZj;gLo / cBfjlws tYofÍ ;+sng ug{ cK7\of/f] 5 . o;df yk ;d:of s]

xf] eg] slxn]sfFlx lnËsf] cfwf/df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] tYofÍ jf:tljstfnfO{ kof{Kt ?kdf klqmg

;Sg] u/L ;+sng ul/Psf] x'Fb}g; h:t} dlxnf g]t[Tjsf] kl/jf/ / k'?if g]t[Tjsf] kl/jf/ . n}lËs

cfwf/df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] tYofÍ ;+sng ug'{ lsg dxTjk"0f{ 5 JofVof ug'{xf];\ / n}lËs

ljZn]if0fsf] nflu To:tf] tYofÍsf] pkof]u / u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ ckgfpg' kg]{ pkfo ;'emfpg' xf];\

.

^= …Jojxf/dfÚ Jofkf/ v'nfkg …gLltÚ df Jofkf/ v'nfkgaLr leGgtf 5 . oL b'O{ cjwf/0ff lsg

km/s 5g\, JofVof ug'{xf];\ . cEof;÷Jojxfl/s ?kdf v'nf b]zx? gLltut ?kdf klg v'nf 5g\

t <

77

&= …Jofkf/ gLltÚ eGg] zAbfjnLsf] Jofks ;+1f cGtu{t cfpg] ljleGg pkfo / x:tIf]k s] s] x'g\ <

Jofkf/ gLlt / Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0f aLrsf] leGgtfaf/] k|i6 kfg'{xf];\ .

*= Jofkf/ gLltn] dlxnfsf] cfly{s ;zlQms/0f / sNof0f dfly k|efj kfg]{ dfWod s] x'g\ < n}lËs

c;dfgtfn] Jofkf/ kl/0ffd dfly kfg]{ c;/sf] dfWod s'g xf] < oL ;DaGwnfO{ cGj]if0f ug{ s'g

ljZn]if0ffTds ;+/rgf ;a}eGbf pkof]uL x'G5 < To;sf ;+1fgfTds glthf s] x'g\ <

(= s'g} Ps b]zdf Jofkf/ n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] nflu /fd|f] jf g/fd|f] 5 eg]/ xfdLn] :ki6 ?kdf

:yflkt ug{ ;S5f} < ljleGg b]zsf cg'ejx? t'ngfnfos 5g\ < s] xfdLn] To;jf6 …;fwf/0f

l;sfOÚ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;S5f} <

!)= n}lËs ljifo jfx]s dflg;n] cg'ej ug]{ c;'ljwfsf cGo To:tf ;fdfGo ;|f]t s] x'g\ / ltgLx?

n}lËs c;'ljwf;+u s;/L ;DalGwt 5g\ <

!!= tkfO{sf] ljrf/df JKofkf/ pbf/Ls/0f kl5 cfpg] ljQLo pbf/Ls/0f, ;fj{hlgs vr{ s6f}tL jf

gLhLs/0f h:tf cGo gLltsf] k|+efj / Jofkf/ k|efjnfO{ 5'6\ofpg slQsf] ;lhnf] 5 <

!@= tkfO{sf] 1fgsf] cfwf/df n}lËs ;dfgtf k|fKt ug{ ljQLo gLlt lsg dxTjk"0f{ 5 h:tf] nfU5 /

ljQLo gLlt slxn] e]befjsf] ;|f]t x'G5 <

!#= Jofikf/ gLlt ljZn]if0fdf …lj:t[tdf g} /fIf;÷;}tfg 5Ú eGg] ul/G5 . olb tkfO{nfO{ lglZrt

k|d'v jfnL pTkfbgdf ls;fgnfO{ k|fKt ;'/Iffsf] :t/ tyf lgof{t ahf/df ;fdgf ug'{ kg]{ z'Ns

/ u}/–eG;f/ z'Ns cj/f]w d"NofÍg ug{ elgof] eg] tkfO{ s;/L cufl8 a9\g' x'G5 <

!$= olb Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf] d"n kf7df lnË ;DaGwL k|fjwfg÷;t{x? ;dfj]z ePdf ;Demf}tfsf ;j}

kIfn] To:tf k|fjwfgx? kfngf ug{ afWo x'G5g\ . Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfdf n}lËs k|fjwfg /fVgsf

kmfObf / a]kmfObfsf] af/]df JofVof ug'{xf];\ .

!%= Jofkf/ gLlt ;fwg afx]s s'g cGo gLlt÷pkfo -/ s'g If]q_ df dlxnfsf] nflu ;sf/fTds

cfly{s / ;fdflhs kl/0ffd k|Tofe"t ug'{ cfjZos 5 eGg] tkfO{nfO{ nfu]sf] 5 < tkfO{sf]

larf/df o;sf nflu s:tf] lsl;dsf ;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] cfjZostf k5{ <

b]zsf] 36gf cWoogjf6 cfPsf ljlzi6 k|Zgx?

78

v08 ^ df lbOPsf] cª\uf]nfsf] b]zLo kl/rodf Jofkf/sf] n}lËs ;r]t ljZn]if0fdf Wofg lbg' kg]{

w]/} ljifosf] af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

!= b]zLo 36gf cWoognfO{ k'gM Wofgk"j{s cWoog ug'{xf];\ / b]xfosf ljifo klxrfg ug'{xf];\ M

-s_ cy{tGqdf dlxnfn] lgjf{x ug]{ ljleGg e"ldsf;

-v_ k|foM dlxnf jfx'ntf ePsf] If]q;

-u_ dlxnfx?n] n}lËs e]befj÷k"jf{u|xaf6 kLl8t 5g\ jf 5}gg\, olb 5g\ eg] dlxnfx? s:tf] vfn]

n}lËs c;dfgtfaf6 kLl8t 5g\ / Tof] s'g If]qdf -h:t} Ifdtf, ;'/Iff / ;fwg;|f]tdf kx'Fr /

lgoGq0f_ /x]sf] 5 <

-3_ Jofkf/ gLlt ;Gbe{;

-ª_ Jofkf/ / n}lËs cGt/lqmof .

@= dfgf} cª\uf]nfsf] ;/sf/n] s[lif If]qsf] ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zon] lgof{t g]t[Tjsf] a[l4 /0fgLlt

sfof{Gjog ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] . tkfO{ s:tf gLltut pkfo ;'emfpg' x'G5 tf ls a9]sf] s[lif

lgof{taf6 dlxnf nfeflGjt x'g] ;s'g\ . s[lif If]q afx]s csf]{ s'g If]qn] dlxnf k|lt nfebfos

k|efj÷c;/ l;h{gf ug{ ;S5 <

#= cª\uf]nf vlgh t]n lgof{t ug]{ b]z xf] . s] tkfO{sf] ljrf/df t]n pBf]ujf6 k|fKt x'g] /fhZjnfO{

dlxnfsf] ;zlQms/0f k|a4{g olb xf] eg] tkfO{ s] pkfo k|:tfj ug'{ x'G5 < sf] nflu k|of]u ug'{

;Dej xf]nf <

$= cª\uf]nfdf …8r /f]uÚ n] ToxfFsf dlxnfnfO{ k|efljt ug{ ;S5 <

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL

cu|jfn, -@))#_– æn}lËstf / e"ld clwsf/ k'gu{dg M /fHo, kl/jf/ / ahf/ dfk{mt\ gofF

b[li6sf]0fsf] vf]hLÆ; hg{n ckm Pu|]l/og r]Gh, # -! / @_M k[i7 !*$–@@$ .

79

a'8n]G8/\, l8; PN;g, l8 / x]lj6, lh -@))@_ . h]G8/ ah]6 d]s ;]G6;\ M cG8/ :6flG8ª h]G8/

/]:klG;d ah]6 . n08g, /fi6«d08n ;lrjfno a'8n]G8/, l8 -@))*_ æ^ j6f b]zdf sNof0fsf/L

/ u}/–sNof0fsf/L sfd (care and Non-care work) ;DaGwL tYofÍ zf:qLo k|df0fÆ .

;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu ;+o'\Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo cg';Gwfg ;+:yf, n}lËstf / ljsf; sfo{qmd, k]k/

$, lhg]ef .

PsfO{– @

dlxnfsf] enfO / cfly{s ;zlQms/0fdf Jofkf/sf] k|efjM

k|df0f / cg';Gwfg k4lt -ljlw_

!= kl/ro

P]ltxfl;s sfn b]lv g} j:t' pTkfbg k'?ifx?sf] nflu ;'/lIft If]q eP tfklg ljsf;f]Gd'v

b]zx?n] ;g\ !(^) b]lv ;g\ !(&) otf cjnDjg u/]sf] lgof{td"ns gLlt kZrft >dd"ns

j:t' pTkfbg If]qdf pNn]Vo dfqfdf dlxnf >ldssf] k|j]z eof] . d]lS;sf], lkj6f]{l/sf], u0ftGq

sf]l/of / l;+ufk'/ h:tf b]zdf ;Dk"0f{ >dzlQmsf] &) b]lv () k|ltzt dlxnfx? lyP /

jx';+Vos dlxnfx?n] u}/–s[lif If]qdf klxnf] k6s /f]huf/L k|fKt u/]sf lyP . nfut d"No

36fpgs]f nflu t'ngfTds ?kdf ;:tf] >ldssf] dfu ug]{ tLa| cGt/f{li6«o k|lt:kwf{sf] sf/0f

lgof{td"ns j:t' pTkfbgsf] If]qdf o:tf] ce"tk"j{ dlxnf >ldsnfO{ 5gf]6÷u|fXotf lbOPsf] eGg]

s'/f …>dsf] dlxnfs/0fÚ ;DaGwL ;flxTodf JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . :6flG8ª -!(*(, !(((_ n]

Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0f nufot ;+/rgfut ;dfof]hg sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogsf] sf/0f …>dsf]

ljZjJofkL dlxnfs/0fÚ ePsf] ;d]t ts{ u/]sf 5g\ . of] dt k|lt c;xdlt / w]/} ljåfgn]

dlxnfs/0f ;dosf] cGt/fndf plN6g ;Sg] ;+efjgf bzf{P klg Jofkf/sf] pNn]vgLo n}lËs

kl/0ffd /x]sf] x'G5 .

80

PsfO{ ! df kl/lrt u/fPsf cjwf/0ffsf] cfwf/df of] PsfO{ Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|efj -

dlxnfsf] cfly{s ;zlQms/0f / enfOdf_ df s]lGb|t 5 . To;kl5 PsfO{ # df n}lËs c;dfgtfn]

Jofkf/sf] sfo{s'zntfdf s;/L k|efj kf5{ eGg] ljifodf rrf{ ul/g]5 . PsfO{ ! df pNn]v ul/P

adf]lhd Jofkf/ gLlt, Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0f Jofkf/ ;+/If0f cflb h:tf kbfjnLdf k|ltlalDat eP

cg';f/ Jofkf/sf] w]/} kIf÷cfofd x'G5g\ . of] PsfO{df xfdL d'Vo ?kdf Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0f jf

j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] :jtGq k|jfx cj?4 ug]{ eG;f/ z'Ns / u}/–eG;f/ z'Ns h:tf Jofkf/ Jojwfg

x6fpg] af/]df s]lGb|t /xg]5f} . pbf/x0fsf] ?kdf ;'wfl/t Jofkf/jf6 x'g] Jofkf/ k|;f/sf] k+|efj

af/]df 5nkmn ug]{5f} .

pTkfbgsf] ;+/rgf, /f]huf/L k|0ffnL, cfDbfgL÷cfo / j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ;fk]If d"Nodf

kl/jt{gåf/f Jofkf/n] cy{tGqnfO{ k|efj kfb{5 . logLx?dWo] k|To]ssf] n}lËs cfofd klg /x]sf]

x'G5 . Jofkf/ gLltsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog ubf{ oL cfofd dfly klg Wofg lbg' kb{5 . oxfF xfdL

oL ljleGg cfofdsf] b[li6sf]0fjf6 Hofnfbf/L >lds, pTkfbgstf{, Jofkf/L, pkef]Qmf /

s/bftfsf] ?kdf Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn] dlxnfnfO{ ahf/ kl/j]zdf÷If]qdf s;/L k|efj kfb{5 eGg]

s'/fsf] af/]df cWoog ug]{5f} . cy{tGqdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsf cg';f/ Jofkf/sf] k|efj klg

km/s–km/s x'g;S5 . jf:tjdf oL e"ldsfx? klg Ps csf{;+u ;DalGwt 5g\ / cfbz{sf] ?kdf

Pp6f cg';Gwfgstf{n] clGtd kl/0ffd lgSof}{n ug{ Jofkf/ gLltsf] s'n k|efjsf] d"NofÍg ub{5g\

. o; ljifodf ?rL /fVg] kf7sju{sf] nflu xfdLn] of] PsfO{sf] cGTodf kl/lzi6sf] ?kdf

/f]huf/Ldf dlxnfsf] lx:;fdf Jofkf/sf] k|efjnfO{@% ljZn]if0f ug{ k|of]udf cfpg] ljleGg k4lt /

ljlwsf] af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt ;f/f+z k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ .

of] PsfO{sf] clGTodf ljBfyL{n] lgDg s'/f ug{ ;Ifd x'g] 5g\ M

– /f]huf/L / cfo b'j} b[li6sf]0fjf6 Hofnfbf/L >lds, pTkfbs, Jofkf/L, cfofltt ;fdfg Pj+

;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf pkef]Qmf / s/bftfsf] ?kdf Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn] dlxnfnfO{ kfg]{ k|efjsf

ljleGg dfWod / cGtlq{mofx?sf] lrq0f ug{;

– n}lËs c;dfgtfsf] k|Zgdf nfu' ul/P cg';f/ :t/Lo Jofkf/ l;4fGts]f cg'dfg -eljiojf0fL_ /

cfw'lgs -ck/Dk/fut_ 9fFrf aLr leGgtf 5'6\ofpg; /

81

– Jofkf/sf] n}lËs k|efjsf ljleGg cfofdsf af/]df cGj]if0f ul/Psf cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgx?sf]

;dfnf]rgfTds ;dLIff ug]{ / ltgLx?sf] ;jn Pjd\ b'j{n kIfsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ .

@= Hofnfbf/L >ldssf] ?kdf dlxnf

Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|efj ;DaGwL clwsf+z cg';Gwfg Hofnfbf/L /f]huf/Ldf /x]sf dlxnf dfly

s]lGb|t 5 tyf cfoft / lgof{tdf x'g] a9f]Q/L -jf sdL_ sf sf/0f pgLx?sf] /f]huf/L / cfo

s;/L k|efljt x'G5 eGg] d"NofÍg ub{5 . Jofkf/ l;4fGtdf s'g} b]zn] Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0f u/]df

/f]huf/L / cfo s;/L kl/jt{g x'G5g\ eGg] af/] :ki6 ?kdf eljiojf0fL ul/Psf] sf/0f oL

eljiojf0fL cg'ejhGo b[li6sf]0fjf6 k'li6 x'G5\ jf x'Fb}gg\ eGg] ljifodf cg';Gwfg ug]{ pNn]Vo

?lr /x]sf] kfOG5 . Jofkf/ l;4fGtnfO{ /f]huf/L / Hofnfsf] ;Gbe{df n}lËs ;dfgtf ;DaGwL

ljz]if k"jf{ cg'dfg /x]sf] eg]/ JofVof ug{ klg ;lsG5 .

n}lËs ?kdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] /f]huf/L / Hofnf k|efj af/] cg';Gwfg lj:t[t ePsf]n] Hofnfbf/L

>ldssf] ?kdf dlxnf zLif{ssf] v08 c? v08x? eGbf nfdf] 5 . /f]huf/Lsf] u'0f:t/ / 9fFrf

nufot Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] k+|efjaf/] oxfF klxnf rrf{ ug]{5f} / To;kl5 Hofnfsf] k|efjsf]

af/]df rrf{ ug]{5f}+ .

@=!= /f]huf/L k|efj

@=!=! ;}4flGts ck]Iff

@+=!=!=! dfgs l;4fGt@^

dfgs Jofkf/ l;4fGtn] s'g} klg b]zsf] Jofkfl/s t'ngfTds nfe ;f] b]zdf pknJw ljleGg

tTj ->d jf k"FhL_ df cfwfl/t x'G5 / pQm b]zn] t'ngfTds ?kdf kof{Kt tTjsf] uxg k|of]u

ug]{ j:t'x? lgof{t ub{5 eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . o; cg';f/ x]S;/

cf]xlng–:6f]no/–:ofdcN;g (HOSS) k|d]o÷pkkfbg (Thearem) sf] cg'dfg cg';f/

Jofkf/sf] ;3g ?kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] t'ngfTds ?kdf k|r'/ tTjjf6 x'g] nfe To;sf] dfu a9]

cg'?k a[l4 x'G5 -x]S;/ / cf]xlng, !((!; :6f]nk/ / :ofd'cJj;g, !($!_ ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?

k"FhLdf eGbf >ddf wgL x'g] x'Fbf Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0f ePdf >ddf x'g] nfe -Hofnf_ a9\g] ck]Iff

82

ul/G5 . of] k|0ffnLsf] af/]df ;f]Rg] csf]{ tl/sf ;Lksf] :t/sf] b[li6sf]0fjf6 klg x'g;S5 . h:t}

olb ;DkGg d'n'sx?df kof{Kt bIf hgzlQm pknJw 5 / ul/a d'n'sdf kof{Kt

Go"g–;Lko'Qm÷bIf hgzlQm ePsf] cj:yfdf Jofkf/n] kl5Nnf] r/0fdf Go"g–bIf hgzlQmsf] nflu

nfe k|bfg ub{5 .

olb Go"g bIf hgzlQmsf] 7"nf] lx:;f dlxnfsf] 5 eGg] cg'dfg ug]{ xf] eg] Jofkf/

pbf/Ls/0fn] dlxnf >ldssf] dfu a9fpg] tyf k'?if >ldssf] dfu 36fpg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .

o;n] ubf{ dlxnfsf] Hofnf a9\g] tyf k'?ifsf] Hofnf 36\g] x'Fbf Hofnfsf] n}lËs ljifdtf -

c;dfgtf_ Go"gLs/0f x'g] ;Defjgf a9\b5 . dfgs Jofkf/ l;4fGtsf] of] JofVof cg';f/ Jofkf/

pbf/Ls/0fn] n}lËs ;dfgtf k|a4{g ug]{ eljiojf0fL ug{ ;lsG5 .

oL ts{x? lj?4 ;}4flGts / cg'ejhGo b'j} cfwf/df r'gf}tL v8f ePsf] 5 . klxnf] ts{

k|foM ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?sf] ljz]iftf eg]sf] cbIf dlxnf Hofnfbf/L >ldssf] jfx'Notf x'G5 eGg]

xf] . t/ s]xL d'n'sx? t'ngfTds ?kdf s[lif >f]tdf wgL x'G5g\ eg] cGodf dlxnfx? t'ngfTds

?kdf ;'lzlIft x'G5g\ . o; jfx]s n}lËs e]befjnfO{ k|fs[lts eGg gldNg] x'Fbf ;fdflhs d"No

dfGotfjf6 a9L k|efljt x'g] lqmofsnfk (phenomena) sf] ljZn]if0fsf] nflu …k|fs[lts tTj

k|r"/tf gd"gfÚ sf] cfwf/df] ?kdf lng cK7\of/f] 5 . -t]hfgL / ldnju{, @)!)_

@=!=!=@=ck/Dk/fut -km/s_ b[li6sf]0f

ck/Dk/fut l;4fGtsf/n] t'ngfTds nfe -aS; ! x]g'{xf];\_ eGbf klg P8d l:yd -

!&&^÷@))(_ n] JofVof u/] cg';f/ Jofklf/ lg/k]If jf k|lt:kwf{Tds nfedf cfwfl/t ePsf]

ts{ ub{5g\ . o; c'g;f/f ;:tf] ?kdf ;fdfg pTkfbg ug]{ b]zn] cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df k|e'Tj

:yfkgf u5{ / cfkm\gf k|ltåGåLnfO{ pl5G5 . o; ;+sygdf cGt/f{li6«o k|lt:kwf{ d'Vo kl/rfns

xf] / Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgx? ;fk]lIfs d"No eGbf lg/k]If PsfO{ d"Nodf k|lt:kwf{ ul//xFbf

cGt/f{li6«o k|lt:kwf{n] Go"g d"Nosf] >dnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ub{5 .@* Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgx?n] ljz]if

u/L >d cfwfl/t lqmofsnfksf] nflu dlxnf pko'Qm 7flgg] x'Fbf pTkfbg d"No 36fpg dlxnf /

k'?if >ldssf] Hofnfdf x'g] leGgtf h:tf n}lËs c;dfgtfsf] nfe lng] ub{5g\ . / dlxnfnfO{

egf{ ub{5g\ . To;sf/0f dlxnfx? tLa| cGt/f{li6«o k|lt:kwf{ ;fdgf ug]{ lgof{td'vL Jofkfl/s

k|lti7fgsf] nflu t'ngfTds nfesf] ;|f]tsf] ?kdf x]l/g] u5{g\ . o;sf/0f dlxnfsf] >dsf] dfu

83

klg a9\b5 . v08 @=@ df Hofnf ;DaGwL zLif{sdf xfdLn] b]Vg]5f} o;sf] sf/0f dlxnfsf] Hofnf

a9\g} k5{ eGg] 5}g . Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn] cl:tTjdf /x]sf n}lËs c;dfgtfnfO{ nDAofpg jf

ce}m a9fpg klg ;S5 .

t'ngfTds nfe;+u bfFHbf olb s'g] b]zn] k"FhL cfwfl/t j:t'sf] t'ngfdf >d cfwfl/t

j:t' a9L bIftfk"j{s pTkfbg ug{ ;S5 eg] Tof] b]zsf] t'ngfTds nfe >d cfwfl/t j:t'df

x'G5 . Tof] b]zn] olb ;f] j:t' lgof{t ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf tyf olb Tof] gb]zsf] Jofkfl/s

;fe]mbf/n] b'j} j:t' ;:tf]df pTkfbg ug]{ ePdf ;f] b]zsf] pBf]u ahf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] sf/0f gi6

x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 .

aS;– !M

t'ngfTds nfe la?4 k|lt:kwf{Tds nfe

t'ngfTds nfesf] l;4fGtn] b]zx?n] ;fk]lIfs PsfO{ d"Nosf]

cfwf/df k|lt:kwf{ u5{g\ eGg] s'/f bzf{pF5' . h; cg';f/ s'g}

klg b]zn] t'ngfTds ?kdf b]z leq} sd d"Nodf pTkfbg ug]{

j:t'÷jf ;]jf lgof{t ub{5 / t'ngfTds ?kdf sd d"Nodf lsGg

;Sg] j:t' ljb]zjf6 cfoft ub{5 . ;fwf/0f Jofkf/ Joj:yfdf -jf

l;sf8f]{n] kl/eflift u/] cg';f/ b'j} kIfsf] km/s–km/s ;fk]lIfs

bIftf /x];Dd Jofkf/ ;DaGw /xG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu xfdL

…wgLÚ / …ul/aÚ eGg] b'O{ b]z / b'O{6f j:t'x? …xjfO{hxfhÚ / …h'QfÚ

lncf}+ . dflg lnp ls …wgLÚ eGg] b]zn] h'Qfsf] t'ngfdf

xjfO{hxfh t'ngfTds ?kdf yf]/} d"Nodf pTkfbg ug{ ;S5 .

xjfO{hxfh pTkfbgdf o;sf] t'ngfTds nfe /x]sf] 5 . …ul/aÚ

b]zn] xjfO{hxfhsf] t'ngfdf h'Qf ;fk]Ifs ?kdf sd d"Nodf

pTkfbg ug{ ;S5 jf h'Qf pTkfbgdf of] b]zsf] t'ngfTds nfe

/x]sf] 5 . aGb cy{tGqdf b'j} b]zn] b'O{j6} j:t' pTkfbg ug]{

ub{5g\ . t/ hj tL b]zn] cf–cfkm\gf] Jofkf/ cj/f]w sd u5{g\,

84

To:tf] cj:yfdf tL b'j} b]znfO{ 3/]n' ?kdf t'ngfTds ?kn] sd

d"Nodf pTkfbg ug]{ j:t'sf] pTkfbg / lgof{tdf ljlzi6Ls/0f ug'{

a9L kmfObfhgs÷lskmoftL x'G5 . o; d'tfljs …wgLÚ b]zn]

xjfO{hxfhsf] pTkfbg / lgof{tdf ljlzi6Ls/0f xfl;n u5{ /

h'Qf pTkfbg kl/Tofu u5{ . o;n] h'Qf …ul/aÚ af6 lsG5 . To:t}

…ul/aÚ b]zn] xjfO{hxfhsf] pTkfbg kl/Tofu u/]/ h'Qf pTkfbg /

lgof{tdf ljlzi6Ls/0f xfl;n u5{ . o;n] xjfO{hxfh …wgLÚ

cfoft u5{ .

o:tf] cj:yfdf Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fjf6 pTkGg x'g] c;dfgtf ljz'4 ?kn] ;+qmd0fsfnLg x'G5g\

tyf ltgsf] n]vfhf]vf klg x'Fb}g . t/ cg'ejhGo k|df0fn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] Jofkf/

pbf/Ls/0fsf] kl/0ffd :j?k Pp6f b]z csf]{ b]zsf] t'ngfdf c;'ljwfdf kfg]{ vfnsf]

ljlzi6Ls/0fsf] 9fFrf÷;+/rgf ;fy} c6n (persistent) Jofkf/ cg;Gt'ng sfod /xG5 .

ck/Dk/fut (Heterodox) cy{zf:qLn] o:tf k|sf/sf Jofkf/ 9fFrf÷ ;+/rgf / kl/0ffdnfO{

cem /fd|f];+u ;d]6\g] / ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|lt:kwf{Tds jf lg/k]If nfesf] l;4fGtsf] k|:tfj u/] of]

k|0ffnL cGtu{t b]zx? t'ngfTds d"No eGbf lg/k]If (absolute) PsfO{ d"Nosf] cfwf/df

k|lt:kwf{ u5{g\ tyf cfkm\gf k|lt:kwL{ eGbf cufl8 hfg / ahf/sf] lx:;f k|fKt ug{sf] nflu

PsfO{ d"No 36fpg] tyf d"No 36fpg] h:tf ljleGg /0fgLlt k|of]u ub{5g\ . dflysf] pbfx/0f

lng'xf];\ / …wgLÚ eGg] b]zn] xjfO{hxfh / h'Qf b'j} j:t' pTkfbgdf sd lg/k]If PsfO{ d"Nosf]

nfe lnO/x]sf] 5 jf oL b'j} j:t'df o;nfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds nfe k|fKt 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf …wgLÚ

n] xjfO{hxfh / h'Qf b'j} j:t' lgof{t ub{5 / …ul/aÚ b]zn] rfFlx k|lt:kwf{sf sf/0f cfkm\gf oL

3/]n' pBf]udf IfoLs/0f ef]Ug' kb{5 jf Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0f ul/Pdf oL b'j} j:t'sf] v'b

cfoftstf{sf] ?kdf /xg' kb{5 . - of] cj:yfdf …ul/aÚ n] olb pm ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:o

/fi6« xf] eg] ;+u7gsf] ;Ldf leq /x]/ cfkm\gf pBf]ux?n] k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] k|Tofe"ltsf]

nflu Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fdf hfg' eGbf klxn] 3/]n' pTkfbg Ifdtf k|a4{g / ;jnLs/0f ug]{

ljsNk /f]Hg ;S5 _

;|f]tM z}v -@))&_

@+=!=@= pknJw k|df0f

85

of] pkv08df xfdL Jofkf/sf] n}lËs /f]huf/L k|efjsf] af/]df ljZn]if0f ul/Psf w]/} cWoogsf]

lgisif{nfO{ k|:t't ug]{5f} . Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn] s'g} klg b]zsf] pTkfbg ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g

NofpF5 . h:t}M– s]xL If]qx? -lgof{td'vL pTkfbg_ lj:tf/ x'G5g\ eg] cGo s]xL If]qx? -cfoft

k|lt:kwL{ pTkfbg_ ;+s'lrt x'G5g\ . dlxnf / k'?ifx? ljleGg cfly{s If]qdf sfo{/t x'G5g\ .

o;df klg dlxnf yf]/}÷sd If]qdf s]lGb|t /x]sf x'G5g\ eg] k'?ifx? ljleGg k]zf / pTkfbgd"ns

ultlalwdf ;dfg ?kn] ljt/0f ePsf x'G5g\ . 3/leq / >d jhf/ b'j}df n}lËs e"ldsf ?9

(rigid) x'g] eP tfklg ckl/jt{gLo eg] x'Fb}g . kf]zfs pBf]u h:t} k/Dk/fut ?kdf dlxnfsf]

eg]/ kl/lrt If]q afx]s dlxnf sfdbf/ / pTkfbgstf{ lj:tfl/t If]qdf cfpg] ;Defjgf sd

x'G5 . ;dfhdf h/f uf8]/ a;]sf] n}lËs d"No dfGotf / pTkfbgzLn ;|f]t / k|lzIf0fdf ;Lldt

kx'Frsf sf/0f o:tf] x'g] x'G5 . cfly{s ;+/rgf, Jofkf/sf] agf]6 / >d ahf/ ;+:yf nufotsf

laleGg tTjsf sf/0f Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn] /f]huf/Ldf n}lËs ;dfgtf sfod ug{ / sfo{

jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/ ug{ klg ;S5 jf gug{ klg ;S5 .

Jofkf/sf] n}lËs ?kdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] /f]huf/L k|efj ;DaGwL a[xt\ k/LIf0fn] s[lif

j:t' pTkfbg / ;]jf If]qsf ;fy} laleGg /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yfaLr x'g] leGg–leGg k|efj 5'6\ofpg'

k5{ . lgof{t lj:tf/ / cfoft k|lt:yfkg b'a}sf] k|efjnfO{ dWogh/ /fVg' k5{ . lj:tf/ x'g]

If]qnfO{ Wofgdf /fVbf ljZn]if0fn] sfdsf] u'0f:t/sf ;fy} To;sf] kl/df0fdf cfpg] kl/jt{gsf]

k/LIf0f ug'{ kb{5 . cgf}krfl/sLs/0f k|lqmofsf] n}lËs cfj[lQ / a9\bf] cGt/f{li6«o k|lt:kwf{;+u

;DalGwt sfdsf] hf]lvd h:tf cj:yfsf] cWoog u/]/. o:tf] k/LIf0f ug{ ;lsG5 . dlxnfsf]

nflu l;h{gf ePsf gofF /f]huf/L sk8f pTkfbg h:tf k/Dk/fut ?kdf dlxnf s]lGb|t dflgPsf

If]q / k]zfdf dfq pknJw 5g\ ls cGo If]qdf klg 5g\ eGg] yk k|Zg klg ug{ ;lsG5 .

clGtddf Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn] l;h{gf u/]sf /f]huf/L jf sfdn] bL3{sfndf bLuf] nfe k|bfg

u5{g\÷ub}{gg\ eGg] a'em\g Psbd dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . Jofkfl/s / u}/–Jofkf/ If]qdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf]

leGg leGg ljt/0fsf] sf/0f Wofks Jofkf/ v'nfkgn] k|a4{g ug]{ /f]huf/L k|efj n}lËs :j?ksf]

x'G5 eGg] cg'dfg ug{ ;Sb5f}+ .

@=!=@=!= s[lif

86

clk|msfsf] pk–;xf/f If]q / cGoqjf6 k|fKt ;Lldt k|df0fn] s[lif hGo j:t'sf] a9\bf] lgof{tsf]

k|efj ;fdfGotof k'?if ls;fgs]f t'ngfdf dlxnfx? k|lt sd cg's"n /x]sf] 5 . k|df0faf6 s]

b]lvG5 eg] s'g} jfnL dlxnf s]lGb|t eP tfklg To;sf] Jofj;flos pkof]usf sf/0f k'?if ;f]

If]qdf k|j]z ub{5g\ / pTkfbg tyf÷jf ahf/Ls/0fsf] lhDdf lnG5g\ . hflDaofdf abfd -ljZj,

!((&_, uflDaofdf wfg -ef]g a|pg cflb, !(($_ / o'uf08fdf xl/of] ;fu;JhL -l;pG8' /

cf]lgofGuf], @))&_ df o:t} cj:yfdf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

s[lifdf cfwfl/t cy{tGq ePsf b]zsf dlxnfx? k|ToIf ?kdf pTkfbg÷j:t' jhf/ eGbf

7"nf s[lif kmfd{ jf Kofs]lhË pBf]udf Hofnfbf/L /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ dfk{mt\ cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/df

;+nUgtfjf6 nfeflGjt ePsf] kfOG5 . dlxnfnfO{ ;xfos >ldssf] ?kdf lnOg] ePsf]n] /

pgLx?sf] ;f}bfafhL ug]{ Go"g Ifdtfsf sf/0f ;lhn} /f]huf/Laf6 x6fpg ;lsg] ePsf]n] o:t]f

k|sf/s]f sfdsf] nflu k|foM dlxnfnfO{ u|fXotf lbg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . -Aofl/PG6f]; / cGo, @))$_

t/ Jofj;flos s[lif kmfd{df dlxnfsf] /f]huf/L kmfd{df nufOg] afnL cg';f/ w]/} cGt/

(vary) x'g] ub{5 -rfg, @)!#)_ .

ljz]if u/L sf]nlDaof, OSj]8/, a|flhn, lrnL, d]lS;sf] / k]? h:tf Nofl6g cd]l/sL

If]qsf ;fy} s]Gof, o'ufG8f, hflDaof, blIf0f clk|msf, / xfn}sf] ;dodf Olyof]lkof h:tf s]xL

clk|msL b]zx?df u}/–k/Dkl/fut s[lif lgof{t pTkfbg If]qdf Hofnfbf/L /f]huf/L u|fdL0f dlxnfsf]

/f]huf/Lsf] pNn]vgLo ;|f]tsf] ?kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 . ce}m klg u}/–k/Dk/fut s[lif lgof{t If]qn]

u|fdL0f >d zlQmsf] ;fgf] lx:;fnfO{ /f]huf/L k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] 5 eg] To;sf] efjL lj:tf/ x'g]

;Defjgf klg ;Lldt /x]sf] kfOG5 -kmf]G6fgf / Kofl;onf], @))(_ . clk|msfsf] pk;xf/f If]qdf

gub] afnL lgof{tdf ePsf] a[l4sf] kl/0ffd :j?k dlxnfsf] t'ngfdf k'?ifsf] nflu a9L

/f]huf/Lsf cj;/sf] l;h{gf u/]sf] kfO{G5 -jfDaf]O{ / ;]UjLgf], @)!@_ .

gLltut ;Gbe{df, dlxnfx?sf] d'Vo vfB afnLsf] pTkfbg / :yfgLo ahf/Ls/0fdf a9L

k|ltlglwTj ePsf]n] k/Dk/fut afnL pTkfbg If]qnfO{ ultlzn t'Nofpg' s[lif k]zfdf ljBdfg

n}lËs lje]bsf] ;Daf]wg ug]{ Pp6f pkfo x'g ;S5 . vfB ;'/Iffsf] nflu ;ftf ls;fgnfO{

;fj{hlgs e08f/0f of]hgfdf ;+nUg u/fpg' efjL af6f] x'g ;S5 / o; cGtu{t ;/sf/L jf

cGt/f{li6«o lgsfonfO{ vfB j:t'x?sf] cfjZostf cfoftjf6 kl/k"lt{ ug'{ eGbf :yfgLo

87

pTkfbsjf6 vl/b ug{ afWo kfg{ ;lsG5 -;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo Jofkf/ / ljsf; ;Dd]ng, @))(_

t/ klg k/Dk/fut lgjf{xd'vL If]qnfO{ ultlzn agfpg]tk{m pGd'v /0fgLlt c;dfj]zL eGbf

;fdflhs ?kdf ;dfj]zL / n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn x'gsf] nflu Joj;fod'vL s[lifdf bIftfk"j{s ;+nUg

x'g] dlxnfsf] IfdtfnfO{ cj/f]w ug]{ n}lËs ljlzi6 c8\rgnfO{ klg k|efjsf/L ?kdf l:jsf/ tyf

;fdgf ug{ ;Sg' k5{ . sDKo"6/jf6 ;+rflnt l;+rfO{ / lr:ofg k|0ffnL ;+rfng ug]{ tyf 6«ofS6/

rnfpg] h:tf Jofj;flos s[lifsf k"FhL–s]lGb|t s]xL lqmofsnfkdf dlxnfnfO{ tflnd k|bfg ugf{n]

ljz]if u/]/ w]/} tnj ePsf / :yfoL sfddf pgLx?sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ a9fpg ;lsG5 -

Aofl/PG6f]; cflb, @))$_ . clk|msfsf] pk–;xf/f If]qdf Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn] k|foM dlxnfsf]

;fk]Ifs / lg/k]If /f]huf/Ldf gsf/fTds c;/ u/] tfklg k"jf{wf/df ePsf] pRr nufgLn]

dlxnfsf] :ofxf/ ;';f/ ug]{ af]em x6fpg] x'gfn] ;sf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] kfOG5 . o;n] k'gM

dlxnfnfO{ /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ k|lt k|ltlqmof hgfpg ;Ifd agfpgsf] nflu pgLx?sf] :ofx/f

;';f/ ug]{ af]em 36fpg] tyf k'gM ljt/0f k|lqmofsf] dxTjdfly hf]8 lbPsf] 5 -jfDaf]o / ;]u'gf],

@)!@_ .

lgof{td'vL v}of dfk{mt\ /f]huf/LnfO{ dlxnf cg's"n agfpg] k|of; s[lifdf cfwfl/t

cy{tGq jf vlgh ;fwg ;|f]tdf wgL b]zdf eGbf j:t' pTkfbg If]q / cw{ cf}Bf]lus/0f ePsf

cy{tGqdf k|rlnt 5 . csf]{ pkv08df xfdLn] ;f] s'/f b]Vg ;S5f}+ .

@+=!=@=@= j:t' pTkfbg

w]/}h;f] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf lgof{tdf cfwf/e"t j:t' pTkfbgsf] lx:;f / /f]huf/Ldf

dlxnfsf] lx:;f aLrdf 3gfTds ;DaGw /x]sf] ljleGg cWoogn] clen]vLs/0f u/]sf 5g\ -a'8,

!((!; hf]Ps];, !((%; ;]u'Ogf], !((&, @)))_ . cl3Nnf cWoogdf kfOPsf] of] k|j[lQ dWod

:t/sf] cfo ePsf b]zx?df nfu' ePsf] b]lvG5 t/ of] k|j[lQ If]qut, cf}Bf]lus ;+/rgf /

k|lqmofut ?kdf leGgtf x'g] ePsf]n] cf}iftdf dfq nfu' ePsf] kfOG5 -t]hfgL / ldnju{, @)!)

n] k|:t't u/]sf] pbfx/0f x]g'{xf];\_ . dlxnf /f]huf/Ldf ePsf] of] a[l4sf] 7"nf] ljz]iftf s] xf] eg]

of] tof/L kf]zfs, sk8f 5fnf / v]nf}gf pTkfbg h:tf >d cfwfl/t, Go"g d"No clea[l4 / Go"g

Hofnf ePsf lgof{thGo pBf]ux?df s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . o:tf pBf]udf sfdsf] u'0f:t/ / a[lQ

ljsf;sf ;+efjgf ;Lldt dfqfdf dfq pknJw x'G5g\ …>dsf] :qLlnlËs/0fÚ eGg] zAbn]

88

dlxnfsf] /f]huf/Ldf a9\bf] lx:;fnfO{ dfq geP/ k/Dk/fut ?kdf dlxnfn] ug]{ >ddf ljBdfg

c;'/lIft sfo{ cj:yf k'?ifn] ug]{ sfddf klg lj:tf/ x'g'nfO{ hgfpF5 . -:6flG8Ë, !(*(, !(((_

k|f/lDes r/0fdf pTkfbgd"ns /f]huf/Ldf dlxnf /f]huf/Lsf] a9f]Q/L ljz]if u/L Plzof /

To;df klg …z]/ cy{tGqÚ dflgg] k"jL{ Plzofsf rf/j6f b]zdf k|jn lyof]@( lt/ of] a9f]Q/L

blIf0f Plzofsf aËnfb]z /. >Ln+Íf / blIf0f–k"jL{ Plzofsf dn]lzof, O08f]g]lzof, yfONof08 /

lkmlnlklG;df klg ;zQm ?kdf ljBdfg lyof] . dlxnf /f]huf/Lsf] lj:tf/ Nofl6g cd]l/sf /

pNn]Vo ?kdf d]lS;sf]df dfq geP/ dWo cd]l/sf / Sofl/laog If]qdf a9L ;Lldt lyof] -

kmf]G6fgf, @))&_ . clk|msfsf] pk;xf/f If]qdf ;g\ !(*) / ;g\ !(() sf] k|f/Dedf dl/;;n]

dlxnf /f]huf/Ldf bzf}+ u'0ff a[l4 ePsf] cg'ej u¥of] -lko/ ;g\ !(()_ . aS; @ df pNn]v eP

cg';f/ n];f]yf]df tof/L kf]zfs If]qdf /f]huf/L ;g\ !((( df nueu !),))) /x]sf]df a[l4

eP/ ;g\ @))$ df $*,))) k'Uf] / clwsf+z /f]huf/Ldf dlxnf lyP =;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo Jofkf/

tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng, @)!@_ . df8fu:s/n] ;g\ !((&–@))# sf] cjlwdf tof/L kf]zfssf]

If]qdf nueu !%),))) /f]huf/Lsf] pNn]Vo a[l4 cg'ej u¥of] . ;f]xL cjlwdf o;s]f lgof{t

d"No bf]Jj/ eGbf a9Ln] a[l4 ePsf] 5 -aL; s/f]8 8n/af6 em08} krf; s/f]8 8n/_ . ax'–j:q

Joj:yf (Multi-Fbire Arrangement)#) x6fOP kl5 of] pBf]udf dGbL cfof] t/ ;g\ @))^

df lgof{t a9\g] qmd z'? eP/ ;g\ @))& df of] ^) s/f]8 8n/ a/fa/ k'Uof] . tof/L kf]zfs

pBf]usf] lj:tf/n] dlxnfnfO{ pNn]Vo dfqfdf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ k|fKt eP / of] If]qdf *)_

k|ltzt eGbf a9L /f]huf/L dlxnfn] cf]u6]sf lyP -;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo Jofkf/ tyf ljsf;

;Dd]ng, @))*_ .

s]xL b]zdf dlxnf /f]huf/Ldf cfPsf] a[l4 cGo b]zsf dlxnfsf] /f]huf/Lsf] d"Nodf ePsf]

x'g] tYonfO{ klg oxfF dgg ug'{ cfjZos 5 . ;g\ !(*) / !(() sf] bzsdf ljsf;f]Gd'v

b]zdf k|foMh;f] dxnf sfdbf/n] pTkfbg u/]sf] >dd"ns j:t'sf] lgof{tdf ePsf] a[l4sf] kl/0ffd

:j?k pRr cfo ePsf cy{tGqsf dlxnfn] cf]u6]sf /f]huf/Ldf lu/fj6 cfof] . cfoft

k|lt:kwf{sf] sf/0f o:tf] x'g uPsf] xf] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu s[';]/f / ldnju{ -@))_ n] ;g\\

!(&*–!((% sf] cjlwdf cfly{s ;xof]u tyf ljsf; ;+u7g (OECD) sf] ljsf;f]Gd'v

d'n's;+usf] Jofkf/ lj:tf/sf sf/0f ;+u7g ;Da4 b]zx?df c;dfg'kflts ?kn] dlxnfsf]

/f]huf/L u'd]sf] tYo kQf nufOPsf 5g\ .

89

o;sf cltl/Qm lgof{td'vL /f]huf/L Jofkf/ gLlt kl/j]z÷cj:yfdf w]/} lge{/ /x]sf] x'G5 .

;x'lnotk"0f{ ahf/ kx'Fr, eG;f/ b/, ljlgdo b/ / Hofnf b/df x'g] kl/jt{gsf sf/0f lgof{tdf

ef/L dfqfdf lu/fj6 x'g] jf k"/} pBf]usf] :yfgfGt/0f csf]{ b]zdf x'g ;Sg] ;+efjgf /xG5 .

k|lt:kwf{df cl3 /x]sf PlzofnL cfk"lt{stf{af6 clk|msL lgof{tstf{nfO{ cf+lzs ?kn] ;+/If0f

k|bfg ug]{ ax'–j:q Joj:yfsf] cGTo kl5 clk|msfsf sltko Go"g cfo ePsf b]zdf lgof{t ef/L

dfqfn] 36\of] . ;g\ !(*) df d'b|f cl3d"Nog / pRr Hofnf d"Nosf s/f0f k"jL{ Plzofsf klxnf]

bhf{sf] b]zx?af6 Jofks dfqfdf >d d"ns pTkfbg pBf]ux? blIf0f–k"jL{ Plzofsf b]zdf

:yfgfGt/0f eP . n];f]yf]sf] tof/L kf]zfs pBf]u ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf;+u ePsf] Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf

…clk|msf cfly{s a[l4 tyf cj;/ P]gÚ cGtu{tsf ;x'lnotk"0f{ eG;f/ z'Ns b/ / pTklQsf] ljz]if

lgod dfly clws lge{/ 5 -aS; @ x]g'{xf];\_ . olb ;f] ;Demf}tf / ljz]if u/]/ pTklQsf] lgod

;g\ @)!% ;Dddf k'gM gljs/0f gul/Pdf To;n] tof/L kf]zfs pBf]unfO{ Wj:t kfg]{ ;Defjgf

/xG5 . ;fy} o;n] jx';+Vos dlxnf sfdbf/sf] lhljsf]kfh{gdf uDeL/ c;/ kfg{ ;Sg]5 -;+o'Qm

/fi6« ;+3Lo Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng, @)!@)_ .

;g\ @))% df sk8f / kf]zfs ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (Agreement on Textiles and

Clothings ATC) cGtu{t ax'–j:q ;Demf}tf sf]6f k"0f{ ?kdf x6fOP kl5 ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?

aLrsf] tLa| Jofkf/ k|lt:kwf{n] dWo cd]l/sf / clk|msfaf6 ;DalGwt lgof{t / /f]huf/Ldf

kl/jt{g u/]/ Plzof / vf;u/L lrgtk{m :yfgfgGt/0f u¥of] . lrg / ef/tn] o'/f]k]nL ;+3 /

;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] cfoftdf cfkm\gf] lx:;f a9fP eg] 8f]ldlgsg kl/klAns, Pn ;fNef8f]/,

lkmhL, g]kfn, blIf0f clk|msf, df}l/;; nufotsf cy{tGqn] sk8f / t}of/L kf]zfssf] lgof{tdf

lg/k]If lu/fj6 cfPsf] cg'ej ug'{ k¥of] / o;sf] sf/0f ljz]if u/L dlxnf /f]huf/Ldf c;/ kg{

uof] -a]l/s, @)!; cf]6f]a], @))*; efnf]l8of, !((^_ .

aS; @M Jofkf/, ;+/rgfut kl/jt{g / dlxnfsf] /f]huf/Ldf

k|efjM n];f]yf]sf] tof/L kf]zfs If]qsf] pbfx/0f

ut tL; aif{s]f cjlwdf n];f]yf]sf] pTkfbg ;+/rgf / Jofkf/df

k|d'v kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 – pNn]vgLo ?kdf tof/L kf]zfssf]

If]qdf cfk"lt{ Ifdtfsf] tLa| lj:tf/ / lgof{tsf] agf]6df tof/L

90

kf]zfstk{m ;fk]lIfs kl/jt{g . oL ;+/rgfut kl/jt{gx?

d'VotofM Jofkf/ gLltsf] kl/0ffd x'g\ .

tof/L kf]zfssf] lgof{tdf n];f]yf]sf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Nofst÷wf/

lgwf{/0f ug{df dxTjk"0f{ Pp6f ;fwgdf clk|msL cfly{s a[l4 /

cj;/ P]g cGtu{t n];f]yf]sf] tof/L kf]zfsnfO{ ;+o'Qm, /fHodf

PskIfLo, s/ /lxt / sf]6f/lxt kx'Fr k|fKt x'g' tyf ;+o'Qm

/fHo cd]l/sfdf lgof{t ul/g] tof/L kf]zfssf] pTkfbgdf t];|f]

ljZjsf b]zx?af6 lbOg] Inputs ;xof]u k|of]u ug]{ Ohfht

k|bfg ug{+ of] P]g cGtu{t pTklQsf] lgodnfO{ v's'nf] kfg'{ .

clk|msL cfly{s a[l4 / cj;/ P]g cGtu{t cd]l/sfdf n];f]yf]sf]

tof/L kf]zfssf] lgof{t ;g\ @))! / ;g\ @))$ df em08} tLg

u'0ffn] a9\of] .

n];f]yf]sf] tof/L kf]zfs pBf]usf] Jofkf/hlgt lj:tf/n] ubf{

dlxnf ;zlQms/0f / pgLx? / ;'ljwfsf] nflu cj;/ l;h{gf

u/]sf] of] cWoogdf pNn]v 5 . t/ ;+u;+u} o;n] c;dfgtf /

c;'/Iffsf gofF k|j[lQnfO{ klg d2t k'¥ofPsf] 5 . clk|msL

cfly{s a[l4 tyf cj;/ P]g cGtu{t n];f]yf]sf] sk8f pBf]u

a[l4 eP/ ;g\ @))$ df b]zsf] ;j}eGbf a9L /f]huf/L k|bfg

ug]{ If]qsf] ?kdf :yflkt eof] . ;g\ @))$ df tof/L kf]zfs

pBf]udf $*,))) sfdbf/n] /f]huf/L k|fKt u/]sf lyP . of]

;+Vof ;g\ !((( df !),))) dfq lyof] . of] >d zlQmsf]

clwsf+z lx:;f dlxnfsf] /x]sf] 5 . n];f]yf]sf] 36gf cWoogn]

s] k'li6 u5{ eg] dlxnfsf] /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug]{ sfddf Jofkf/

gLlt -of] cWoogdf ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] ahf/df

;x'lnotk"0f{ kx'Fr_ n] ;xof]uLsf] e"ldsf v]N5 . ;j}eGbf

pNn]vgLo s'/f s] xf] eg] Jofkf/ lgb]{lzt 36gfqmdn] ul/a /

t'ngfTds ?kn] cbIf dlxnf, h:n] cf}krfl/s ?kdf /f]huf/

91

x'g] sd ;+efjgf x'G5, To:tf dlxnfsf] nflu 7"nf] ;+Vofdf gofF

/f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf u/]sf] kfOG5 .

t/ o;df s]xL x]/k]m/ ug'{ ;fy} s]xL s'/fx?nfO{ cfnf]rgfTds

?kn] d"NofÍg÷;dLIff ug'{ kg]{ x'g5 . cWoogn] p7fPsf d'Vo

rf;f]sf ljifodWo] l;lh{t sfdsf] u'0f:t/ -Hofnf, sfd ug]{

jftfj/0f / ;Lk ljsf;sf] nflu Ifdtf_, cy{tGq leq Jofkf/

pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|efj / jfXo em8\sf÷r'gf}tL k|lt c;'/lIft

hf]lvdtfsf] gofF k|a[lQ x'g\ . ;j}eGbf 7"nf] s'/f] eg]sf]

sk8f÷j:t' / tof/L kf]zfs If]qdf jf:tljs ?kdf Hofnf sd

x'G5 / cfwf/e"t lgjf{x vr{ dfq rnfpg kof{Kt x'G5 . sfd

ug]{ jftfj/0f sl7g x'G5 . o; cltl/Qm dlxnfnfO{ pTkfbgsf]

cbIf÷>d ;3g eGg] cfwf/df ljeflht ug]{ tyf k|To]s

ljifodf sfdsf] leGgf leGg} k|s[ltsf] sf/0f ?k ljsf;nfO{

pNn]Vo ?kdf ;Lldt kf/]sf 5g\ .

;|f]tM d':;]nL / hfl/{NnL -@)!@_ / ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo Jofkf/

tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng -@)!@_ .

@=!=@=#= ;]jf

lgof{td"ns ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ dlxnfsf] nflu /f]huf/Lsf] csf]{ ;|f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5

ljz]if u/L ef/t, lkmlnlkG;, hd}sf, / d]lS;sf] h:tf b]zdf ;"rgf / b"/;+rf/ If]q If]qdf -

ldn]/ cflb, @))$; k|;fb / >Lb]jL, @))&_ . t/ jf:tljstfdf s] b]lvG5 eg] of] If]qdf klg

:ki6 ?kdf n}lËs juL{s/0f /x]sf] 5 – dlxnfx? k|foMh;f] tYofÍ k|zf]wg (data

processing) df s]lGb|t 5g\ eg] k'?ifx? …k|f]u|fldªÚ h:tf w]/} tnj x'g] / pRr ;Lko'Qm

If]qdf k|e'Tj hdfO/x]sf kfOG5g\ -jfHsDofg / na, @))&; k6]n / kf/DoflG6o/, @))%_ .

pbfx/0fsf] nflu ef/tsf] ;"rgf k|lalw If]qdf Jofkf/ k|lqmof …cfp6 ;f]l;{ªÚ df sfd ug]{ ;Dk"0f{

>dzlQmsf] sl/a cfwf lx:;f dlxnfn] cf]u6]sf 5g\– t/ pRr :t/sf d"No clea[l4 ;lxtsf

;km\6j]o/ ljsf;sf If]qdf dlxnf Ps rf}yfO{ dfq 5g\ -;]j u'Ktf / zdf{, @))(_ .

92

@=!=#= Jofkf/ ;DaGwL /f]huf/Lsf] :t/Lotf

s] dlxnfsf] nflu l;lh{t oL gofF /f]huf/Lx?n] >d dfkb08 sf] kl/kfngf u/]sf 5g\ t

< xfdLn] pNn]v ul/;s]sf 5f} ls oL gofF /f]huf/L ;'/lIft / l6sfp 5}gg\ . Jofkf/ ;DalGwt

dlxnf /f]huf/Lsf] u'0f:t/af/] k|foM k|df0f lgof{t k|zf]wg If]q (EPZs) / cln ;Lldt dfqfdf

u}/ k/Dk/fut s[lif lgof{t (Non Traditional Agricultural Export) af6 k|fKt ePsf]

5 .

lgof{t k|zf]wg If]qx? cf}Bf]lus/0fsf] r/0fdf /x]sf w]/} b]zx?sf lgof{t lgb]{lzt

/0fgLltsf] cleGg cËsf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] tYofÍ cg';f/ ;g\ @))^

df dlxnf sfdbf/x? lgof{t k|zf]wg If]qsf] /f]huf/Lsf] sl/a &) k|ltzt :yfg cf]u6\5g\ .

o;df ;a}eGbf sd ax/fOgdf !) k|ltzt tyf hd}sf / lgsf/fu'cfdf () k|ltzt ;Dd lgof{t

k|zf]wg If]qsf] /f]huf/L dlxnfn] cf]u6]sf 5g\ -af]PGh, @))&_ . lgof{t k|zf]wg If]qsf

/f]huf/bftfn] k|foMh;f] dlxnfnfO{ tflnd / a9'jfsf] cj;/ sd x'g] tyf pgLx?sf] >d clwsf/

s'l07t ug]{ vfnsf cbIf /f]huf/Ldf 5'6\ofP/ /fv]sf] kfOPsf] 5 -bf]/fO;fdL, @))*; a]o/s,

@))^_ . ljz]if u/]/ cfk"lt{stf{n] ;fdfg kfgL hxfhaf6 9'jfgL ug]{ r/d ;dofefj / lglZrt

;dodf clws dfusf] bjfj Joxf]g'{ kg]{ vfnsf tof/L kf]zfs / h'Qfr sf/vfgfdf clws ;do

sfd u/fpg] k|rng Jofks /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 -a]l/s / /f]h;{, @)!); cd]gu'cn / ldnju{,

@))*_ . sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f k|foM clt g/fd|f] / ;g\ @)!# df aËnfb]zsf s]xL tof/L kf]zfs

sf/vfgfdf ePsf] ejg elTsg] tyf cfunfuLsf 36gfdf b]lvP h:t} cfunfuLaf6 aRg] /

;'/Iffsf cfwf/e"t lgodx? cg';/0f ul/Psf] kfO{b}g .

cGt/f{li6«o cfk"lt{stf{s]f nflu j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ :yffgLo k|lti7fgn] nfut d"No sd

ug{sf] nflu a9\bf] qmddf u[x >ldsnfO{ sfddf nufpg yfn]sf 5g\ . cGo ju{sf sfdbf/sf]

bfFrf]df oL -3/}df a;]/ sfd ug]{ >lds_ sfdbf/ a9L hf]lvddf /x]sf] kfOG5 / pgLx?n] cfkm\gf]

/f]huf/Lsf] zt{x?df ;'wf/ ug]{ Ifdtf klg /fVb}gg\ u[x >d -3/df cfwfl/t sfd_ df ax';+Vos

dlxnf ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOG5 eg] k'?ifx? klg a9\bf] ;+Vofdf o;df ;+nUg x'G5g\, h:t} ef/tsf]

cfoft k|lt:kwf{ If]qdf -/fgL / pGgL, @))(_ .

93

u}/–k/Dk/fut s[lif lgof{tdf klg ;dfg hf]lvd l:ytL /x]sf] 5 / o; If]qdf dlxnf

Hofnfbf/L sfdbf/x? k'?if eGbf cem hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf ;+nug ePsf] kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu

tfGhflgofdf k"mn ;DaGwL kmfd{df k"mn /f]Kg], l6Kg] / s]nfpg] sfddf ;+nUg *% k|ltzt

cgf}krfl/s If]qsf sfdbf/x? dlxnf /x]sf 5g\ eg] k'?ifx? Joj:yfksLo kbdf /x]s]f kfOG5 -

kmf]G6fgf / Kofl;Pnf], @))( . aËnfb]zdf df5fsf e'/f ;dfTg] / s]nfpg] sfddf ;+nUg

dlxnfx?n] ToxL sfddf ;+nUg k'?ifsf] cfosf] ^$ k|ltzt sdfpF5g\ / pgLx?nfO{ of] dT:o

Joj;fosf] ;a}eGbf hf]lvd sfddf nufOPsf] kfOG5 . -udfh cflb, @))^_ . pQ/L ch]{lG6gfsf]

sfutL k|zf]wg sf/vfgfdf …KoflsË KnfG6Ú /fd|f] dfkb08 nfu' ug{sf] nflu a9\bf] bjfj eP klg

sfo{ jftfj/0f cln gfh's /x]sf] 5 . -cl6{h / ckfl/l;of], @))&_ .

lgof{t ;DaGwL /f]huf/Lsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug]{tk{m y'k|} ax'–;/f]sf/jfnf kxnx? ePsf 5g\

. oL kxnx? ;+o'Qm clw/fHodf dof{lbt (ethical) Jofkf/ kxn / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf

tof/L kf]zfs pBf]u ;fe]mbf/L h:tf pkef]Qmf ;+:yfsf] bjfjsf] sf/0f o:tf kxn ;'? ePsf

5g\ . ljsl;t b]zsf Jofkfl/s ;+:yfn] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf pTkflbt j:t'sf] cfk"lt{df :j]]R5fk"0f{

cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] kfngf ug]{ ub{5g\ -Aofl/PG6f];, @))!; Aofl/PG6f]; / l:dy, @))%_ .

cfk"lt{stf{n] d'Vo >d dfkb08 kfngf ug'{ k5{ / dfkb08 kfngf ePsf] 5÷5}g eg]/ hfFRgsf]

nflu lgoldt ?kn] cg'udg ug]{ / k|lta]bg lng] ul/G5 . t/ b]z leq k|d'v >d clwsf/ /

dfkb08sf] sfg"gL ?kn] kfngf eP÷gePsf] s'/f :j]lR5s kxn dfk{mt olsg ug{ sl7g x'G5 .

w]/} h;f] cj:yfdf ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf >ldssf] clwsf/sf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu rflxg] sfg"g sfuhL

?kdf÷b:tfj]hdf kfOG5 t/ To;sf] sfof{Gjog / cg'udgnfO{ pNn]Vo ?kdf ;'wf/ ul/g' kg]{

h?/L 5 . cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g / cGt/f{li6«o ljQLo skf]{/]zgn] ;'? u/]sf] …pTs[i6 sfdÚ

sfo{qmd cGtu{t lgoldt hfFra'em, sfdbf/ / Joj:yfkgaLr jftf{sf] ;xhLs/0f / o;sf

ultljlwdf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xof]u / ;xeflutfsf] k|a4{gåf/f pBf]ux?df k|d'v >d dfkb08 /

/fli6«o >d dfkb08sf] kfngfsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . pTs[i6 sfd sfo{qmd clxn]

gf}j6f b]zdf ;~rflnt 5 eg] sDaf]l8ofdf …pTs[i6 pBf]uÚ kxn ljz]if u/L To;sf] ;kmntfsf]

nflu pNn]vgLo /x]sf] 5 .

@=!=$= lnËdf cfwfl/t /f]huf/L juL{s/0fdf k|efj

94

dlxnf >d zlQmsf] ;xeflutfdf a[l4 eP klg w]/} ljsf;zLn b]zx?df ljut tLg

bzssf] cjlwdf lnËsf cfwf/df /f]huf/Lsf] juL{s/0f sd dfqfdf dfq 36]sf] 5 . /fd|f] tna

;'ljwf ePsf / a[lQ ljsf;sf] nflu 7"nf] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ ljutdf k'?ifsf] ar{:j /x]sf If]q /

k]zfdf hfg] IfL0f ;Defjgf ePsf k/Dk/fut ?kdf dlxnfn] ug]{ k]zf eg]/ lrlgPsf] Joj;fodf

g} dlxnfx? l;ldt /x]sf 5g\ -kmf]G6fgf, @))(_ . afujfgL / j:t' d"No >[+vnfdf n}lËs

juL{s/0f Jofks ?kdf /x]sf] 5M– nDaLo ?kdf ->]0fLa4 ?kdf_ dlxnfx? k|foM sd cfDbfgL x'g]

sfddf a9L ;+Vofdf nufOPsf x'G5g\ eg] k'?ifx? /fd|f] cfDbfgL x'g] ;'/lIft sfd÷kbdf /x]sf

x'G5g\ . To:t} lIftLhLo ?kdf (horizontally) dlxnfx? jfnL leq\ofpg], kmnk"mn t/sf/L

l6Kg], sf6\g], juL{s/0f ug]{ / Koflsª ug]{ sfddf a9L ;+Vofdf ;+nUg /x]sf kfOG5g\ eg]

k'?ifx?n] d]lzg rnfpg], ef/L nf8\g] / cGo ux|f} sfdx? ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 -rfg, @)!#_ .

j:t' pTkfbgs]f If]qdf dlxnfx? Psbd yf]/} pBf]ux?, h:t}– tof/L kf]zfs, sk8f /

ljB'tLo pks/0fdf PsqLt ePsf] kfOG5g\ eg] /;folgs kbfy{, sfi7hGo ;fdu|L / wft'hGo

;fdu|L pTkfbgsf] If]qdf pgLx?sf] /f]huf/Lsf] lx:;f w]/} sd 5 . o:tf] k|sf/sf] n}lËs juL{s/0f

jf s'g} lglZrt ;Lldt If]qdf PsqLs/0fn] klg dlxnfsf] HofnfnfO{ Go"g ug{df of]ubfg

k'¥ofPsf] kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu aËnfb]zdf dlxnfx? Pp6f dfq} pkIf]q– tof/L kf]zfs– df

dfq ;f3g ?kn] a9L ;+Vofdf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g\ eg] cGo k'FhL d'vL sk8f pk ;d"xx?df ce}m

k'?ifsf] jr{:j /x]sf] 5 -kmf]G6fgf, @))&_ . jx'–j:q Joj:yf kl5sf] r/0fdf /fd|f] ;Defjgf

/x]sf] a'gfO If]q÷;d"xdf dfq !$ k|ltzt dlxnf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g\ -sla/ / dxd'b, @))$;

e§frfo{ cflb, @))*- . d]lS;sf]df oftfoft pks/0f h:tf pBf]usf] a9\bf] dxTjs]f sf/0f

xfn}sf aif{df …elSjnfÚ /f]huf/L dlxnfsf] t'ngfdf k'?ifsf] xsdf pNn]Vo ?kdf a9]sf] 5 .

elSjnf /f]huf/L eGgfn] cfofltt j:t'nfO{ h8fg u/]/ tof/L ;fdu|Lsf] ?kdf lgof{t ug'{ eGg]

a'lemG5 .

lgof{thGo j:t' pTkfbg /f]huf/Lsf] :qLs/0f -dlxnf pGd'vLs/0f_ k|lqmof cy{tGqx?

pRr d"No clea[l4 x'g] j:t'x?sf] pTkfbg lt/ cfslif{t x'Fb} hfFbf ;do qmddf x|f; x'g] ;+s]t

xfn}sf k|j[lQdf b]lvPsf] 5 . cg';"rLdf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] t]hfgL /ldnju{n] -@)!)_ u/]sf]

cWoogn] blIf0fk"jL{ Plzof / Nofl65g cd]l/sfsf dWod :t/Lo cfo ePsf b]zx?df of]

k|j[lQsf] gaLg÷tfhf k|df0f k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . n]vsn] j:t' pTkfbgdf dlxnfsf] lx:;fsf] k|+a[lQ

95

k|lalwut cj:yf jf >ldssf] pTkfbsTj Ifdtf / pTkfbg k'FhLsf] tLa|tf;+u k|jn ?kdf

;DalGwt 5g\ eGg] kQf nufPsf 5g\ . o;sf] dtnj dlxnfx?nfO{ sd pTkfbsTj ;DaGwL

sfdsf] nflu 5flgG5 / b]zx?n] pgLx?sf] pTkfbg If]qnfO{ :t/a[l4 ub}{ hfFbf / >ldssf]

pTkfbsTj Ifdtf a9\b} hfFbf /f]huf/Ldf dlxnfsf] lx:;f 36]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . n]vsåon] ;g\

!(*% b]lv @))& ;Dd blIf0f k"jL{ Plzofdf o:tf] cj:yf /x]sf] tyf ToxL cjlwdf Nofl6g

cd]l/sfdf To;sf] ljkl/t k|a[lQ b]lvPsf] lyof] eGg] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf

>ldssf] pTkfbg Ifdtf / pTkfbgsf] k"hLut tLa|tf 36\bf /f]huf/Ldf dlxnfsf] lx:;f a9]sf]

kfOof] . of] cjlwdf b'O{6} If]qdf lzIffsf] b[li6sf]0fn] dlxnfn] pTs[i6 pknlJw u/] . To;}n] k'?if

/ dlxnfaLrsf] ;Lk bIftfsf] leGgtf k|fljlws kl/jt{gnfO{ defeminization ;+u hf]8\g] -

;+of]hg ug]{_ d"n sf/0f x'g ;Sb}g . ;dfh JofKt n}lËs d"No dfGotf / ?9Lu|:t ljrf/sf

sf/0f dlxnfnfO{ sd ;Lko'Qm / Go"g d"No clej[l4 x'g] n}lËs ;'xfpbf] lqmofsnfk÷sfddf

juL{s/0f u/]sf] s'/fdf n]vsn] hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ .

w]/} ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?df lzIffdf /x]sf] n}lËs ljifdtf k|fylds txsf] lzIffdf tLa| ?kdf /

dfWoflds txdf s]xL sd dfqfdf 36]sf] 5 . t/ 5fqfn] ljBfno lar}df 5f8\g] b/ / 5fqf

lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ eg] ;d:ofs} ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . clxn] dlxnfx? lzlIft ePsf] kfOP klg

pgLx?nfO{ sfd s} qmddf tflnd pknJw gx'g', bIftf clea[l4sf] cj;/ sd x'g]

If]qdf÷sfddf /flvg' / k|fljlws tyf Joj;flos k|lzIf0f sfo{qmddf n}lËs juL{s/0f h:tf

sf/0fn] ubf{ pgLx?df sfdsf] nflu rflxg] lglZrt ;Lk gx'g ;S5g\ . gLltut ?kdf of]

;d:ofnfO{ ljleGg pkfoåf/f ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 . klxnf] pkfodf ;DalGwt ;/sf/L lgsfox?

-h:t}, lgof{t k|zf]wg If]q_ n] pRr ;Lko'Qm lqmofsnfk ;DaGwL tflnddf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf

clgjfo{ ug]{ ;+:yfnfO{ cfly{s ;xfotf jf ;x'lnot k|bfg ug]{ xf] . bf];|f] pkfodf ;/sf/n] egf{

gLlt / k|fljlws k|lzIf0f sfo{qmddf n}lËs k"jf{u|x x6fpg tyf k/Dk/fut ?kdf k'?ifsf] ar{Zj

/x]sf k]zf÷Joj;fodf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf k|j4{g ug{sf] nflu sbd rfNg ;S5g\ -t]hfgL,

@)!!_ .

@=@= Hofnfsf] c;/#@

cf}iftdf dlxnfs]f >dnfO{ k'?ifsf] eGbf sd k'/:s[t x'g] ub{5 . tYofÍ pknJw ePs]f

xb;'Dd of] s'/f ;a} b]zsf] nflu ;To 5 . s]xL d'n'sdf ;doqmddf n}lËs Hofnfsf] c;dfgtf

96

36] klg ljZje/ k'?ifsf] eGbf dlxnfsf] cf}ift Hofnf lsg sd x'G5 eGg] b'O{j6f d'Vo sf/0f

/x]sf 5g\## . klxnf] t k'?ifnfO{ kl/jf/sf] d'Vo sdfpg] JolQm tyf dlxnfnfO{ ;xfos

sfdbf/sf] ?kdf kl/lrt u/fpg] d"No dfGotf nufot n}lËs lae]bsf] sf/0f ;dfg

d"No÷Hofnfsf] sfddf klg dlxnfnfO{ k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf sd Hofnf kfpF5g\ .#$ bf]>f], ;dfhdf

h/f uf8]/ a;]sf] d"No dfGotf / dlxnfsf] Ifdtf tyf pgLx?sf] nflu …pko'QmÚ sfd eGg]

?9LafbL ;f]rfOsf] sf/0f dlxnfx? gl;{ª / lzIf0f k]zf tyf sk8f, tof/L kf]zfs / ljB'tLo

;fdfg pTkfbg h:tf >dd"ns dlxnfsf] nflu pko'Qm 7flgg] sfddf a9L ;+Vofdf ;+nUg

u/fpg] k|a[lQ xf] . o:tf] juL{s/0fn] k'?ifsf] bfFhf]df dlxnfsf] HofnfnfO{ tn ws]Ng] bjfj l;h{gf

ub{5 / pgLx?sf] cf}ift cfonfO{ 36fpF5 . o;/L n}lËs Hofnfdf km/s kb{5 . o; cltl/Qm s'g

sfd ;Lko'Qm / s'g sd ;Lko'Qm eGg] ts{ cfk}mdf ljjfbf:kb eP klg oL sfdx?nfO{ sd

;Lkd"ns sfdsf] ?kdf lnOg] x'gfn] :jtM sd tna cfsif{0f x'G5 .

s]xL ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf a[xb Jofkf/ ;dfof]hgsf] sf/0f j]tg ;lxtsf] /f]huf/Ldf

dlxnfsf] kx'Frdf a[l4 ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 t/ pgLx?sf] cfosf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 t < s]

dlxnfnfO{ pknJw a}slNks sfdsf] bfFhf]df Jofkf/ ;DaGwL sfd -/f]huf/L_ n] pgLx?nfO{ a9L

Hofnf pknJw u/fPsf] 5 t < s] Jofkf/ ;DaGwL /f]huf/Ln] n}lËs Hofnfsf] ljifdtfnfO{

36fpg of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 t <

@=@=!= ;}4flGts ck]Iff

ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?df dlxnf / k'?if aLr x'g] tnasf] leGgtfdf Jofkf/n] kfg]{ k|efjsf]

af/]df :t/Lo (standard) cfw'lgs pkfud -k4lt_ n] leGg leGg cg'dfg k|:t't u/]sf 5g\

.

@=@=!=!=:t/Lo -;j{dfGo_ l;4fGt

gj zf:qLo cfly{s l;4fGt leq Jofkf/ lj:tf/sf] n}lËs ;dfgtf ;DaGwL k|efjsf

af/]df b'O{j6f ts{ cufl8 ;fl/Psf 5g\ M dfgs Jofkf/ l;4fGt -x]S;rf/–

cf]xlng–:6f]nk/–:ofd'cn;g jf Hoss theorem -k|d]o_ / Uof/L a]s/sf] >d ahf/sf] lae]b

;DaGwL l;4fGt -as]/ !(%(_ . cl3Nnf] v08df k|:t't ul/P adf]lhd Hoss cg';f/

ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?df Jofkf/ lj:tf/n] t'ngfTds ?kn] kof{Kt, Go"g :ko'Qm >ldssf] dfu

97

a9fpg] tyf sfdbf/ ;d"xaLr Hofnfsf] lje]bnfO{ sd ug]{ ck]Iff ul/G5 .#% dlxnfx?sf] sd

;Lk rflxg] /f]huf/Ldf / k'?ifx?sf] pRr ;Lk cfjZos kg]{ /f]huf/Ldf ar{:j /x]sf] xb;Dd of]

l;4fGtn] k'?ifsf] ;Lko'Qm /f]huf/Lsf] t'ngfdf sd bIftf÷;Lk rflxg] /f]huf/Ldf dlxnf

sfdbf/sf] Hofnf a9\g] eljiojf0fL u/]sf] 5 / o;/L n}lËs Hofnf ljifdtf 36\g] pNn]v 5 .

Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn] ljleGg k|sf/sf sfdbf/sf] nflu lg/k]If dfunfO{ k|efj kf/]/ dfq

geP/ lje]bk"0f{ cEof;÷k|rngnfO{ klg k|efj kf/]/ Hofnf ;DaGwL lje]bnfO{ c;/ ug{ ;S5 .

a]s/sf] l;4fGt -!(%(_ nfO{ v'nf cy{ Joj:yfsf] ;Gbe{df k'gM JofVof ug]{ qmddf s]xL ljåfg -

h:t} ANofs / a|]g8{, @))$_ x?n] pbf/Ls/0fn] k|lt:kwf{Tds bjfj l;h{gf ub{5 h;n] ubf{

/f]huf/bftfx?n] dlxnf la?4 lje]b nufot cGo e]befj ug]{ ;Defjgf 36fpF5 eGg] ts{ u/]sf

5g\ . of] l;4fGtdf dlxnf sfdbf/ k'?if hlQs} bIf / ;Lko'Qm÷pTkfbgzLn Ifdtfsf 5g\ eGg]

cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgn] k'?if sfdbf/nfO{ pgLx?sf] lnËsf] cfwf/df æHofnf

kfl/tf]lifs (Premium)" jf >dsf] Go"gtd pTkfbg eGbf a9L Hofnf lbG5g\; oxfF lje]bnfO{

k|lti7fgsf] nflu nfe eGbf klg 3f6f -d"No_ sf] ?kdf kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 . cfoft

k|lt:kwf{sf] sf/0f s]Gb|Ls[t pBf]u -jf o:tf pBf]u hxfF yf]/} 7"nf ;+:yfn] ahf/sf] 7"nf] k|ltzt

cf]u6]sf x'G5g\_ x?n] k'?ifx?nfO{ k|bfg ug]{ Hofnf kfl/tf]lifsdf s6f}tL ug]{ cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .

o;n] ubf{ n}lËs Hofnf leGgtfnfO{ sd ug]{5 .

@=@=!=@= cfw'lgs -leGg÷ljkl/t÷km/s wf/sf]_ b[lif6sf]0f

cfw'lgs ljkl/t b[li6sf]0f cg';f/ k|lt:kwf{Tds cy{tGq cg'?k e]befj Jofks x'G5 -

pbfx/0fsf] nflu 8fl/6L, !(*(; 8fl/6L / ljlnoD;, !(*% x]g'{xf];\+_ . of] l;4fGt cg';f/ Hofnf

>ldssf] t'ngfTds ;f}bfafhL ug]{ Ifdtf cg';f/ lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . >ldssf] t'ngfTds

;f}bfafhL ug]{ Ifdtf >ldssf] bIftf / sfdsf] ljz]iftfn] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . /f]huf/Lsf] dof{bfqmd

/ a]/f]huf/Lsf] hf]lvdsf] ;Gbe{df >ldssf] lglZrt ;d"xx? cg's"n /f]huf/Lsf cj:yfsf] nflu

;f}bfafhL ug{ / To:tf] jftfj/0f sfod /fVg ;Sg] l:yltdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgn]

sd ;f}bfafhL ug]{ Ifdtf ePsf] >dzlQmnfO{ sd Hofnfdf sfddf nufP/ a9L bIftf ePsf

sfdbf/sf] ;fgf] ;d"xnfO{ w]/} Hofnf lbg'df kmfObf bf]Vg ;S5g\ . csf]{tk{m ha lgof{t lj:tf/

x'G5 dlxnfx?n] /f]huf/Ldf a[l4 cg'ej ug{ ;S5g\ t/ Hofnfsf] lje]bdf sdL cfPsf] dxz';

98

gug{ ;S5g\ lsgls of] gfkmf a[l4 ug]{ /f]huf/bftfn] hfgfhfg cjnDjg u/]sf] /0fgLlt klg x'g

;S5 .

cfoft lj:tf/sf] ;Gbe{df eg] cfoft k|lt:kwL{ pBf]usf >lds aLr /f]huf/Lsf]

k|lt:kwf{sf] sf/0f jl/i7tf, bIftf jf /f]huf/Lsf] If]qsf] b[li6sf]0fjf6 sdhf]/ cj:yfdf ePsf

sfdbf/sf] Hofnfdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf dlxnf >ldsx? /f]huf/L u'Dg]

hf]lvddf al9/x]sf x'G5g\ . ;f/f+zdf, km/s wf/sf] b[li6sf]0fn] >lds / /f]huf/bftfsf ;fy}

ljleGg >lds aLrsf] c;dfg zlQm dfly a9L Wofg s]lGb|t u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;sf/0f of]

l;4fGt dlxnf sfdbf/n] gofF /f]huf/Ldf kx'Fr k|fKt u/] klg n}lËs Hofnf c;dfgtf 36\g]

;Defjgf k|lt sd} cfzfjfbL b]lvG5 .

@=@=@= pknJw k|df0f

dlxnfsf] t'ngfTds Hofnfdf Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn] kfg]{ k|efj ;DaGwL ljifodf k|sfz kfg]{ w]/}

cWoog ePsf 5g\ . tL cWoogsf glthf cWoog ul/Psf] b]z / If]q cg';f/ km/s /x]sf 5g\ .

Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fjf6 clxnf / k'?ifsf] Hofnfdf ePsf] kl/jt{g ;DaGwL k|df0f b'n{e x'g'sf

;fy} cf}krfl/s j:t' pTkfbg / yf]/} -d'Votof dWod cfo ePsf_ b]zdf l;dLt /x]sf] 5 .

pknJw tYofÍdf k|foM cgf}krfl/s If]q / cf}krfl/s If]qs]f klg ;fgf Joj;fo 5'6]sf] x'G5g\ .

w]/} h;f] dlxnfx? oL If]qdf sfd ug]{ ub{5g\ . o;/L pTkfbg If]qsf] s]xL ck"/f] lrq oL

cWoogdf b]lvG5 -kmf]G6fgf, @))&_ . Hofnf ;DaGwL hfgsf/L kl/efiffsf] leGgtfsf] sf/0f

ljleGg cjlw / b]zsf] ;Gbe{df t'ngf ug{ gldNg] vfn]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu s]xL

;j]{If0fx?n] b}lgs Hofnf k|of]u u5{g\ eg] cGon] dfl;s jf aflif{s Hofnfsf] cfFs8f k|of]u u/]sf

5g\ . ljleGg cWoogn] cy{tGq jf Joj;fosf lfjleGg If]qdf k|rlnt Hofnfsf] k|of]u ug]{

ub{5g\ / k|foMh;f] dlxnf / k'?if sfdbf/sf] Hofnf ;DaGwL tYofÍ bIftfsf] :t/ cg';f/

juL{s/0f ul/Psf] kfOb}g . ;du|df, dlxnfnfO{ /f]huf/L k|bfg ug]{ lgof{tdf tLa| a[l4 eP tfklg

n}lËs Hofnf leGgtf ce}m klg w]/} b]zx?df 7"nf] /x]sf] kfOG5 . of] 7"nf] Hofnf ljifdtfnfO{

leGg leGg k|sf/n] JofVof ul/Psf] 5 -kmf]G6fgf, @))&_ .

99

@=@=@=!= Jofkf/ ;DaGwL dlxnf Hofnfs]f k|a[lQ

Aofkf/;+u n}lËs Hofnf leGgtfnfO{ hf]8]/ ul/Psf cg'ejdf cfwfl/t b'O{j6f lj:t[t

cWoognfO{ oxfF pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 . Pp6f cWoogn] dlxnfsf] Hofnf :t/ / ;doqmddf

To;sf] k|a[lQsf] ljZn]if0f u5{ eg] csf]{ cWoogn] k'?ifsf] Hofnfsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf] Hofnf jf

n}lËs Hofnf leGgtfsf] ljZn]if0f u5{ . s]xL cg';Gwfgn] s] b]vfpF5g\ eg] Hofnfsf] :t/ / u}/

Hofnf ;'ljwf (benefits) cy{tGqsf j}slNks /f]huf/Ldf eGbf lgof{t k|zf]wg If]qsf

pBf]udf /fd|f] /x]sf] 5 . o;af6 s] b]lvG5 eg] lgof{t k|zf]wg If]qaf6 kfOg] dfl;s cfo cfh{g

kl/jf/nfO{ :yfgLo ul/aLsf] /]vf dfly g} sfod ug{sf] nflu kof{Kt 5 -h:t} df8fef:s/sf]

nflu lUns / /pa8, @))^; / aËnfb]zsf] nflu sla/ / dxd'b, @))$_ .

oBlk dl/;;, d]lS;sf] / dWo cd]l/sfsf lgof{t k|zf]wg If]qsf] cWoogn] To;

ljkl/tsf] k|df0f k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . dl/;;df 7"nf lgof{t k|zf]wg If]qdf ;+rflnt Jofj;flos

k|lti7fgsf] jf:tljs dfl;s cfo 7"nf u}/–lgof{t k|zf]wg If]qdf cjl:yt k|lti7fgsf] cf}ift

cfo eGbf tn /x]sf] 5 . o; afx]s, ;g\ !(($–@))$ sf] cjlwdf lgof{t k|zf]wg If]qsf] cfo

/ u}/–lgof{t k|zf]wg If]qsf] cfosf] leGgtf km/flsnf] ePsf] kfOG5 -cf]6f]a], @))*_ To;}u/L

d]lS;sf] sf] …dlSjnfÚ -lgof{td'vL j:t' k|zf]wg÷h8fg sf/vfgf_ ;+rfngdf cfPsf] b'O{ bzs

cjlwdf ToxfFsf] Hofnfsf] k|j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] Ps cWoog cg';f/ lgof{t k|zf]wg If]qdf

sfd ug]{ >ldsx? :yfgLo >d ahf/df ;j}eGbf sd tnj ePsf sfdbf/dWo] cfpF5g\ -km;]n,

@)))_ . o;af6 s] b]lvG5 eg] …dlSjnf 8f]/fÚ sf /f]huf/bftfn] ;doqmddf cf}ift jf:tljs

Hofnf 36fP tyf /fd|f] ljsNk ePsf cGo dlxnf sfdbf/ eGbf ;f}bfafhL ug]{ sd Ifdtf ePsf

/ sd k9]sf kfsf] pd]/sf] ljjflxt dlxnfx?nfO{ sfddf nufpg yfn] .

oL leGg glthf oL cWoogdf Hofnf dfkg ug{ k|o'Qm km/s km/s tl/sfsf] kl/0ffd x'g

;S5g\ . oL cWoogn] w]/}h;f] dfl;s / aflif{s cfFs8fsf] k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . 306fsf] cfwf/df

sfdsf] cjlwnfO{ Wofgdf g/fvL lgof{thGo If]q / cGo If]qsf] t'ngfdf dfl;s / aflif{s

Hofnfsf] k|of]un] cGo /f]huf/Lsf] bfFhf]df lgof{t k|zf]wg If]qnfO{ k|fKt ;'ljwfnfO{ a9fO{ r9fO{

ug]{ ;+efjgf /xG5 lsgls lgof{t k|zf]wg If]qdf w]/} 306f / cTolws ;do a9L ;do sfd

100

u/fpg] k|a[lQ Jofks dfqfdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . cfbz{ ?kdf cWoogdf k|lt 306f HofnfnfO{ :t/Lo

cEof;sf] ?kdf k|of]u ug'{ k5{ t/ o:tf] k|sf/sf] tYofÍ lj/n} pknAw 5 .

aS; # M Hofnfsf] dfkg s;/L ul/G5 <

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g (ILO) n] kl/eflift u/] cg';f/ …HofnfÚ eGgfn] sfd u/]sf]

lglZrt ;do cjlwsf ;fy} tnj ;lxtsf] aflif{s labf / la/fdL labfsf] sfd gu/]sf] cjlwdf

;d]t sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] v'b hDdf kfl/>ldsnfO{ hgfpF5 . o;df sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] lgoldt eQf

(bonus) klg kb{5 . j]tg ;lxtsf] /f]huf/Ldf sfd ug]{ lgoldt sd{rf/L, 5f]6f] cjlwsf]

/f]huf/Ldf sfd ug]{ sfdbf/, cgf}krfl/s sfdbf/, k6s] sfdbf/, df};dL sfdbf/ / cGo ju{sf

sfdbf/ sd{rf/L cGtu{t kb{5g\ . k|rng÷cEof;df÷Jojxf/df ljz]if u/L Go"g cfo ePsf

b]zdf ;+sng ul/Psf Hofnf ;DaGwL tYofÍn] dfly pNn]lvt ;j} ju{nfO{ k"0f{ ?kn] k|ltlalDat

ub}{gg\ .

Hofnf eGgfn] ;a} sd{rf/LnfO{ hgfpg ;S5 . h'g cj:yfdf xfdL ltgnfO{ …cy{tGq

JofkL HofnfÚ eG5f} jf sd{rf/Lsf] s'g} pk;d"x, h:t}– pTkfbg If]qsf sd{rf/L jf k"/f ;do

sfd ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ klg hgfpg ;S5 . cy{tGqJofkL Hofnfdf n}lËs leGgtf ljleGg k|efjsf]

kl/0ffd :j?k cfpg ;S5g\, h:t}M– æIf]qut /f]huf/L k|efjÆ . If]qut /f]huf/L k+|efjn] sd

j]tg ePs]f sfddf k'?if egbf dlxnf a9L ;+Vofdf sfo{/t x'G5g\ feGg] tYo k|ltlalDat ub{5 .

To:t} ædlxnf Hofnf k|efjÆ eGgfn] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf e]befjsf] kl/0ffd :j?k s'g} If]qdf

n}lËs j]tgsf] leGgtfnfO{ bzf{pF5 . w]/} b]zx?df dlxnf t'ngfTds ?kdf sd tna ;'ljwf

ePsf] yf]/} sfddf y'lk|g] tYo klg e]befjsf] Ps :j?k xf] .

Hofnf ;DaGwL tYofÍ k|foMh;f] dfl;s cfwf/df pknJw 5g\ t/ Ps dlxgfdf dlxnf /

k'?ifn] u/]sf] sfo{ 306fsf] dfqf w]/} km/s kg{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] 306fsf] cfwf/df tYofÍ lng'

pko'Qm x'G5 . h:t} w]/} ljsl;t b]zdf k'?if eGbf a9L ;+Vofdf dlxnfn] cf+lzs ;do sfd ug]{

ub{5g\ .

æsf]/f n}lËs Hofnf leGgtfÆ n] sfdsf] cjlw / lzIffsf] jf sfdbf/sf] cGo JolQmut

u'0fsf] cfwf/df dfkg u/] h:tf] pTkfbsTjnfO{ lgoGq0f ub}{g . of] sdhf]/LnfO{ k|foM cfnf]rgf

ul/P klg sf]/f Hofnfsf] ljifdtf bfFHg'sf] d'Vo p2]Zo /f]huf/bftfn] sd{rf/LnfO{ Gofof]lrt

101

tnjf eQf pknJw u/fPsf 5g\ jf 5}gg\ eGg] d"NofÍg ug]{ geO{ >d ahf/df cfpg' k"j{ lzIff

/ tflnddf ePsf] e]befj jf sfdsf] juL{s/0f jf Hofnfsf] c;dfgtf dfk{mt >d ahf/ leqsf]

e]befj dfk{mt j}tlgs >ddf n}lËs ;dfgtfdf ;+/rgfTds cj/f]wsf] cg'dfg ug{sf] nflu xf] .

of] PsfO{sf] v08 @=@=@= df ;dLIff ul/Psf] w]/} cWoogn] jf:tjdf pTkfbsTjsf] nflu

lgoGq0f /fV5g\ . oL cWoogn] ækl/lzi6 n}lËs Hofnf leGgtfÆ sf] k|of]u u5{g\ . kl/lzi6 n}lËs

Hofnf leGgtf Hofnf leGgtfsf] Tof] c+z xf] h'g dlxnf / k'?if >lds aLrsf] z}lIfs / sfo{

cg'ej ljz]iftfsf] leGgtfnfO{ larf/ ubf{ klg c:ki6 /xG5 . oL cWoogn] æckl/efliftÆ n}lsË

Hofnf leGgtf k|of]u u5{g\ lsgls pgLx?sf] ?rL Jofkf/;+u ;DalGwt ;+efJo k|ToIf cfodf x'g]

e]befjnfO{ dfkg ug'{ xf] .

n}lËs Hofnf leGgtf ;DaGwL ljifoaf/] dfkg ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0fsf] nflu PsfO{ !

sf] v08 # klg x]g{ ;Sg' x'g]5 .

;|f]tM ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ngsf] ;lrjfno .

@=@=@=@= Jofkf/ ;DalGwt n}lËs Hofnf leGgtfsf] k|a[lQ

n}lËs Hofnf leGgtfsf] ljZn]if0f ;DaGwdf w]/}h;f] pknJw cWoogn] a]s/sf] k|d]o

(hyupothesis) -v08 @=@=!=!= df pNn]v ul/Psf]_ nfO{ cWoog u/]sf] kfOG5 / Jofkf/

k|lt:kwf{n] n}lËs Hofnf leGgtfnfO{ sd u5{ eGg] ts{sf] kIfdf ;+k'li6 e]l6b}g . ;g\

!(*#–!((( ;Ddsf] cjlwdf !^! j6fg lj:t[t k]zf Joj;fo / *# j6f b]z n}lËs Hofnf

leGgtfsf] af/]df ul/Psf] cGt/b]zLo ljZn]if0f -p:6]g8k{, @))(_ df Go"g / cNk dWod cfo

ePsf b]zdf Jofkf/ lj:tf/;+u} n}lËs leGgtf 36]sf] eGg] s'g} k|df0f b]lvPg . o; ;DaGwL s]xL

k|df0f pRr cfo ePsf cy{tGqdf dfq kfOPsf] 5 .

a]s/s]f l;4fGts]f vnf cy{tGq kIfsf] k/LIf0f ug]{ cWoogx? dWo] klxnf] cWoogn]

;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf ;g\ !(&^-!((# sf] cjlwdf sd k|lt:kwf{Tds pTkfbg pBf]ux?df

cfoft lj:tf/n] jf:tjdf n}lËs Hofnf ;DaGwL lje]b 36fpg of]fubfg u/]sf] kQf nufPsf] 5 -

ANofs / a|]g8{, @))$_ . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf ;f] cjlwdf cjlzi6 pTkfbg n}lËs Hofnf

lae]bdf cfPsf] x|f; jf:tjdf dlxnf k|ltsf] e]befjdf ePsf] sdLn] eGbf klg dlxnf >d

102

zlQmsf] agfj6df cfPs]f kl/jt{gn] ubf{ ePsf] lyof] eGg] tYo k|:t't u/]/ of] lgisif{nfO{

r'gf}tL lbOPsf] 5 -sf]Guf/, @))%_ . csf]{ zJbdf eGg] xf] eg] s]Gb|Ls[t÷;f3g pBf]udf k'?if

Hofnfsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf] cf}ift Hofnfdf ePsf] a[l4 dlxnf k|lt Hofnfdf x'g] lae]bdf cfPsf]

sdLsf sf/0f geO{ Go"g ;Lk ePsf dlxnfsf] To:tf pBf]u÷Joj;fojf6 alxu{dgsf sf/0f

ePsf] xf] . o;f ljkl/t k|lt:kwf{Tds pBf]udf Go"g Hofnf pTkfbgsf k]zfdf dlxnfsf] lx:;fn]

y]Uof] eg] cf}ift dlxnfsf] Hofnf 36\g k'Uof] .

ljsf;f]fGd'v b]zx?;+u ;DalGwt cg';Gwfgn] k|foM a]s/sf] pksNkgf÷kl/sNkgf

(hypothesis) ljkl/tsf k|df0fx? b]vfPsf] 5 . rLgsf] tfOjfg k|fGtsf] ;Gbe{df ;g\

!(*) / !(() aLrsf] cjlwdf cfoft lj:tf/sf] a[l4nfO{ dlxnf sfdbf/ lj?4 Hofnfdf

e]befjsf] a[l4 l;t hf]fl8G5 -a]l/s / cGo, @))$_ . n]vsx?n] sk8f / ljB'tLo pks/0f

h:tf pTkfbgd"vL pBf]ujf6 dlxnf sfdbf/sf] c;dfg'kflts cjsf; (lay off) sf] kl/0ffd

:j?k cfoft lj:tf/n] n}lËs Hofnf lje]b÷leGgtfdf gsf/fTds c;/ kf¥of] o;n] ubf{ >d

ahf/df dlxnf >lds k|ltsf] e]befj x6fpg' kg]{ dfu /fVb} ;+:yfut k|lt/f]w klg z'? ePsf]

s'/fnfO{ klg pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

ef/tsf] xsdf a]s/sf] pksNkgf (hypothesis) ;g\ !(*# b]lv @))$ sf]

cjlwsf] nflu k/LIf0f ul/Psf] lyof] / o;jf6 s] yfxf eof] eg] ;g\ !((! b]lv ;f] b]zsf]

cf}Bf]lus / Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0f gLlt pTkfbgd"ns pBf]udf /x]sf] km/flsnf] n}lËs Hofnf

lje]b;+u ;DjlGwt /x]sf] 5 -d]gg / /f]8\h;{, @))(_ . d]lS;sf]df dfgj k'FhL ljz]iftfdf ePsf

leGgtfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]kl5 ;g\ !(*&–!((# sf] cjlwdf ;3g÷s]lGb|s[t pBf]udf cjlzi6

n}lËs Hofnf leGgtf 36\of] -cf6]{sf]gf / slgª\wd, @))@_ . tfklg b:tfj]hdf /x]sf kl/0ffdx?

tYofÍLo ?kdf pNn]Vo 5g\÷5}gg\ eGg] s'/fdf k|Zg p7]sf] kfOG5 . n]vsx?n] s] klg kfP eg]

Jofkf/df a9L 3'nldn x'Fb} hfFbf cy{tGq JofkL n}lËs Hofnf lae]b klg a9]sf] x'g] /x]5 .

dlxnf >ldssf] nflu k|jn dfu /x]sf k|d'v lgof{tstf{ b]zx?df ul/Psf cGo cWoogn]

s] s'/fsf] ;+s][t u/]sf 5g\ eg] n}lËs Hofnf leGgtfsf] e]befjk"0f{ c+z ;g\ !((% / @))%

aLrdf a9]sf] 5 .#^ pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf a+unfb]zdf f;g\ !(() df tof/L kf]zfs If]qdf k'?ifsf]

Hofnfsf] t'ngfdf dlxnf Hofnf ^^ k|ltztjf6 ;g\!((& df %) k|ltzt k'u]sf] kfOof] -kn

dh'dbf/ / a]ud, @)))_ . sfdbf/sf] bIftfnfO{ lgoGq0fdf /fv]/ lx;fj ubf{ k'?ifsf] bfFrf]df

103

dlxnfsf] Hofnfsf] cg'kft ;g\ !((!–!((% df (% k|ltzt /x]sf]df Tof] 36]/ ;g\ @))^ df &%

k|ltzt ;Dd 36]sf] kfOof] -e§frfo{ cflb, @))*_ . rLgdf klg n}lËs Hofnf leGgtfsf]

lae]bsf] c+z ;g\ !(() df km/flsnf]÷lj:tf/ ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 -d8//–kmflhof] cflb, !(((_ .

;+If]kdf, pknJw ;Lldt cg';Gwfgn] ljsf;zLn b]zdf n}lËs Hofnf leGgtf

(gender wage gap) ;fFw'l/g] qmd lwdf ultdf e}/x]sf] tk{m ;+s]t u/]sf 5g\ . dfly

pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf] lzIffdf sdLsf sf/0f pgLx? a9L tnj x'g]

/f]huf/Ldf k'Ug g;s]sf] eGg] ts{ xfn}sf jif{x?df dlxnfn] lzIffdf u/]sf] k|utLs]f ;Gbe{df

sdhf]/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . t/ Jofj;flos tflnddf ce}m dlxnfsf] ;Lldt kx'Fr /x]sf]n] To:tf]

ePsf] xf] eGg] ts{ Gofof]lrt x'g ;S5 . o;sf cltl/Qm bIftf n}lËs dfGotfjf6 5flgPsf /

lgwf{l/t x'G5g\, h:t} s'g} lglZrt sfdsf] nflu dlxnf pko'Qm x'G5g\ eg] csf]{ k|sf/sf] nflu

k'?if pko'Qm x'G5g\ eGg] ?9LjfbL ;f]rfO, tyf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] Ifdtfsf] af/]df /x]sf

cjwf/0ffsf sf/0f /f]huf/bftfsf] >lds egf{ ug]{ cEof;nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ s'/f . h:t} cf}Bf]lus

:t/f]Ggltsf] ;Gbe{df dlxnfx?n] cbIf sfddf pgLx?sf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ x6fpg g;s]sf x'g

;S5g\ tyf ;]jfd"ns cy{tGqs]f ;fk]lIfs a[l4;+u} dlxnfnfO{ n}lËs dfGotf cg';f/ dlxnfnfO{

:ofxf/–;';f/ ug]{ h:tf sd kfl/>lds ePsf k]zfsf nflu pko'Qm ePsf] xflgG5 -a]l/s, @)!_

.

ljs]Gb|Lt ljZjJofkL pTkfbgsf] ;Gbe{df ljb]zL nufgLstf{sf] a9\bf] cfjt hfjt tyf

ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf ePsf] Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0f kl5 x'g] ;DalGwt >lds clwsf/ sdhf]/ x'g]

h:tf cGo sf/0fx?n] klg dlxnf / k'?if sfdbf/aLr tnadfgdf cem a9L ;dfgtf x'gjf6

/f]sfj6 k'¥ofpgdf e"ldsf v]N5g\ .

aS; $M >ldssf ?kdf dlxnfdfly kg]{ Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf]

k|efjM ;f/f+z

Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn] dlxnfx?sf] /f]huf/L / Hofnfsf] 9fFrfnfO{

k|efljt u/]/ >ldssf] ?kdf dlxnfnfO{ k|efljt ub{5 .

/f]huf/L / Hofnfdf x'g] n}lËs leGgtfnfO{ Jofkf/n] s;/L

k|efj kf5{ eGg] af/]df dfgs / cfw'lgs km/s wf/sf b'j}

104

l;4fGtsf] cf–cfkm\g} JofVof–ljj/0f 5g\; t/ oL b'O{j6f

l;4fGt o:tf] k|efj kg]{ dfWod / lgisif{sf af/]df leGg wf/0ff

/fVb5g\ .

-s_ ;j{dfGo l;4fgt b[li6sf]0fdf d"No kl/jt{g g} ;dfof]hg

x'g] k|d'v dfWod xf] . t'ngfTds nfesf] cjwf/0ffsf] cfwf/df

Jofkf/sf] :t/Lo (standard) l;4fGt (Hoss)

pksNkgfn] ljsf;zLn b]zx?df kof{Kt dfqfdf Go"g bIf

>ldssf] pknJwtf / o:tf] >ldsjf6 t'ngfTds ?kdf

;:tf]df j:t' pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] tL b]zx? To:t}

vfnsf] j:t' pTkfbg / lgof{tdf ljlzi6Ls/0f xfl;n ug{

rfxG5g\ eGg] s'/ftk{m O{lËt ub{5 . Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0f ePkl5

ljZjJofkL ?kdf dfu a9\g' x'gfn] j:t'sf] d"No a9\g uO{

cfodf a[l4 x'G5 . ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?df k'?if sfdbf/sf]

t'ngfdf dlxnf sfdbf/sf] cf}ift bIftf sd x'G5 eGg] dfGg] xf]

eg] :t/Lo l;4fGt cg';f/ Jofkf/sf] kl/0ffd :j?k Jofkfl/s

k|lti7fgn] a9L dlxnf sfdbf/sf] dfu ub{5g\ . dlxnfsf] Hofnf

a9\b} hfFbf k'?ifsf] Hofnf 36\5 / o;sf] kl/0ffd :j?k n}lËs

Hofnf cGt/ ;fFw'l/G5 .

-v_ km/s wf/sf] b[li6sf]0fdf ljZn]if0fnfO{ xfFSg] cfwf/ eg]sf]

k|lt:kwL{ zlQm xf] . Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn] cGt/f{li6«o

k|lt:kwf{nfO{ tLa| jgfpF5 / k|lt:kwL{ Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgn]

cfkm\gf] cl:tTj arfO{ /fVg PsfO{ d"No 36fpg k|rlnt n}lËs

c;dfgtfdf a9L e/ kb{5g\ . kl/0ffd :j?k Jofkfl/s

k|lti7fgn] cem w]/} ;:tf]df dlxnf >ldssf] dfu u/] klg

:t/Lo -;j{dfGo_ l;4fGtn] eg] h:tf] o;n] dlxnfsf] Hofnf

a9\g' k5{ eGg] h?/L 5}g . k|lti7fgsf] k|lt:kwL{kg >dsf]

nfut sd sfod ug]{df s]lGb|t x'g] x'Fbf dlxnfsf] Hofnf a9\g

105

klg ;S5 jf ga9\g klg ;S5 . o; cltl/Qm dlxnfsf] >d

cfk"lt{ t'ngfTds ?kn] nrs g} x'G5 eGg] dfGg] xf] eg] n}lËs

Hofnf cGt/ a9\g] xf] jf 36\g], o;sf] af/]df cufl8 g}

k"jf{g'dfg ug{ ;ls+b}g .

ljleGg b]zsf] 36gf cWoogn] s] b]vfpF5 eg] sfdbf/sf] ?kdf

dlxnf dfly Jofkf/sf] k|efj cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] If]q cg';f/

km/s–km/s x'G5 . dlxnfx?n] /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/df ePsf] a[l4

dfk{mt >d d"ns pTkfbg If]qsf] Jofkf/jf6 ljz]if ?kn]

nfeflGjt ePsf 5g\ h;nfO{ …>dsf] dlxnf pGd'vLs/0fÚ gfd

lbOPsf] 5 . s[lif If]qdf Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] sf/0f k'?ifsf]

t'ngfdf dlxnfnfO{ /f]huf/Lsf sd cj;/ k|fKt 5g\ .

dlxnfx? sd d"No clea[l4 If]qsf sfddf s]lGb|t ePsf eP

klg ;]jf If]qsf] Jofkf/n] klg dlxnfsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/df

lj:tf/ u/]sf] 5 . oL ;j} If]qdf ePsf] k|utL cfoft–k|lt:kwL{

If]qsf sf/0f u'd]sf] /f]huf/Lsf] ;Gbe{df d"NofÍg ul/g' kb{5 .

o; afx]s dlxnf /f]huf/Ldf Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|efjaf/]

d"NofÍg ubf{ To;jf6 l;h{gf ePsf] sfdsf] :t/Lotf÷u'0f:t/

/ To;df JofKt n}lËs juL{s/0f klg dgg ug'{ kg]{ ;fGble{s

ljifo x'g\ .

;|f]tM ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng ;lrjfno

.

#= pTkfbssf] ?kdf dlxnf

/f]huf/Lsf] 9fFrf / cfosf] kl/jt{gsf] ;Gbe{df Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn] Hofnfbf/L sfdbf/sf]

?kdf dlxnf s;/L k|efljt x'G5g\ eGg] hfgsf/L xfl;n ul/;s]kl5 cj xfdL ls;fg dlxnf /

pTkfbg If]qsf ;fgf Joj;foL dfly o;sf] k|efjaf/] xfd|f] Wofg s]lGb|t ug]{5f} . w]/} dlxnfn]

106

lgof{thGo pTkfbgdf Hofnfbf/L sfdbf/sf] ?kdf /f]huf/L kfP klg dlxnf pTkfbsdf Jofkf/f

pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|efj cln km/s x'g] s'/f xfdL oxfF hfGg] 5f}+ .

#+=!= ;}4flGts ck]Iff

Hoss k|f?k cg';f/ Jokf/n] ;fk]lIfs ?kdf d"NonfO{ kl/jt{g ug]{ / k|To]s b]znfO{

klxn] eGbf cem bIf ?kn] pTkfbg ug{ tyf a9L ;fdfg pkef]u ug{ cu|;/ kfg]{ ePsf] sf/0f

tL b]zx? o;jf6 nfeflGjt x'G5g\ . dflg lnpF s'g} b'O{6f b]zn] b'O{j6f pTkfbgsf tTjx? ->d

/ k'FhL_ ePsf b'O{j6f j:t' pTkfbg u5{g\ . v'Nnf Jofkf/ Joj:yf cGtu{t s'g} klg b]zn] p;sf]

t'ngfTds nfe h'g j:t'df x'G5 Tof] j:t' jf p;+u h'g pTkfbgsf] tTj k|r"/ dfqfdf k|of]u ug{

;lsG5 ;f] j:t' pTkfbg ub{5 . Pjd\ k|sf/n] pTkfbs b]zsf] t'ngfTds nfe ePsf] j:t' - jf

lgof{td"ns j:t' _ sf] 3/]n' d"No a[l4 x'G5 lsgeg] :jtGq Jofkf/ cGtu{t ljb]zdf ;f] j:t'sf]

clws dfusf sf/0f o;sf] ljZjdf ;Gt'ng d"No a9\g hfG5 .#& pTkfbs -3/]n'_ b]zsf

lgof{tstf{ lj:tfl/t jhf/ / cfkm\gf pTkfbgn] kfpg] /fd|f] d"Nojf6 nfeflGjt x'G5g\ . To;}n]

olb dlxnf pTkfbsn] klg cfkm\gf pTkfbgx? lgof{t ug]{ cj;/ kfPdf nfeflGjt x'g ;Sg]

;+efjgf /xG5 .

3/]n' pTkfbs dfly nfUg] cfoft eG;f/ z'NsnfO{ x6fpFbf kg]{ c;/ xfdLn] ljrf/ ug'{kg]{

csf]{ ljifo xf] . eG;f/ z'Nsn] cfoftsf] dfu 36fpF5g\ / 3/]n' pTkfbsnfO{ cfk"lt{ a9fpg tyf

cGt/f{li6«o d"No eGbf a9L d"Nodf pQm j:t' a]Rg k|f]T;flxt ug]{ x'gfn] of] k|lqmofdf d"Nosf]

leGgtfnfO{ yk cfk"lt{n] u'0ff ubf{ cfpg] u'0fgkmn a/fa/sf] art÷hu]8f k|fKt x'G5 . :jtGq

Jofkf/ cGtu{t hj eG;f/ z'Ns x6fOG5g\ æpTkfbs artÆ u'Dg] ePsf]n] 3/]n' pTkfbsn]

/fhZj 36]sf] cg'ej ug]{5g\ .

cfoft k|lt:kwf{s]f sf/0f 3/]n' pTkfbs d"Nosf] lu/fj6;+u k|lt:kwf{ ug{ g;Sg] x'gfn]

s]xL pTkfbgd"ns ultljlwx? c;kmn x'G5g\ / ahf/jf6 k'/} lj:yflkt x'g k'U5g\ . s'g} If]qnfO{

lj:tf/ / s'g}nfO{ ;+s'lrt u/]/ Jofkf/n] pTkfbgsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ kl/jt{g ub{5 . o;/L Jofkf/

pbf/Ls/0fn] pNn]vgLo ;Gt'ng (adjustment) d"No÷nfut (cost) sf] l;h{gf ub{5 .

olb pTkfbgsf] cfwf/ ;fFw'/f] -l;dLt_ / lgof{t ;+efJotf sd 5 eg] oL ;Gt'ng d"No pRr

x'G5g\ . - a]lelUnof–hfDk]6L / 6«fg gUo'Pg, @))$_ .

107

#=@= pknJw k|df0f

#=@=!= s[lif

ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf w]/} dlxnfx? s[lif If]qdf y'lk|Psf x'G5g\ hxfF pgLx? ;fgf tyf

;LdfGt s[ifssf] ?kdf jf kfl/jfl/s v]tdf j]tg/lxt sfdbf/sf] ?kdf sfo{/t x'G5g\ .

dlxnfx? k|foMh;f] lgjf{xd'vL s[lifdf sfd u5{g\ / gLhL pkef]usf] nflu k|d'v vfBfGg jfnL

pTkfbg u5{g\ . ;fdfGotof w]/} ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf s[lif pTkfbsTj Go"g x'g] u5{ / of] If]qdf

cNk /f]huf/L jf a]/f]huf/L pRr /x]sf] 5 . s[lifdf Jofkf/ gLltsf] n}lËs k|efjsf] af/]df

cWoog ubf{ Psflt/ lgjf{xd'vL k|d'v jfnL pTkfbg c+z / csf]{tk{m lgof{thGo gub] afnL

pTkfbgaLr leGgtf 5'6\ofpg' cfjZos x'G5 .

#=@=!=!= lgjf{xd'vL k|d'v vfBfGg afnL pTkfbg

cfoft lj:tf/ / lgjf{xd'vL If]qsf] æcfw'flgsLs/0fÆ ;+u ;DalGwt b'O{j6f kms/ Jofkf/ gLltut

ljifo 5g\ .

-s_ cfoft k|j]z (penetration)

Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] sf/0f ;:tf] vfnsf vfB ;fdu|Lsf] cfoftn] s[lif pkhsf] 3/]n'

d"No / dlxnfsf] o; If]qsf] Go"g cfonfO{ 36fpg ;S5 . s[lifdf ;+nUg dlxnf dWo] Ps–ltxfO{

eGbf a9L dlxnf wfg v]tLdf ePsf] lkmlnlkG;df o:tf] l:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . ;g\ @))! / @))%

aLrsf] cjlwdf lkmlnlkG;df z'? ul/Psf] wfg ahf/sf] pbf/Ls/0fsf] sf/0f ToxfF wfgsf] 3/]n'

d"Nodf x|f; cfpgfsf] ;fy} wfgsf] d"No >[+vnfsf dlxnf / k'?if ;fgf ls;fgsf] cfodf sdL

cfof] -;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng, @))*_ . vfB ;'/Iff / ul/a kl/jf/sf]

hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ jfnLsf] nflu z'Ns (tariff) ;'/IffnfO{ oxfF gLltut ;fwgsf]

?kdf k|of]fu ug{ ;lsG5 t/ ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g lgod;+u To;sf] tfbfTDotfsf] af/]df ce}m

sfd ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . o; qmddf s] s'/fdf hf]8 lbg' k5{ eg] w]/}h;f] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf

s[lifhGo j:t'sf] xsdf afWosf/L (bound) / nfu' ul/Psf] ;x'lnot k|fKt /fi6«sf] b/sf] cGt/

clns a9L x'G5 .#* o;n] ubf{ 3/]n' k|d'v vfBfGg jfnLsf] pTkfbgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ ;Ldfdf

/Iffsf] ;dfof]hg ug{df pNn]Vo v's'nf]kg / ;xhtf l;h{gf x'G5 . t/ If]qLo ;Demf}tfsf sf/0f

108

cfoft z'NsnfO{ cfkm\gf] OR5f jdf]lhd lgoGq0f÷(manipulate) ug{df cj/f]w cfpg ;S5g\

.#( pTkfbgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{sf] nflu 3/]n' ;xfotf pkfox?nfO{ klg ;lqmotfsf;fy k|of]u ug{

;lsG5 . To:tf pkfodWo] Go'gtd ;Ldfleq (de minimis threshold) dfq eP klg d"No

;xfotf÷6]jf kb{5g\ .$) cNksfnLg ;dfwfg eP tfklg tyf ;DalGwt pTkfbssf] a}slNks

lhjLsf]kfh{gs]f k|ZgnfO{ ;Daf]wg gug]{ eP tfklg Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] sf/0f …3f6f Joxfg]]g'{

k/]sfÚ x?sf] nflu Ifltk"lt{sf] af/]df klg ljrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

;:tf] cfoftn] s'g xb;Dd 3/]n' d'Vo vfBfGg pTkfbg lj:yflkt x'g hfG5 eGg] d"nfÍg

ubf{ k|lt:kwf{jf6 :yfgLo ahf/ slt dfqfdf ;'/lIft 5 eGg] klg Wofgdf /fVg' dxTjk"0f{ 5 .

oftfoft / Jofkf/ aGbf]j:tL ;fdu|L nufotsf] cj:yf /fd|f] 5}g eg] sf/f]jf/sf] d"No a[l4 x'g

hfG5 / b'u{d ahf/nfO{ Jofkf/ kx'Frjf6 ljd'v /fV5 . ?jfG8fsf] b[i6fGt lng] xf] eg] w]/}h;f]

vfBfGg cfoft lsufnL -/fhwfgL_ / s]xL yf]/} zx/L If]qtk{m lgb]{lzt x'G5 eGg] b'u{d 7fpFsf

u|fdL0f ahf/df rfFlx lgjf{xd'vL ls;fgn] cfk"lt{ u/]sf x'G5g\ . t/ klg ;8s, ljB'tLs/0f,

lr:ofg s]Gb| h:tf If]qdf ;dGjofTds nufgfL dfk{mt o:tf k"jf{wf/ ;DaGwL cj/f]w b'|t ultdf

x6fOG5g\ . o;n] ubf{ u|fdL0f If]qdf cfoftsf] kx'Fr a9\g] ;Defjgf 5 -;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo Jofkf/

/ ljsf; ;Dd]ng, @)!$_ .

-v_ k/Dk/fut lgjf{xd'vL s[lif If]qsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f

w]/} j6f s[lif k|wfg ;dfhsf] bL3{sfnLg p2]Zo k|foM lgjf{xd'vL s[lifaf6

Jofj;flostftk{m pGd'v x'g', a[l4nfO{ sfod /fVg' / j:t' k|zf]wgsf] dfWodaf6 j:t'sf] d"No

clej[l4 ug'{ xf] h:t}, ?jfG8fsf] pbf/x0fdf lbOPsf] 5 . n}lËs s[li6sf]0fjf6, s[lifsf]

cfw'lgsLs/0f ubf{ pTkfbgsf] :j?k jf dfqfdf kl/jt{g x'G5÷x'Fb}g eGg] k|Zgx? p7\5g\– ;fgf]

cfsf/jf6 7"nf] cfsf/df jf >dd"nsjf6 k'FhLd"ns . Ifdtf -h:t}– u|fdL0f dlxnf kl/jf/

k|d'vsf] ;fIf/tfdf sdL_ / pTkfbgd"ns ;fwg;|f]tdf kx'Fr -e"ld, C0f cflb_ sf] b[li6sf]0fjf6

k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf u|fdL0f dlxnf t'ngfTds ?kdf ;'ljwfljxLg x'G5g\, pgLx?sf] nflu of]

kl/jt{gn] r'gf}tL yk ul/lbG5 . k/Dk/fut k|d'v vfBfGg jfnL pTkfbgsf] If]qdf n}lËs

;r]tgfd"ns cfw'lgsLs/0f k|Tofe"t ug{ ;lqmo pkfo ckgfpg' k5{ .

109

o;s]f ;fGble{s lfjifo e"ldsf] jx'pkof]u xf] . s[lif ;DaGwL cfw'lgsLs/0f of]hgfn]

ljz]if u/L e"ld ;'b[9Ls/0f / yf]/} k|fyldstf k|fKt jfnL -ljz]iftM ds}, ux'F / wfg h:tf

cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf Jofkf/ x'g] k|d'v vfBfGg jfnLx?_ v]tL ul/g] e"ldsf] lj:tf/s]f kl/sNkgf

u/]sf] x'G5g\ . o:tf] ubf{ kf}li6stfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] :yfgLo ?kdf pNn]vgLo ?kn] dxTjk"0f{ /

ljleGg ;Gbe{df ædlxnfÆ jfnL eg]/ lrlgg] æ;xfos jfnLÆ -sf;fdf h:tf sGbd'n / bnxg_

cf]e]mndf kg{ ;S5g\ . s[lif Joj;fo lj:tf/df klg ;dfg ;d:of b]lvG5 . y'k|} ljsf;f]Gd'v

b]zx?df ul/a ls;fgx?n] a9\bf] qmddf cfkm\gf] hldg jf v]tjf/L laqmL ug]{ jf kl/Tofu ug]{

k|j[lQsf sf/0f ljb]zL sDkgL nufot s]xL ;Lldt Jofj;flos k|lti7fgsf] :jfldTjdf

hUuf÷e"ldsf] ;+u|xLs/0f -y'lk|g]_ ;d:of b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lkmlnlkG;df 7"nf

u}/–k/Dk/fut s[lifhGo lgof{t Joj;fon] u|fdL0f s[ifs dlxnfnfO{ t'ngfTds ?kdf sd dlnnf]

e"lddf jf zx/ tyf ko{6sLo If]qdf lj:yflkt u/]sf] hxfF pgLx? 3/]n' sfdbf/ jf of}gsdL{sf]

?kdf sfd ug]{ Pp6f cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 - a]lelUnof–hfdk]§L / 6«f–u'OPg, @))$_ .

#=@=!=@= lgof{tsf] nflu gub] jfnL, u}/–k/Dk/fut If]qdf hf]8 -k|fyldstf_

lgof{tsf] nflu lj:tfl/t ahf/sf ;fy} pTkfbssf] ?kdf ljZjJofkL cfk"lt{ >[+vnfdf ;dfof]hg

x'g] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ ePsf]n] Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn] dlxnf ls;fgnfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpF5 .$! gofF

b]vf k/]sf k|j[lQn] s] s'/f tk{m OlËt u/]sf] 5 eg] ;fgf ls;fg, ;hf] clwsf+z dlxnf 5g\,

;d'b|kf/ ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ l:yltdf 5}gg\ . pgLx?n] e"ld hf]tkf]t k|0ffnL, k"jf{wf/sf] sdL,

shf{df ;Lldt kx'Fr / k|foMh;f] lgod sfg'g tyf pTkfbg dfkb08sf] kfngfsf] nflu cfjZos

k|fljlws ljz]if1tfsf] sdL;+u ;DalGwt sl7fgfO{sf]] ;fdgf ug'{ k5{ -kmf]G6fgf / Kofl;onf],

@))(_ . dlxnfx?n] pTkfbssf] ?kdf k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df kx'Fr k|fKt ug{df

yk r'gf}tL e]mNg' kg]{ tyf dlxnf Jofkf/Lx? :yfgLo ahf/df ;Lldt x'g'kg]{ k|df0f ;df]cf,

df]hflDas / cGo pk ;fxf/f clk|msL b]zx?df kfOG5 -sf/, @))$, a]lelUnof–hfdk]§L /

6«fg–u'OPg, @))$_ o;sf cltl/qm dlxnf pTkfbsn] ;/;kmfO{ dfkb08, Jofkf/df k|fljlws

cj/f]w / k"/f ug{ sl7gfO{ x'g] pTkfbg / k|lqmof ;DaGwL lgodx? h:tf ljleGg ahf/ kx'Fr

;DaGwL cK7\of/f Joxf]g'{ kb{5 -a]lelUnof–hfdk]§L / 6«fg–gu'OPg, @))$_ . lghL dfkb08

110

jf :j]lR5s n]alnË (labelling) ;DaGwL zt{x? h:tf ahf/f k|j]z ;DjlGwt cj/f]wsf] ;fdgf

fklg pgLx?n] ug'{ kb{5 . oL ahf/ kx'Fr / ahf/ k|j]z ;DaGwL cj/f]wx? lgjf/0f ug]{ dfq

xf]Og, oL cj/f]wnfO{ ;fdgf ug]{ k|fljlws lj1tf tyf k|lzIf0f klg dlxnf pTkfbsnfO{ cfjZos

kb{5g\ .

o;;+u ;DalGwt gofF 36gfqmddf ljz]if u/f]/f u}/–k/Dk/fut s[lifhGo lgof{tsf] If]qdf,

s/f/ -ef8fdf_ v]tL ug]{ / cGo k|sf/sf lgof{td"ns v]tL of]hgf 5g\ . o:tf k|sf/sf s/f/

v]tL cGtu{t ls;fgn] lglZrt s[lif pTkfbgsf] lgwf{l/t kl/0ffd / u'0f:t/ ;x;dlt ePsf]

;dodf cfk"lt{ ug{ ;xdt x'G5g\ eg] q]mtf -ljz]if u/]/ k|zf]wgstf{, Jofkf/L jf v'b|f >[+vnfsf

vl/bstf{_ n] vl/b ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm ub{5g\ . s'g} s'g} cj:yfdf q]mtfn] cfly{s jf cfk"lt{

nufgL k|bfg ub{5g\ / o;jf6 x'g cfpg] nfut clGtd ;fn tdfdL e''QmfgLjf6 s§f ul/G5 . oL

of]hgfsf] n}lËs kl|efj eg] ;/n 5}gg\ . Psftk{m yf]s q]mtf (off–takers) n] ;'k]/Lj]If0f /

;fe]mbf/ kIfsf] hf]lvd jfktsf] sf/f]jf/ d"No sd ug{sf] nflu Jofj;flos ls;fgjf6 ;fdfg

cfk"lt{ u5{g\ h;n] ubf{ ;LdfGt / sdhf]/ u|fdL0f ;fgf ls;fg hf] w]/}h;f] dlxnf x'G5g\, pgLx?

oL of]hgfjf6 ljd'v x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu dlxnf ls;fgx?n] s[lif k|zf]wg k|lti7fgjf6

lgof{thGo jfnL v]tLsf] nflu s/f/sf] yf]/} lx:;f dfq kfpF5g\ . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf

Ujf6]dfnfdf pgLx?n] s]jn # k|ltzt s/f/sf] lx:;f k|fKt u/] tyf s]Gofdf !) k|ltzt eGbf

sd lx:;f k|fKt u/] -sla/, @)!@_ . csf]{tk{m s]xL q]mtfn] pgLx?sf] k|lti7f (reputation)

jf bLuf]kgsf] ljifo bfpdf /x]df -ljz]if u/]/ pRr cfo pkef]Qmf ePsf b]zdf s'g} j:t'nfO{

…;fdflhs ?kdf lbuf]Ú j:t'sf] ?kdf laqmL x'g] cj:yfdf_ cfkm\gf] vl/b Joj:yfnfO{ dlxnfsf]

;xeflutf ;'lglZrt t'Nofpg] ls;djf6 lgwf{/0f ub{5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf q]mtfn] u|fdL0f

dlxnfsf] ;zlQms/0fsf] nflu dfWodsf] ?kdf sfd ub{5g\ . n}lËs dfGotf afx]s, s/f/ v]tL /

cGo k|f?ksf cfk"lt{ >[+vnfn] clt k/lge{/tf / kbsf] b'?kof]u ;DaGwL rf;f] pTkGg u/fpF5g\ .

:yfgLo lgsfo ;+nUg eP/ låkIfLo ;Demf}tfsf] lj:t[t zt{x?sf] …vfsfÚ tof/ u/]df oL

rf;f]nfO{ a9L k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] ubf{ ls;fg / yf]s q]mtf aLrsf]

låkIfLo s/f/gfdf ;DaGw kl/jt{g eP/ ls;fg, yf]s q]mtf / ;fj{hlgs If]q aLrsf] lqsf]0ffTds

;fj{hlgs gLhL ;fe]mbf/Lsf] :j?k u|x0f ub{5 .

111

oBlk dlxnf pTkfbsn] k|foM :yfgLo ;+3–;+u7g u7g u/]/ tyf plrt k+|fljlws /

cfly{s ;xfotf lnP/_ h:t} a'ls{gf kmf;f] ;sf/ ;fy} cGt/f{li6«o u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf ;+o'Qm

/\fi6« ;+3n] ToxfFsf l;of (Shea) afnL pTkfbg ug]{ dlxnf ls;fgnfO{ ;f] jfnLsf] pTkfbg

a9fpg] / pgLx?nfO{ lgof{t ahf/;+u hf]8\g] -;+of]hg ug]{_ ;DaGwL Pp6f kl/of]hgf ;'? u/] .

dlxnf l;of pTkfbs ;+3–;+:yfn] sfFrf] kmn eGbf cem a9L gfkmfd"ns l;of a6/ laqmL ug{

;xof]u k'Ug] pks/0f lsGgsf] nflu ;|f]tsf] hfxf] u/] . pgLx? ;kmntfk"j{s ljZj ahf/;Dd

hf]l8g k'u] . lgof{t u'0f:t/ dfkb08 kfngf ug{ / q]mtf;+u ;Dks{ :yflkt ug{ Jofkf/ d]nfdf

;xeflutf ;DaGwL lgoldt ?kn] k|fljlws tflnd kfO/x]sf 5g\ -;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 Jofkf/ tyf

ljsf; ;Dd]ng, @))*_ . o'uf08fdf dlxnfx?n] u}/ k/Dk/fut s[lif lgof{tsf] *) k|ltzt

pTkfbg ub{5g\ / cfkm\gf] Joj;fo lj:tf/ ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . pgLx?sf] e"–:jfldTj ePsf]

sf/0f shf{df kx'Fr /x]sf] 5 -/flG8«ofdf/f], @))%_ . dlxnfsf] ;DklQ clwsf/ / e"ld

clwsf/nfO{ ;'b[9 ug'{ kg]{ dxTjsf] af/]df o;n] k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 . ;xsf/L jf pTkfbs

;+u7g÷;d'xsf] u7g ubf{ ;fgf ls;fgnfO{ ljZj d"No >[+vnfdf kx'Fr kfpg ;xh x'g] ePsf]n]

k'?ifsf] k|e'Tj x'g] x'Fbf To:tf ;+3–;+u7gdf dlxnfsf] kx'Fr a[l4 ug'{ jf dlxnf pTkfbssf]

;+u7gnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ gLlt lgdf{tfxs?sf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ 5 -kmf]G6fgf / Kofl;onf], @))(_ .

cGTodf u|fdL0f dlxnfsf] ljZj cfk"lt{ >[+vnfdf k|efjsf/L ?kn] ;dfof]flht x'g] Ifdtf

lnËdf cfwfl/t lae]b / cK7\of/fx?sf] ;dfwfg ug{sf] nflu ;/sf/n] lnPsf] pkrf/fTds

sfo{sf ;fy} ;+ul7t >[+vnfsf yf]s q]mtfn] dlxnfjf6 cfk"lt{ ug]{ ;x'lnotdf e/ kb{5 .

#=@=@= j:t' pTkfbg

s[lif afx]s dlxnfx? ;fgf pTkfbs jf x:tsnf, tof/L kf]zfs, sk8f, vfB j:t' clfb pTkflbt

j:t'sf] 3/df cfwfl/t ;fgf Joj;foLsf] ?kdf klg ;+nUg /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf Joj;fox? ljz]if

u/L Go"g k'FhLsf] cfwf/, Go"g pTkfbgzLntf / k|foMh;f] u[x kl/;/df cjl:yt x'G5g\ . o;sf]

cy{ dlxnfåf/f ;+rflnt ;fgf Joj;fo cf}krfl/s / æk'FhL ;+u|xd"nsÆ eGbf klg w]/}h;f]

cgf}krfl/s / æhLjg lgjf{xd"nsÆ x'\G5g\ -sla/, @)!@_ . s[lifdf h:t} k'FhLdf, k|fljlws /

Jofj;flos tflnddf kx'Frdf sdL ahf/Ls/0f ;DaGwL bIftf / lzIffsf] sdL tyf Ps};fy

lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ :ofxf/ ;';f/ ;DaGwL ef/L sfd h:tf ;fgf Joj;fodf /x]sf lnËdf cfwfl/t

112

cK7\of/fx?sf] cy{ dlxnfx?n] ;~rfng u/]sf Joj;fo k|foM dGb ultdf a[l4 x'G5g\ /

;fdfGotof k'?ifn] ;~rfng u/]sf eGbf sd gfkmfd"ns x'G5g\ -sla/, @)!@_ .

Jofkf/ PsLs/0fn] Joj;fosf] k|foM ;j} kIfnfO{ abN5 / ;fgf pTkfbgstf{nfO{ ltgsf]

k|ljlwsf] :t/f]Gglt, pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 / ;:tf tyf k|+foM /fd|f] u'0f:t/sf cfofltt ;fdfg;+u

k|lt:kwf{ ug{sf] nflu bjfj l;h{gf ub{5 . ;fgf tyf demf}nf Joj;fon] cfkm\gf] :yfg agfPsf]

k/Dk/fut / :yfgLo ahf/df 7"nf /÷jf ljb]zL Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgn] cltqmd0f ug]{ x'gfn]

Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fnfO{ k|foM pBf]u ;'b[9Ls/0f / lj:tf/Ls/0f;+u hf]l8G5 -cfly{s ;xof]u /

ljsf;s]f nflu ;+u7g, @))$_ . oL cK7\of/fsf] sf/0f ljz]if u/]/ dlxnf Joj;foLn] pRr

k|lt:kwf{ ;fdgf ug{ ufx|f] dxz'; ub{5g\ / kl/0ffd :j?k lhjLsf]kfh{gdf x|f; cfPsf]÷Iflt

k'u]sf] cg'ej ub{5g\ h'g s'/f leotgfd -6'o6 dfO{, !((*_ / ;df]cf -ci6]«lnog ;xfotf,

@))*_ df kfOPsf] lyof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;fgf tyf demf}nf Joj;fosf] lglZrt ;fGble{stfsf

j:t'sf nflu Jofkf/ ;'/Iff k|bfg ug'{ Pp6f gLltut ljsNk x'g ;S5 . To:t} shf{df

;x'lnotk"0f{ zt{, k|fljlws ;xof]u / lgof{t cg'bfg nufot lglb{i6 If]q ;DaGwL cf}Bf]lus gLlt

dfk{mt klg ;fgf Joj;foLn] ;fdgf ug]{ s]xL ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 . Joj;foaf6

lj:yflkt pBf]uwGbfs]f xsdf To:tf pBf]fuwGbfsf dflnsnfO{ >d ahf/df sfdbf/sf] ?kdf

k'g:yf{kgf ug{sf] nflu k'gtf{huL sfo{qmdsf] cfjZostf x'g ;S5 .

csf]{tk{m Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn] dlxnf pBdL÷Joj;foLnfO{ gofF lgof{t ahf/df kx'Fr

lbnfP/ cfkm\gf] cfo a9fpg] cj;/ klg lbG5 . t/ dfly JofVof ul/Psf ltg} sf/0fn] ubf{

dlxnfsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf pBf]un] cfjZos k|fljlws / sfg'gL ljz]if1tf / cfkm\gf pTkfbg

k|+efjsf/L ?kdf ahf/df n}hfg] Ifdtf k|fKt ug]{ sd ;Defjgf /xG5 . To; ljkl/t cf}krfl/s

/ k'FhL ;+u|xd"ns Joj;fo÷pBdn] lgof{t ahf/sf] kmfO{bf lng] a9L ;Defjgf /xG5 .

s]xL d'n'sdf dlxnfsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf ;fgf tyf demf}nf cf}krfl/s If]qsf

pBf]uwGbfn] lgof{t ahf/df laqmL dfk{mt kmfO{bf p7fPsf 5g\ . h:t} s]Gofdf hxfF ljZjljBfno

lzIff xfl;n u/]sf, Joj;flos kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld ePsf, s]xL Joj:yfksLo ;Lk÷bIftfsf]

cg'ej ePsf / ;xof]uL >Ldfg\ ePsf dlxnfx? o:tf pBf]uwGbf / Joj;fo ;~rfng u/]sf

kfOG5g\ -:6]e]G;g / ;]G6 cGu], @))%_ . Olyof]lkofsf ljleGg pBf]usf dlxnf Joj;foLn]

cfkm\gf] Jofkfl/s÷Joj;flos lxt, cfkm\gf pTkfbgnfO{ k|j4{g ug{, Jofkf/ d]nfdf ;xefuL x'g,

113

cfkm\gf ;b:osf] Ifdtf clea[l4 ug{ / ;fwg;|f]t kl/rfng ug]{ p2]ZonfO{ cl3 a9fpg

;kmntfk"0f{ ?kn] lgof{t ;+3÷;+u7g :yfkgf u/]sf 5g\ -;f]nf]dg, @))*_ . t/ s[lifdf h:t}

cj:yf ePdf dlxnf pBdLsf] lgof{t cj;/jf6 nfeflGjt x'g] Ifdtf s]xL c+zdf k|lt:kwf{nfO{

a9fjf lbg] tyf pTkfbgzLntf, pTkfbgsf] kl/df0f / gofF ahf/df kx'Fr a9fpgsf] nflu

pgLx?n] k|fKt ug]{ gLltut ;xfotfdf lge{/ /xG5 . pbfx/0fsf] lglDt lj:tf/sf nflu sfo{d"ns

k'FhL (working capital) / ljQLo ;]jf pknJw u/fpg], dlxnf pBdLnfO{ q]mtfsf] ;+hfndf

kl/lrt u/fpg], Joj;fos]f Joj:yfkg / ahf/Ls/0f ;DaGwL ;Lksf] af/]df tflnd lbg] / ;fy}

pTkfbg dfkb08, n]jlnËsf cfjZostf, / Jofkf/ lgodn] ;fgf pBf]uwGbfsf] lgof{t Ifdtfdf

pNn]vgLo ?kn] clea[l4 ug{ ;S5g\ .

$= Jofkf/Lsf] ?kdf dlxnf

$=!= ;}4flGts ck]Iff

l;4fGttM dfly pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn] cfofltt j:t'sf] d"No

36fpg'sf ;fy} ltgsf] pknJwtf a9fpg] ck]Iff ul/G5 . :yfgLo / 3/]n' pTkfbgsf] Jofkf/ ug]{

dlxnfx?sf] nflu Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn] pgLx?s]f lhjLsf]kfh{gsf] cfwf/nfO{ lj:yflkt u/]/

cfodf sdL Nofpg ;S5 eg] cfofltt ;fdfg a]Rg] dlxnfx? nfeflGjt x'g] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5

. csf]{tk{m Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn] lgof{tstf{ / ;Defljt lgof{tstf{nfO{ gofF ahf/;Dd kx'Fr k|bfg

u/]/ cfkm\gf] j:t'sf] pko'Qm d"No k|fKt ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ug]{5 .

$=@= pknJw k|df0f

w]/} b]zx?df dlxnfx? ;8s Jofkf/L, v'b|f laq]mtf tyf ;fgf k;n]sf] ?kdf j:t' tyf

;]jfsf] v'b|f ljq]mtfsf] x}l;otdf ;]jf If]qdf y'lk|Psf kfOG5g\ . o:tf k]zf÷Joj;fo w]/}

cgf}krfl/s / c;'/lIft x'g'sf ;fy} sd lzlIft, s[lif Joj;fojf6 lj:yflkt jf j}slNks

/f]huf/L gkfPsf dlxnfnfO{ tTsfnLg ljsNksf] ?kdf ;xof]uL ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . Jofkf/

pbf/Ls/0fn] pgLx?n] laqmL ug]{ j:t'sf] d"No, pgLx?sf] kx'Frdf x'g ;Sg] ahf/ / cfonfO{

k|efljt ug{ ;S5 . To:tf b]zx? hxfF dlxnfn] :yfgLo ?kdf pTkfbg ul/Psf, k/Dk/fut /

cGo j:t'x? laqmL ug]{ ub{5g\ ToxfF ;:tf] cfoftn] pgLx?sf] cfo / lhjLsf]kfh{gdf x|f;

Nofpg tyf pgLx?sf] ahf/nfO{ ;+s'lrt kfg{ ;S5 . tyflk cfofltt ;:tf] ;fdfg o:tf

114

j:t'÷;fdfg lhljsfsf] nflu 3/]n' ahf/df laqmL ug]{ dlxnfsf] nflu lhjLsf]kfh{gsf] ;|f]t klg

x'g ;S5 . h:t} cª\uf]nfdf vlgh t]nsf] Jofkf/jf6 l;lh{t ;di6Lut cy{tGqdf cfPsf]

ljrng, ljkz]if u/L jf:tljs ljlgdo b/df ePsf] cTolws clwd"Nogn] dlxnf >dzlQm

pko'Qm cfo ;lxt vkt x'g ;Sg] s[lif / xn'sf j:t' pTkfbg pBf]ux? h:tf pTkfbgd"ns

ultljlwx?df >ldssf] cTolws rfk x'g] ePsf]n] ToxfFsf] zx/L If]qdf a;f]jf; ug]{ dlxnfx?n]

cgf}krfl/s ?kdf ;:tf] cfofltt j:t'÷;fdfgsf] Jofkf/ ug]{ ub{5g\ . s'g} s'g} cj:yfdf

dlxnfx?n] ;xsf/Lsf] klg :yfkgf u/]sf 5g\ / pgLx? 3/]n' ahf/df NofP/ k'gM laqmL ug{sf]

nflu ;:tf] ;fdfg lsGg rLg, blIf0f clk|msf / a|flhn ;Dd e||d0f ub{5g\ -;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo

Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng, @)!#_ .

ljz]if u/]/ clk|msfdf dlxnfx?n] cgf}krfl/s ;Ldfkf/ Jofkf/df ar{:j /fv]sf] kfOG5 .

To;}n] n}lËs ;Da]bgzLn Jofkf/ gLltn] dlxnfnfO{ ;zlQms/0f ug]{sf] nflu cxd\ e"ldsf v]n]sf]

x'G5 . n}lËs–lglb{i6 cj/f]wn] dlxnf ;Ldfkf/ Jofkf/Lx?nfO{ pNn]Vo k|lt:kwf{Tds

cK7\of/f÷a]kmfObfsf] l:ytL l;h{gf ug]{ x'gfn] dlxnfx?sf] pBdzLntfsf] k"0f{ ?kn] phfu/ ug]{

tl/sfn] o:tf cj/f]wnfO{ ;dfwfg ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o:tf] ePdf lgof{t k|lt:kwf{, Jofkf/

lj:tf/ / cfly{s a[l4df a9f]Q/L x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . of] ljifo PsfO{ # df klg rrf{ ul/Psf]

5 .

l5d]sL ahf/x? a9L kl/lrt / sf/f]jf/ ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] ePsfn] If]qLo Jofkf/

;Demf}tfx? dlxnfnfO{ nfek|b x'g ;Sg] ts{ s]xL ljåfgn] k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ -/flGb|ofdf/f]n]

cfkm\gf] cWoog -@))%_ df sf/{, @))$, nfO{ pb[t u/] cg';f/_ . t/ s]xL If]qLo Jofkf/

;Demf}tfn] :ki6 ?kdf ;fgf Jofkf/Ldfly e]befj /fv]/ k|lqmofdf g} dlxnfnfO{ c;xgtf l;h{gf

u/]sf] klg kfOPsf] 5 . Sofol/laog ;femf ahf/ / cy{ Joj:yfdf hd}sfsf] PsLs/0f ePjf6

;f] If]qdf bIf sfdbf/sf] lglZrt ju{x? dfq cfjt hfjt ug{ kfpg] sf/0fn] oTof] If]qdf

cfkm\gf] ;]jf k|bfg ug{jf6 w]/} cbIf sfdbf/ h;df ax';+Vos dlxnf kb{5g\, cj;/jf6 al~rt

ePsf] kfOG5 -;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng, @))(_ . o;n] ubf{ klg bIf /

cbIf sfdbf/jLr /x]sf] cGt/nfO{ cem lj:tfl/t ug]{ ;DDefjgf 5 .

;"rgf / ;Dks{ (Network) sf] cefjsf] sf/0f dfq geP/ Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf]

cj:yfdf klg a[l4 / lj:tfl/t x'g] ;Defjgf sd ePsf ;–;fgf / :yfgLo Jofkf/ lqmofsnfkdf

115

a9L s]lGb|t x'g] x'gfn] k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnf Jofkf/Lx?n] lgof{t ahf/df kx'Fr kfpg c;xhtf

cg'ej ub{5g\ . h:t} uflDaofdf dT:o Joj;fo If]qdf dlxnfx? w]/}h;f] v'b|f Jofkf/ ug]{ u5{g\

/ pgLx?n] :yfgLo :t/df tfhf pTkfbg lsGg] / laqmL ug]{ ub{5g\ . csf]{tk{m k'?ifx?sf] eg]

k|zf]lwt df5f / ;'s'6L agfOPsf] df5fsf] lgof{t tyf Jofj;flos df5f kfngdf k|e'Tj /x]sf] 5

. Jofkf/ lj:tf/sf] dfWodjf6 df5f kfng / df5f lgof{t Joj;fonfO{ ult lbg] k|lqmofdf

dlxnfx? 5'6\g] jf tfhf df5fsf] cfk"lt{df pgLx?sf] kx'Fr gx'g] hf]lvd /xG5 -;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo

Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng÷;'b[9 PsLs[t k|0ffnL (framework), @)!$_ .

%= pkef]Qmfsf] ?kdf dlxnf

%=!= cfofltt pTkfbg j:t'sf] pkef]Qmfsf] ?kdf

%+!=!= ;}4flGts ck]Iff

:t/Lo ;j{dfGo ;fdfGo Jofkf/ l;4fGt cg';f/ Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] Pp6f kmfObf s] xf]

eg] pkef]Qmfdf o;sf] lxt k|+a4{g ug]{ k|efj xf] . eG;f/ z'Ns nfu' eP;+u} s'g} klg j:t'sf]

3/]n'÷cfGtl/s d"No a9\g] ePsf]n] pkef]Qmf dfu 36\\g] x'G5 . t/ ;f] z'Ns x6fPdf pkef]Qmfn]

;f] j:t' sd d"Nodf pkef]u ug{ kfpg]= ePsf]n] gofF sd cfoft d"Nosf] ;Gbe{df cfoft dfu

/ cfk"lt{ b'O{6} a9\b5 . To;sf/0f Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fjf6 pkef]Qmfsf] ?kdf dlxnfnfO{ klg

kmfO{bf k'Ug ;S5 .

%=!=@= pknJw k|df0f

;fwf/0ftof dlxnfsf] sd cfo x'g] tyf k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf ul/aLsf] b/ pRr x'g] x'G5 .

;fy} pkef]Uo j:t' pgLx?sf] s'n pkef]usf] 7"nf] cg'kftdf /x]sf] x'G5 . olb Jofkf/

pbf/Ls/0fn] cfwf/e"t pkef]Uo j:t'sf] d"No 36fpF5 eg] o;n] dlxnfnfO{ ToxL xb;Dd km/s

k|efj kfb{5 . s]k d8]{df ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng -@)!!s_ n] u/]sf]

Pp6f cWoog cg';f/ vfB j:t'df eG;f/ z'Ns x6fpFbf ul/a kIfLo k"jf{u|x /x]sf] kfOof] /

cfosf] 7"nf] lx:;f vfBfGg / vfB j:t'df vr{ ug]{ dlxnf k|d'v ePsf kl/jf/sf] lxtdf k|efj

kf/]sf] kfOof] . cfwf/e"t vfB j:t'sf] d"Nodf !) k|ltzt sdL eP;+u} ul/aLsf] /]vfd'vL /x]sf]

hg;+Vofs]f cg'kft @=^ k|ltzt laGb'n] 36\g uof] . 3fgfdf s[lifdf ePsf] Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn]

116

zx/sf dlxnf, hf] vfB j:t'sf q]mtf lyPgg\, pgLx?nfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofof] eg] ls;fg dlxnfnfO{

dsf{ kg{ uof] . o;n] ubf{ ls;fg dlxnfn] ;:tf] cfoft;+u k|lt:kwf{ ug'{ k¥of] / pgLx?sf] cfo

36\g] qmddf /Xof] -/flG8«ofdf/f], @))%_ .

To;}u/L e'6fgdf klg wfg÷rfdnsf] cfoft z'Ns 36fpFbf To;sf] ul/a kIfLo k"jf{u|x

b]lvg k'Uof] lsgsL wfg÷rdn lsGgdf k|of]u ul/g] cfosf] lx:;f cfodf a[l4 eP;+u} tLa|+ ?kn]

lu/fj6 cfof] . t/ klg of] k|+efjnfO{ ToxfFsf wfg pTkfbsdf k/]sf] k|+efjjf6 cNnUu} x]g'{ k5{

lsgls pgLx? of] cWoogdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf lyPgg\ -;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo Jofkf/ tyf ljsf;

;Dd][ng, @)!! v_ . vfB j:t'sf] cfoftdf nfUg] eG;f/ z'Ns 36fpFbf kg]{ k|efj dlxnfx?

lgjf{xd'vL ls;fg x'g\ / k|foMh;f] h] cfk"mn] pTkfbg u5{g\ Tof] pkef]u u5{g\ eGg] xb;Dd

;Lldt ug{ ;lsG5 .

%=@= ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf pkef]Qmf

Jofkf/ PsLs/0fn] dlxnfnfO{ ljleGg lsl;dn] k|efj ug]{ x'gfn] To;sf ;j} ;Defljt

k|efj / gLltut kl/jt{gsf] v'b k|efjsf] af/]df d"NofÍg ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . d"No Hofnf /

/f]huf/Ldf x'g] k|ToIf c;/sf] cltl/Qm eG;f/ z'Ns 36fpFbf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] pkef]Qmfsf]

?kdf dlxnfnfO{ ck|ToIf c;/ klg kb{5 . eG;f/ z'Ns x6fpFbf jf Jofkf/ s/ 36fpFbf ;/sf/n]

JUoxf]g{ /fhZj 3f6fsf] sf/0f ;fdflhs ;'/Iff vr{df s6f}tL x'g;S5 h;n]= ubf{ dlxnfsf]

3/fo;L / k|hgg lhDd]jf/L tyf e"ldsfsf] sf/0f pgLx?dfly c;dfg'kflts k|efj kg{ hfG5 .

o;/L Jofkf/ gLltsf] sf/0f ljQ gLltdf kl/jt{g x'g ;S5 / n}lËs ?kdf o;sf] c;/ kb{5 .

%=@=!= ;}4flGts ck]Iff

PsfO{ ! df k:t't u/] cg'?k dlxnfjfbL ;di6Lut cy{tGqsf] l;4fGtnf a]tnaL :ofxf/

;';f/ ;DaGwL sfd, 3/]n' sfd / k|hgg nufot u}/–ahf/ sfdsf] kl/lwnfO{ a[xt d"Nof+sgsf]

bfo/fdf NofpF5 . o:tf] k|sf/sf] ljZn]if0fdf /fli6«o pTkfbgnfO{ rf/j6f cGt/ ;DalGwt If]qsf]

;du| k|ltkmnsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . oL rf/j6f If]q o; k|sf/ 5g\–lghL, ;fj{hlgs, 3/]n' / :jo+

;]jf -cj}tlgs_ . 3/ kl/jf/df dlxnfn] ug]{ a]tnjL 3/fo;L / :ofxf/ ;';f/ ;DaGwL sfdn]

dxTjk"0f{ dfgj / ;fdflhs k'FhL l;h{gf ug]{ ePsf]n] ;f] sfd lagf ahf/df pTkfbgsf] sfd

117

;Dej x'Fb}gYof] -PN;g, @))@_ . To;sf/0f s'g}klg Jofkf/ jf ;di6Lut cy{tGqsf] gLlt

kl/jt{gn] 3/]n' (domestic) If]qdf klg kg]{ k|efjsf] af/]df ljZn]if0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;fwf/0f cfly{s k|lt?k (model) df hxfF s'n dfu -;/sf/L vr{,

nufgL / lgof{t_ kl/rfng r'xfj6 -lgIf]k, s/ / cfoft_ a/fj/ x'G5, To:tf] cj:yfdf olb

;/sf/s]f] vr{n] dlxnfnfO{ nfebfos 5 eg] n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] :t/df ;'wf/ x'G5; h:t}

lzIffdf nufgL u/]/ jf :ofxf/ ;';f/ ug]{ af]emnfO{ 36fP/ . of] cj:yf ljQLo gLltsf]

lj:tf/jfbL / æn}lËs ;xfosÆ k|efj x'G5 eg] o:tf] k|+sf/s]f vr{df sdL ePdf Tof] ;+s'rgjfbL

/ æn}lËs ljifdÆ k|efj x'G5 -;]u'Ogf], @)!@_ .

%=@=@= pknJw k|df0f

Jofkf/ s/ clk|msL d'n'sx?sf] nflu /fhZjsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]t xf] . pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf ;g\

!(() df sfNklgs cf}ift pk–;xf/f If]qdf Jofkfl/s s/ ;f] If]qsf] hDdf /fhZjsf] @*

k|ltzt /fhZj of]ubfg u/]sf] lyof] eg] eG;f/ z'Ns s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] $ v[kv ^ k|ltzt

/x]sf] lyof] -clk|msfsf] nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo cfly{s cfof]u, @))$_ . Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn] Tof]

If]qdf uDeL/ ljQLo r'gf}tLsf] l;h{gf u¥of] / ;f] If]qdf ;g\ !(*) jf6 z'? eP/ ;g\ @)))

sf] bzs ;Dd ;fj{hlgs vr{df nuftf/ ePsf] x|f;;+u ;dfgfGt/ /x]sf] lyof] . -clk|msfsf]

nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo cfly{s cfof]u, @))$_ . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo JHofkf/ tyf ljsf;

;Dd]ng, @)!!s df hf}xf]g–aL / lgoN;]g -@))&_ nfO{ pb[t lub}{ pNn]v eP cg';f/ s]k e8]{

eGg] b]zdf o'/f]k]nL ;f]embf/L ;Demf}tfsf] Ps c+zsf] ?kdf cjnDjg ul/Psf] eG;f/ z'Ns

pbf/Ls/0f lg0f{osf] sf/0f eG;f/ z'Ns jfkt x'g] /fhZj *) k|ltztn] 36\g uof] / s'n

;/sf/L /fhZj !^ k|ltztn] 36\of], h'g pNn]vgLo x|f; xf] .

olb ;/sf/x?n] /fhZjdf cfPs]f of] 3f6fnfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug]{ pkfosf] ?kdf :jf:Yo,

;fdflhs ;]jf tyf sfo{qmd jf lzIffdf ug]{ vr{ s6f}tL u/]df dlxnfn] ug]{ :ofxf/ ;';f/

;DaGwL 3/]n' sfdsf] af]em / cfwf/e"t ;]jfdf pgLx?sf] vr{ a9\g]\5g\ . k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf

dlxnfx?n] 3/fo;L sfd, afnaRrfsf] :ofxf/ ;';f/ / cGo ;]jfd"ns sfdsf] 7"nf] lx:;fsf]

lhDd]jf/L nlu/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;fy} dlxnfx?n] oL lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug]{ qmddf ;do cefjsf]

klg df/ v]lk/x]sf 5g\ . oL cltl/Qm af]em af]Sg' eg]sf] dlxnfx?n] >d ahf/jf6 lad'v x'g' jf

cfDbfgL ug]{ cj;/x? u'dfpg' / cf/fd / k'm;{b lng] ;do u'dfpg' xf] . ljsNksf] ?kdf oL yk

118

lhDd]jf/Lx? kl/jf/df lszf]/Lx?dfly :yfgfGt/0f x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 h;n] ubf{ pgLx?sf]

lzIff -k9fO{_ df gsf/fTds c;/ k'¥ofpF5 -PN;g, !((#_ ;fdfGo ul/jLsf] pRr b/ /x];+u}

cfwf/e"t ;]jfdf x'g] yk vrf{n] hLjg:t/, :jf:Yo / k|ult (wel-being) df xflgsf/s k|efj

kg{ ;S5 lsgsL pgLx?n] vr{sf] k|fyldstfdf Psbd cK7\of/f] 5gf}6 ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . dlxnfjfbL

;di6Lut cfly{s l;4fGt cg';f/ ;fdflhs zLif{s cGtu{t x'g] o:tf vr{ s6f}tL ;+s'rgsf/L /

æn}lËs ljifdÆ x'g]5g\ .

ljB't / vfg]kfgL nufot ;fj{hlgs k"jf{wf/df ul/g] vrf{ s6f}ltn] pTkfbgd"ns /

3/fo;L lqmofsnfknfO{ uDeL/ ?kn] cj/f]w ug{ ;S5g\ . kmn:j?k kl/jf/sf] cfo u'Dg], 3/fo;L

sfddf a9L ;do Joltt ug'{ kg]{ / ;Defljt hg:jf:Yo;+u ;DalGwt ;d:of h:tf ;d:ofx?

l;h{gf x'g;S5g\ . /fhZj 3f6f /f To;sf] kl/0ffd :j?k ckgfOg] ljQLo ldtJooLtf ;DaGwL

gLltx? (austerfity policies) n] klg pbf/Ls/0fsf s]xL gsf/fTds c;/nfO{ /f]Sg]

;fdflhs ;['/Iff ;+oGq / ;'/IffTds pkfo cjnDag ug]{ ;/sf/sf] IfdtfnfO{ g} s'l07t kf/L

lbg ;S5g\ -/flG8«ofdf/f], @))%_ . To:t} o:tf gLltn] ul/j kl/jf/ / ljz]if u/L dlxnfnfO{

lxts/ x'g] 7flgPsf /sd x:tfGt/0f sfo{qmd / lbjf :ofxf/ ;'ljwf sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;/sf/sf]

IfdtfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpF5g\ .

PskIfLo ?kdf nfu' ul/Psf lghLs/0f sfo{qmd jf ;]jfsf] pbf/Ls/0f ;DaGwL Jofkf/

;Demf}tfsf] Joj:yfsf] sf/0f dlxnfn] ug]{ :ofxf/ ;';f/sf] sfdsf] af]em a9\g ;S5 . s]xL

ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?n] yk bIftf k|fKt ug]{ cfzfsf;fy jf cGt/f{li6«o ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 C0f k|fKt

ug{sf] nflu k"j{ zt{sf] ?kdf kfgL, ;/;kmfO{ / cGo ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ lghLs/0f u/]sf 5\g .

oL cg'ejsf] kl/0ffd ldl>t /x]sf] 5 . s'g} cj:yfdf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfn] ;]jf]sf]

pknJwtf / u'0f:t/ a9fpgdf of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] kfOG5 eg] cGo cj:yfdf To;sf] ljkl/t

ePsf] kfOG5 kmn:j?k ljz]if u/L u}/–gfkmf d"ns If]q / ul/a ;d'bfo ;hfosf] efuLbf/ ePsf

5g\ .

of] 5nkmnaf6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] ;di6Lut cfly{s / Jofkf/ gLltn] ahf/ ;fy;fy}

u}/–ahf/ If]qnfO{ k|efljt ub{5g\ . ljz]if u/L cfly{s gLltn] ;|f]t]sf] k'gM ljt/0fdf kl/jt{g

NofpF5 h;n] ubf{ 3/ kl/jf/ dfly bfloTj÷st{Jo a9fpF5÷jf 36fpF5 tyf cK7\of/f] l;h{gf

ub{5 . o;n] 3/kl/jf/ leqsf] n}lËs ultlzntf -k|0ffnL_ nfO{ klg c;/ ub{5 . yf]/} t/ a9\bf]

;+Vofdf ePsf cg';Gwfg 3/ leqsf] ufltlzntfdf Jofkf/ gLltsf] k|efjdf s]lGb|t 5g\ . o;df

119

yk ?rL /fVg] kf7sn] k|d'v cjwf/0ff / o; ;DaGwL cg';Gwfg b:tfj]hsf] af/]df aS; % jf6

hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .

aS; %M Jofkf/ gLlt / 3/ kl/jf/ leq ;DaGwsf] ultlzntfM

5f]6f] l6Kk0fL

3/ kl/jf/ leq dlxnf / k'?ifsf a]Unfa]Un} clwsf/ / st{Jo x'g]

tYotk{m ;dfhzf:qL / dfgjzf:qLx?n] klxn] b]lv g} Wofg

cfsif{0f ul//x]sf 5g\ . To:t} n}lËs dl"No dfGotfn] lg0f{o lng]

k|lqmof / vfgf tyf ;do h:tf d'Vo ;fwg;|f]tsf] 3/ kl/jf/

leq ljt/0fdf k|efj kfg]{ tYotk{m klg pgLx?n] cf}NofPsf 5g\ .

t/ cy{zf:qLx?n] 3/ kl/jf/leq x]g{ yfn]sf] / kl/jf/sf

;b:ojLr ljleGg ;Lldttf / ?rL

(preferences)÷rfxgfsf] dxTjsf] af/]df l:jsf/]sf] ev{/

dfq xf] . ce}m klg 3/ kl/jf/leq ;DaGwsf] ultlzntfdf Jofkf/

gLltn] kfg]{ k|efj Jofkf/ / n}lËs ljifodf ;j}eGbf sd cWoog

ePsf] ljifo xf] . Jofkf/ lj:tf/n] 3/ kl/jf/ leqsf ;DaGwsf]

ultlzntfdf k|efj kfg]{ s]xL dfWodx? oxfF lbOPsf 5g\M

-s_ Jofkf/ lj:tf/n] dlxnfsf nflu :jtGq cfo;|f]t l;h{gf ug{

klg ;S5 jf ljgf; klg ug{ ;S5 / o;/L kfl/jfl/s lg0f{odf

pgLx?sf] k|efjnfO{ c;/ ug{ ;S5 .

-v_ dlxnf / k'?ifsf] vr{ ug]{ k|a[lQ leGg leGg ePsf] x'Fbf s]

;fdfg lslgG5 / kl/jf/df To;jf6 sf] nfeflGjt x'G5 eGg] s'/f

cfocfh{g ug]{ ;b:o sf] xf] To;n] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf]

nflu dlxnfx?n] cfkm\gf] cfDbfgLsf] 7"nf] lx:;f vfgf, s]6fs]6Lsf]

nflu lzIff / cfwf/e"t cfjZostfdf vr{ ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 eg]

k'?ifn] dBdfg / w'd|kfgdf cfkm\gf] cfosf] 7"nf] lx:;f vr{ ug]{

k|a[lQ b]lvG5 .

120

-u_ Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn] 3/ kl/jf/n] pkef]u ug]{ j:t'sf] d"Nodf

kl/jt{g -36a9_ ub{5 h;n] ubf{ n}lËs–lglb{i6 kl|efj kg]{

;Defjgf /xG5 . vfB j:t'sf] pRr d"Nosf] sf/0f kl/jf/sf ;a}

;b:ox?nfO{ k"/f vfgf Vjfpg cK7\of/f] l:ytL cfpg ;S5 /

o:tf] cj:yfdf kl/jf/sf dlxnf ;b:osf] ;§f k'?if / 5f]/fnfO{

Vjfpg] k|fyldstf x'g ;S5 .

-3_ Jofkf/ ;DaGwL /f]huf/Ldf x'g] a[l4n] u}/–ahf/ sfddf

kl/jf/sf ;b:on] s;/L ;do Joltt u5{g\ eGg] lgwf{/0f u5{M

/f]huf/ dlxnfnfO{ cf/fd ug]{ ;do sd x'g;S5; afnaRrf 3/

kl/jf/sf] :ofxf/ ;';f/ ug]{ wfdsf] s]xL lx:;f kl/jf/sf k'?if jf

c? ;b:onfO{ k'gM ljt/0f ug{ ;lsG5; afnaflnsf / ljz]if

u/]/ aflnsfn] cfdfsf] 3/fo;L lhDd]jf/L lng' kg]{ x'g;S5\ .

-ª_ Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn] s/ /fhZjdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;S5 /

o;n] ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] ;fj{hlgs ljt/0fnfO{ k|efljt ub{5 . 3/

kl/jf/sf sd pd]/sf, a9L pd]/sf, k'?if / dlxnf ;b:onfO{ oL

;]jfx? ljleGg kl/0ffd÷dfqfdf cfjZos x'G5g\ .

3/ kl/jf/ leqsf] ;DaGwsf] ultlzntfdf lgof{td"vL s[lifsf]

k|efjsf] af/]df lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nflu ef]g a|g / s]Gg]8L -

!(($_; sfTh -!((%_ / ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo Jofkf/f tyf ljsf;

;Dd]ng -@)!!s_ x]g'{xf];\ . j:t' pTkfbg If]qaf/] cWoogsf]

nflu x]lj6 / cldg -@)))_, sla/ -!((%, @)))_, ;]G8/ /

l:dy -!(()_, ;]G8/ -@))@, u]6\; -@))@_, 8f]ldGu]h cflb -

@)!)_ / s'§g]/ cflb -@)!@_ x]g'{xf];\ .

;|f]tM ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]bng ;lrjfno

.

^= dlxnf s/bftfsf] ?kdf

121

;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] pkef]Qmfsf] ?kdf dlxnfdf Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|efj h:t} oxfF

eG;f/ z'Ns jfktsf] /fhZjdf cfpg] sdLsf] ck|ToIf k|efjsf] af/]df pNn]v ul/g] 5 .

;fdflhs vr{df s6f}tL afx]s ;/sf/n] /fhZjsf] lu/fj6 /f]Sg] pkfos]f ?kdf s/ a9fpg]

lg0f{o ug{ ;S5g\ . oBlk s/ gLlt klg n}lËs ?kn] t6:y x'Fb}g / s/ ;+/rgf jf k|0ffnLdf

cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] dlxnfnfO{ leGg tl/sfn] s;/L k|efj u5{ eGg] af/]df xfdLn] ljZn]if0f ug'{

cfjZos 5 .

^=!= ;}4flGts ck]Iff

s/sf] n}lËs cfofd t'ngfTds ?kn] gofF If]q xf] / o; If]qsf cjwf/0ffx? ljsf; x'g]

qmddf 5g\ . oxfF xfdL :6f]6\:sL -!((&_ n] k|:t't u/]sf] tyf PN;g -@))^_, / u|f]g / enf]l8of

-@)!)_ n] kl/is[t u/]sf] l;4fGtsf] ;xf/f lnP/ of] ljifodf rrf{ ug]{5f}+ . cy{tGq h'g cfk}mdf

n}lËs ?kn] ;+/lrt k|0ffnL xf], o;df dlxnf / k'?ifsf] leGg leGg x}l;ot÷l:ylt x'g] ePsf]n]

s/ gLltn] pgLx?nfO{ leGg leGg tl/sfn] k|efj kfb{5 . :6f]6\:sL -!((&_ n] s/ gLltn] dlxnf

k|lt k|s6 / ;f+s]lts k"jf{u|x /fVg] atfPsf 5g\ . klxnf]df s/ lgodfjnL :jodn] dlxnfnfO{

cnu ?kdf Jojxf/ u5{g; h:t} JolQmut s/df . To:t} bf];|f]df s/ lgodfjnLn] dlxnfnfO{

cGhfgdf pgLx?sf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s l:yltsf] sf/0f k|efljt ub{5g\ . PN;g -@))^_ Ps

sbd cufl8 uP/ JolQmut cfo s/ k|0ffnL dfq …lgikIfÚ geP/ o;n] ;dfhdf /x]sf] c;dfg

n}lËs ;DaGwnfO{ To;sf] lg/Gt/tf sfod ug]{ pTk|]/s (incentives) nfO{ x6fP/ / :ofxf/

;';f/ ;DaGwL sfdsf] k'gM ljt/0f u/]/ kl/jt{g ug]{ k|of; ug'{ kb{5 eGg] ts{ ub{5g\ .

^=@= pknAw k|df0f

Ps;o kRrL; j6f eGbf a9L b]zx?n] clxn] ck|ToIf d"No clea[l4 s/ nfu' u/]sf 5g\

-a8{, @))%, u|fpg / enf]l8of, @)!)_ df p2[t eP cg';f/_ . cfwf/e"t pkef]Uo j:t'df d"No

clea[l4 s/sf] k|of]u jf d"No clea[l4 s/sf] b/df a[l4n] cfosf] ljj/0fdf k|TofjtL{÷kZrufdL

c;/ kfb{5 lsgsL o;n] cfwf/e"t j:t'df cfosf] ;j}eGbf ;7"nf] lx:;f nufgL ug]{ ul/a 3/

kl/jf/nfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L k|efljt ub{5 . xfdLn] cl3 g} pNn]v u/] c'g;f/ ;fwf/0ftofM

dlxnfx?n] k'?if eGbf sd cfo cfh{g u5{g\ / pgLx?df ul/aLsf] pRr b/ x'g] x'gfn] d"No

clea[l4 s/sf] n}lËs ?kn] k"jf{u|xk"0f{ k|efj x'G5 . ljleGg b]zsf] cfwf/e"t pkef]Uo j:t'

;d"xsf k|d'v j:t'x?nfO{ z"Go cÍef/ lbP/ jf vf; d"No eGbf sd d"NofÍg u/]/ ul/Psf]

122

gd"gf cEof;df u|f]g / e]nf]l8of, -@)!)_ n] ch]{lG6gf, df]/f]Ssf] / o'ufG8fsf ul/j / dlxnf

k|d'v ePsf 3/ kl/jf/n] kl/0ffd :j?k ltgsf] s/sf] kl/df0fdf lu/fj6 cfPsf] eGg] pNn]v

u/]sf 5g\ . ef/t dfq Pp6f ckjfb lyof] hxfF ul/a / dlxnf k|d'v ePsf] 3/ kl/jf/sf] s/

kl/df0f 36]sf] kfOPg . o;sf] ;+u} d"No clea[l4 s/df ePsf] a[l4n] klg pNn]Vo n}lËs k|efjf

kfb{5 olb To;nfO{ eG;f/ z'Ns /fhZjdf ePsf] 3f6fnfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug]{ k|of]u ePsf] v08df .

csf]{tk{m cfodf nufOg] k|ToIf s/n] k|fozM dlxnf eGbf k'?ifnfO{ a9L ;/ u5{ lsgls

k'?ifx? w]/} ;DklQsf dflns x'G5g\ / pgLx?sf] cfo klg a9L g} x'G5 . eG;f/ z'Ns /fhZj

jfkt ePsf] 3f6fnfO{ olb ;/sf/n] cfos/df a[l4 u/]/ Ifltk"lt{ u/]df o;n] dlxnf dfly

ck|ToIf gsf/fTds k|efj kfb{5 . ha JolQmut eGbf klg ;+o'Qm kl/jf/sf] cfodf s/ nufOG5

tj To;n] nfu' ug{ ;lsg] s/sf] b/df a[l4 ub{5 / dlxnfx?nfO{ >d ahf/df k|j]z ug{jf6

b'?T;fxg ub{5 -s/ Gofo ;+hfn, @)!!_ . csf]{tk{m o;n] >d ahf/df sfo{/t /x]sf

dlxnfx?nfO{ klg ToxfFjf6 5f]8\g k|f]T;fxg ug{ ;S5 . cfos/sf] b/df yk a[l4n] lg?T;fxg ug]{

jftfj/0fnfO{ a9fO{ lbG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ch]{lG6gfdf 3/ kl/jf/sf ;b:odWo] b'O{hgf

/f]huf/L x'g]= kl/jf/n] kl/jf/sf] /f]hL /f]6L sdfpg] k|d'v cfo cfh{g ug]{ JolQm k'?if dfq

ePsf] kl/jf/sf] t'ngfdf a9L s/ ltg'{ k5{ / JolQmut cfos/jf6 /sd s§f ug]{ k|0ffnLn]

dlxnfnfO{ >d ahf/ k|j]z ug{jf6 lg?T;fxg u/]sf] kfOG5 -uf]g / sf]dfT;', @)!)_ .

olb ;/sf/n] z'Ns /fhZjsf] 3f6fsf] ;§fdf s/ a[l4 ug'{ k/]df ljnfl;tfsf ;fwg h:t}

s/f, 9'+uf / ljB'tLo ;fdu|Ldf s/ a9fpg] tyf vfB j:t', O{Gwg / jfnjflnsfsf] n'uf h:tf

cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf j:t'df s/sf] b/ 36fpg] jf sfod /fVg] u/]df To;sf] ul/a kIfLo /

n}lËs ;dfgtfd"ns k|efj kb{5 -u|f]g / sf]dfT;', -@)!)_ .

tflnsf !M Jofkf/ / n}lËstfaLr cGt/lqmof dfWodsf] ;f/;+If]k

dlxnfsf]

cfly{s

e"ldsf

dfWod

sfdbf/ -!s_ dfgs÷:t/Lo l;4fGt (Hoss): Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf

sf/0f ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf Go"g bIf sfdbf/n] pTkfbg u/]sf

123

j:t'sf] d"No a9\5 .

-!v_ dfgs÷:t/Lo l;4fgt -a]s/_M cGt/f{li6«o k|lt:kwf{sf]

sf/0f k'?ifnfO{ sfddf nufpg dx+uf] k5{ ha dlxnfnfO{

/f]huf/Ldf lng ;:tf] x'G5 .

-@_ km/s wf/sf] l;4fGtM cGt/f{li6«o k|lt:kwf{n] Jofkfl/s

k|lti7fgnfO{ PsfO{ d"No 36fpgsf] nflu ljBdfg c;dfgtfsf]

k|of]fu ug{ k|f]T;flxtg u5{ .

pTkfbs

/ Jofkf/L

-!_ cfofltt j:t'sf] sf/0f k|lt:kwf{df a[l4 .

-@_ eG;f/ z'Nsdf ePsf] s6f}tLsf] sf/0f cfoft d"Nodf sdL

.

-#_ lgof{thGo j:t'sf] pRr d"No

;Defljt k|efj

/f]huf/L / Hofnf -!s_ dlxnfnfO{ sd bIftf ePsf] 7flgg] x'gfn] dlxnf

sfdbf/sf] dfu a9\5 . k'?if sfdbf/sf] dfu 36\5

lsgls pgLx?df pRr bIftf ePsf] 7flgG5 . dlxnfsf]

Hofnf a9\5, k'?ifsf] 36\5 / o;/L n}lËs Hofnf cGt/

36\5 .

-!v_ k|lt:kwf{sf] sf/0f dlxnf >ldssf] dfu a9\5 .

k'?if >ldssf] dfu 36\5 lsgls t'ngfTds ?kn]

k'?ifx?nfO{ /f]huf/Ldf nufpg a9L dx+uf] kg{ hfG5 .

dlxnfsf] Hofnf a9\5, k'?ifsf] 36\5 / o;/L n}lËs

Hofnf cGt/ 36\5 .

-@_ n}lËs Hofnf cGt/sf] sf/0fn] ;:tf] dlxnf

>ldssf] dfu a9\5 . Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgsf] k|lt:kwL{

Ifdtf >lds d"No Go"g /fVgdf lge{/ /xg] ePsf]n]

124

dlxnfsf] Hofnf a9\g klg ;S5 jf ga9\g klg ;S5 .

>lds cfk"lt{ t'ngfTds ?kn] nrs ePsf] 7flgG5 .

n}lËs Hofnf cGt/ a9\g klg ;S5 jf 36\g klg ;S5

.

hLjLsf]kfh{g -!_ ;:tf cfofltt j:t';+u k|lt:kwf{ ug'{ kg]{ ePsf]n]

dlxnf pTkfbssf] cfodf sdL -cfkm\g} pkef]usf] nflu

pTkfbg ug]{ eP afx]s_

-@_ pRr k|lt:kwf{sf] sf/0f :yfgLo ?kdf pTkfbg

ePsf j:t'÷;fdfg a]Rg] v'b|f Jofkf/L dlxnfsf] cfo

sd x'G5; :yfgLo ahf/df ;:tf cfofltt ;fdfg

laqmL ug]{ dlxnfsf] cfodf a[l4 .

-#_ pTkfbs / Jofkf/L dlxnfsf] cfo a[l4 olb pgLx?

lgof{t ug{ ;Ifd eP eg] .

dlxnfs]f cfly{s

e"ldsf

dfWod

pkef]Qmf -!_ eG;f/ z'Ns s6f}tLsf] sf/0f pkef]Uo ;fdu|Lsf]

cfoft d"Nodf sdL .

-@_ ;]jf Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] sf/0f cfwf/e"t ;]jfsf]

d"Nodf a[l4 .

eG;f/ z'Ns s6f}tLs]f kil/0ffd :j?k ;/sf/L vr{df

sdL– ;fdflhs vr{ .

s/bftf eG;f/ z'Ns s6f}tLsf] sf/0f ePsf] 3f6f kl/k"lt{ ug{sf]

nflu ;/sf/n] s/ a9fpF5g\ .

125

sNof0f -!_ olb z'Ns s6f}tL :j?k ;:tf ;fdfg ;du|

cfwf/e"t pkef]Uo j:t' ;fd"xsf] Ps lx:;f ePdf

ul/j / dlxnf k|d'v ePsf] 3/ kl/jf/sf] sNof0fdf

a[l4 .

-@_ pRr d"Nosf] sf/0f cfwf/e"t ;]jfdf dlxnfsf]

kx'Frdf sdL .

;fj{hlgs

;fdflhs ;]jf

dlxnfnfO{ xfgL k'Ug] u/L ;fj{hlgs / ;fdflhs

;]jfsf] cfk"lt{df sdL .

-!_ k|ToIf / ck|ToIf s/sf] fpRr kl/df0f .

-@_ dlxnfx? >d ahf/jf6 lj:yflkt x'G5g\ jf k|j]z

ug{jf6 xtf]T;fxL x'G5g\ .

;|f]tM ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3o Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng ;lrjfno .

&= lgisif{

of] PsfO{df xfdLn] dlxnfsf] ;zlQms/\0fdf Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] ;Defljt k|efjsf]

af/]df :t/Lo÷dfgs / gofF wf/sf l;4fGtn] eljiojf0fL u/]sf] cfwf/df l;Sof} / ;fy} o;

ljifodf pknJw cg'ejhGo k|df0fx?sf] cjnf]sg u¥of}+ . o;jf6 s] :ki6 ePsf] 5 eg] cy{

Joj:yfdf dlxnfsf] :yfg cg';f/ Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|efj pgLx?df leGg–leGg k|sf/n] kg]{

u/]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu >ldssf] ?kdf dlxnfn] lgof{thGo pBf]udf w]/} /f]huf/L k|fKt ug{

;S5g\ t/ ;:tf] vfB j:t'sf] cfoftsf] sf/0f ;fgf tyf l;dfGt ls;fg dlxnfx?nfO{ xfgL

x'g;S5 . dlxnfsf oL b'O{ e"ldsf Ps csf{df ;DalGwt 5g\ M ;:tf vfBj:t'sf] pknJwtfsf]

s/f0f pkef]Qmfsf] ?kdf klg dlxnf nfeflGjt x'g ;S5g\ . To;sf/0f Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0f

;Defljt c;/x?

gLlt nfu' ug'{ k"j{ Jofkf/Ln] jt{dfg c;dfgtfnfO{ a9fpg geP/ 36fpg e'ldsf v]Ng'

k5{ eGg] k|Tofe"lt ug{ ljleGg ;d"x -dlxnf ;lxt_ dfly o;s]f ;du| k|efjsf] af/]df Jofks

d"NofÍg ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ 5 . Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn] dlxnfsf] nflu >d cfwfl/t pTkfbg If]qdf

126

/f]huf/L / cfosf] l;h{gf ug]{ eP tfklg tL If]q k|foMh;f] u'0f:t/df g/fd|f], s]xL dfq pBf]udf

;Lldt / a[lQ ljsf;sf] ;+efjgf sd x'g] u/]sf] tk{m klg Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 . gLltut

kIfdf lgof{td"ns /f]huf/Lsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ ce}m w]/} ug'{ afFsL 5 . ;fy} pTkfbs / Jofkf/L

dlxnfn] ;+efJo lgof{t cj;/sf] kmfO{bf lng ;s'g\ eg]/ ;'lglZrt klg ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

Jofkf/ PsLs/0fsf] k|lqmofdf …3f6f jf xfgL Joxf]g{ k'u]sfÚ dlxnf sfdbf/ jf o; k|lqmofsf]

sf/0f g/fd|f] l;t k|efljt ePsf pBf]udf sfd ug]{ sfdbf/nfO{ k'gM bIf kfg'{ klg dxTjk"0f{ 5 .

csf]{tk{m vfB ;'/Iff / ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ dflgPsf lglZrt If]qx?nfO{ Jofkf/

pbf/Ls/0fjf6 ;'/lIft /fVg] s'/f klg ;+efljt gLltut ljsNk x'g ;S5 .

cEof; / 5nkmnsf] nflu k|Zgx?

!= Jofkf/n] dlxnfsf] cfly{s ;zlQms/0fdf k|efj kfg]{ dfWodsf] af/]df j0f{g

ug'{xf];\ . s] Jofklf/ gLlt /÷jf Jofkf/ lj:tf/n] dlxnfs]f /f]huf/L / cGodf kfg]{ k|efj

;dfhdf dlxnfn] lgjf{x ug]{ ljleGg e"ldsf cg';f/ km/s–km/s x'g] u5{ < olb x'G5 eg] s;/L

<

@= /f]huf/Ls]f n}lËs 9fFrfdf lgof{t lj:tf/s]f k|efj s] x'g\ < s] oL kl|efjx? If]q cg';f/

ljlzi6 k|sf/sf x'G5\ < olb To:tf] xf] eg] lgof{t lj:tf/n] k|efljt If]qdf sfo{/t dlxnfnfO{

s;/L c;/ ub{5 < o;sf] ;fy} cfoft a[l4sf] n}lËs /f]huf/Ldf ;+efljt k|efjsf] af/]df pNn]v

ug'{xf];\ .

#= æk]zfut ju8L{s/0fÆ sf] cjwf/0ffsf] JofVof ug'{xf];\ . s] tkfOsf] ljrf/df dlxnfx?

k]zfut÷Joj;fo juL{s/0fjf6 a9L kLl8t x'G5g\ < olb x'G5g\ eg] lsg, JofVof ug'{xf];\ . Jofkf/

pbf/Ls/0fn] s] lglZrt k|sf/sf k]zf÷Joj;fodf dlxnfsf] juL{s/0f÷;d"xLs/0fnfO{ cem tLa|

kfb{5 <

$=n}lËs Hofnf cGt/ s] xf] / dlxnf tyf >d ahf/sf] ;Gbe{df o;sf k|efjx? s] x'g\ < n}lËs

juL{s/0fn] n}lËs Hofnf cGt/df s] e"ldsf v]N5 <

%= æ>dsf] dlxnf jfbLs/0fÆ cjwf/0ffsf] JofVof ug'{ xf];\ . ;fy} dlxnf / If]q÷b]zsf]

k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfdf o;sf] s:tf] c;/ k5{, j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .

127

^= 3/ kl/jf/ leq ;|f]t / ;dosf] afF8kmfF8sf] n}lËs 9fFrfnfO{ Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn] s;/L

k|efljt u5{ eGg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 <

&= ljleGg tTj / k"j{ zt{sf] sf/0f Jofkf/sf] n}lËs /f]huf/L k|efjn] n}lËs ;dfgtf Nofpg

of]ubfg ug{ ;S5 klg ;Sb}g klg . tkfO{n] 5gf]6 ug'{ ePsf s'g} b'O{ b]zdf oL tTj / k"j{

zt{x? s] s] x'g ;S5g\, 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

*= dfgf} tkfO{sf] b]zdf ljz]if u/]/ Pp6f gofF lgof{t k|zf]wg If]qs]f :yfkgf ePs]f sf/0f

dlxnf /f]huf/L xfn;fn} a9]sf] 5 . :yfkgf ePsf] sf/0f dlxnf /f]huf/L xfn;fn} a9]sf] 5 .

;fy;fy} >d dfkb08sf] /fd|f];+u kl/kfngf gePsf] eGg] u'gf;f] klg 5 . cGt/f{li6«o

k|lt:kwf{nfO{ sfod /fVb} of] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{sf] nflfu tkfO{ ;/sf/nfO{ s] ;'emfj lbg' x'G5

<

(= ljsf;zLn b]zx?df w]/} 7"nf] ;+Vofdf dlxnfx? s[lif If]qdf y'lk|Psf x'G5g\ . s[lifhGo /

vfB j:t'sf] a9\bf] cfoftn] s[lif pTkfbs / vfB j:t'sf pkef]Qmfsf] ?kdf dlxnf dfly s:tf]

c;/ kfb{5, JofVof ug'{xf];\ . dlxnfn] cfkm\g} pkef]usf] nflu jf ahf/sf] nflu pTkfbg ug]{

s'/f cg';f/ c;/df s;/L km/s kg{ hfG5, j0f{g ug'{'xf];\ .

!)= ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf dlxnfsf] yf]/} lx:;f dfq cf}krfl/s /f]huf/Ldf ;+nUg /x]sf] 5 /

Hofnf k|fKt u5{ . w]/} ul/j dlxnfx?n] u}/–Jofkfl/s ;]jfdf cgf}krfl/s /f]huf/L h:tf cGo

>f]tjf6 cfDbfgL jf s[lifhGo jf u}/–s[lif ultljlw h:tf ;–;fgf :j/f]huf/jf6 cfo cfh{g ug]{

u/]sf] kfOG5 . Jofkf/f lj:tf/n] oL dlxnfsf] cfo–cfh{gdf s;/L c;/ kfb{5 <

!!= sNkgf ug'{;\ tkfOsf] b]z Jofkf/ ;'Demf}tf jftf{sf] k|lqmofdf 5 . pTkfbg / pkef]u

b'j}df cfoft kllt:kwf{sf] k|efj s;/L d"NofÍg ug'{ x'G5 < k|efljt x'g] ;Defljt oL If]qdf

pTkfbg / pkef]usf n}lËs ljz]iftnfO{ phfu/ ug{ tkfOn] s:tf] k|sf/sf k|df0f h'6fpg' k5{,

pNn]v ug'{xf];\= .

!@= Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] sf/0f z'Ns s6f}tLn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] pkef]Qmfsf ?kdf

dlxnfnfO{ ck|ToIf c;/ kfg{ ;S5 . k'?if eGbf dlxnf lsg o;jf6 a9L k|efljt x'g] ;Defjgf

/xG5, JofVof ug'{xf];\ . ljQLo gLlt kl/jt{g -h:t} cfos/ jf d"No clea[l4 s/ h:tf

128

ck|ToIf s/sf] b/df ul/g] kl/jt{g_ n] dlxnf / k'?ifdf kfg]{ ljlzi6 k|efjsf] af/]df j0f{g

ug'{xf];\ .

kl/lzi6M 5flgPsf k4lt / ljlwsf] k'g/fjnf]sg

of] kl/lzi6df of] ljifodf ;j}eGbf pTs[i6 cg';Gwfg ul/Psf] zLif{s x?dWo]sf] Ps-

/f]huf/Ldf Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] af/]df ljZn]if0f ug{ rfxg] cg';Gwftfsf nflu pknJw k4lt /

ljlw k|:t't ul/Psf ljleGg cWoogsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] 5 . oxfF k|:t't rf/j6f cWoogdWo]

klxnf] afx]s afFsL ;j} cWoogn] pTkfbg If]qsf] k|a[lQnfO{ cWoog u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;n] s]

bzf{pF5 eg] of] ljifodf t'ngfTds ?kdf kof{Kt cg'ejhGo sfd / tYofÍ pknJw 5g\ . klxnf]

cWoogn] cy{ Joj:yf JofkfL >d jhf/ ;xeflutfs]f ljZn]if0f u/]sf] 5 .

Jofkf/sf] 9fFrfdf x'g] kl/jt{gn] /f]huf/Ldf n}lËs c;dfgtfnfO{ s;/L k|d'v kf5{ eGg]

ljifo ljleGg tl/sfjf6 ;Djf]wg ul/Psf] 5 . cg';Gwfgstf{n] ;f]wsf ljleGg lalwsf ;fy}

ljZn]if0fsf If]qsf] 5gf}6 u/]sf 5g\ tyf cf–cfkm\gf ?rLsf r/ /flzsf] nflu leGg leGg dfkg

k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ .

s !M jfDaf]O{ / ;]u'Ogf] -@)!@_

æpk ;fxf/f clk|msfdf cfly{s ;+/rgf, Jofkf/ v'nfkg / n}lËs /f]huf/LÆ

;Gbe{

of] cWoogn] a[xt Jofkf/ PsLs/0fn] clk|msfsf] pk–;fxf/f If]qdf dlxnfsf] /f]huf/Lsf

cj;/df a[l4 u/]sf] 5÷5}g eGg] ljifodf cg';Gwfg u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ;fk]lIfs / lg/k]If b'j}

kIfjf6 sfddf dlxnfsf] kx'Frsf] af/]df cWoog u/]sf] 5 . t/ o;df lglZrt cfly{s If]qsf]

af/]df lj:t[t ?kdf cWoog ePsf] 5}g . To:t} of] cWoogn] Jofjxfl/s ?kdf Jofkf/sf]

v'nfkgsf] dfkg u/]sf] 5 .

clk|msfsf] pk–;fxf/f If]qdf lgof{tsf] nflu pTkfbgsf ljleGg If]q aLr dlxnfsf]

ultzLntfnfO{ ;xh kfg]{ ;|f]tsf] sdLsf] sf/0f dlxnfsf] eGbf k'?ifsf] /f]huf/Lsf cj;/df a[l4

ePsf] x'g ;S5 h'g c3{–cf}Bf]lus cy{tGqsf] glthf eGbf ljkl/t 5 .

129

lgof{t lj:tf/ dfk{mt dfq xf]Og cfoft pbf/Ls/0fsf dfWodaf6 klg dlxnfsf]

/f]huf/Lsf cj;/df Jofkf/n] kf/]sf] c;/sf af/]df n]vsåosf] ?rL /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] n]vs

åon] Jofkf/ v'nfkg r/ /flznfO{ lgof{t / cfoftnfO{ 5'§f5'§} s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] k|ltztsf]

?kdf k|of]u u/]/ laR5]bg (disaggregate) u/]sf 5g\ .

of] cWoogs]f csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg s] xf] eg] o;n] pTkfbg / Jofkf/sf] leGg leGg

;+/rgf -h:t} vlgh t]n pTkfbs, vlgh lgof{ts / u}/–vlgh lgof{ts_ ;lxtsf b]zx?df kg]{

k|efjsf] leGgtf b]vfpg] k|of; u/]sf] 5 . To:t} o;n] a]tnjL sfd ubf{ dlxnfn] Joltt ug]{

;do 36fpg] ljB'tLs/0f, ;kmf kfgL / oftfoft nufot b]zsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ h:t} dlxnfsf]

>d cfk"lt{df k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] cGo sf/0fx? k|lt klg Wofg k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

tYofÍ / sfo{ k4lt

of] cWoog÷zf]wkqn] b'O{j6f cg'dfg ljlws]f k|of]u u/]sf] 5 . tL x'g\–:yfoL k|efj

(fixed effects) / b'O{ r/0f÷:t/sf Go"gtd ju{ (two-stage least square) . oL

tYofÍ zf:qLo ljlwx? aL; aif{sf] -;g\ !(()–@)!)_ cjlwdf #* j6f cy{tGq;+u ;DjlGwt

tYofÍ nufot c;Gt'lnt If]qdffly k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . :yfoL k|efj ;DjGwL k"jf{g'dfgn] n}lËs

/f]huf/nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ tyf :jtGq r/ /flzn] klqmg -;dfj]z_ ug{ g;Sg] b]z lglb{i6

tTj÷sf/0fx?nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 -jfDaf]o / ;]u'Ogf], @)!@_ . n]vsåon] b'O{ r/0f Go"gtd

ju{ lalwnfO{ bl/nf]kg k/LIf0f ug]{ / ;+efljt k|Tofj[lQsf] cfGtl/s sf/0f nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf]

nflu k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] dfqf :jodn] cfly{s a[l4sf] b/nfO{ c;/ ug{ ;S5 /

Jofkf/sf] lx:;fdf ePsf] kl/jt{g k|lt k|ltlqmof hgfpg klg ;S5 .

cfl>d r/ /flzx?nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd dfkg ul/Psf] 5 M -s_ k|Gw| aif{ / To;eGbf a9L

pd]/sf] k'?if afx]s dlxnfsf] hg;+Vof t'ngfdf /f]huf/Lsf] cg'kft; / -v_ dlxnf /f]huf/L /

hg;+Vof cg'kft . /f]huf/L–hg;+Vof cg'kft sfddf kx'Frsf] Pp6f a[xb dfkg xf] / hg;+Vofsf]

t'ngfdf cy{tGq JofkL /f]huf/Ldf ePsf] a[l4 ;d]6\g d2t ub{5 . of] ;xh} pknJw x'g] ;"rs

xf] . tyflk o;n] ljleGg If]qut ;"rgf÷hfgsf/L lbb}g . -s_ df ePsf] a[l4 pRr dlxnf

/f]huf/L cg'kft jf Go'g k'?if /f]huf/L cg'kftsf] sf/0f ePsf] x'g ;S5 .

130

:jtGq r/ /flz o; k|sf/ 5g\ M -s_ Jofkf/ v'Nnfkg–lgof{t / cfofts]f of]ukmn s'n

ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] k|ltztdf dfkg ul/Psf]; jf lgof{t jf cfoft s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf]

lx:;fsf] ?kdf; -v_ n}lËs /f]huf/Ldf s'n dfusf] k|efjnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{sf] nflu jf:tljs s'n

ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] k|lt JolQm b/sf] a[l4; -u_ If]qut dfu / cfly{s ;+/rgfdf ePsf]

kl/jt{gjf6 l;lh{t /f]huf/df n}lËs k|efjnfO{ :ki6 kfg{ pTkfbg / s[lifsf] d"No clea[l4 s'n

ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] lx:;fsf] ?kdf; / -3_ dlxnfn] a]tnjL sfddf vlr{g] ;donfO{ k|efljt ug{

;Sg] sf/0fsf] ljj/0fsf] ?kdf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / pgLx?sf] >d ahf/df cfk"lt{ .

dlxnfsf] >d ahf/ cfk"lt{ b'O{j6f rf/ /flzsf] d2taf6 k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M ;'wfl/t

;/;kmfO tyf 9n lgsf; ;'ljwfdf kx'Fr ePs]f hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft / k|To]s ;ohgf dflg;

aLr 6]lnkmf]g nfOgsf] ;+Vof .$$

of] ljZn]if0fn] vlgh t]n lgof{ts b]z / vlgh t]n lgof{t gug]{ b'O{j6f ;d"x -vlgh

lgof{ts b]z / u}/–vlgh lgof{ts b]z_ aLr t'ngf ub{5 .

lgZsif{

cg'dfgsf] kl/0ffdn] ldl>t t:jL/ k|:t't ub{5 . cGo sf/0fx? l:y/ /x]sf] cj:yfdf

Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn] u}/–vlgh lgof{ts b]zx?df dlxnfsf] ;fk]lIfs / lg/k]lIfs /f]huf/Ldf

k|efjf kfb{5 . vlgh kbfy{ lgof{ts b]zdf Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|efj ;sf/fTds x'G5 t/

cg'dfg k4lte/ alnof] x'Fb}g . olb xfdLn] Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf r/ /flznfO{ cfoft / lgof{tdf

5'§f5'§} juL{s/0f u¥of} / cem klg To;nfO{ ;fgf p;d"xdf ljefhg u¥of} eg] ljleGg vfn]

cfly{s ;+/rgf ePsf If]q aLr n}lËs k|efj km/s–km/s lsl;dsf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu

u}/–vlgh lgof{ts b]zx?df cfoft / lgof{t b'j} dlxnfsf] ;fk]lIfs /f]huf/L b/df gsf/fTds

c;/ kfb{5g\ . tfklg cfoftn] vlgh lgof{ts b]zdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kfb{5 . lj:t[t ljj/0fsf]

a[xt\ :t/df n]vsåon] ævfBfGg j:t'sf] lgof{t / cfoftn] t6:y n}lËs /f]huf/L k|efjÆ pTkGg

u5{g\ t/ pTkfbgd"ns pBf]udf cfoft / lgof{tn] k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf] /f]huf/Ldf sdL

NofpF5g\ . csf]{ zJbdf eGg] xf] eg] k'?ifn] a9L kmfObf kfPsf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . Jofkf/

pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|foM gsf/fTds c;/ x'G5 eg] dlxnfsf] ;fk]lIfs / lg/k]If /ff]huf/Ldf k"jf{wf/sf]

;sf/fTds c;/ ePsf] kfOG5 . o;s]f glthf ljleGg cg'dfg lalw, k|lt?k lgwf{/0f / gd"gfsf]

131

nflu e/kbf{ 5g\ . k"jf{wf/sf] ;'wf/n] Jofkf/ lj:tf/n] l;h{gf u/]sf] /f]huf/Ldf dlxnfsf]

kx'FrnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{df k"/ssf] e"ldsf v]Ng] lgZsif{ n]vsåon] cf}NofPsf 5g\ .

ljleGg b]zsf] ;+u|lxt (aggregate) ljZn]if0fjf6 s] cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]df

;Lldttf 5 . k|;f/0fsf] dfWodsf] af/]df ce}m a9L a'em\g'sf] nflu o:tf k|sf/sf cWoogx?sf]

;fy k|To]s b]zsf] lglb{i6 ljZn]if0f klg x'g' h?/L 5 .

s @M s';]/f, /f]Gsf]nf6f] / eg pPS;sn -@)!@_ æljZjJofkL cfly{s ;+s6sf] cj:yfdf ef/t

/ blIf0f clk|msfdf Jofkf/ ;+s'rg / /f]huf/L

;Gbe{

of] cWoogn] jfDaf]o / ;]u'Ogf] -@)!@_ n] cWoog u/]sf] eGbf a]Un} k|Zgsf] cGj]if0f

u/]sf] 5 . o;n] cg'dfg k4lt eGbf gd"gf cg's/0f k4ltsf] k|of]u u/]/ s'g} Pp6f lglZrt

b]zdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))*–@))( sf] xfn}sf] ljZjJofkL cfly{s dGbL -;+s6_ n] ljZj

Jofkf/df Ifl0fs eP klg pNn]vgLo sdL cfPsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 -ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g,

@)!)_ . of] cWoogdf n]vsx?n] blIf0f clk|msf / ef/tdf ljZjJofkL cfly{s ;+s6sf] sf/0f

/f]huf/Ldf kg{ uPsf] c;/sf] jf/]df cGj]if0f u/]sf 5g\ . of] ;+s6sf] sf/0f ;g\ @))( lt/ oL

b]zjf6 o'/f]k]nL ;+3 / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf x'g] lgof{td sdL cfPsf] lyof] . of] cWoogdf

o;sf n]vsx?n] cfly{s ;+s6n] /f]huf/Ldf kf/]sf] k+|ToIf -lgof{thGo j:t' pTkfbg If]qdf

/f]huf/Lsf] cGTo_, ck|ToIf -h:t} cu| / k[i7 ;Dks{ dfk{mt lgof{t pTkfbg If]q;+u ;DalGwt

cy{tGqsf c? If]qdf /f]huf/L kl/jt{g_ / ;+s6 l;lh{t /f]huf/L k|efj -h:t} 3/ kl/jf/sf]

vr{df ePsf] kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f ePsf] /f]huf/Ldf kl/jt{g_ sf] jf/]df cWoog u/]sf 5g\ . lnË

/ ;Lk÷bIftf cg';f/ sfdbf/df kg{ uPsf] c;/sf] cfwf/df of] cWoog ul/Psf] 5 . csf]{

zJbdf n]vsn] k|Zg u/]sf 5g\– olb cGo ;dfgfGt/ 36gfaf6 x'g] Jofkf/ ;+s'rgsf] k|efjnfO{

cnUu} /fVg] xf] eg] lnËsf] cfwf/df juL{s/0f ubf{ ;DalGwt cy{tGq e/ /f]huf/Lsf] s6f}tL

s:tf] x'G5 < s] ;du| /f]huf/L kl/jt{g n}lËs–-/ bIftf–_ t6:y x'G5 <

of] cWoogsf] k|d'v of]ubfg ;+s6jf6 k|ToIf k|efljt If]qdf dfq xf]Og o;jf6 ck|ToIf

?kdf k|efljt cy{ Joj:yfsf cGo If]qdf ;d]t n}lËs–lglb{i6 /f]huf/Ldf cfPsf] sdLsf] lx;fj

ug]{ Pp6f] ljlwsf] ljsf; ug'{ xf] . ljZj Jofk/df ;'wf/ b]lvg yfn] klg n]vssf] b[li6sf]0fdf

132

pgLx?n] cWoogdf ljsf; u/]sf] k4lt ut bzsdf cb\e"t ?kdf ljZj cy{tGq;+u cfkm\gf]

sf/f]jf/ a9fPsf ef/t / blIf0f clk|msf h:tf b]zdf Jofks v'nfkg;+u hf]l8Psf] ;DefJo

3f6fsf] a[xt n]vfhf]vf klg pknJw u/fpg] ePsf]n] ce}m klg pkof]uL 5 .

pgLx?sf] k4ltn] ljz]if ?kdf vt/fdf÷hf]lvddf /x]sf lglZrt pBf]u / sfdbf/x?nfO{

klxrfg ug{ ;3fpF5 / To;sf/0f eljiodf ;/sf/n] ckgfpg] ;+s6 ;dfwfgdf pkof]uL

hfgsf/L k|bfg ub{5 . l;4fGttM olx k4lt Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf 36gf jf s/ ;'wf/ h:tf c?

gLltut kl/jt{gsf] cWoogdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . gLlt lgdf{tfx?nfO{ cfly{s wSsfjf6 k|ToIf

k|efljt If]qdf dfq nlIft ug{ gx'g] s'/fsf] dsxTj bzf{pgdf g} of] k4ltsf] dxTj /x]sf] 5 .

tYofÍ / sfo{ljlw

;w}h;f] s'g} ljifo slt xb;Dd olsgsf ;fy cGj]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f tYofÍsf]

pknJwtf c'g;f/ lgwf{/0f x'G5 . ;fdflhs n]vfhf]vf (accounting) ;+/rgfsf] ?kdf

ef/tLo / blIf0f clk|msfsf] cy{tGq -/f]huf/L 9fFrf ;d]t_ sf] ;+/rgfsf] af/]df kof{Kt tYofÍdf

n]vsx? e/ kg{ ;S5g\ . t/ Jofkf/ ;DaGwL tYofÍsf] xsdf ef/t / blIf0f clk|msf b'j} b]zdf

lj:t[t ?kdf pBf]u :t/df lgof{t ;DaGwL cBfjlws tYofÍsf] sf/0f n]vsn] o'/f]k]nL ;+3 -

o'/f]:6f6_ / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf -;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ cfof]u_ n] lbPsf]

cfoft;+u ;DalGwt 5fofF tYofÍsf] k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . t/ kof{Kt ;"rgf÷hfgsf/Lsf] cefj

/x]sf] sf/0f of] tYofÍdf …;]jf Jofkf/Ú ;dfj]z 5}g .

;fdflhs n]vfhf]vf ;+oGq -;+/rgf_ eg]sf] cem lj:t[t ;+:yfut ljj/0f ;lxtsf]

lj:tfl/t cfut–lgu{t tflnsf xf] . o;df cy{tGqsf pTkfbgzLn ultlalw dfq geP/

pTkfbgsf tTjx? -h:t} >d, hldg÷e"ld / k'FhL_ h:tf cGo ;+:yf tyf ahf/x? / ljleGg 3/

kl/jf/sf] lsl;dnfO{ klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . of] ;+oGq leqsf] k|To]s ljj/0fnfO{ o:tf] k|sf/n]

;+/lrt / laR5]lbt ug{ ;lsG5 ls To;n] s'g} klg b]zdf cfosf] l;h{gf / ljt/0fdf ljleGg

;fdflhs–cfly{s ;d"xsf] e"ldsfsf] af/]df 5n{Ë kfb{5 . blIf0f clk|msf / ef/tsf] nflu o:tf]

;fdflhs n]vfhf]vf ;+oGqn] cf}krfl/s ;fy} cgf}krfl/s Jofkfl/s k|lti7fg / sfdbf/nfO{

;d]6]sf] 5 / lglZrt pBf]udf /f]huf/Lsf] n}lËs tyf bIftf;+u ;DalGw lj:t[t ljj/0f k|bfg

133

ub{5 h:n] ubf{, pbfx/0fsf] nflu k'?if–;3gtf / dlxnf–;3g If]qnfO{ leGg ug{ ;3fp

k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

s';]/f cflb -@)!@_ n] k|:t't u/]sf] gd"gf k4lt (Modelling approach)

lnof]lG6okm u'0ff ljZn]if0fdf cfwfl/t 5 . o;df dfudf ePsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ ef/t tyf blIf0f

clk|msfjf6 o'/f]k]nL ;+3 / ;+o'Qm, /fHo cd]l/sfdf ePsf] lgof{tdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g -km/s_ n]

k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . oL kl/jt{gn] pTkfbgdf kl/jt{g NofpF5g\ h;n] /f]huf/Ldf kl/jt{g NofpF5

.

Jofks dfqfdf cgf}krfl/s /f]huf/L / Go"g /f]huf/L ePsf ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf pTkfbgdf

ePsf] kl/jt{g dfk{mt /f]huf/Ldf cfpg] kl/jt{gsf] cg'dfg ;/n x'Fb}g . n]vsx?n] pNn]v u/]

cg';f/ pgLx?n] /f]huf/L eg]/ l:jsf/ u/]sf] sfd k"0f{sflng /f]huf/sf] bfFrf]df t'ngf u/]/ x]bf{

36]sf] x'g ;S5 . sltko cj:yfdf ;f] /f]huf/L cf}krfl/saf6 cgf}krfl/s sfddf kl/0ft x'G5

jf Go"g /f]huf/Ldf a[l4 x'g;S5 . To;sf/0f o;sf] glthfnfO{ ;fwf/0ftof sfd / cfosf]

sdLsf] ldl>t gsf/fTds c;/sf] cf}ift dfkgsf] ?kdf x]g'{k5{ .

dlxnf / k'?if b'j}sf] nflu /f]huf/Ldf ePsf] kl/jt{g ;fdflhs n]vf hf]vf ;+oGqsf]

cfwf/ aif{df dlxnf / k'?ifsf] /f]huf/Ldf jf:tljs lx:;f;+u ;dfg'kflts /x]sf] kfOG5 . csf]{

zJbdf eGg] xf] eg] /f]huf/bftfn] /f]huf/Lsf] cGTo jf gofF /f]huf/L l;h{gf ePsf] cj:yfdf

n}lËs -jf lzIff÷z}lIfs of]Uotf_ cg';f/ lje]b ub}{gg\ / pgLx?s]f >d zlQm ;+Vofdf dlxnf /

k'?ifsf] ;dfg cg'kft sfod /fVb5g\ . n]vsx?sf] l:jsf/f]lQmdf of] o:tf] bl/nf] cg'dfg xf] h'g

of] cEof;sf] d'Vo p2]Zosf] ljd'v 5}g . of] cEof;sf] k|d'v p2]Zo Jofkf/ ;+s'rgsf] lglZrt

:j?ksf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf hf]lvddf /x]sf If]q / sfdbf/sf] ;d"x n}lËs b[li6sf]0faf6

klxrfg ug'{ xf] .

lgZsif{÷glthf

gd"gf cEof;n] o'/f]k / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf ePsf] cfly{s ;+s6sf] sf/0f dfq ef/t

/ blIf0f clk|msfn] pNn]Vo dfqfdf /f]huf/Ldf sdL cfPsf] cg'ej u/] . of] dGbLsf] 7"nf] c+z

tTsfn Jofkf/;+u c;DalGwt If]qdf k/]sf] b]lvG5 h'g cfojf6 pTkGg k|efjsf] kl/0ffd xf] .

blIf0f clk|msfdf k'?if sfdbf/sf] ;+Vof a9L ePsf pBf]uwGbf /f]huf/Ldf cfPsf] sdLn]

134

c;dfg'kflts ?kdf k|efljt ePsf 5g\ eg] ef/tdf of] ljifodf n}lËs e]befj -b'j}tk{m_

b]lvPsf] 5}g . of] cWoogn] pkof]uL ?kdf s] b]vfpF5 eg] Jofkfl/s j:t'sf] If]qdf bf]lvPsf]

;+s6 jf dGbL jf wSsfn] s;/L Jofks If]qdf k|efj kfb{5 / of] wSsfjf6 k|efljt x'g]

;Defjgf ePsf] >dzlQmsf] n}lËs agfj6nfO{ k|:t't ub{5 .

s #M /fgL / pGgL -@))(_

æs] cfly{s ;'wf/n] 3/df cfwfl/t sfdnfO{ k|efljt u5{ < ef/tsf] k|df0f

;Gbe{M

of] cWoogn] pTkfbg IF]qsf] n}lËs /f]huf/L;+u ;DalGwt ljifox? cjnf]sg ug]{ Ps

csf]{ tl/sfsf] 5gf}6 u/]sf] 5 . clxn];Dd k'g/fjnf]s ul/Psf cWoogn] ljleGg /f]huf/Lsf]

l:ylt aLr km/s b]vfPsf 5}gg\ . t/ /fgL / pGgLn] cfkm\gf] cWoog k|foM ;/sf/L tYofÍjf6

ljn'Kt /x]sf / ;a}eGbf sdhf]/ ju{sf sfdbf/ jf 3/df cfwfl/t >ldsdfly s]lGb|t u/]sf 5g\

. cWoogdf pgLx?n] ljZjJofkL pTkfbg >[+vnfsf] Jofks PsLs/0f / ef/tdf pRr k|lt:kwf{sf]

sf/0f 3/df cfwfl/t >lds ju{s]f c4{Hofnfbf/L sfdbf/sf] ;+Vofdf ePsf] a[l4sf] ;Gbe{df

sfdsf] k'gu{7g ePsf] 5÷5}g eGg] ljifodf zf]w u/]sf 5g\ . To:t} pgLx?n] oL kl/jt{gsf

sf/0f dlxnf / k'?if sfdbf/ km/s lsl;dn] k|efljt ePsf 5g\÷5}gg\ eGg] ljifo klg cWoog

u/]sf 5g\ . /fgL / pGgLn] cfkm\gf] cWoogdf ;+VofTds -kl/df0ffTds_ k4ltsf] cjnDjg

u/]sf 5g\ / ljifonfO{ ;di6Lut / ;"Id b[li6sf]0fjf6 x]/]sf 5g\ .

tYofÍ / sfo{ k4lt

;di6Lut txdf n]vsåon] ef/tLo pTkfbg If]qdf 3/df cfwfl/t sfdsf] lx:;fdf cfPsf]

kl/jt{gnfO{ JofVof ug]{ tTjx?sf] ljZn]if0fsf] nflu ;/n ;fwf/0f Go"gtd ju{ ( Ordinary

Least Squares jf OLS ) k|Tofj[lQ pko'Qm x'g] cg'dfg u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx?n] cGt/f{li6«o

:t/Lo cf}Bf]lus juL{s/0f ( International Standard Industrial

Classification jf ISIC ) sf] tLg c+ssf] :t/df /x]sf ljleGg %$ pBf]u ;d'xnfO{

cfkm\gf] cWoogdf ;d]6]sf 5g\ . o;/L 5gf]6 ul/Psf pBf]ux?nfO{ ltgLx? lgof{thGo, cfoft

135

k|lt:kwL{ jf u}/–Jofkfl/s s] x'g\, To;sf] cfwf/df df]6fdf]6L tLgj6f ;d"xdf ljefhg ul/Psf]

5 . of] cwoog 9fFrfdf k/lge{/ r/ /flz ;g\ !((%–@))) sf] cjlwdf 3/df cfwfl/t

sfdbf/sf] lx:;fdf ePsf] k|ltzt kl/jt{gsf] cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . of] r/ /flz dlxnf

/ k'?ifsf] nflu cnu–cnu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} :jtGq r/ /flz o; k|sf/ 5g\ M k|To]s

pBf]u ;d"xsf] nflu ePsf] d"No clea[l4, k'FhLsf] tLa|tf (intensity) / Hofnfb/ tyf

Jojxf/df Jofkf/ v'nfkgnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ b'O{j6f Jofkf/ gLlt r/ /flz . Jofkf/ gLlt ;DalGwt

r/ /flz b]xfo ad]flhd 5g\ M -s_ b]zdf k|j]z ug]{ j:t'dfly nfu" ul/Psf] cfoft–efl/t cf}ift

eG;f/ z'Ns b/sf] kl/jt{g, -v_ lgl;tf tyf cf]nfl/ofufn] tof/ u/]sf] tYofÍ e08f/ -lgl;tf

tyf cf]nfl/ofuf, @))^_ sf] cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] u}/ eG;f/ dxz'n cj/f]w -h:t} d"No

lgoGq0f pkfo, ljQLo lgoGq0f sbd / kl/df0f lgoGq0f pkfo_ sf] kl/jt{g .

hg u0fg / >dzlQm ;j]{If0f h:tf /f]huf/Lsf k/Dk/fut tYofÍ ;|f]tn] 3/df cfwfl/t

sfdbf/af/] /fd|f];+u ;d]6\b}g . of] /f]huf/Ldf /x]sf] ;d"xsf] af/]df ;"rgf÷hfgsf/L kfpg

;lhnf] t 5}g t/ ef/t o;sf] ckjfb xf] . n]vsåon] cfkm\gf] cWoogdf ef/tLo /fli6«o gd"gf

;j]{If0f ;+u7gn] k|sfzg u/]sf] /f]huf/L / a]/f]huf/L ;DalGw w]/} ;j]{If0fsf] k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ .

;+u7gn] cfkm\gf] ;j]{If0fdf ;g\ !((( df klxnf] k6s sfo{:yn -3/df cfwfl/t sfd ug]{

>ldsnfO{ klxrfg ug{ cfkm\g} 3/ klg sfo{:ynsf] ?kdf x'g ;\Sg]sf] af/]df k|Zg ;dfj]z u/]sf]

lyof] .

;"Id ljZn]if0fdf Pp6f lglZrt k/lge{/ r/ /flz ;lxtsf] ax'kbLo Jo~hs gd"gfsf]

k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 . JofVofTds r/ /flzdf z}lIfs :t/ b]lv lnP/ wd{, hft, :yfg,

afnjRrfsf] ;+Vof / cGo kfl/jfl/s l:ylt ;Dd kb{5g\ . cg'ejhGo cg';Gwfgsf] of] c+zsf]

d'Vo p2]Zo 3/df cfwfl/t sfddf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutfsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ lgwf{/s klxrfg

ug'{ xf] .

lgZsif{÷glthf

7"nf] ;+Vofdf dlxnfx? w]/} klxn] b]lv 3/df cfwfl/t sfddf ;+nUg ePsf eP tfklg

Jofkf/ gLlt ;'wf/sf] cjlwdf 3/df cfwfl/t sfddf k'?ifsf] ;+Vof a9]sf] kfOof] . o;/L Jofkf/

pbf/Ls/0fsf] xfn}sf] 36gfaf6 k'?if eGbf dlxnf sd k|efljt ePsf] kfOG5 . Oltxf; b]lv g}

136

3/df cfwfl/t sfddf dlxnfsf] a9L lx:;f /x]sf] l:ytL h'g Jofkf/ gLlt ;'wf/sf] cjlwe/ klg

Tolt kl/jt{g ePg, o;n] s] ;+s]t u5{ eg] ef/tdf o:tf] k|sf/sf] sfddf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf

xfn}sf] Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0f k|lqmof eGbf klg ;fF:s[lts / ;fdflhs d'No dfGotfjf6 lgwf{l/t 5g\

. ;"Id gd"gf 9fFrfsf] lgZsif{ cg';f/ 3/df cfwfl/t sfddf ;+nUg x'g] dlxnfsf] lg0f{o lzIffsf]

:t/df sdL, tNnf] hft / wd{;+u ufFl;Psf] 5 . ;fy} 3/ kl/jf/sf] d'nL dlxnf / ljBfno hfg]

pd]/sf afnaRrf ePsf dlxnfdf 3/df cfwfl/t sfddf ;xeflutf a9L b]lvG5 -slnnf]

pd]/sf afnaRrf ePsf dlxnfsf] t'ngfdf _ .

/f]rs s'/f] s] 5 eg] glthfn] lgof{t k|j4{gd"ns / cfoft e]bL pBf]udf km/s–km/s

lsl;dsf] k|a[lQ b]vfPsf] 5 . of] If]qdf ePsf] ;du| a[l4sf] sf/0fn] 3/df cfwfl/t sfd ug]{

>ldssf] ;+Vof lg/k]If ?kdf a9] klg ;fwf/0ftofM 7"nf] ;+Vofdf dlxnfnfO{ / lglZrt ;+Vofdf

3/df cfwfl/t sfdbf/nfO{ /f]huf/L lbg] tof/L kf]zfs / /;folgs pTkfbg pBf]u h:tf

lgof{thGo pBf]un] 3/df cfwfl/t sfdsf] lx:;fdf lu/fj6 cg'ej u/] . d]l;g/L -oGq_, l6eL /

/]l8of] pks/0f h:tf cfoft e]bL pBf]un] 3/df cfwfl/t sfd ug]{ >lds - clwsf+z k'?if _ sf]

lx:;f a9]sf] cg'ej u/] . Hofnf b/df ePsf] a[l4n] 3/df cfwfl/t sfdsf] lx:;fdf k'?ifsf]

xsdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kfb{5 eGg] ;di6Lut gd"gfsf] lgZsif{n] cfoftaf6 tLa| k|lt:kwf{

;fdgf ul/x]sf pBf]un] pTkfbgdf o:tf] k|sf/sf] kl/jt{g Nofpg' eg]sf] nfut 36fpg] Pp6f

/0fgLlt xf] eGg] n]vsåosf] k|fSsNkgf -k|d]o_ nfO{ k'li6 ub{5 . d]l;g/L / cGo k|fljlws

pks/0f h:tf If]qdf dlxnfsf] kx'FrnfO{ alxis/0f ug]{ w]/} / ?9 (rigid) txsf] n}lËs

/f]huf/L auL{s/0fsf] sf/0f sfo{ jftfj/0f -:yn_ sf] cgf}krfl/sLs/0f

(informalization) o;sf/0f k'?ifx?df klg lj:tfl/t e}/x]sf] 5 .

s $ M t]hfgL / ldnju{ -@)!)_

æljZjJofkL cgf/Ls/0f (defeminization), Jofj;flos juL{s/0f / dWod :t/Lo cfo ePsf

b]zdf pTkfbgd"ns If]qdf /f]huf/LÆ

;Gbe{

t]hfgL / ldnju{ -@)!)_ sf] of] cWoogn] cGt/–b]zLo b[li6sf]0f cjnDag u/]sf] 5 .

o;n] ljutdf ljsf;f]Gd'v bj]zdf ePsf] Jofkf/ lj:tf/;+u ;DalGwt pTkfbgd"ns /f]huf/Lsf]

137

dlxnfs/0f ce}m hf/L 5 jf Nofl6g cd]l/sf / blIf0fk"jL{ Plzofsf dWod cfo ePsf b]zx?df

cgf/Ls/0f (defeminization) Pp6f gofF k|a[lQsf] ?kdf b]vf kl/x]sf] 5 eGg] cWoog u/]sf]

5 .

cfkm\gf] cWoogdf n]vsåon] of] k|Zgs]f laleGg cfofd÷kIfnfO{ s]nfPsf 5g\ . o;

qmddf pgLx?n] pTkfbgd"ns /f]huf/Ldf dlxnfsf] ;+Vof÷dfqf / tLa|tfdf cfPsf] ;Defljt

kl/jt{g / oL b'O{ If]q aLrsf] 9fFrf (pattern)÷k|a[lQsf] leGgtfsf] klxrfg u/]sf 5g\ .

n]vsåon] ckfm\gf] cWoogdf JofVofTds tYofÍ zf:q, ;fwf/0f ;DaGw / ljt/0f lrq

(scatter plots) sf] ldl>t k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . o; dfk{mt n]vsn] Jofks If]qut k|a[lQ

/ lglZrt b]zsf] k|a[lQsf] k"jf{g'dfg u/]sf 5g\ . JofVofTds tYofÍ zf:qdf r/ /flzsf] ;d"xdf

;do qmddf x'g] kl/jt{gsf] ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . of] cWoogn] yk cGo cg';Gwfgn] lng] lbzfsf]

af/]df kof{Kt cGt{b[li6 k|bfg ub{5 .

lgZsif{

of] cWoogn] pRr / dWod :t/sf] cfo ePsf ^) j6f b]zdf ;g\ !(*%–@))& sf]

cjlwdf pfTkfbgd"ns /f]huf/Ldf dlxnfsf] rfk / lta|tfsf] k|j[lQsf] JofVof u/]sf] 5 . cWoog

blIf0f k"jL{ Plzof / Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf s]lGb|t 5 / oL b'O{ If]qdf leGg k|j[lQ b]lvPsf] lgZsif{

lgsfN5 . Nofl6g cd]l/sf / Sofl/laog If]qsf dWod :t/Lo cfo ePsf b]zn] dlxnfsf] pRr

;xeflutf cg'ej u/] eg] blIf0f k"jL{ Plzofsf w]/} b]zn] ;g\ !(*) sf] bzssf] dWosf]

;'?cftaf6 cgf/Ls/0f (defeminization) sf] cg'ej u/] hjls c? cf}Bf]lus b]zsf]

t'ngfdf oL b]zdf ;'?lt/ pRr txsf] dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

b'j} If]qn] ;f] cjlwdf Jofkfl/s j:t'sf] lgof{tdf bx|f] a[l4sf] cg'ej u/] . o;n] s]

b]vfpF5 eg] lgof{t a[l4 dfqn] /f]huf/Ldf dlxnfsf] ;3gtfdf x'g] kl/jt{gnfO{ lgwf{/0f ub}{g .

yk lglZrttfsf ;fy n]vsn] cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] tfhf tYofÍsf] k|of]ujf6 s] yfxf kfP

eg] lgof{tsf] cf}ift a[l4 b/ / cgf/Ls/0fsf] b/ aLr :ki6 ;DaGw 5}g . cWoogsf] gd"gfsf]

?kdf 5gf}6 ul/Psf w]/} b]zdf lgof{t a[l4 b/ k|lt aif{ @–% k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . t/ of] ;fg]f

cGt/ a|flhn / e]g]h'onf h:tf tLa| ?kn] gf/Ls/0f e}/x]sf b]z / dn]lzof h:tf tLa| ?kn]

cgf/Ls/0f e}/x]sf cGo d'n'sdf dlxnf ;3gtf (female intensity) df ePsf] a[xb

138

kl/jt{g;+u ;DalGwt /x]sf] 5 . /f]huf/Ldf dlxnfsf] ;3gtfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ JofVof ug{

lgof{t sfo{ Ifdtf afx]s cf}Bf]lus ;+/rgf / >d ahf/ ;+:yfx?df ePsf cGt/lglxt

kl/jt{gx?sf] cWoog ug'{ dxTjk"0f{+ x'g] lgZsif{ n]vssf] /x]sf] 5 .

o;/L n]vsåon] n}lËs Hofnf cg'kft / dlxnf /f]huf/Lsf] 3gTj aLrsf] ;DaGwsf] yk

cWoog u/]sf 5g\ / o;df klg s'g} Ps ?ktf b]lvPg .

cWoogdf n]vsn] blIf0f k"jL{ Plzof / Nofl6g cd]l/sf km/s–km/s k|sf/sf]

cf}Bf]lus/0fsf] k|lqmofaf6 u'h|]sf] hgfPsf 5g\ . o;sf/0f oL b'O{ If]qdf gf/Ls/0fsf] km/s–km/s

9fFrf /x]sf] x'g ;Sg] cf}NofPsf 5g\ . blIf0fk"jL{ Plzofsf b]zn] cfkm\gf] pTkfbgd"ns

If]q÷pBf]unfO{ :t/Lo agfpg lgof{tsf] k|of]u u/] eg] Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf clwsf+z b]zdf ;g\

!(&) sf] bzs e/ / ;g\ !(*) sf] cfly{s ;+s6 kl5 cfoft k|lt:yfkg cf}Bf]lus/0f g}

k|fylds gLltut k4ltsf] ?kdf sfod /Xof] . oL b]zsf pTkfbgd"ns pBf]usf] a[l4 dGb /Xof] .

n]vsn] of] k|fs–cg'dfg (hypothesis) cf}Bf]lus :t/f]Ggltsf] dfkg u/]/ k/LIf0f

u/]sf 5g\ . cf}Bf]lus :t/f]Ggltsf] dfkgdf n]vsn] -s_ k'FhLsf] k|r'/tf, / -v_ k|lt sfdbf/

d"Nodf ePsf] clea[l4nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf 5g\ . oL b'O{ If]qdf df]6fdf]6L ;dfg (Symnetric)

k|a[lQ b][lvG5 . blIf0fk"jL{ Plzofsf b]zdf k'FhLsf] k|r'/tf a9\bf] dfqfdf 5 eg] Nofl6g cd]l/sL

b]zdf of] 36\bf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 . pTkfbgd"ns If]qsf] pTkfbgzLntf a[l4 / /f]huf/Ldf

dlxnfsf] ;3gtf aLr ljkl/t ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . pTkfbgdf k'FhLsf] pRr k|r'/tf dlxnfsf]

;3gtfsf] Go"g :t/;+u ;DalGwt 5g\ .

n]vsn] To;kl5 lzIffdf ePsf] n}lËs cGt/ ;DaGwL tYofÍ k|:t't' u/]sf 5g\ . b'j}

If]qdf ;a} txdf gf/L lzIffdf ePsf] k|ult pNn]vgLo /x]sf] pNn]v ub}{ pRr txsf] lzIffdf

Nofl6g cd]l/sL b]zx?df dlxnfsf] egf{b/ k'?ifsf] eGbf a9L ePsf] lgZsif{ lgsfn]sf 5g\ .

To;sf/0f /f]huf/Ldf dlxnfsf] lx:;f -;xeflutf_ pRr bIftf xfl;n eP;+u} 36\g'sf] k|d'v

sf/0f bIftf÷;Lksf] cGt/ -jf lzIffsf] sdL_ xf] eGg] ts{ klg ljZj;gLo 5}g . n]vsåosf]

ljrf/df dlxnf pRr k|ljlwut jf ef/L sfdsf] nflu pko'Qm x'Fb}gg\ eGg] ;dfhdf JofKt n}lËs

dfGotf / ;+s'lrt ;f]rfO{ g} o;sf] o'lQm;+ut sf/0f xf] .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

139

Pd]gu'cn, Pd= / ldnj{u{ 8An'= -;g\ @))*_ . æOsf]gf]lds 8]e]nkd]G6 P08 jls{Ë slG8;G;\

Og PSkf]6{ k|f];]l;Ë hf]G;\ M c ;e]{ ckm 6]«G8\;Æ . sfo{kqx¿ # h]g]ef, cGt//fli6«o >d ;+u7g,

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pknAw 5 .

cf/6]sf]gf, cf/= / s'lgËxfd, 8An'= -;g\ @))@_ .æPkm]S6\; ckm 6]«8 lna/nfO{h];g cg b h]G8/

j]h Uofk Og d]lS;sf]Æ . lnË / ljsf; sfo{kq z[ª\vnf @! . jfl;Ë6g 8L;L, ljZj a}+s .

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chP]8 -;g\ @))*_ . æjdg Og lahg]; Og ;fdf]cfÆ . ;g\ @))* sf] :sf]lkË ld;gsf k|d'v

lgisif{x¿, Sofa]/f, cGt//fli6«o ljsf;sf nflu c:6]«lnofnL lgof]u .

Aofl/Pg6f];, P; -;g\ @))!_ . æh]G8/, ˆn]lS;laln6L P08 Unf]an Eofn' r]G;\Æ cfO8LP;

a'n]l6g, #@ -#_ M *#–(# .

Aofl/Pg6f];, P;=, sjL/, Pg= / xf];}g, Pg== -;g\ @))$_ . æb h]G8/ 8fOd]G;G;\ ckm b

Unf]anfO{h];g ckm k|8S;gÆ . sfo{kq g+ !& h]g]ef, cGt//fli6«o >d ;+u7g

Aofl/Pg6f];, P;= / l:dy P;= -;g\ @))%_ . ækm]o/ 6]«8 P08 Olysn 6]«8 M cf/ b]/ d'E;\

6'j8{;\ sGe/h]G;\<Æ ;:6]g]an 8]e]nkd]G6, !#-#_ M k[i7 !()–!(*

a]s/, hL=P;= -!(%(_ . b Osf]gf]ldS;\ ckm l8l:qmldg];g . l;sfuf], b o"lgel;{6L ckm l;sfuf]

k|]; .

a]lehlnof–hDk]§L, P / 6«fg–gu'P]g, P=Pg= -;Dkfbs_ ;g\ @))$ . 6]«8 P08 h]G8/ M

ck/r'lgl6h P08 Rofn]Gh]h km/ 8]e]nlkË slG6«h . ;+/f;+3Lo k|sfzg . ljqmL g+ O=)$=cfOcfO{,

8L @* . Go"of]s{ / h]g]ef

a]l/s, hL=, efg 8/ d'n]g /f]h;{, jfO{ / h]e]lnr, h]=O{= -;g\ @))$_ . OG6/g];gn 6]«8 P08

h]G8/ j]h l8l:qmldg];g M P]le8]G; k|md O:6 P]l;of . l/leo" ckm 8]e]nkd]G6 Osf]gf]ldS;\, *-@_

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a]l/s, hL= -;g\ @))^_ . æu|f]y ljy h]08/ OgOlSjfln6L M Pgb/ n's cf6 O:6 P]l;og

8]e]nkd]G6Æ . cy{zf:q ljefu . sfo{kq z[ª\vnf g+ @))^–# . ;N6 n]s l;6L, o"lgel;{6L ckm

p6fx .

a]l/s, hL= -;g\ @)!!_ .æh]08/ P:k]S6\; ckm 6]«8Æ . Og h]g;g, Pd= -;Dkfbs_ ;g\ @)!! 6]«8

ODKnod]G6 M k|md ldy 6' ˆofS6\; . h]g]ef, cGt//fli6«o >d ;+u7g,

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a]l/s, hL= / /f]h;{, jfO{ -;g\ @)!)_ .æcK;G;\ km/ OGkmf]/l;Ë n]a/ :6fo08;{ M n];G;\ k|md

aËnfb]z P08 Sofdaf]l8ofÆ hg{n ckm OG6/g];gn 8]e]nkd]G6, @@-!_ M k[i7 %^–*%, ;N6 n]s

l;6L, o"lgel;{6L ckm p6fx .

e§frfo{, 8L= vft'g, Pkm, Pkm, df]cfh]d, hL=Pd= /xdfg, Pd= / ;fxl/g, P= -;g\ @))*_ .

h]08/ P08 6]«8 lna/nfOh];g Og aËnfb]z M b s]; ckm /]l8d]8 ufd]{G6\; . 9fsf, ;]G6/ km/

kf]ln;L 8fOnu .

Anfs, P;= / a|fOg]8{, O{ -;g\ @))$_ . æODkf]l6{Ë OSjfln6L<Æ b ODKofS6 ckm Unf]anfO{h];g

cg h]G8/ l8l:qmldg];gÆ . OG8l:6«on P08 n]a/ l/n];G;\ l/lEo', %& -$_ M k[i7 %$)–%%(

Aff]o]Gh], h]=kL= -;g\ @))&_ . æcfOPncf] 8f6fa]; cg PSkf]6{ k|f];]l;Ë hf]G;\Æ . ;]S6f]/n

PlS6lel6h k|f]u|fd jls{Ë k]k/ @%! . h]g]ef, cGt//fli6«o >d ;+u7g

PsfO{ #

lnËdf cfwfl/t c;dfgtf / Jofkf/ sfo{;Dkfbg

! kl/ro

Dff]8\o"n ! df xfdLn] cy{tGqnfO{ Pp6f n}lª\us ?kdf ag]sf] Pp6f ;+/rgfsf ?kdf

cjwf/0ff agfPsf lyof}+ / ;dfhdf / cy{tGqdf pgLx¿n] lgjf{x ug]{ ljleGg e"ldsfx¿df

dlxnfx¿n] lnË;DaGwL Jojwfgx¿sf] ;fdgf ug]{ klg b]v]sf 5f}+ . Dff]8\o"n @ df xfdLn]

Jofkf/sf] PsLs/0fn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ Hofnfbf/L sfdbf/, pTkfbs, Jofkf/L, pkef]Qmf -/ ;fj{hlgs

141

;]jfsf k|of]ustf{sf_ / s/bftfsf ?kdf s;/L k|efljt u5{ eg]/ x]/\of}+ . w]/} ljsf;f]Gd"v

b]zx¿df Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fn] >d–s]lGb|t pTkfbgdf pNn]vgLo ?kdf æ>dsf] dlxnfjfbLs/0fÆ

ePsf] b]v]sf 5f}+ eg] s[lifdf dlxnfdflysf] k|efj a9L ldl>t lyof] . xfdLn] of] klg b]v]sf 5f}+

ls pTkfbs / Jofkf/Lsf ?kdf dlxnfx¿n] gofF lgof{t ahf/x¿sf] nfe p7fpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ /

jf:tjdf cfoftsf] k|lt:kwf{sf] gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ uPsf] x'g;S5 .

o; Dff]8\o"nn] lnË–lglb{i6 c;dfgtfx¿n] lgof{tsf] k|lt:kwf{Tdstf / Jofkf/ sfo{;DkfbgnfO{

s;/L k|efljt ub{5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;dLIff ub{5 . >d–s]lGb|t pTkfbgdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ Go"g j]tg,

Go"g d'No yKg] sfdsf nflu lsg k|fyldstf lbOG5 eGg] ljifonfO{ xfdL ljZn]if0f u5f}+ . pBdL

/ Jofkf/Lsf ?kdf :j/f]huf/ ePsf dlxnfx¿ lgof{t k|lt:kwf{Tdstf xfl;n ug]{ cj:yfdf lsg

x'Fb}gg\ eGg] sf/0fx¿df klg xfdL yk 5nkmn u5f}{+ . cyf{t xfdLn] Jofkf/ / n}lËs

c;dfgtfnfO{ b'O{ j6f cfofdaf6 x]5f}{ M -s_ n}lËs c;dfgtfnfO{ lgof{t k|lt:kwf{Tdstf a9fpg

s;/L k|of]u ul/G5 / To;n] pRr cfly{s j[l4 s;/L lgDTofpF5 / -v_ n}lËs c;dfgtfn]

dlxnfx¿nfO{ lgof{tstf{ aGgaf6 s;/L /f]S5 / To;af6 Jofkf/ sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ s;/L ;Lldt

agfpF5 . o; k|of]hgsf nflu xfdL efg :6fe]/]g / cGo -;g\ @))&_ / PN;g -;g\ @))&_n]

pknAw u/fPsf ju{x¿sf] kl/rfng u5f}{+, h;n] dlxnfx¿nfO{ lgof{ts]lGb|t sDkgLx¿sf nflu

æk|lt:kwf{Tds nfesf ;|f]tÆsf ?kdf / cfˆgf pBdx¿sf nflu æk|lt:kwf{Tds nfesf

cG8/Plre/Æx¿sf ?kdf JofVof ub{5 .$% xfdL oL k|lqmofx¿nfO{ k|To]s d'2fdf ;DalGwt

b]zsf] 36gf cWoog k|of]u ub}{ pbfx/0fsf ?kdf k|:t't ub{5f}+ . cGttM Pp6f kl/lzi6df n}lËs

c;dfgtfsf] Jofkf/df kg]{ k|efjnfO{ ;}4flGts / Jojxfl/s b'j} kIfaf6 ljZn]if0f ug]{ s]xL

cg';Gwfg kqx¿sf] xfdL ;+lIfKt ;dLIff ub{5f}+ .

o; Dff]8\o"ndf xfdL w]/} Jofkf/sf] lgof{t cfofdnfO{ a9L pb[t u5f}+{ / xfdL lgof{t j[l4 / cfly{s

j[l4aLrsf] ;DaGw–;Dks{nfO{ klg 5nkmn u5f}+ . o; Dff]8\o"nsf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿n] b]xfo

s'/fx¿ ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M

n}lª\us c;dfgtfn] lgof{t k|lt:kwf{Tdstf / Jofkf/ sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ s;/L k|efljt ub{5 eg]/

klxrfg ug{ / o; k|efjsf] k|;f/0f ;+oGqx¿nfO{ a'em\g Ù

n}lËs c;dfgtfn] Jofkf/ sfo{;Dkfbg / lgof{t k|lt:kwf{TdstfnfO{ s;/L k|efljt u5{ eGg]

af/]df pbfx/0fx¿ k|:t't ug{ .

142

@ æk|lt:kwf{Tds nfesf ;|f]tÆsf ?kdf dlxnf

@=! n}lËs j]tgsf] b'/L / ænrstfÆ

Dff]8\o"n @ df pNn]v ul/P h:t} w]/} ljsf;f]Gd"v b]zx¿df dlxnfx¿ >d–s]lGb|t lgof{t

pTkfbgdf sfdbf/sf ?kdf 7"nf] ;+Vofdf sfddf nufOPsf 5g\ . ljz]ifu/L OkLh]x¿df

/f]huf/Ldf dlxnfx¿sf] c+z w]/} a9L b]lvG5 / w]/} To:tf Olkh]x¿ ufd]{G6, 5fnf, v]nf}gf /

ljB'tLo ;fdu|xLx¿sf] xn'sf pTkfbg / kf6{k'hf{ h8fg ug]{ sfo{df s]lGb|t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . oL

sDkgLx¿sf nflu dlxnfx¿ s;/L k|lt:kwf{Tds nfesf ;|f]tx¿ aGg k'u]sf 5g\ < lnvtx¿df

pb[t ul/g] d'Vo sf/0f nueu ;j{JofkL ?kdf /x]sf] n}lËs j]tg b'/L /x]sf] kfOG5 $^.

e]befjhGo d'NodfGotf / cEof;x¿sf sf/0f ;dfg sfdsf nflu dlxnfx¿n] kfpg] t'ngfTds

?kdf Go"g j]tg cGt//fli6«o ahf/df s8f k|lt:kwf{sf] ;fdgf ug]{ sDkgLx¿sf nflu cfsif{s

>d zlQm x'g\ . ljz]ifu/L >d–s]lGb|t pTkfbgx¿sf nflu cGt//fli6«o d'Nodf k|lt:kwf{ a9L

ulx/f] x'g]u5{ / d'No nrstfsf] dfu t'ngfTds ?kdf pRr x'g]u5{ . o:tf] cj:yfdf >d vr{n]

s'n vr{sf] 7"nf] c+z cf]u6\g] ePsfn] >d zlQmsf] dlxnfjfbLs/0f vr{ s6fpg] Pp6f e/kbf]{

/0fgLlt aGg hfG5 . tflnsf ! df blIf0f–k"jL{ P]l;of / Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf b]zx¿sf] Pp6f ;fgf]

gd"gfsf nflu n}lËs j]tgsf] b'/LnfO{ k|:t't ub{5 . ;"rLs[t ul/Psf ;a} b]zx¿sf nflu n}lËs

j]tg b'/L pNn]vgLo /x]sf] :ki6 5 . O08f]g]l;of / Pn ;fNef8f]/df Tof] b'/L ;do;Fu a9]/

uPsf] 5 . n}lËs j]tg b'/L ljsf;f]Gd"v b]zsf] k|j[lQ dfq xf]Og eg]/ pNn]v ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5

Ù k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfx¿n] kfpg] tnjdfgdf pNn]vgLo leGgtf ljsl;t b]zx¿df klg

/x]sf] kfOG5 . $&

Tflnsf ! M blIf0f–k"jL{ Pl;of / Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf pTkfbg j]tgsf] b/, dlxnf / k'?if -k|ltzt_

;'? aif{ j]tg b'/L cGTo aif{ j]tg b'/L

blIf0f–k"jL{

Pl;of

O08f]g]l;of @))! (!=( @))* ^*=#

dn]l;of !(*% $(=# !((& ^@=(

lkmlnlkG; !(($ &$=$ @))& (!=#

yfOn}08 !((! ^#=& @))# &%=$

143

Nofl6g cd]l/sf

a|flhn !(** %)=* @))@ ^!=@

sf]:6fl/sf !(*$ &#=# @))% *!=&

PN;fNef8f]/ !(*$ *&=^ @))* *#=*

d]lS;sf] !((% ^*=) @))* &!=*

;|f]t M cfO{Pncf] -;g\ @))(_

;]u'Ogf] -;g\ @)))_n] lnË j]tg b'/Ln] ;g\ !(&%–!((%sf aLr s]xL gd"gf ljsf;f]Gd"v

b]zx¿sf nflu lgof{t / nufgLdf lj:tf/ u/]/ cfly{s j[l4df pNn]vgLo ?kdf of]ubfg u/]sf]

b]vfof] . o;}u/L, a'; / l:konDofg -;g\ @))^_n] n}lËs j]tg c;dfgtf >d s]lGb|t pTkfbgdf

pRr t'ngfTds nfe;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] jf csf]{ zAbdf h'g b]zx¿df pRr n}lËs j]tg b'/L 5

ToxfF >d s]lGb|t ;fwgx¿sf] pRr cfoft /x]sf] kfPsf lyP .

k|fo ljsf;f]Gd"v b]zx¿df /x]sf o:tf w]/} lgof{td'vL sDkgLx¿ Unf]an Eofn' r]gsf]

Go"g d'No yk ug]{ efudf ;dflxt ul/G5 / 5f]6f] ;dol;dfdf cfk"lt{ ug'{kg]{ / j}b]lzs ahf/sf]

df};dL dfu k"/f ug'{kg]{ bjfadf /xg]] u5{g\ / To;sf nflu pgLx¿n] dlxnf sfdbf/x¿ lgo'Qm

u5{g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu afujfgL Eofn' r]gsf nflu dlxnfx¿ ænlrnf]Æ$* >dzlQmsf]

s]Gb|ljGb' x'g]u5{g\ / lrnL / blIf0f clk|msfsf] df};dL, ;fwf/0f / c:yfoL sfddf s]lGb|t 5g\ eg]

d'Vo :yfoL >dzQmLsf ?kdf k'?ifx¿sf] k|e'Tj /x]sf] 5 -afl/Pg6f];, ;g\ @)!!_ . To;}sf/0f

sDkgLx¿n] a'em]/ g} bf]xf]/f] /0fgLlt ckgfpF5g\ / Pstkm{ sdhf]/ ;f}bfafhL zlQm ePsf] Go"g

Hofnfsf] >dzlQmnfO{ lgo'Qm u5{g\ / kmfObf a9fpg] Pp6f /0fgLltsf] ?kdf cem a9L ;Lko'Qm

sfdbf/x¿sf] ;fgf] ;d"xnfO{ a9L Hofnf lbg] u5{g\ . of] /0fgLltnfO{ df]/f]Ssf]sf] ufd]{G6 pBf]udf

klg k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 hxfF ;Lk gePsf cgf}krfl/s / k|fo dlxnf sfdbf/x¿nfO{ KoflsË /

nf]l8Ë h:tf sfdsf nflu kl/rfng ul/G5 eg] pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Lko'Qm

sfdbf/x¿sf] Pp6f d'Vo ;d"xnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOG5 -/f]:;L, ;g\ @)!!_ .

df]8\o"n @ df 5nkmn u/] h:t} lgof{t sf/vfgfx¿df /f]huf/Lsf cltl/Qm dlxnfx¿n]

3/df cfwfl/t sfdbf/sf ?kdf klg hLljsf]kfh{g ub{5g\ / of] o:tf] ju{ xf] h;df :jtGq

cfkm\g} vftf ePsf pTkfbsx¿ / lg/e{/ pksf/f/gfdf sfdbfx¿ ;dfj]z x'G5g\ -sf/ / cGo,

;g\ @)))_ . 3/]n' sfdbf/ elgg] / Go"g tna kfpg] tyf s'g} ;'ljwf jf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]

144

Joj:yf gePsf] sfdbf/x¿sf] kl5Nnf] ju{n] klg lhle;Ldf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5g\ .

dn]l;ofdf Ps ltxfO{ eGbf a9L On]lS6«f]lgs, nQfsk8f / 6]S;6fOn sDkgLx¿n] cfkm\gf] sfd

3/]n' sfdbf/x¿sf s/f/;Demf}tdf lbg] u5{g\ . -3f]if, ;g\ @))@Ù ;Ld @))(_. tof/L kf]zfssf]

Pp6f cu|0fL lgof{tstf{ 6sL{df d'Vot dlxnf 3/]n'sfdbf/x¿nfO{ k|lt uf]6fsf] b/n]

pks/f/gfdf lbg] sfo{ Jofks 5 / To;n] dlxnf >d zlQmsf] a9\bf] cgf}krfl/s/0fnfO{

lgDTofPsf] 5 -8]8]pUn', ;g\ @)!) _ . 3/]n' sfdbf/x¿nfO{ >d s]lGb|t jf e]nf eP/ ul/g] sfd

pks/f/gfdf lbP/ lhlel;sf tNnf] txdf /x]sf pTkfbsx¿n] j]tg, u}/j]tg / cltl/Qm vr{

s6f}tL ub}{ pks/0f vl/b ug]{ / ef8f / aQLsf] k};f ltg]{ 3/]n' sfdbf/x¿nfO{ hf]lvd

x:tfGt/0f ub{5g\ -sf/ / cGo, ;g\ @)))_ . To;} sf/0f dlxnf >dsf] d'No rqm cg'qmddfly

;+/rgfTds k|efj kg]{ ts{ ul/G5 lsgeg] To;n] ljsl;t b]zx¿sf g]t[TjbfoL sDkgLx¿df

ef8fsf] :yfgfGt/0fnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ub{5 . -t]hfgL, ;g\ @)!!_

pTkfbsx¿n] ljBdfg n}lËs c;dfgtfx¿nfO{ vr{ s6f}tL ug{ k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ t/ jf:tjdf

pgLx¿n] gofF ?ksf c;dfgtfx¿nfO{ hGd lbg] u5{g\ h:t} lgof{t If]qsf] Go"g j]tg, Go"g ;Lk

sfddf dlxnfx¿sf] le8 l;h{gf ug]{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, u0ftGq sf]l/ofsf] cfkm\gf] cWoogdf,

;]u'Ogf] -;g\ !((&_n] b]zsf] lgof{tdf k|lt:kwf{Tdstf / ;kmntfsf nflu j]tgdf n}lËs

c;dfgtfx¿ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf /x]sf] b]vfPsf] lyof] . pgn] k|d'v lgof{t pBf]ux¿df

dlxnfx¿sf] afF8kmfF8 n}lËs ?kdf j]tgsf] b'/Lsf] lg/Gt/tf;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] kfPsL lyOg\ .

dlxnf lj?4 lgo'lQm, tflnd / k|j4{gdf x'g] e]befjn] klg pgLx¿sf] cj:yfnfO{ sdhf]/

t'Nofpg] a9L j]tgsf nflu ;f}bfjfhL ug]{ pgLx¿sf] IfdtfnfO{ ;Lldt agfpg] u/]sf] 5 .

o;}u/L aËnfb]zdf sfkf]; -;g\ @))*_n] n}lËs ?kdf j]tgdf /x]sf] b'/Lsf] Ps ltxfO{ sf/0f

ljefhgsf] k|efj /x]sf] kfPsf lyP . !$ b]zx¿df k'?if k|e'Tjsf] k]zfdf /x]sf] pRr Hofnfn] %

b]lv $# k|ltztsf] Hofnfdf leGgtf lgDTofPsf] 5 . -cfOPncf], @))(, saL/, ;g\ @)!@df

pb[t ul/P cg';f/_ .

s[lifdf cfwfl/t cy{tGqx¿df dlxnfx¿ k|foM gub] afnL pTkfbgdf Hofnf ljgfsf]

kfl/jfl/s sfdbf/sf ?kdf ;+nUg x'G5g\ . hdLgsf] :jfldTj k|foM k'?if gft]bf/x¿df x'G5 /

kfl/jfl/s Joj;fon] kl/rfng u/]sf] ;|f]tdf dlxnfsf] kx'Fr jf lgoGq0f x'Fb}g Ù pgLx¿sf] lg0f{o

lng] clwsf/ sd x'G5 / cfkm\gf] cfDbfgLdfly klg lgoGq0f x'Fb}g, h;sf] e'QfgL k|fo M k'?if

gft]bf/nfO{ ul/G5 . Jofkf/nfO{ pbf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf k/Dk/fut gub] afnL;Fu ;DalGwt

145

pTkfbg / cfo gofF lgof{tsf cj;/sf ;fy lj:tfl/t x'g;S5 . tyflk To;n] dlxnfx¿sf

nflu nfe k'/\ofpF5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 5}g -cGs6f8, ;g\ @))$, On;g, ;g\ @))&df pb[t ul/P

cg';f/_ . dlxnfnfO{ cfpg] kmfObf clglZrt eP tfklg gub] afnLsf] lgof{tsf] vr{ sd ug{ /

lgof{t cfo a9fpgdf pgL?sf] Hofnf/lxt >d dxTjk"0f{ 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ;:tf] cfoftaf6

x'g] k|lt:kwf{sf sf/0f yk pTkfbgsf nflu ahf/af6 dlxnfx¿ al~rt ePdf pgLx¿sf] cf/If0f

j]tg Go"g x'ghfG5 / pgLx¿ Hofnf/lxt 3/]n' sfdbf/sf ?kdf sfd ug{ a9L OG5's x'G5g\ -

P]n;g, ;g\ @))&_

@=@ n}lËs dfGotf / ?l9jfbL wf/0ffsf] e"ldsf

oBlk >d s]lGb|t pBf]udf dfq dlxnf? t'ngfTds nfesf] ;|f]t lsg ag] eGg] k|Zg cg'Ql/t 5

. n}lËs lzIff b'/Ln] ljutdf of] l:ylt lgDTofPtf klg xfn w]/} ljsf;f]Gd"v b]zx¿df k|fylds

txdf nueu of] ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf ;dfKt eO;s]sf] 5 . dfWolds / pRr lzIffdf klg

pRr–dfWod–cfo ePsf b]zx¿df k|ult /fd|f] 5 blIf0fk"jL{ P]l;of / Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf s]xL

b]zx¿df dlxnf pknlAw of] txdf k'?ifsf] eGbf cufl8 5 -t]hfgL / ldnju{, ;g\ @)!)_ .

jf:tjdf s]xL cWoogx¿df lzIffsf] e]l/Pann] O08f]g]l;of -Sof/j], ;g\ @))&_ / / Nofl6g

cd]l/sf / blIf0f–k"jL{ P]l;ofdf -t]hfgL / ldnju{, @)!@_ sf] pTkfbg If]qdf /f]huf/Ldf

dlxnfx¿sf] c+zdf cfpg] kl/jt{gnfO{ JofVof ug{ ul0ftLo ?kdf cf;Gble{s 5 . oBlk

dlxnfx¿df sfdsf] cg'ej / k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos tflnd sfo{qmdx¿df kx'Frsf] sld

/x]sf] s'/f ;To xf] / To;n] df]8\o"n @ df 5nkmn ul/P em}+ pRr d'Nosf sfdx¿df pgLx¿sf]

;xeflutfnfO{ k|efljt ug{ ;S5 .

>d s]lGb|t pTkfbgsf] dlxnfjfbLs/0f -jf dlxnfx¿sf] ljefhg_df n}lËs dfGotf /

?9LjfbL wf/0ffsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf :ki6 5 / To;nfO{ w]/} dlxnfjfbL lj4fgx¿n] klg hf]8

lbPsf 5g\ . æk'?ifsf] sfdÆ / ædlxnfsf] sfdÆ sf] :ki6 dfGotfn] k'?ifx¿nfO{ k'FhL s]lGb|t tyf

ef/L sfddf / dlxnfx¿nfO{ >d s]lGb|t sfdtkm{ ljefhg ug]{ sfd ub{5 . dlxnfx¿sf]

ljgoefj, cf1fsfl/tf, lgk'0ftf / o'lgogdf cfj4 x'g] clglR5fsf af/]df /x]sf] ?9LjfbL wf/0ffn]

>d s]lGb|t sfddf Hofnfbf/L sfdbf/sf?kdf pgLx¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] sfo{nfO{ w]/} xb;Dd

of]ubfg k'/\ofpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 -sf/fj], @))&_ . lnËdf cfwfl/t æk|fs[lts k|j[lQÆsf sf/0f

dlxnfx¿ bf]xf]¥ofP/ ug'{kg]{, lj:t[t / :ofxf/ ;';f/sf] sfdsf nflu pko'Qm /x]sf] eg]/ x]g]{

146

ul/G5 . o;sf] kmn:j?k lrq !df k|:t't ul/P cg';f/ ljsf;f]Gd"v b]zdf cGt/b]zLo gd"gfsf]

OkLh]8x¿df ufd]{G6 / On]S6«f]lgS;\sf] t'ngfdf kmnfd pTkfbg / s]ldsnx¿df dlxnfx¿sf]

/f]huf/Lsf] b/ lgs} sd 5 . ;]jf If]qdf klg dlxnfx¿ lzIf0f / gl;{Ë h:tf Go"g j]tg ePsf

sfddf jf sfof{nosf] tNnf] :t/sf] sfd, ko{6g If]q jf 3/fo;L sfd / ;fdfGo Jofkf/h:tf

cgf}krfl/s lqmofsnfkdf a9L ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOG5 . s[lifdf klg dlxnfx¿ KoflsË / km;n

p7fpg] h:tf lqmofsnfkx¿df df};dL sfdbf/sf ?kdf jf Ogl6PO{x¿sf] pTkfbgdf nlrnf]

sfdbf/sf ?kdf ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOG5 . tflnsf @ n] afujfgL, ko{6g / sn ;]G6/ pBf]udf

/x]sf] ljefhgsf] k|s[ltsf] lj:t[t ;f/;+If]k k|:t't ub{5 .

lrq ! M Olkh]8x¿df If]qut cfwf/df /f]huf/Ldf dlxnfsf] c+z, 5gf}6 ul/Psf b]zx¿, ;g\

@))(

ufd]{G6

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cGo pTkfbg

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sfi7, sfuh / sfi7 pTkfbg

s]ldsn

/f]huf/Ldf dlxnfx¿sf] c+z

;|f]t M ljZj a}+s -;g\ @))(–@)!), t]hfgL, ;g\ @)!!df pb[t ul/P cg';f/_

l6Kk0fL M ;dLIff ul/Psf b]zx¿df aËnfb]z, l8ldlgsg l/klAns, xf]08'/;, 3fgf, s]Gof, n];]yf],

gfOh]l/of, tfGhflgof, ;]g]un / leotgfd /x]sf 5g\ .

tflnsf @ M ljleGg pBf]ux/df /f]huf/L ljefhgsf] pbfx/0f

147

If]q /f]huf/ ljefhgsf] k|j[lQ

afuafgL dlxnfx¿ KoflsË If]qdf s]lGb|t 5g\ hxfF pgLx¿ k|fo Hofnfbf/L >ldssf

?kdf sfd u5{g\ / pTkfbg If]qdf hxfF pgLx¿ Hofnfljlxg kfl/jfl/s

>ldssf ?kdf sfd u5{g\ . s]xL dlxnfx¿ pBdLsf ?kdf ;xefuL x'G5g\

/ :jtGq ?kdf v]tL u5{g\ .

ko{6g dlxnfx¿sf] cfjf; / ed|0fsf] If]qdf a9L k|ltlglwTj 5 . oL If]qdf

pgLx¿ xf]6ndf -xfp; lslkË, n'uf w'g], vfgf / k]o kbfy{, ;fdfGo

sfof{no ;xfos_ Go"g b]lv dWod ;Lk ePsf sfdbf/x¿sf ?kdf, cfkm}

lhDd]jf/L >lds jf pBdLsf ?kdf, snfsf/ jf Jofkf/Lsf ?kdf /

kfl/jfl/s /]G6'/]G6x¿df sfd u5{g\ .

sn ;]G6/ dlxnfx¿ Ph]G6:t/df s]lGb|t 5g\ / pRr d'Nosf] If]q / Joj:yfkgdf

k|fo k'?ifx¿sf] k|e'Tj /xg] u/]sf] 5 . s]xL sd dlxnf pBdLx¿n] dfq

cfkm\g} sn ;]G6/ ;~rfng ub{5g\ .

;|f]t M o"Pg;L6LP8L -@)!$s, :6fl/h / l/O;\ @)!#af6 lj:tfl/t ul/Psf] .

o;}u/L k'?ifx¿nfO{ kl/jf/sf] kfngstf{sf ?kdf / dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;xfos cfostf{sf

?kdf dfGotf lbg] k|rngn] pRr Hofnf / a9L ;'/lIft /f]huf/df k'?ifx¿nfO{ cf/If0f lbPsf] 5

. >d ahf/ ;+3;+:yfx¿ / ljz]ifu/L k'?ifsf] k|e'Tj /xg] o'lgogx¿ / /fHo tyf

/f]huf/bftfx¿n] cjnDag ug]{ /f]huf/;DaGwL gLltx¿ klg k]zfsf] n}lËs ljefhgnfO{ of]ubfg

k'/\ofpg] Pp6f sf/s tTj ag]sf] 5 -r]GË / ;LpË !((*Ù ;]u'Ogf], ;g\ !((&_ . pbfx/0fsf

nflu lnË lglb{i6 /f]huf/sf] lj1fkgx¿n] dlxnfx¿nfO{ pRr tna ePsf ;Lkd"ns sfdaf6

6f9f /fVg ;Sb5 -a]l/s, ;g\@))%_ . oBlk >d s]lGb|t pTkfbgdf dlxnfx¿sf] /f]huf/sf] c+z

klg pTkfbsn] To; sfdsf nflu dlxnfx¿;Fu cfjZos ljz]iftf 5 eg]/ ;f]r]df dfq a9\g

hfG5 Ù csf]{ zAbdf ?9LjfbL wf/0ffsf] ;Totfn] eGbf klg /f]huf/bftfx¿n] To;df ljZjf;

u5{g\ jf ub}{gg eGg] s'/fn] km/s kfb{5 -sf/fj], ;g\ @))&, t]hfgL / ldnju{, ;g\ @)!)df

pb[t ul/P cg';f/_ .

lgo'QmL ug]{ lg0f{ox¿df n}lËs dfGotf / ?9LjfbL wf/0ffsf] pNn]vgLo k|efj 5 eGg] s'/f pRr

d'Nosf] pTkfbgdf pBf]ux¿sf] a9f]Q/L x'Fbf dlxnfx¿nfO{ >dsf] ;|f]tsf ?kdf lng gul/Psf]

148

cj:yfaf6 :ki6 x'G5 . o;n] ufd]{G6 / 6]S;6fOn h:tf dlxnfx¿sf] k|e'Tj /x]sf] If]qx¿df klg

pTkfbgsf] cdlxnfs/0fsf] k|j[lQnfO{ lgDTofPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu O:6 P]l;og 6fOu/

cy{tGqx¿df -afl/o]G6f]; / cGo, ;g\ @))$_ . xfdLn] efu @=% df rLgsf] tfOjfg k|fGtsf]

pbfx/0fnfO{ cem lj:t[t ?kdf x]g]{ 5f}+ . n}lËs b'/Ldf cfPsf] sdL klg dlxnf >ldsx¿sf]

dfudf cfPsf] x|f;sf] Pp6f sf/0f x'g;S5 / To;n] cdlxnfs/0f lgDTofPsf] 5 . oxL pbfx/0f

u0ftGq sf]l/ofdf b]lvof] .

@=# lgof{t k|lt:kwf{Tdstf / cfly{s j[l4

lgof{t k|lt:kwf{Tdstf a9]df To;n] cGttM cfly{s j[l4nfO{ a9fjf lbG5 . lgof{t j[l4 /

cfly{s j[l4nfO{ ;DalGwt ug]{ ljleGg dfWodx¿ 5g\ . klxnf lgof{taf6 cfPsf] /fhZjn] gofF

k|ljlw;lxtsf ;xfos / k"Flhut j:t'x¿df kx'Fr lglZrt ug'{sf ;fy} 7"nf] dfqfdf nfut$( /

ljlzli6s/0fnfO{ ;xh agfpF5 . oL kIfx¿n] cf};t pTkfbsTj a9fpFb} cGttM pTkfbg j[l4 x'G5

. lgof{taf6 cfPsf] /fhZjnfO{ pbfx/0fsf nflu cg';Gwfg / ljsf;df vr{ ug{ ;lsG5 . af/f] -

;g\ !((^_df gd'gf ul/P cg';f/ cg';Gwfg / ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx¿af6 cfPsf k|ljlwhGo

ljsf;sfn] bL3{sfnLg ?kdf ;sf/fTds j[l4 b/nfO{ sfod /fVg d2t ub{5 . oBlk /f]d/ -;g\

!(()_df pb[t ul/Pem}+ gofF k|ljlwx¿ cjnDag ug{ b]z;Fu 7"nf] dfqfdf dfgj k'FhL -cyf{t

lzlIft÷;Lko'Qm >d zlQm_sf] df}Hbft x'g h?/L 5 . ;fy} pTkfbsTj / kl/0ffd j[l4df

k|ljlwhGo ;DalGwt k|efj l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg] ;xfos / k'FhLut ;fwgsf] lgof{tdf cfwfl/t

Jofkf/ ;+/rgf klg cfjZos 5 .%) olb of] cj:yf /lx /x]df lgof{tx¿n] yk cfly{s j[l4

lgDTofpg ;S5 . bf];|f], lgof{tstf{ sDkgLx¿sf] /fhZjn] nufgLsf nflu k'FhLsf] pknAwtfnfO{

a9fpF5 . O/6's / Sofuf6] -;g\ !((%_n] ts{ u/] cg';f/ sDkgLsf] /fhZjsf] ;fgf] c+z dlxnf

>ldsnfO{ e'QfgL lbg ljlgof]hg ul/Pdf k'FhL ;+sngsf nflu / nufgLsf nflu yk ;|f]t

kl/rfng ug{ ;lsG5, / of] cfly{s j[l4sf] k|fylds dWo] Ps xf] -cn];Lgf / k]/f]§L, ;g\ !((^_

.

o;sf cltl/Qm Jofkf/df pbf/kgnfO{ k|j{4g\ ug]{ ;'Idcfly{s gLltx¿nfO{ klg j[l4pGd"v

u/fpg]sf ?kdf lnOG5 . jf:tjdf cfly{s pbf/kgn] k|lt:kwf{Tds cfly{s jftfj/0fdf of]ubfg

k'/\ofpg], ;|f]tsf] r':t afF8kmfF8nfO{ k|j{4g\ ug]{ / k|lt sfdbf/ kl/0ffd a9fpg] sfd ub{5 -

149

;]u'Ogf], ;g\ @)))_ .%! oL ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ j[l4 /0fgLltsf ?kdf j}b]lzs dfudf lge{/ /x]sf

ax';+Vos ljsf;f]Gd"v b]zx¿df b]Vg kfOG5 -;]u'Ogf], ;g\ @)!)Ù a]l/s, ;g\ @))%_.

@=$ n}lËs c;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t lgof{t /0fgLltsf] clbuf]kgf

;Defljt ckJofVofaf6 6f9f /xg xfdLn] lgof{t k|lt:kwf{Tdstf / j[l4 a9fpg]

/0fgLltsf ?kdf dlxnf lj?4sf e]befjhGo cEof;x¿nfO{ a9fjf lbPsf] sbflk xf]Og eGg] s'/f

:ki6 kfg{ h?/L 5 . ljBdfg n}lËs Hofnf leGgtfx¿n] >d s]lGb|t b]znfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds nfe

xfl;n ug{ d2t k'/\ofpF5 eGg] s'/f xfdLn] b]v]sf 5f}+ / olb of] /0fgLlt ;a} b]zx¿n] cjnDag

ug]{ xf] eg] k'FhL s]lGb|t b]zx¿sf] t'ngfdf pgLx¿sf] Jofkf/sf ;t{x¿nfO{ gsf/fTds k|efj

kfg{ ;S5 -sfuf6], ;g\ @))!_ .%@ o;sf cnfjf lgof{tsf] sfo{nfO{ a9fjf lbg n}lËs

c;fdgtfx¿dfly lge{/ x'g] ljsf;f]Gd"v b]zx¿sf] k|j[lQ dfgjclwsf/sf] b[li6sf]0faf6

;d:ofu|:t 5 / Tof] cGt//fli6«o >dsf dfkb08x¿ ljkl/t klg 5 .

afs; ! M n}lËs Hofnf b'/L / Jofk./sf ;t{x¿

cf]O;6]l/r -;g\ @))&_n] Jofkf/sf ;t{x¿df n}lËs >d ahf/sf] k|efjsf] cg';Gwfg u/]sf

lyP . / To;df cw{ cf}Bf]lus b]zx¿df pTkflbg ;fdfgx¿sf nflu n}lËs Hofnfdf /x]sf]

b'/L Jofkf/sf ;t{x¿;Fu gsf/fTds ?kdf ;DalGwt /x]sf] b]lvPsf] lyof] . o;sf] cy{ n}lËs

Hofnf leGgtfx¿ hlt a9L eof] lgof{t d'No Tolt g} sd x'G5 / Jofkf/sf ;t{x¿df x|f;

cfpF5 . o;n] km]/L b]zdfly gsf/fTds k|efj kfb{5 lsgeg] To;af6 b]zn] s'g} :t/sf]

lgof{tsf nflu sd cfoftx¿ v/Lb ug{ ;S5 .

Jofkf/sf ;t{x¿nfO{ s'g} b]zsf] lgof{tsf] t'ngfTds d'No To;sf] cfoftsf] cfwf/df

kl/eflift ul/G5 / cfoft d'Nosf t'ngfdf lgof{t d'Nosf] b/nfO{ u0fgf ul/G5 . cfkm\gf]

gjLg sfddf k|]ljr -;g\ !(%)_ / l;Ë/ -;g\ !(%)_n] ;fwg lgof{t ug]{ b]zx¿ d'Vot

ljsf;f]Gd"v b]zx¿sf nflu Jofkf/sf ;t{x¿df x|f; cfpFb} hfG5 lsgeg] ;fwg lgof{tsf]

d'No ljsl;t d'n'sx¿af6 cfPs cTofw'lgs pTkflbt ;fdu|Lx¿sf] d'Nosf] t'ngfdf tn

em5{ . ;g\ !(&) / !(*)sf] bzsdf tyflk s]xL gj cf}Bf]lus b]zx¿n]%# n] pNn]vgLo

?kdf cf}Bf]lus/0f xfl;n ug'{sf ;fy} pTkflbt ;fdu|Lx¿ klg lgof{t ug{ yfn] . oL b]zsf

Jofkf/sf ;t{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] pTkflbt ;fdu|Lsf] lgof{t d'Nosf t'ngfdf ljsl;t

150

cy{tGqx¿af6 pgLx¿n] u/]sf] pTkflbt ;fdu|Lsf] cfoftsf] d'Nosf] t'ngfTds d'Non]

k|efljt ub{5 . gj cf}Bf]lus b]zx¿sf] lgof{t ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{gsf afjh'b k|df0fx¿n] s]

b]vfpF5 eg] k|]ljr–l;Ë/ kl/sNkgf cem} klg sfod} 5 M oL b]zx¿n] lgof{t ug]{ pTkflbt

;fdu|Lx¿ ljsl;t cf}Bf]lus cy{tGqx¿df pTkfbg ul/Psf] eGbf sd u'0f:t/sf] x'g]u5{ -

nfn, ;g\ @)))_ / To;sf/0f sd bfd k|fKt u5{g\ . gj cf}Bf]lus /fi6«x¿sf Jofkf/sf

;t{x¿ To;}sf/0f oL b]zx¿sf nflu ;'xfpFbf] 5}gg\ . cf]:6]l/rn] hf]8 lbP h:t} n}lËs

Hofnfdf /x]sf] b'/Ln] of] k|j[lQnfO{ of]ubfg k'/\ofpg] dfq sfd ub{5 .

;|f]t M o"Pgl;l6P8L ;lrjfno

w]/} b]zx¿n] cfOPncf]sf e]befj, ;dfg Hofnf, ;+u7gsf] clwsf/ / ;fd"lxs

;f}bfjhL;DaGwL d'Vo dxf;lGwx¿nfO{ cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] eP tfklg gLlt / cEof;df cem}

klg 7"nf] b'/L ljBdfg 5 . dlxnf lj?4sf] e]befj lgjf{/0f ug{ b]zx¿n] >d;Fu ;lDaGwt

dfkb08x¿nfO{ cem k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg ug{ h?/L 5 . oBlk >d

vr{nfO{ sd ug]{ pkfosf ?kdf k'FhLsf] knfog / sDkgLx¿sf] :yfgfGt/0f /f]Sg oL

dfkb08x¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ cGt//fli6«o bjfa /x]sf] 5 . s]xL n]vsx¿n] hf]8 lbP h:t}

cGt//fli6«o k|lt:kwf{Tdstftkm{sf] Pp6f ætNnf] af6f]Æ /x]sf] 5 h;sf] ljz]iftf vr{ s6f}tL ug]{,

;Lldt ;fdflhs gLlt / >lds tyf Joj:yfkgaLrsf] ljjfb /x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{ ædflyNnf]

af6f]Æ /x]sf] 5 h;sf] ljz]iftf pRr pTkfbsTj j[l4, pRr Hofnf, ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhL /

k|efjsf/L ;fdflhs ;+/If0f /x]sf] 5 -ldnju{ / x':6g @))%_ . jf:tjdf n]vsx¿n] pRr

;fdflhs vr{ / ;xsfof{Tds >lds–Joj:yfkg ;DaGw cGt//fli6«o :t/df v/fa

sfdsf/jfxL;Fu Jojl:yt ?kdf ;DalGwt g/x]sf] kfPsf 5g\ . o;n] s] atfpF5 eg] b]zx¿n]

æ;fdflhs pGgltÆ lgDTofpg] æcfly{s k|ultÆ ;'lglZrt ug{] gofF gLltx¿sf] ld>0f k|of]u

ug{;S5g\ / To;nfO{ lj:t[t ?kdf /f]huf/ / j]tgdf sNof0fsf/L kl/jt{g / >d dfkb08sf]

;Ddfg eg]/ kl/eflift ul/G5 . %%

o;sf cltl/Qm cfly{s ljsf;;Fu} ;fdflhs dfGotf / k/Dk/fx¿sf] ljsf;n] n}lËs

c;dfgtfx¿nfO{ ;do;Fu c:jLsfo{ agfpFb} nfg] lglZrt 5 M gq c;dfgtf ;fdflhs åGåsf]

;|f]t aGg'sf ;fy} ;DalGwt b]zsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s jftfj/0f vnanfpg ;S5 . s]xL

ljsf;f]Gd"v cy{tGqx¿ -h:t} M rLgsf] tfO{jfg k|fGt / u0ftGq sf]l/of_sf] ;fdfhs agfj6n]

151

Go"g Hofnfsf sf/0f x'g] ;fdflhs åGånfO{ gsf/]sf] x'g;S5 -l;pË, !((^_ . tyflk u0ftGq

sf]l/ofdf dlxnfx¿ cfkm\gf] Go"g Hofnf / sfo{:ynsf] cj:yfnfO{ lnP/ ;g\ !(*)sf] bzsdf

Jofks k|bz{g u/]sf sf/0f ;du|df pgLx¿sf] Hofnf a9\g uof] . t/ To;n] ubf{ >d s]lGb|t

pTkfbgnfO{ Go"g >d vr{ x'g] b]zx¿df :yfgfGt/0fdf of]ubfg k'/\ofpg] sfd u/\of], h'g

dlxnfx¿;lxt ;LkljxLg sfdbf/x¿sf] lxt ljkl/t lyof] -d'/fofdf, ;g\ @))*_ .

cGTodf n}lËs c;dfgtfx¿n] uGtJo ahf/x¿df pkef]Qmfsf nflu pTkfbgx¿k|ltsf] cfsif{0f

sd u/fpg ;S5 .%^ >dsf dfkb08 / pTkfbg k|lqmofdf cjnDag ul/g] cGo g}lts

lgodx¿k|lt Wofg lbg] cfoftstf{ b]zx¿df n}lËs e]befj;lxt v/fa sfd ug]{ cj:yf

k|ltlalDat ug]{ pTkfbgx¿ vl/b ug{af6 lg?T;flxt x'g ;S5g\ . lgisif{df n}lËs c;dfgtfdf

:jefljs ?kdf cfwfl/t /0fgLltn] j[l4 / ljsf;sf] nIo lnP tfklg g :jLsfo{ 5 g of] lbuf]

x'g]5 .

@=% rLgsf] tfOjfg k|fGtsf] pbfx/0f M k|lt:kwf{Tds nfe xfl;n ug{ n}lËs c;dfgtfnfO{

sd ub}{

ca xfdL rLgsf] tfOjfg k|fGtsf] pbfx/0f k|:t't ub}{5f}+, h'g Pp6f v'nf cy{tGqsf]

?kdf /x]sf] 5 / oxfF n}lËs ?kdf leGg cfodf j[l4 lgof{t k|lt:kwf{Tdstfdf ;'wf/ ;Fu;u}

ePsf] lyof] .

;g\ !(^)sf] bzssf] ;'?df rLgsf] tfOjfg k|fGtsf] w]/}h;f] >d zlQm s[lifdf s]lGb|t

lyof] . To;sf kl5Nnf tLg bzsx¿df /fHon] cfkm\gf] lgof{tx¿sf] lj:tf/sf cfwf/df tLg

r/0fsf] j[l4 /0fgLlt sfof{Gjog u/\of] . klxnf] r/0fdf of] lgof{tdf s]lGb|t /0fgLlt >d s]lGb|t

pTkfbgdf lge{/ lyof] Ù bf];|f] r/0fdf k'FhL÷k|ljlw s]lGb|t If]qx¿sf] ljsf; eof] / b]zsf]

cGt//fli6«o k|lt:kwf{TdstfnfO{ sfod /fVg pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] sfd ul/of] .

t];|f] r/0fdf -;g\ !(*)sf] bzssf] dWoaf6_ pRr k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t 7"nf sDkgLx¿n] gofF

k|ljlwx¿sf] cjnDag ug{ cem a9L ;Lko'Qm sfdbf/x¿sf] vf]hL ug{ yfn] / æk]zfsf]

k'g;+/rgfÆ eof] . oL gLltx¿n] ck]Iff ul/P cg';f/ b]zsf] ljsf; u/\of] t/ ljz]ifu/L

dlxnfx¿sf nflu /f]huf/Lsf] k|j[lQdf o;n] gf6sLo kl/jt{g Nofof] .

@=%=! Hofnfbf/L sfdbf/sf x¿df dlxnfx¿dfly k|efj

152

;g\ !(^)sf] bzs otf rLgsf] tfO{jfg k|fGtsf] ;/sf/ / /f]huf/bftfx¿ b'j}n] ;:tf]

dlxnf sfdbf/ lgo'Qm ug]{ gLltx¿sf] ;dy{g u/] . b]zsf] lgof{tpGd'v j[l4 /0fgLltsf] klxnf]

r/0fdf lgof{t pTkfbgsf nflu dlxnfx¿n] Go"g j]tgsf] ;LkxLg >d pknAw u/fP . o;n]

cfodf n}lËs c;dfgtfx¿ lgDTofof] / Tof] ;g\ !(*)sf] bzs / ;g\ !(()sf] bzssf]

;'?;Dd sfod /x\of] -a]l/s, ;g\ @))%_ . u|LgxfNu -;g\ !(*%_n] pNn]v u/] cg';f/ rLgsf]

tfOjfg k|fGtsf] ;/sf/n] ætfOjfgdf snsf/vfgfx¿ Nofpg / sf/vfgfx¿df dlxnfx¿nfO{

k'/\ofpg bnfnsf] sfd u/\of]Æ . &)sf] bzsf] dWodf OkLh]8x¿sf] s'n >dzlQmdf sl/j *)

k|ltzt dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] lyof] . lgof{thGo sf/vfgfx¿n] dlxnfx¿nfO{

ljBfnoaf6} lgo'Qm u/] h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿sf] lzIff cj?4 x'gk'Uof] / u|fdL0f If]qdf klg lgo'Qm

u/] . o;sf cltl/Qm lnË lglb{i6 /f]huf/sf lj1fkgx¿n] dlxnfx¿nfO{ pRr Hofnfsf] ;Lko'Qm

kbx¿df k|j]z ug{af6 /f]Sg] sfd u/] Ù pgLx¿nfO{ tflndsf] kx'Fraf6 klg 6f9f /flvof] -a]l/s,

;g\ @))%_ . k|f/lDes Hofnf dlxnfx¿sf nflu ToxL k]zfdf sfd ug]{ k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf !) b]lv

#) k|ltzt sd lyof] . cfo cfh{gstf{sf ?kdf dlxnfx¿sf] e"ldsf kl/jf/sf] x]/rfxdf ;xfos

xf] eg]/ 3f]if0f u/L ;/sf/n] To:tf] k|j[lQnfO{ ;dy{g u/\of] / To;sf/0f dlxnfx¿nfO{ a9L

Hofnf lbg' kg]{ cfjZostf /x]g . ;g\ !(^)sf] bzs;Dd b]zsf >d s]lGb|t pTkfbg If]qx¿

Go"g Hofnf kfpg] ;LkljxLg cljjflxt dlxnfx¿sf] 7"nf] ;d"xdf lge{/ /x\of], h;n] lgof{t

s]lGb|t cf}Bf]lus/0fsf] >d s]lGb|t r/0fnfO{ rnfpg] sfd u/] .

dlxnf /f]huf/L b/df cfPsf] j[l4sf afjh'b n}lËs ?kdf j]tgdf c;dfgtf / ;LkxLg

sfddf dlxnfx¿sf] ljefhg rLgsf] tfOjfg k|fGtdf ;g\ !(^)sf] bzs e/L rNof] . kl5 ;g\

!(&)sf] bzs lt/ ljjflxt dlxnfx¿nfO{ klg pTkfbg If]qdf k|j]z ug{ k|f]T;flxt ul/of] /

o;sf nflu pgLx¿nfO{ 3/fo;L sfd;Fu d]n vfg] sfd ug]{ ;dosf] nlrnf] k|fjwfg pknAw

u/fOof] -r', ;g\ @))@_ .

rLgsf] tfOjfg k|fGt lgof{t s]lGb|t /0fgLltsf] bf];|f] r/0fdf ;g\ !(&)sf] bzssf] cGTo lt/

k|j]z u/\of] . of] b]z pTkfbgaf6 pRr k|ljlwhGo pTkfbgdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{ r/0f lyof] h;sf]

cy{ sDkgLx¿n] pRr ;Lksf] dfu u/] . oBlk pRr k|ljlwo'Qm sDkgLx¿nfO{ k|j]z ug{

cfjZos ;Lk xfl;n ug]{ tflndx¿af6 dlxnfx¿nfO{ z'?sf lgo'lQm cEof;x¿n] al~rt u/] .

/fd|f] /f]huf/sf cj;/sf] kmfObf pgLx¿n] p7fpg ;s]gg\ . efu @=@df 5nkmn u/] h:t} >d

s]lGb|t sfd;Fu dlxnfx¿nfO{ kl/lrt u/fpg] n}lËs dfGotfx¿n] klg pgLx¿nfO{ k'FhL s]lGb|t

153

If]qsf /f]huf/af6 al~rt u/fpg] sfd u/\of] . dWo *) sf] bzsaf6 ;'? ePsf] rLgsf] tfOjfg

k|fGtsf] lgof{t s]lGb|t /0fgLltsf] t];|f] r/0fdf >d s]lGb|t tfOjfgL pTkfbg sDkgLx¿sf] Go"g

>d vr{ x'g] b]zx¿df :yfgfGt/0f ug]{ sfd eof] . o;n] b]zsf ax';+Vos >d s]lGb|t pTkfbg

lj37g x'g k'Uof] / To; k|lqmofaf6 dlxnfx¿ ;a}eGbf k|efljt x'gk'u] . dlxnf >dsf] dfudf

cfPsf] sldn] /f]huf/Ldf dlxnfx¿sf] c+zdf lgs} lu/fj6 cfof] / Hofnfdf /x]sf] n}lËs

leGgtfnfO{ yk Jofks agfpg] sfd eof] .

@=%=@ ;f/+z

rLgsf] tfOjfg k|fGt lgof{t j[l4 df]8nsf] ;a}eGbf ;kmn cEof;stf{ dWo] Ps xf] . Go"g lgof{t

d'No /fv]/ 3/]n' sDkgLsf] lgof{t j[l4nfO{ k|j4{g\ ug]{tkm{ cf}Bf]lus gLltx¿nfO{ lgb]{lzt ul/of] .

;:tf] >d s]lGb|t lgof{tsf pTkfbgx¿ cGo kIfx¿sf cnfjf ;:tf] >ddf lge{/ x'G5 M rLgsf]

tfOjfgdf k|fGtdf o;n] dlxnf sfdbf/sf] dfu a9fpg] sfd u/\of] ljz]ifu/L o'jf cljjflxt

dlxnfx¿ hf] Go"g ;Lk / Go"g Hofnfsf >d zlQm pknAw u/fpFy] .

dlxnf /f]huf/Ldf j[l4sf afjh'b dlxnfx¿n] kfpg] Hofnf k'?if sfdbf/sf] t'ngfdf sd g} lyof]

. of] k|j[lQnfO{ dlxnf >ldssf] a9\bf] cfk"lt{ jf Go"g pTkfbsTj If]qdf dlxnfx¿sf] le+8;Fu dfq

geO ;+:yfut tTjx¿;Fu klg hf]8\g ;lsG5 . lsgeg] rLgsf] tfO{jfg k|fGtsf] ;/sf/n]

dlxnfx¿nfO{ pRr Hofnf lbg] jf pRr ;Lksf] /f]huf/df k|j]z u/fpg] ;Lldt k|of;x¿ dfq

u/\of] . To;}sf/0f j}b]lzs ahf/df >d s]lGb|t pTkfbgdf k|lt:kwf{Tds nfe xfl;n ug{ b]z

Go"g Hofnfsf dlxnf sfdbf/x¿dfly lge{/ ePsf] alnof] k|df0f 5 . tfOjfgL pBf]u ljsl;t

x'Fb} :yfgfGt/0f eP kl5 dlxnf sfdbf/x¿ To; k|lqmofdf 5'6\g uP .

#= k|lt:kwf{Tds nfesf] sd kmfObf p7fpg]sf ?kdf dlxnfx¿

ca xfdL dlxnfx¿ ;fgf pBdL / :j/f]huf/ pTkfbsx¿sf ?kdf k|lt:kwf{Tds nfedf sd

kmfObf p7fpg]x¿ lsg ag] eGg] s'/fsf] ;dLIff ug]{5f}+ .

#=! c;dfgtfsf tLg cfofdx¿

w]/} u/La b]zx¿df dlxnfx¿ ;fgf pBdL jf :j/f]huf/ ePsf pTkfbsx¿sf ?kdf pTkfbgsf

lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xefuL x'G5g\ . Nofl6g cd]l/sf / Sof/laogafx]ssf ljsf;f]Gd"v ljZjdf

dlxnfx¿ k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf j]tg;lxtsf] /f]huf/df ;'lgof]lht ?kdf sd c+z /x]sf] kfOG5 -

154

cfOPncf], @)!)_ . ljZjJofkL ?kdf pNn]vgL ;+Vofdf dlxnfx¿ :j/f]huf/df cfj4 5g\ -@%=%

k|ltzt_ / pgLx¿nfO{ cfO{Pncf]n] hf]lvdk"0f{ /f]huf/ ju{df kg]{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . tyflk

pk;xf/f clk|msf / blIf0f Pl;ofdf of] c+z cem a9L sl/j $% k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOG5 . %*

df]8\o"n @df pNn]v ul/P em} dlxnfx¿n] :jfldTj /fVg] w]/} h;f] Joj;fox¿ ;fgf :t/sf /

æ;ª\u|x pGd"vÆ eGbf klg æhLljsf rnfpg]Æ+ k|s[ltsf /x]sf 5g\ -sjL/, ;g\ @)!@_ .

;a–;xf/g clk|msfdf xfnjf8{–8]«d]/ -;g\ @)!!_n] dlxnsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf Joj;fox¿ ufd]{G6

/ vfB k|zf]wg h:tf Go"g d'Nosf pBf]ux¿df s]lGb|t /x]sf] kfPsf lyP, hasL k'?ifx¿ eg]

kmnfd / pTkfbg lqmofsnfkx¿df s]lGb|t lyP -sjL/, @)!@df pb[t ul/P cg';f/_ . n]vsn]

dlxnfsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf pBdx¿sf] cgf}krfl/s k|s[ltn] k'?if :jfldTjsf pBdx¿sf]

t'ngfdf Go"g pTkfbsTj lgDTofpg] u/]sf] kfP . tyflk dlxnfx¿sf pBdx¿ lsg cgf}krfl/s

/xG5 eGg] k|Zg oyfjt g} /x]sf] 5 .

oxfF;Dd cfOk'Ubf lkt[;tfTds dfGotf, k/Dk/f / k|yfhlgt sfg'gsf] kl/0ffd:j?k dlxnfx¿n]

ljleGg k|sf/sf e]befjsf] ;fdgf ug'{kb{5 eGg] af/]df s]xL hfgsf/L ePsf] 5 . of] e]befjn]

lgDTofpg] c;dfgtfx¿nfO{ b]xfosf tLg j6f cfofdx¿df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 -;+/f;+3

;x;|fAbL kl/of]hgf, ;g\ @))%_ M%(

!= ;|f]tx¿df kx'Fr / lgoGq0f . ul/a b]zdf dlxnf pTkfbsx¿df b]xfosf s'/fx¿ /x]sf] alnof]

k|df0f kfOG5 M

;Lldt e":jfldTj

cfkm\gf] cfodfly t'ngfTds ?kdf sd lgoGq0f

cfly{s ;|f]t / afXo C0fdf ;Lldt kx'Fr, / To;sf/0f s[lif ;fdu|L vl/b ug{÷jf cfˆgf

Jofj;fox¿nfO{ lj:tf/ ug{ ckof{Kt gub k|jfx

lj:tf/ ;]jfx¿df ckof{Kt kx'Fr -h:t} tflnd_Ù ^)

cfwf/e"t k|zf]wg / lju|g] ;fdgsf] e08f/0fdf ;Lldt kx'Fr

cfˆgf pTkfbgx¿sf] ahfl/s/0f ug{ ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf] Go"g u'0f:t/

oftfoftsf r'gf}tLx¿sf ;fy} aGbf]a:tL ;d:ofx¿ .

155

@= Ifdtfx¿ M ul/a b]zx¿df :jf:Yo / kf]if0fsf] sldn] dlxnfx¿dfly c;dfg'kflts k|efj

kfb{5 -pbfx/0fsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ ;a–;xf/g clk|msf hxfF ;g\ @))#df PrcfO{eL kf]lhl6e

joZsx¿df %& k|ltzt dlxnfx¿ lyP -cfOPncf], ;g\ @))$_ . w]/} ljsf;f]Gd"v b]zx¿df

k|fylds lzIffdf /x]sf] b'/L x6] tfklg^! k|fljlws / Jofj;flos lzIffdf dlxnfx¿sf] cem} klg

;Lldt kx'Fr /x]sf] 5 . w]/} Go"g cfo ePsf b]zx¿df kl/jf/x¿n] k|fo 5f]/fx¿nfO{ ljBfno

k7fpg] / 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ ;fg} pd]/df ljjfx u/L pgLx¿nfO{ cfdf / x]/rfxstf{sf] ;fdflhs

e"ldsf hf]8\g] sfd ub{5g\ . k|fozM 3/fo;L sfddf dlxnfx? dfq lhDd]jf/ x'g] ePsf]n]

=========cf}krfl/s sfddf k"0f{ ?kdf ;+nUg x'g] IfdtfnfO{ c;/ ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ ;do / cfjfudg

;DjGwL cj/f]w ;fdgf ub{5g\ .^@ cf/fd ug]{ tyf k'm;{bsf] ;do sd x'g] ePsf]n] of] æ;dosf]

;LldttfÆ sf] sf/0f pgLx?s]f :jf:Yodf klg k|efj kb{5 .

#= ;'/Iff– åGåu|:t If]q / >d jhf/df dlxnfx?n] w/}h;f] kl/jf/sf k'?if ;b:ojf6 n}lËs lx+|;fs]f

;fdgf ub{5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf nfOa]l/ofsf ;Ldfkf/ Jofkf/L dlxnfsf] af/]df ul/Psf] Ps

cWoog cg';f/ hDdf pQ/bftfdWo] #& k|ltztn] ;Ldf gfsfdf of}ghGo lx+;f ef]Ug' k/]sf] tyf

!% k|ltztn] anfTsf/ fjf s'g} sfd ul/lbP jfkt of}g ;Dks{ ug{ afWo kfl/Psf] s'/f pNn]v

u/]sf lyP . -clk|msfsf] nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo cfly{s cfof]udf /flG8ofdf/f] / a'8n]G8/ clfb,

@))*_ . To:t} ;g\ @)!) df k|hftflGqs u0ftGq s+uf], ?jfG8f / o'uf08f aLrsf] ;Ldf rf}sLdf

ul/Psf] Ps ;j]{If0fdf pQ/bftfdWo] %$ k|ltztn] lx+;f, wDsL / of}g b'Jo{jxf/ Joxf]g'{ k/]sf],

#* k|ltztn] b'j{rg÷s6'–Jojxf/ (rude behaviour), ufnLunf}h, b'Jo{jxf/ / ckdfg

;xg' k/]sf] tyf *% k|ltztn] 3'; lbg' k/]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ -ljZj a}+s, @)!#_ .

oL c;dfgtfnfO{ ;fdgf / ;dfwfg ug'{kg]{ cGt/gLlxt sf/0f eP tfklg oL sf/0fx?n]

;d]t dlxnfx?sf] cfo cfh{g ug]{ ;DefjgfnfO{ uDeL/ ?kn] cj/f]w k'¥ofPsf] kfOG5 . h:t}

;fgf pBdL dlxnfx?sf] k'FhL, tflnd, ahf/ ;+hfn / pTkfbgsf ljsl;t k|ljlwdfly sdL x'G5

-sla/, @)!@_ . PsfO{ b'O{df j0f{g u/] cg';f/ Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0f ePsf] cj:yfdf pgLx? -

dlxnf_ n] k|fo;M pTkfbgdf a[l4 ug{ ;Sb}gg\ tyf lgof{t ahf/jf6 nfe lng c;dy{ x'G5g\ .

s[lifdf dlxnfx? d"No clej[l4 sd x'g] / Go"g cfDbfgL x'g] lgjf{xd'vL s[lifdf cfj4 5g\ .

k|sf/fGt/df o;n] dlxnfn] sfd ug]{ If]qsf] lgof{t k|lt:kwf{TdstfnfO{ k|efj kfg{ ;S5 . csf]{

156

zJbdf olb dlxnf pBdL tyf pTkfbsnfO{ lgof{t Ifdtf k|fKt ug{jf6 /f]Sg] cj/f]wnfO{ ;Djf]wg

u/]df Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] kl/0ffd :j?k x'g] lgof{t k|ltlqmof a9L x'g ;S5 .

aS; @ M c;dfgtfsf tLg If]q M cgf}krfl/s ;Ldf jf/kf/ Jofkf/Lsf] ?kdf

dlxnf

clk|msfsf Jofkf/L dlxnfn] s[lif If]qdf ;+nUg dlxnfsf h:t} ;d:of ;fdfgf

ub{5g\ . dfly j0fg{ ul/P cg'?k b]xfosf If]qdf n}lËs lglb{i6 cj/f]w

cl:tTjdf /x]sf 5g\ M Ifdtf -ljz]iftM 1fg / :jf:Yo_; cj;/ / ;|f]t

;fwfgdf kx'Fr; / ;'/Iff . Ifdtfsf] ;Gbe{df cgf}krfl/s If]qsf Jofkf/L

dlxnfx? k|foM clzlIft x'G5g\ jf ;Ldf jf/kf/ Jofkf/ lgod / k|lqmofsf]

af/]df sd hfgsf/L jf 1fg k|fKt x'G5g, h;sf] sf/0f pgLx? dfly

b'Jo{jxf/ x'g;S5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu l5d]sL b]z;+usf] Jofkf/ s/ /lxt eP

klg pgLx?n] z'Ns ltl//x]sf x'G5g\ jf Jofkfl/s ;fdfgx? u}/sfg'gL ?kdf

;Ldf jf/kf/ cf];f/ k;f/ ul//x]sf x'g;S5g\ -lxluG;, @)!@_ .

pTkfbgd"ns ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;Ge{df n}lËs c;dfgtfn] ljleGg cfofdnfO{

;dfj]z u5{ / To;df oL ljifo ;dfj]z 5g\ M -s_ k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf ;fdfg

ahf/;Dd k'¥ofpg dlxnfx?n] lx8\g' k5{ jf ;fj{hlgs oftfoftdf e/ kg'{

k5{ . ;fj{hlgs oftfoft k"jf{wf/sf] /fd|f] Joj:yf gePsf] sf/0f l9nf;':tL,

;fdfg ahf/ k'¥ofpg] lbg 5'6\g] / ;fdfg lalu|g] h:tf ;d:of ef]Ug' kb{5 .

kl/0ffd :j?k sf/f]jf/sf] nfut d"No a9\g] ;fy} k|lt:kwf{Tds cK7\of/f klg

a9\g' x'G5 -lxluG;, @)!@_ . -v_ dlxnfn] aGbf]j:tL ;DaGwL cK7\of/fsf]

;fdgf ug'{ kg]{ x'gfn] aGbf]j:tL ;]jfsf] pRr PsfO{ d"No kg{ hfG5 -h:t}

Pshgf dlxnfn] dfq Pp6f 6«sdf ;fdfg nf]8 ug{ ;lSbg_ -u_ ;Ldf If]qdf

k'gM laqmL ug{s]f nflu ;fdfg vl/b ug{ cfjZos C0fdf dlxnfsf] kx'Fr

sd ePsf]n] pgLx?n] To;sf] nflu cfk}mdf jf cfkm\g} Go"g artdf e/ kg'{

kb{5, h;n] ubf{ Jofkf/ lj:tf/ ug]{ cj;/nfO{ ;Lldt kfb{5 . -3_ dlxnfsf]

;do 3/fo;L :ofxf/ / Jofkf/aLr afFl8g] ePsf] tyf cGo lqmofsnfksf]

nflu sd ;do pknJw x'g] x'Fbf pgLx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] Jofkfl/s ;Lk / bIftf

157

clea[l4 ug]{ vfnsf tflnddf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ ;Lldt dfq x'G5 . -ª_

lx+;f / åGåsf] hf]lvd -;'/Iff sl7gfO{_ dlxnf cgf}krfl/s ;Ldf jf/kf/

Jofkf/Ln] ef]Ug] Pp6f n}lËs lglb{i6 r'gf}ltsf] csf]{ cfofd xf] . dlxnf

Jofkf/Lx? ljz]if u/L ;Ldf gfsfdf lnËdf cfwfl/t lx+;fsf lzsf/ x'g]

ub{5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf k'?if eG;f/ clwsf/Ln] ;fdfg a/fdb x'g /

kqmfp kg{jf6 ;xof]u u/] jfkt abnfdf of}g ;Dks{sf] nflu cg'/f]w ug{

;S5g\ . dlxnfnfO{ oL clwsf/LnfO{ 3'; lbgsf] nflu klg bjfj kg]{ u5{ . -

lxluG;, @)!@_ .

lrq @ M dlxnf cgf}krfl/s ;Ldf kf/ Jofkf/Ln] ;fdgf ug]{ u/]sf ljleGg r'gf}tL

;Ldf rf}sLdf x'g] n}lËs

lx+;f / b'Jo{jxf/ -h:t}M

kqmfp x'gjf6 / ;fdfg

a/fdb x'gjf6 hf]ufPsf]

abnfdf eG;f/ clwsf/Ln]

3'; / of}g ;Dks{ /fVg]

cfu|x ug]{_

k|foMh;f] clzlIft x'g] /

;Ldfkf/ Jofkf/ lgod tyf

cEof;÷k|rngsf] af/]df

hfgsf/Lsf] cefj–b'Jo{jxf/

-h:t}, cfGtl/s Jofkf/

eG;f/ /lxt eP klg z'Ns

ltg]{ u/]sf]_

– oftfoftM lx8\g]÷;fj{hlgs

oftfoftsf] k|of]u -l9nfO{, ;fdfg

lalu|g]÷gf]S;fgL x'g]_

– e08f/0f / cGo ef}lts k"jf{wf/ M

æGo"gÆ ;DklQ -:yflgo :t/df lg0f{o

lng] k|lqmof_

– aGbf]j:tL M ;fgf] :t/sf],

t'ngfTds ?kdf pRr PsfO{ d"No

Joxf]g'{ kg]{ .

;'/Iff

Ifdtf

;fwg;|f]t / cj;/df kx'Fr

158

;|f]tM ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng ;lrjfno, lxluG; -@)!@_ df cfwfl/t .

ca xfL s[lifdf cfwfl/t ljsf;f]Gd'v h]zdf n}lËs e]befjsf] clen]vLs/0f ug{ / o;n] tL

b]zs]f Jofkf/ sfo{ bIftfdf s;/L k|efj kfb{5 eGg] af/]df hfgsf/L lng 36gf÷l:ylt

cWoogsf] k|of]u ug]{5f} . o; qmddf xfdL ljleGg cfly{s If]qd sfo{/t dlxnfsf] ;d:of

;DjGwL b'O{ b]zsf] 36gf cWoog k|:t't ug]{5f}+ .

dlxnf xfdL uflDaofsf] b[i6fGt lnG5f} hxfF dT:okfng Joj;fodf dlxnfsf] jr{:j /x]sf] 5 . of]

cWoogdf :j/f]huf/ pTkfbssf] ?kdf dlxnfn] ;fdfgf ug]{ lglZrt n}lËs c8rg k|:t't

ul/g'sf ;fy} oL cj/f]w÷sl7gfO{n] dlxnf Joj;foL :jod / ;f] If]qsf] ;du| sfo{ Ifdtfdf

s;/L k|efj u5{ eGg] bzf{OPsf] 5 . bf];|f]df xfdL ?jfG8fsf] b[i6fGt lnG5f} hxfF k|foM dlxnf

lgjf{xd'vL s[lif If]qdf / ;Ldf kf/ cgf}krfl/s Jofkf/Lsf] ?kdf ;+nUg 5g\ . pTkfbgstf{ /

;Ldfkf/ cgf}krfl/s Jofkf/Lsf] ?kdf dlxnfsf] cfo cfh{g ug]{ Ifdtfdf n}lËs c;dfgtfn]

s;/L /f]sfj6 u5{ / cy{tGqsf b'O{ If]q– k|d'v vfBfGg afnL pTkfbg / cgf}krfl/s ;Ldfkf/

Jofkf/– sf] ;du| k|lt:kwf{nfO{ ;Lldt u5{ eGg] s'/f cWoog ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 . k|To]s

b[i6fGtdf oL c;dfgtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ckgfOPsf s]xL gLltut pkfosf] af/]df klg 5nkmn

ug]{5f}+ .

#=@= uflDaofsf] dT:okfng If]qsf] b[i6fGt cWoog M Jofklf/ gLltn] n}lËs c;dfgtfnfO{ s;/L

a9fjf u5{ .^#

uflDaofdf s[lif, dT:o Joj;fo / jgn] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] #) k|ltzt k|ltlglwTj ub{5

eg] /f]huf/Lsf] &) k|ltzt eGbf a9L :yfg cf]u6]sf] kfOG5 .

oL If]q tL If]q\÷x'g\ hxfF ul/a dflg;x? y'lk|Psf 5g\ . s[lif / dT:o kfng Joj;fodf ;+nUg

3/ kl/jf/sf k|d'vx? cGo If]qdf ;+nUg kl/jf/ k|d'vsf] t'ngfdf ul/aLsf] b/ a9L /x]sf]

b]lvG5 . ;g\ @)!) df uflDaofsf] hg;+Vofsf] $*=( k|ltzt hg;+Vof k|lt lbg !=@% 8n/

eGbf sd cfosf] ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf] lyof] .

k|r'/tf / k|hfltsf] ax'ntfsf] b[li6s]f0fjf6 uflDaof dT:o ;|f]tdf wgL 5 . olb df5fhGo

;|f]tsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ xsf] eg] of] If]qn] uflDaofsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf;df 7"nf]

159

6]jf k'¥ofpg] ;Defjgf 5 . oxfFsf] dT:o Joj;fo If]q dT:osdL{ / cf}Bf]lus b'O{ pkIf]qdf

ljeflht 5 .

dT:osdL{ pkIf]q afx'Notf ePsf] If]q xf] . of] pkIf]qn] b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ df5f vktsf] () k|ltzt

cf]u6]sf] 5 / df5f k|zf]wg pBf]usf] *) k|ltzt dfu cfk"lt{ ub{5 . of] pkIf]qdf k|ToIf /

ck|ToIf ?kdf @% xhf/ b]lv #) xhf/ ;Dd JolQmn] /f]huf/L kfPsf 5g\ . o;/L of] pkIf]qn]

sl/a b'O{nfv dflg;sf] hLjLsf]kfh{gdf of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 .

cf}Bf]lus df5f k|zf]wg pkIf]qn] pRr d"No pTkfbg / k|zf]wg k|0ffnLsf] canDjg u/]sf] 5 . of]

pkIf]q uflDaofsf] P6nflG6s -cfGw|_ dxf;fu/sf] t6Lo If]qdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus dT:o

k|zf]wg pkIf]qn] s'n /fli6«o df5f vktsf] !) k|ltzt / :yfgLo k|zf]lwt df5f vktsf]

cg'dflgt @) k|ltztg cf]u6]sf] kfOG5 . uflDaofsf] hn If]qdf sfg"gL ?kdf ;+rflnt df5f

dfg{ k|of]u ul/g] 8'+uf jf gf}sfdWo] () k|ltzt eGbf a9L ljb]zL :jfldTjsf ePsf]n] / pgLx?n]

;dfTg] df5f ljb]z d} cfk"lt{ ug]{ ePsf] x'Fbf o:t]f l:ytL cfPsf] xf] . of] pkIf]q cGtu{t tNnf]

t6Lo dT:o k|zf]wg s]Gb| klg kb{5g\ . oL s]Gb|nfO{ cfjZos df5f d'VotofM dT:osdL{åf/f

cfk"lt{ ul/G5 .

dT:o Joj;fo If]q / o;df klg lgof{td'vL df5f k|zf]wg pkIf]qnfO{ k+|j4{g / ultlzn t'NofP/

oxfFsf] ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ tyf tNnf] t6Lo If]qsf cbIf dlxnfnfO{ a9L /f]huf/L k|bfg ug]{

Pp6f pkfo x'g;S5 . t/ o:tf] lsl;dsf] gLltut ljsNk cjnDjg ubf{ olb /f]huf/Lsf

jt{dfg n}lËs 9fFrfnfO{ Wofgdf g/fVg] xf] eg] o;n] n}lËs ?kdf cem a9L ;fdflhs w'|jLs/0f

/ jlxis/0ftk{m pGd'v u/fpg ;S5 .

#=@=!= /f]huf/Lsf] n}lËs 9fFrf / Jofkf/df o;sf] k|efj

uflDaofsf] dT:o Joj;fo If]qdf /f]huf/Lsf] afGsL÷9fFrf tLa| ?kn] n}lËs /x]s]f kfOG5 . klxnf]

d'No n}lËs e]b pkNnf] t6Lo lqmofsnfk -dT:o Joj;fosf] ;+s'lrt kl/efiff, h:t} df5f

;dfTg] jf df5f kfng_ / tNnf] t6Lo lqmofsnfk -df5f k|zf]wg tyf ljt/0f_ aLr /x]sf] 5 .

df5f ;dfTg]÷dfg]{ sfddf k'?ifsf] afx'Notf /x]sf] kfOG5 eg] dlxnfx? klg s]xL pkIf]q -h:t}

cf]P:6/ / ssn df5f ;dfTg] sfd+_ df ;+nUg x'G5g\ . tNnf] t6Lo lqmofsnfkdf dlxnfsf]

160

k|ltlglwTj a9L /x]sf] kfOG5 . cg'dflgt *) k|ltzt df5f k|zf]wgsdL{ / %) k|ltzt df5f

Jofkf/L dlxnf /x]sf 5g\ .

bf];|f] dxTjk"0f{ n}lËs e]b tNnf] t6Lo pkIf]qsf lqmofsnfkdf /x]sf] 5 . of] pkIf]qdf ;+nug

dlxnf / k'?ifn] leGg k|sf/sf ;fdu|}L pTkfbg ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . pgLx? leGg dfqf / k[ys

ahf/df sfo{/t 5g\ . kl/0ffd :j? Jofkf/ >[+vnfe/ ljlzi6 n}lËs 9fFrf fb]vf kb{5 . ;/n

efiffdf eGbf dlxnfx? t'ngfTds ?kdf ;fgf] If]qdf sfo{/t /x]sf kfoG5gf\ / pgLx? tfhf /

;'s6'6L df5fs]f 3/]n' ahf/df k|d'v yf]s laq]mtfs]f ?kdf ;+nUg ePsf 5\g . k'?ifx? 7"nf]

If]qdf / 6f9fsf] lgof{t Jofklf/df ;+nUg x'G5g\ . of] If]qdf gfkmfs]f b/ pRr x'G5 . To;}u/L

;d'b|kf/ ahf/ -d'Vo u/L o'/f]k]nL ;+3_ df lgof{tsf] nflu k|zf]wg pBf]udf tfhf df5f cfk"lt{

ug]{ 7"nf Jofkf/Ldf k'?if kb{5g\ .

dT:o Joj;fo >[+vnfsf] lgof{td'vL v08nfO{ :t/f]Ggltn] of] Joj;fodf klxn] b]lv g} ar{:j

ePsf k'?ifnfO{ g} kmfObf k'Ug]5 eg] tfhf / k|zf]flwt df5fsf] 3/]n' Jofkf/Lsf] ?kdf /x]sf

dlxnf Joj;foL o;df ;dfj]z gx'g] x'G5g\ . pRr dfusf sf/0f pgLx?sf] tfhf df5f cfk"lt{sf]

;|f]t klg hf]lvddf kg{ ;S5 . To;}u/L of] n}lËs sfo{ laefhgnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ lglZrt

;dfwfgsf pkfo cjnDjg gu/];Dd :t/f]Ggltsf sf/0f 7"nf / ;fgf Jofkf/LaLr /x]sf] cGt/

cem km/flsnf] x'G5 .

of] sfo{ laefhgn] k|d'v :ofxf/stf{sf] ?kdf dlxnfn] ;fdgf ug]{ ;do / oftfoft ;DaGwL

sl7gfO{ h:tf ;dfhdf h/f uf8]/ /x]sf ;fdflhs dfGotf÷e"ldsfnfO{ k|ltlalDjt ub{5 . of]

;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts, / h}ljs ;+/rgf÷;+:yf;+u ;DalGwt ljifo xf] . of] cj:yfn] ;|f]t ;fwgdf

kx'Fr / lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] n}lËs k"jf{u|xnfO{ bzf{pF5 . o;n] ;+efljt jhf/ / Joj:yfksLo

c;kmntfnfO{ klg k|ltlalDat ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu s]xL lglZrt aGb/ufxdf ul/Psf]

cjnf]sgjf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] ;d'bfoåf/f Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf dlxnfn] ;dfg kx'Fr

kfPsf 5}gg\ . h:t} dlxnfx? k'gM:yfkgf ug'{ kg]{ cj:yfdf /x]sf PsfO{ -df5f ;'s'6L agfpg],

;'sfpg] :yn_ cf]u6]sf kfOG5g\ / o:tf] :yfgsf] nflu pgLx?n] ef8f ltg'{ kb{5 . lagf s'g} ;]jf

;'ljwf dlxnfn] o:tf :6nsf] ef8f ltg'{ kl//x]sf] 5 cGo ;Gbe{df h:t} of] Joj;fodf klg

dlxnfn] …Go"gÚ ;DklQ k|fKt ug]{ t/ nufgL cfslif{t ug]{ If]qdf dlxnfsf] :yfg 36\b} hfg] k|a[lQ

b]lvPsf] 5 . dT:o Joj;fodf h:tf];'s} e"ldsf /x] klg dlxnfx?n] of] If]qdf cfkm\gf] :yfgnfO{

161

sfod /fVg lg/Gt/ ;+3if{/t /xg' kg]{ l:ylt /x]sf] 5 . 8'+ufjf6 df5f ptfg]{ / :yfgLo ahf/df

n}hfg] sfddf ;+nUg dlxnfx?n] cfk"m eGbf l56f] sfd ug]{ / laleGg cf}hf/åf/f ;';lHht

k'?if;+u k|lt:kwf{df pqg' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . k'?ifx?n] df5f cf];fg]{ sfddf x\jLnJof/f] -kfª\u|f

ePsf] / u'8fpg ldNg] ;fdfg af]Sg] ef8f_ sf] k|of]u ug]{ x}l;ot /fV5g\ eg] dlxnfn] …x]8¥ofgÚ

dfq lsGg ;Sg] tyf k|of]u ug]{ Ifdtf /fV5g\ . kl/0ffd :j?k dlxnfx?nfO{ Joj;fojf6} xft w'g'

kg]{ cj:yf cfpF5 / pgLx?n] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ cfo;|f]t u'dfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . df5f k|zf]wg k]zfdf

;+nUg dlxnfx?sf] pRr :t/sf] k|ljlwdf kx'Fr x'Fb}g . t;y{ pgLx?n] ;fwf/0f :t/sf] k|ljlwjf6

sfd ug'{ kg]{ ePsf]n] pTkfbsTj Ifdtf 36\b5 .

e08f/0f k|0ffnLsf] u'0f:t/ g/fd|f] ePsf] sf/0f cfkm\gf] pTkfbg :yfgLo ahf/;Dd 9'jfgL ug]{

qmddf To;sf] s]xL c+z u'dfpg k'Ub5g\ . kl/0ffd :j?k pNn]Vo dfqfdf cfly{s gf]S;fgL Joxf]g'{

kg]{ x'G5 .

#=@=@= ;f/f+z

uflDaofsf] b[i6fGt cWoogn] olb /f]huf/Lsf jt{dfg n}lËs 9fFrfnfO{ Wofgdf g/fv]df s'g}

If]qnfO{ ultzLn t'Nofpg cjnDjg ul/g] Jofkf/ gLlt ;DaGwL pkfon] dlxnfnfO{ s;/L

alxis/0fdf kf5|{g\ eGg] s'/f b]vfpF5 . dlxnfnfO{ pgLx?sf] pTkfbsTj a9fpgdf d2t ug]{

pkfo cGtu{t shf{ / ljQLo ;xfotfdf kx'Frsf] ;'lglZrttf, pRr u'0f:t/Lo k|ljlw k"jf{wf/ /

;'lawf, df5f d"No >[ªvnf tyf ;fgf Joj;fo Joj:yfkgaf/] tflndsf ;fy} :jf:Yo tyf

;/;kmfO{ / vfB kbfy{sf] ahf/Ls/0f klg ;dfj]z ug'{ k5{ . dlxnfn] pRr:t/Lo ;'lawfdf kx'Fr

k|fKt ug{ ;s'g\ eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{sf] nflu sf]6f / cgf}krfl/s u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{ ;DaGwL

sfo{lalw klg Nofpg ;lsg]5 .

dlxnfsf] nflu d"No clea[l4 ug]{ vfnsf pRr d"Nosf ljlzi6 If]q h:t} le+mu] df5f / cf]o:6/

kfngsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . o; If]qjf6 pTkfbg x'g] j:t' o'/f]k]nL ahf/sf] s]xL efudf lgof{t

ug{ ;lsG5 . xf]6]n / /]i6'/]06 h:tf dlxnfsf] nflu 7'n7"nf Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfksf] :yfkgf

ug]{ pkfox?af/] klg ljrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ o:tf lqmofsnfk :yfkgf ubf{ a9L ;+rfng k'FhL /

/fd|f] d'b|f k|jfxsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] x'G5 .

162

lnËdf cfwfl/t sl7gfOnfO{ klxrfg / ;Daf]wg ug]{ p2]Zon] k|]l/t kxnx?sf] klg ul/aL

lgjf/0fdf dxTjk"0f{ k|efj /xg ;S5 lsgsL df5f / df5fhGo pTkfbg ax';+Vos hg;+Vofsf]

nflu k|f]l6gsf] k|d'v ;|f]t xf] . dT:o kfng Joj;fo w]/}h;f] :j/f]huf/df ;+nUg dlxnfx?sf]

jr{:j ePsf] If]q ePsf]n] dlxnfn] cfkm\gf] Joj;fo ljsf;df ;fdgf ug]{ cj/f]wsf] ;dfwfg

u/]/ dfq of] If]qdf a[l4 xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 .

kl/jf/sf cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{ ;xh kfg]{ x]t'n] cjnDjg ul/g] ;dosf] nrstf ;fy} df5f

k|zf]wg ;DaGwL tflndjf6 cf}Bf]lus If]qdf sfo{/t dlxnfx? nfeflGjt x'g]5g\ . cGTodf, df5f

kfng Joj;fodf sfo{/t x'g'kg]{ cj:yfsf] sf/0f :jf:Yodf kg]{ c;/sf af/]df cWoog /

dlxnfsf] ;':jf:Yo÷cf/f]Uotfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ul/g] pkrf/fTds pkfox? klg cfjZos 5g\ .

#=#= ?jfG8fsf] s[lif If]qsf] b[i6fGt cWoog M cfly{s a[l4df cj/f]wssf] ?kdf n}lËs c;dfgtf

xhf/f}sf] Hofg lng], cy{tGqnfO{ gfd]6 kfg]{ / hgtfnfO{ r/d ul/aLdf k'¥ofpg] nfdf] åGå /

cfd g/;+xf/ kZrft ?jfG8fs]f cy{tGqdf pNn]Vo a[l4 ePs]f 5 . åGå kZrftsf] cjlwdf

?jfG8f ckfm\gf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ k'gM lgdf{0f ug{ s]xL xb;Dd ;kmn ePs]f 5 . ;fy}

?jfG8fn] ul/aL Go'gLs/0fdf ;kmntf kfof] . fToxfFsf] /fli6«o tYofÍ ;+:yfn] ;g\ @)!@ sf] nflu

pknJw u/fPs]f cfFs8f cg';f/f ;g\ @)!)-@)!! sf] cjlwdf ul/aLs]f b/ ;g\ @)))–@))!

sf] cjlws]f %*=( k|ltztjf6 em/]/ $$=( k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .^% To;}u/L k|lt JolQm b}gls cfo

!=@% 8n/ ePsf ul/a JolQm u0fgfs]f cg'kft ;g\ @))) df &$=% k|ltztjf6 ;g\ @)!! df

36]/ ^#=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ^^

?jfG8fn] n}lËs ;dfj]zL åGå kZrft\ k'gM lgdf{0fdf bx|f] k|lta4tf hgfPsf] 5 tyf ;f] ;/sf/L

sfo{qmd / sfg'g Pj+ b]z ljsf;sf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug]{ of]hg / /0fgLltdf n}lËs ljifo

;kmntfk"j{s ;dfj]z ug]{ pbfx/0fLo b]zsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . cem ;d[4zfnL / k|lt:kwf{Tds

/fi6« aGg] k|of; :j?k ?jfG8fn] dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] dxTjnfO{ l:jsfg'{sf ;fy} n}lËs

;dfgtfdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . ;g\ @))* df?jfG8f Oltxf; d} ;+;bdf k'?if eGbf dlxnf ;f+;b

a9L ePsf] klxnf] b]z x'g k'Uof] . clxn]sf] l:yltdf ?jfG8fsf] ;+;bsf] tNnf] ;bgsf] ^#=*

k|ltzt ;b:o ;+Vof dlxnfsf] /x]sf] 5 . To:t} dflyNnf] ;bgdf #*=% k|ltzt dlxnf ;b:o

/x]sf 5g\ -cGt/ ;+;bLo ;+3, @)!$_ . o; afx]s ?jfG8fn] ;du| hg;+Vofsf] nflu z}lIfs

163

k|ultdf 7"nf] pknlJw xfl;n u/]sf] 5 . To:t} ljz]if u/L dlxnf lzIffsf] If]qdf pNn]Vo k|ult

u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!@ df pko'Qm pd]/ ;d"xsf 5fqfsf] k|fyldstf lzIff txdf egf{b/ 5fq

egf{b/ eGbf a9L (* k|ltzt lyof] . tyflk ljz]iftM cfly{s ;DklQ / ;|f]tdf dlxnf To;df klg

u|fdL0f dlxnfsf] kx'Fr a[l4 ug{sf] nflu ce}m sfd ug{ afFsL g} 5 -;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo Jofkf/

tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng, @)!$ v_ . oL cGt/x? dlxnfsf] nflu k|lt:kwf{df dxTjk"0f{ afwssf]

?kdf cg'jfb x'G5g\ / dlxnf afx'Notf If]qsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds IfdtfnfO{ c;/ ub{5g\ . o;sf

b'O{j6f pbfx/0f tn lbOPsf] 5 .

#=#=!= s[lifdf dlxnf M pTkfbgzLn ;|f]tsf] kx'Frdf n}lËs kIfkft

v]tLof]Uo hdLgsf] ;Lldttf eP tfklg ?jfG8fnfO{ s[lifdf cfwfl/t cy{tGqsf] ?kdf kl/eflift

ug{ ;lsG5 . of] If]qn] ?jfG8fsf] &) k|ltzt egbf a9L hg;+VofnfO{ /f]huf/L k|bfg ug'{sf ;fy}

ax';+Vos hgtfsf] cfosf] k|d'v ;|f]t klg /x]sf] 5 . ?jfG8fn] lrof / skmL lgof{t ug]{ ePklg

s[lif lqmofsnfkx? k|d'v ?kdf lgjf{xd'vL k|d'v vfBfGg jfnLsf] pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t 5g\ . ;g\

@)!@ df ?jfG8fdf lrof / skmL lgof{tn] s'n lgof{t cfosf] $) k|ltzt k|ltlglwTj u/]sf]

lyof] . ?jfG8fnfO{ cfkm\gf] cfly{s a[l4 a9fpg] Pp6f pkfodWo] s[lif If]qnfO{ :t/f]Gglt ug'{sf

;fy} ultlzntf lbg' x'g ;S5 . o;df lgof{td"ns / k/Dk/fut c+z b'O{6} kb{5g\ . t/ s[lifsf]

lj:tf/nfO{ cj/f]w ug]{ sl7gfO{x? ljBdfg /x]sf 5g\ .

bz hgf dlxnfdWo] cf7 dlxnf a]tnjL kfl/jfl/s sfdbf/, cgf}krfl/s Hofnfbf/L sfdbf/ jf

:jtGq s[ifssf ?kdf s[lifdf /f]huf/ /x]sf 5g\ . lgjf{xd'vL k|d'v vfBfGg jfnL pTkfbgdf

k'?ifsf] bfFhf]df dlxnfx? a9L h;f] ;xefuL ePsf kfOG5g\ . To;sf/0f s[lif ljsf; pTkfbg /

ahf/Ls/0fdf k|efjsf/L ?kn] ;+nUg x'g] dlxnfsf] Ifdtfdf Hofbf lge{/ ub{5 . ?jfG8fsf] s[lif

If]qdf w]/} n}lËs c;dfgtf /x]sf 5g\ . cfo / ;DklQsf] xsbf/ -:jfldTj_ df k'?ifnfO{ a9L

k|fyldstf lbg] tyf dlxnfnfO{ kl/jf/sf] lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkg] k/Dk/f / k/Dk/fut sfg'gsf] sf/0f

dlxnfsf] hldgdfly lgoGq0f ;Lldt dfqfdf dfq /x]sf] 5 . To:t} u|fdL0f dlxnfdf JofKt pRr

:t/sf] clzIff h'g k'?ifsf] c;fIf/tf eGbf cln a9L /x]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f dlxnf kl/jf/ k|d'v

dWo] ^@=$ k|ltzt dlxnf n]vk9 ug{ c;Ifd /x]sf 5g\ hjls k'?if kl/jf/ k|d'v dWo] @*=&

k|ltztn] dfq n]vk9 ug{ hfGb}gg\ . o;sf ;fy} shf{df kx'Fr kfpg u|fdL0f dlxnfnfO{ sl7gfO{

x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ?jfG8fsf] u|fdL0f If]qsf dlxnfnfO{ shf{ k|fKt ug{ cfjZos lwtf] /fVg] ;DklQsf]

164

cefj x'g'sf ;fy} pgLx?df Jofkfl/s of]hgf tof/ ug]{ tyf To;sf] kIfdf k}/jL ug]{ jf shf{sf]

nflu lgj]bg lbg] k|lqmof k"/f ug]{ Ifdtfsf] cefj /xG5 . To:t} pgLx? pknJw n3' shf{sf]

af/]df klg cgle1 x'G5g\ . ;fy} k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfx?sf] /]l8of], df]jfOn kmf]g / ;fOsn

h:tf l6sfp j:t'df sd kx'Fr /xG5 h;sf] sf/0f dlxnfnfO{ ahf/ ;Dd kx'Fr :yfkgf ubf{

sf/f]jf/sf] d"No a9\g hfG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu of] cj:yfsf] sf/0f skmL lgof{t If]qdf sfd ug]{

dlxnfnfO{ gsf/fTds c;/ kb{5 lsgsL ahf/ ;DjGwL hfgsf/L÷;"rgf /]l8of] jf df]afOn kmf]g

dfk{mt k|;f/0f ul/G5 eg] ;fOsn k|zf]wg -w'nfO{_ s]Gb| ;Dd skmL 9'jfgL ug]{ e/kbf]{ / b'|t

dfWod xf] . cGo w]/} ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf h:t} ?jfG8fdf klg s[lif k|;f/0f / tflnddf dlxnfsf]

kx'Fr ;Lldt dfqfdf dfq /x]sf] tyf oL ;]jfdf k'?ifsf] k|e'Tj /xg] ePsf]n] dlxnfsf] ;dosf]

;LldttfnfO{ kof{Kt ;Djf]wg u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5}g . cGTodf dlxnfsf] ;xsf/L / ;+3÷;+:yfx?

;f+u7lgs / Joj:yfkgsf] b[li6sf]0fjf6 sdhf]/ /x]sf 5g\ .

o:tf] ;fdflhs 9fFrfnfO{ ahf/ cy{tGqdf gfkmfd"ns ?kn] ;+nUg x'g] dlxnfsf] Ifdtfdfly

cltqmd0f ug]{ lnËdf cfwfl/t d"No dfGotfn] 6]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf d"No dfGotfn]

dlxnfsf] of] IfdtfnfO{ slDtdf klg b'O{j6f dxTjk"0f{ kIfdf cltqmd0f u/]sf] kfOG5 M klxnf]

dlxnfn] lagf kfl/>lds ug]{ :ofxf/ ;';f/ ;DaGwL 3/fo;L sfd / pTkfbgd"ns sfd ug'{ kg]{

bf]xf]/f] df/ h;sf] sf/0f pgLx?n] pNn]vgLo ?kdf ;dosf] cefj Joxf]g'{ kb{5; / bf];|f]

kfl/jfl/s cfodf dlxnfsf] ;Lldt lgoGq0f h;sf] sf/0f Jofkfl/s of]hgfsf] nflu ;f] cfojf6

lglZrt /sd 5'§fP/ art ug]{ pgLx?sf] Ifdtfdf c;/ k'¥ofpF5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm n}lËs lx+;f,

ljz]if u/]/ 3/]n' lx+;f, ?jfG8fdf Pp6f uDeL/ ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .

#=#=@= ;Ldfkf/ (cross-border) Jofkf/df dlxnf

cGo b]zdf h:t} ?jfG8fdf klg clwsf+z dlxnf cgf}krfl/s ;Ldf kf/ Jofkf/df ;+nUg /x]sf

5g\ . ;Ldf kf/ Jofkf/sf j:t'x?df df5f / s[lifhGo j:t'sf ;fy} sk8f / v'b|f ;fdfg kb{5g\ .

Jofkf/L dlxnfn] k|foM cfkm\gf] s[lifd"ns lqmofsnfkjf6 Jofkf/sf] nflu ;fdfg k|fKt u5{g\ eg]

:yfgLo ;fgf Jofkf/Ljf6 klg lsGg] ub{5g\ . cgf}krfl/s dfWodjf6 laqmL ul/g] ;fdfgx?

cf}krfl/s Jofkf/sf] dfWodjf6 laqmL ul/g] ;fdfg eGbf ;:tf] x'G5g\ . To;sf/0f dlxnfn] ug]{

Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfkn] :jod pgLx?nfO{ cfDbfgL ug]{ dfWod dfq geP/ cGo y'k|} dlxnfsf]

hLjLsf]kfh{g ug]{ cfwf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 – ljz]if u/L :j/f]huf/ / pgLx?sf ul/a u|fxsx? .

165

pbfx/0fsf] nflu l;nfO{ s6fO{ ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg dlxnfx?n] :yfgLo ahf/sf] nflu

n'uf pTkfbg u5{g\ . pgLx?n] cfkm\gf pTkfbg Jofkf/L dlxnfnfO{ laqmL u5{g\ / oL Jofkf/L

dlxnfn] tL ;fdfg cGoq} a]R5g\ . o;sf] ctl/Qm Jofkf/L dlxnfn] w]/}h;f] cfk}m Joj;fo

;+rfng ub{5g\, h:t}– cf}iflw k;n; jf k'gM laqmLsf] nflu pgLx? cfk}mn] vl/b u/]sf

j:t'÷;fdfgsf] k|zf]wgdf ;+nUg x'G5g\ .

#=#=#= ;f/f+z

?jfG8fdf s[lif dlxnfs]f jfx'Notf ePsf] If]q xf] / hLjg lgjf{xsf] txdf pTkfbg ug]{;+u

;DalGwt 5 . s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu pRr d"No clea[l4 / lgof{td"ns pTkfbg ug'{ kg]{

cfjZostf kb{5 . ?jfG8fdf v]ltof]Uo hldgsf] ;Lldt pknJwtfsf afah'b olb ljz]if u/L

dlxnfnfO{ cfjZos ;|f]t / cf}hf/ pknJw u/fPdf s[lif If]qsf] a[l4 x'g] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

dlxnfnfO{ a9L e"ld ;DaGwL ;'/Iff k|bfg ug'{ x:tIf]ksf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ If]q xf] / ?jfG8fdf o;

;DaGwL s]xL sfd e};s]sf] 5 . o; qmddf ufpF txdf dlxnfsf] e"ld clwsf/sf] af/]df

hgr]tgf clea[l4 / r]tgfd"ns sfo{x?sf ;fy} e"ld ;'wf/ clwsf/L / ;d'bfo ljsf; clws[t

h:tf :yfgLo sd{rf/Lsf] nflu tflnd ;+rfng ul/Psf 5g\ . hldgsf] btf{ / gfd;f/L k|+lqmofdf

hldgsf] dlxnf–k'?ifsf] ;+o'Qm :jfldTj / dlxnf k|d'v ePsf] kl/jf/nfO{ hldg ljt/0f ug]{

;'lglZrttfsf] nflu n}lËs ;r]tgf cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . e"ldsf] pTkfbsTj a9fpg dlxnfnfO{

s[lif ;fdu|L / cfwf/e"t k|lalwdf kx'Fr lbg' klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu

dlxnfnfO{ kfgL tfGg] kDk, afnL sf6\g] cf}hf/, uf]8d]n ug]{ pks/0f tyf cGg afnL emfg]{

cf}hf/ pknJw u/fPdf pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 x'g'sf] ;fy} pgLx?sf] ;dosf] art x'gfn] pgLx?nfO{

s[ifssf] ?kdf / 3/ kl/jf/sf] nflu ug'{ kg]{ sfdsf] aLr Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 . jfnL

v]tL / s[lif ;fdu|L ;DaGwL k/fdz{ / k|;f/ ;]jf ;~rfng ubf{ dlxnfsf] ;dofefj / pgLx?sf]

;"rgf k|ljlw kx'Frdf sdL h:tf ljifox? dfly Wofg lbg' kb{5 . To:t} s[lif k|;f/ clwsf/L /

afnL lj1x?aLrsf] n}lËs ;Gt'ngnfO{ klg ;'wf/ ug'{ k5{ .

o;sf] cltl/Qm Ifdtf a[l4 pkfo dfk{mt df}h'bf ;xsf/L / dlxnf ;+3 ;+:yfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf

oL ;+:yfx?nfO{ s[lif ;fdu|L ljt/0f ;~hfn, afnL leq\ofO;s]kl5 rflxg] ;'ljwf / ahf/ ljt/0f

166

s]Gb|;+u hf]8\gfn] dlxnfsf] ahf/ kx'FrnfO{ pNn]Vo ?kdf a[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 . ljBfno vfgf

ljt/0f sfo{qmd / ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] nflfu vfB cfk"lt{ h:tf ;fj{hlgs vl/b

Joj:yf÷k|0ffnLn] dlxnfn] :yfgLo ?kdf k|zf]wg u/]sf] k|d'v vfBfGg vl/b ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg

ug{ ;S5g\ clwsf+z dlxnf lgjf{xd'vL s[ifs ePsf x'Fbf oL pkfoåf/f ul/asf] nflu vfB

;'/Iffdf a[l4 x'g]5 .

?jfG8]nL cgf}krfl/s cGt/–;Ldf Jofkf/LnfO{ pgLx?sf] clwsf/ / st{Josf] af/]df k|lzlIft

u/fpg' pgLx?nfO{ ltgsf b}lgs lqmofsnfkdf ;zlQms/0f ug]{ Pp6f pkfo x'g ;S5 . To:t}

eG;f/ clws[taLr n}lËs ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ ;fy} pgLx?nfO{ n}lËs ;r]tgf ;DaGwL k|lzIf0f

lbgfn] klg ;Ldf gfsfdf Jofkf/L dlxnf dfly x'g] n}lËs b'Jo{jxf/ sd ugf{df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg

;S5 . ;Ldfkf/ Jofkf/Ln] ug'{ kg]{ k|lqmofut hfFrkf; ;DaGwL l9nf;':tL x6fpg] tyf s/

;x'lnot k|bfg ugf{n] bIftfdf ;'wf/ x'gfsf ;fy} Jofkf/ lj:tf/ ug{sf] nflu k|f]T;fxg x'g ;S5

. s[lif If]qdf h:t} Jofkf/L dlxnfsf] aLrdf klg ;xsf/Lsf] k|a4{g ugf{n] oL cgf}krfl/s

sfdbf/sf] nflu hf]lvd 36\g'sf ;fy} pgLx?sf] nfut klg 36\g] 5 .

?jfG8]nL dlxnfnfO{ k|efj ug]{ n}lËs hlgt sl7gfOsf sf/0f pgLx?sf] s[lif j:t' pTkfbg

lj:tf/ ug]{ Ifdtf / Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfk tyf cfodf gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] 5 . k|sf/fGt/df

o;n] ;du|df s[lif f/ Jofkf/ If]qsf] sfo{ ;DkfbgnfO{ g} ;+s'lrt ub{5 . oL cj/f]wnfO{ x6fpg

/ s[lif pTkfbs tyf Jofkf/Lsf] ?kdf dlxnfsf] Ifdtf phfu/ ug{sf] nflu n}lËs hlgt

pkfosf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . o:tf pkfo cjnDjg u/]kl5 pgLx? ;+nUg If]qdf a[l4 x'g]

ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .

$= lgisif{

of] PsfO{df xfdLn] n}lËs c;dfgtfn] s'g} d'n'ssf] cGt/f{li6«o k|+lt:kwf{nfO{ s;/L cfsf/ k|bfg

ug{ ;S5 eGg] af/] hfgsf/L xfl;n u¥of} . xfdLn] Joj;fo / :j/f]huf/ pTkfbgstf{sf] ?kdf

k|lt:kwf{Tds nfesf xsbf/sf] ;f6f] Hofnfbf/L sfdbf/, 3/]n' sfdbf/ / a]tnjL kfl/jfl/s

sfdbf/sf] ?kdf dlxnf k+|lt:kwf{Tds nfesf] ;|f]t x'g ;S5g\ eGg] b]Vof} . nueu ljZjJofkL

?kdf sfod /x]sf] n}lËs Hofnf cGt/sf] sf/0f ljz]iftM d"No k|lt:kwf{ tLa|+ ePsf >d k|wfg

lgof{t pTkfbg If]qdf >d d"No Go"g sfod /fVg dlxnfx? cfsif{s >dzlQmsf] ?kdf :yflkt

167

ePsf 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} æn}lËs ?kn] pko'QmÆ sfd / ædlxnf ;LkÆ ;DaGwL ;dfhdf h/f]

uf8]/ a;]sf d"No dfGotfn] cGo If]q eGbf k|d'v ?kdf lgof{td'vL pTkfbgsf] sd d"No clea[l4

x'g] If]qdf sfdbf/sf] ?kdf dlxnfsf] k|j]znfO{ k|>o lbPsf] kfOG5 . To;sf/0f n}lËs

c;dfgtfsf k|foMh;f] cfofdn] ck|ToIf ?kdf Jofkf/sf] sfo{ k|ultdf afwf u/]sf] kfOG5 eg]

Hofnfsf] c;dfgtfn] lgof{t a[l4df ;sf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvG5 -sfut], @))!_ . t'ngfTds

?kdf ;:tf] / nrs dlxnf >dzlQm dfu cl:y/ x'g] tyf cfk"lt{ ug'{ kg]{ ;do sd ePsf]

ljZjJofkL d"No >[+vnfsf] pTkfbgsf] cfjZostf k'/f ug{df klg dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . o;

;DaGwdf u[x>lds ;fob ;a}eGbf a9L hf]lvddf /x]sf] sfdbf/sf] ;d'xdf kb{5g\ . pgLx?n]

Psbd yf]/} tnj / ;'/Iffdf pTkfbgsf] clwsf+z hf]lvd jxg ug'{ kb{5 .

n}lËs c;dfgtfn] :j/f]huf/df ;+nUg sfdbf/sf] ?kdf klg dlxnfsf] sfo{ Ifdtf /

pTkfbsTjnfO{ xtf]T;flxt ub{5 / pgLx?nfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds nfesf] k|+ltkmn lngjf6 al~rt

ub{5 . o;n] ubf{ s'g} If]q olb Tof] dlxnf k|wfg 5 eg], To; If]qnfO{ a[l4 x'gjf6 / k'/}

cy{tGqnfO{ ;kmn lgof{t sfo{ Ifdtf k|fKt ug{jf6 /f]S5 . ;|f]tdf kx'Fr / lgoGq0f, Ifdtf /

;'/Iff' cfofddf n}lËs c;dfgtf b]vf kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu dlxnfsf] e"–:jfldTj sfd 5,

pgLx?n] k|foM cfkm\gf] cfDbfgLsf] lgoGq0f ug{ kfpFb}gg\ / pgLx?sf] pTkfbgd"ns lqmofsnfk

a[l4÷lj:tf/df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] cfly{s / cGo ;xfos ;]jfx?df sd kx'Fr /x]sf] 5 . Ifdtfsf]

;Gbe{df dlxnfsf] :jf:Yo / kf]if0f l:ylt sdhf]/ /x]sf] kfOG5 eg] pgLx?n] ;dosf] cefj klg

Joxf]g'{ k5{ . ;fy} dlxnfx?n] cfjt hfjt÷oftfoftdf klg cj/f]wsf] cg'ej ug'{ k5{, h;sf]

sf/0fn] ubf{ pTkfbssf] ?kdf pgLx?sf] :yfg -kb_ nfO{ k|efljt u5{ . cGTodf, dlxnfx?n]

cfkm\gf] hLjg rqme/ kl/jf/ leq / >d ahf/df hLjLsf]kfh{g ug]{ / cfkm\gf] cfly{s

lqmofsnfknfO{ lj:t/f u/]/ ;DkGg x'g] Ifdtf dfly klg k|efj kfg]{ eP tfklg of] lx+;f cfk}mdf

v]bhgs 5 .

Jofkf/ gLlt th'{df ubf{ oL lnËdf cfwfl/t c;dfgtfnfO{ Wofgdf /fVgsf] nflu lglZrt

gLltut pkfo cfjZos x'g]5g\ . cGoyf df}h'bf n}lËs k"jf{u|xx? k'gM pTkfbg x'g]5g\ jf

kl/0ffd :j?k cem ljs/fn x'g]5g\ .

cEof; / 5nkmnsf] nflu k|Zgx?

168

!= Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgn] k|ToIf a}b]lzs nufgL dfk{mt 1fg÷;Lk tyf k|ljlw cfoft ub{5g\ . tkfOsf]

wf/0ff cg';f/ rLgsf] tfOjfg k|fGtsf] d k|wfg pTkfbg If]qdf k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL a[l4sf]

;Defljt k|efj s] x'g ;S5g\ < s] o;jf6 dlxnfx? nfeflGjt x'g ;S5g\ < olb x'G5g\ eg]

s;/L <

@= dlxnfx? Go"g kfl/>lds / lgDg ;Lk ePsf If]qdf dfq y'lk|g] k|a[lQsf] ;fdgf ug{sf] nflu

tkfO{ ;/sf/nfO{ s:tf] k|sf/sf] gLlt ;'emfpg' x'G5 < n}lËs c;dfgtfnfO{ lgof{t a[l4sf]

;fwgsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug]{ wf/0ffsf] la?4 ts{ k]z ug'{xf];\ .

#= ;g\ !(() lt/ rLgsf] tfOjfg k|fGtsf Jofkfl/s cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgn] Go"g >d d"No ePsf

b]zdf pTkfbg :yfgfGt/0f ug{ yfn] . tkfOsf] larf/df ;+nUg ;j} b]zdf o:tf] k|sf/sf] d"No

s6f}tL /0fgLltsf] n}lËs k|efj s] x'G5 <

$= uflDaofsf] b[i6fGt cWoog k'gM Psk6s k9\g'xf];\ . dT:okfng Joj;fodf dlxnfn] ;fdgf ug]{

sl7gfOnfO{ ;Daf]wg ubf{ s;/L b]zsf] lgof{t k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ x'G5 < j0f{g ug'{xf];\

. uflDaofdf dlxnfx? k|foMh;f] dT:o sflnu9sf] ?kdf ;3g ?kdf ;+nUg 5g\ eGg] tYo

Wofgdf /fVg' xf]nf . tkfOsf] larf/df lgof{td"ns df5f k|zf]wg If]q lgof{t a[l4d"ns

/0fgfLltsf] Ps dfq s]Gb| eof] eg] dlxnfdf To;sf] k|efj s] x'G5 xf]nf < o:tf] cj:yfdf

dlxnfsf] l:ylt s] x'G5 <

%= ?jfG8fsf] ;Gbe{df s[lif sfdbf/ / cGt/–;Ldf cgf}krfl/s Jofkf/Lsf] ?kdf dlxnfn] ef]Ug'

k/]sf n}lËs Jojwfgn] ;f] b]zsf] lgof{t sfo{ k|ultdf s;/L k|efj kf/]sf] 5 <

^= xfdLn] b]Vof} ls ?jfG8fdf dlxnf cgf}krfl/s Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfkdf ;d]t ;lqmo ?kn] ;+nUg

/x]sf 5g\ . tkfOsf] larf/df olb ?jfG8fsf] ;/sf/n] cGt/–;Ldf cgf}krfl/s Jofkf/Lsf] ?kdf

dlxnfnfO{ ;+/If0f / ;zlQms/0f ug]{ pkfo sfof{Gjog u/]df cf}krfl/s Jofkf/ dfWoddf To;sf]

s] k|efj knf{ < -;+s]tM ?jfG8fsf] ;Gbe{df cgf}krfl/s cGt/–;Ldf Jofkf/

k|foM ?jfG8f ;dfg ljsf; :t/df /x]sf l5d]sL b]zx?;+u dfq x'g] u5{ eGg] tYo x]Ssf

/fVg'xf];\ ._

169

&= tkfO{sf] larf/df s[lifdf cfwfl/t ljsf;f]Gd'v b]z / c4{–cf}Bf]lus cy{tGQdf dlxnfsf] cfly{s

;zlQms/0fdf cj/f]w k'¥ofpg] k|d'v sl7gfOx? s] x'g\ < ltgLx?aLr s] ;dfgtf / km/s 5g\ <

olb tkfO{ gLlt lgdf{tf ePsf] cj:yfdf s;/L oL ljifox?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{ x'G5 <

*= oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] k|To]s b]zsf] b[i6fGt cWoogdf s'g s'g If]qdf n}lËs c;dfgtf cg'ej

ul/Psf] 5 < lj:t[t ?kdf j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .

cg';'rL

of] cg';'rLsf] p2]Zo n}l+us lje]bn] lgof{t tyf lgof{tdf cfwfl/t a[l4df x'g] k|efjsf] vf]h ug]{

s]xL d'Vo jf gjLg n]vx? / n]vsx?sf] d'Vo rf;f], k|of]u ul/Psf] ljlw / lgis{if 5f]6s/Ldf

k:sg' xf] . of] cg';'rLsf] pb]Zo of] lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] bf];|f] ;+:s/0fn] lnª\u / Jofkf/aLrsf]

;DaGwsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ Jojxfl/s k4ltsf] cem uxgtd\ b[ZofjnL k|bfg ug]{5 .

s=!= ;]u'Ogf] -!((&_

blIf0f sf]l/ofdf lnª\usf cfwf/df c;dfg Hofnf / lgof{tdf cfwfl/t j[l4 ;Gbe{

of] sfo{kqn] u0ftGq sf]l/ofdf lgof{thGo j[l4df lnª\usf] e"ldsfsf] ljifodf /x]s]f Go"g

cWoog ;fdu|Lsf] cefjnfO{ k"lt{ ug]{5 . Tof] a]nf;Dd u0ftGq sf]l/ofsf] cfly{s j[l4nfO{ of t

ahf/ lgb]{lzt gLlt / v'nf Jofkf/ cyjf k|efjsf/L cf}Bf]lus gLltsf] kl/df0f?kdf JofVof

ul/Fb} cfPsf] lyof] .

h'g n]vsx?sf] ;}4flGts e8\sfjsf cfwf/df j[l4sf] Tof] k|lqmofdf n}ª\lus kIfnfO{ s'g}

Vofg ul/Psf] lyPg . ;]u'Ogf]sf] sfo{kq g} n}ª\lus cfwf/df /x]sf Hofnfsf] vf8n / -blIf0f

sf]l/ofdf_ lgof{tsf] j[l4sf] aLr x'g] ;f]emf] ;DaGw k|i6 9ª\un] phfuf/ ug]{ / Tof] ;DaGwnfO{

Jojxfl/s 9ª\un] k/LIf0f u/s]f 5 .

170

of] cWoog of] cy{df klg dxTjk"0f{ 5 sL o;n] u0ftGq sf]l/ofdf ;g\ !(&* b]lv

!(*( ;Ddsf] cjlwdf -dlxnf sfdbf/sf] pRr dfusf afah'b klg_ c;dfg Hofnfdf b]lvPsf]

;fdfGo ;'wf/sf] sf/0fdf ;d]t 3f]lTnPsf] kl/rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . lje]b /fHosf] gLltx? / of]

cy{d]l6«s ljZn]if0fsf] b'O{ d'Vo p2]Zo 5g\ . klxnf] /f]huf/sf If]qdf dlxnfx?sf] jl~rlts/0fsf

sf/0f b]zsf] lgof{t pBf]u dlxnfsf] Go"g Hofnf;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 sL 5}g eGg] d"Nofª\sg ug'{ xf]

. bf];|f] u0ftGq sf]l/ofn] sd Hofnfdf sfd nufOPsf dlxnf sfdbf g} p;sf] lgof{tsf]

k|lt:k|wf{Tds nfesf] ;|f]t xf] eGg] k|df0f k]; ug'{ .

tYofª\s / ljlw

cy{ d]l6«s ljZn]if0fn] b'O{ cª\s/ tLg cª\ssf] ldl>t txut ;do z[ª\vnf ISIF pTkfbg

tYofª\s -!(&*–!(*(_ sf] k|of]u u/s]f] 5 . lgof{t pBf]udf dlxnfsf] jl~hlts/0f g} Go"g

Hofnf b/;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 sL 5}g eGg] k/LIf0f ug{ . pQm tYofª\s >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfnosf]

dfl;s >d ;j]{If0fn] b]vfPsf] cfDbfgL, cfOPncf]af6 k|fKt /f]huf/Lsf] tYofª\s / a}+s ckm

sf]l/ofn] k|sflzt u/]sf] tYofª\sx? ljleGg ;|f]t x'g\ .

pTkfbsTj nufotsf cGo ;fGb{les ljljwtfsf] lgoGq0fsf nflu pBf]usf] ;fk]If Hofnf /

pBf]udf dlxnfx?sf] ;dfg'kfltstfaLrsf] ;DaGwsf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ of] k|Zgsf] xn ul/G5 . of]

df]8]nn] lglZrt Hofnf ;lds/0f / Tof] eGbf yk Hofnfb/nfO{ ;dfj]z ub{5 . lnËsf cfwf/df

x'g] Hofnfsf] ljljwtfn] u0ftGq sf]l/ofsf] lgof{tdf j[l4 ePsf] xf] eGg] bf];|f] Jojxfl/s k|Zgsf]

hjfkm !(&% b]lv !(() ;Ddsf] lgof{tsf] lglZrt cfwf/ tyf kl/:s[t k4ltsf] k|If]k0fdfkm{t

pQl/t ul/G5 .

of] cj:yfdf j}b]lzs cfDbfgL, ;fk]If d"No / dlxnf–k'?ifsf] ;fk]If Hofnf klg lgof{tsf

cfl>t ljljwtf x'g\ .

lgisif{

171

klxnf] df]8nsf] lgisif{n] dlxnfsf] jl~rlts/0fsf sf/0f x'g] Go"g pTkfbsTj pgLx?nfO{

lbOg] sd Hofnf;Fu ;DalGwt 5 eGg] cjwf/0ffnfO{ k'li6 ub{5, lsg b]zsf] n}ª\lus Hofnfb/sf]

cg'kftdf ;'wf/ x'g ;s]g hasL dlxnf sfdbf/sf] dfudf lg/Gt/ j[l4 ePsf] ;dodf klg .

Tof] eg]sf] pbBf]udf dlxnf sfdbf/sf] lx:;f a9f]Q/LcfP;Fu} Tof] pBf]udf ;fk]If

Hofnfdf lu/fj6 cfof] h;n] Hofnfdf k|lt:k|wf{sf] k|efj bzf{p5 . t/ dlxnf /f]huf/sf] ;ª\Vof

t'ngfTds ?kdf ;fgf] x'G5 .

d"No clej[l4 lgoGq0f u/]sf] cj:yfdf o;n] s] bzf{p5 eg] dlxnfsf] Go"gtd ;fk]If

Hofnfn] Go"g d"No clej[l4sf pBf]ux?df pgLx?sf] 3gTj /x]5 eGg] bzf{p5 .

bf];|f] df]8nsf] lgisif{n] lnª\usf cfwf/df /x]sf] c;dfg Hofnfb/n] b]zsf] lgof{tdf

k|efj kf/]sf] k'li6 u5{ . csf]{ zAbdf ha dlxnf–k'?ifsf] Hofnfb/sf] cg'kft a9\5 ta lgof{tsf

dfu klg j[l4 cfpF5 . lnª\usf cfwf/df x'g] Hofnsf] cg'kftsf] u'0ffª\s gsf/fTds 5 /

tYofª\sLo lx;fadf dxTk"0f{ klg, o;n] lgof{t sfo{sf] lj:tfl/t Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ NofpF5 .

lgisif{df of] sfo{kqn] ;doqmddf x'g] lnª\usf] cfwf/df /x]sf] Hofnfsf] vf8n cyjf

Go"g j]tgdf sfd ug]{ dlxnfx?sf sf/0f b]vf k/]sf] l:y/tf / dlxnfsf] Go"g Hofnfsf sf/0f

u0ftGq sf]l/ofsf] lgof{t k|lt:k|wfTds Ifdtfdf cfPsf] ;'wf/sf] k|df0f k]; u/]sf] 5 .

s=@= ;]u'Ogf] -@)))_

n}ª\lus c;dfgtf / cfly{s j[l4 M ljleGg b]zsf] ljZn]if0f

;Gbe{

lnª\usf cfwf/df ul/Psf] c;dfgf Hofnsf] ljt/0faf6 cfly{s ljsf;df b]vfkg]{ c;/sf]

n]vfhf]vf of] sfo{kqsf] hf]8 xf] . lgof{tdf o;sf] k|efj / cf}Bf]lus cy{tGqdf nufgLsf] gd"gf

h;n] ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ yk an k'¥ofpg, ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ pRr cg'kftsf] dlxnf >ldssf]

k|of]uaf6 lgof{tdf cwfl/t /0fgLlt cjnDag u/] . Ps cy{df of] sfo{kq ;]u'Og] -!((&_ df

172

cfwfl/t 5 t/ l;wf lx;fan] n}ª\lus ?kdf c;dfg Hofnfb/ nfO{ hf]8\5 . h'g lgof{t lj:tf/ /

cfly{s j[l4sf nflu cjnDag ul/of] .

of] n]vfhf]vfnfO{ lnª\usf] cfwf/df s]nfP/ ul/Psf] 5 . h'grflx ;fnfvfnf txdf j[l4sf]

clGtd glthfsf] lgwf{/s tTjsf] of]hgf tof/ ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 . jf:tjdf n]vssf cg';f/

o;clwsf j[l4sf] cWoogx?df n}ª\lus cjwf/0ff;DaGwL nueu z"Gok|foM lyP . cgf}krfl/s

;DaGw o:tf] x'g] u5{ . n}ª\lus c;dfgtfn] lgof{t lj:tf/ u5{ / k|fljlws kl/jt{g l;h{gf u5{

/ To:n] cfly{s j[l4df of]ubfg u5{ . nufgLsf] If]qdf n}ª\lus c;dfgtfsf sf/0f x'g] k|efjdf

n]vsn] Go"g >dd"Non] k|lti7fgx?df pRr nfe k|Kt x'g] ts{ u5{g\ . kmntM To;n] pRr k'FhL

nufgLnfO{ pTk|]/0ff lbG5 .

of] cWoog dxTjk"0f{ of] cy{df klg 5 sL o;n] km/skm/s kl/df0f -lgisif{_ lgsfn]sf] 5

. h:tf] sL cfodf x'g] c;dfgtf;Fu} l;h{gf x'g] ;fdflhs åGån] j[l4 Go"g /xG5 / ;f] sf/0fn]

nufgLdf gsf/fTds c;/ k5{ -clnl;gf P08 clnl;gf /f]l8«s, !(($, k;{g P08 tf]jlngL,

!(($, nf/]g P08 e]/uf/f, !((*_ .

tYofª\s / ljlw M cWoogsf] p2]Zossf nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf ;"rssf cw{ cf}Bf]lus

lgof{t lgb]{lzt ;"rsfª\ssf cfwf/df b;x? cw{ cf}Bf]lus cy{tGqfTds gd'gfaf6 cfFp5g\ . cw{

cf}Bf]lus lgof{t lgb]{lzt ;"rsfª\ssf cfwf/df lnOPsf] cy{tGqsf] ;d"xdf b]zx?sf] n}ª\lus

?kdf Hofnf tYofª\s 5flgPsf] xf] . pQm tYofª\sx? cfOPncf]sf] jflif{s k'l:tsf -5l/P/ /x]s]

>d tYofª\s_ / ljleGg b]zx?sf] ljz]if ;|f]tx?af lnOPsf x'g\ .

of] sfo{kqn] Standard Growth Accounting methfodology / lnª\usf

cfwf/df b'O{ km/s tl/sfn] k|of]u x'G5 / bf];|f] lnª\ussf cfwf/df x'g] Hofnb/sf] cGt/

k|fljlws kIfdf cfpg] kl/jt{gsf] lg0f{ossf] ?kdf lnOG5 . lgof{t j[l4df x'g] k|efjsf

dfWoodaf6 j[l4sf] df]8nndf cfwfl/t /x]/ n]vsn] Cross Country Regression

k|of]u u/]/ ;g\ !(&% b]lv !((% ;Ddsf] ljleGg b]zsf] cf};tnfO{ aflx/ NofPsf 5g\ . ;f]

173

;dosf] tL b]zx?sf] kl/jt{gsf] k|s[ltnfO{ ;d]6\g of] sfo{kqdf kfFr jif{sf] cf};t;lxt ;d"x

tYofª\s;lxt ljZn]if0f k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . b]z/ ;dosf] k|efj n]vfhf]vf ug{ cltsd ju{sf]

gd"gf ljljwtf;lxt of] cfFsng k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

Dependint Variablesf] k|ltlglwTj s'n u|fx:y pTkfbg j[l4 b/n] u/]s]f 5 eg]

inDependint Variable x? k|fljlws kl/jt{gsf] j[l4b/ -h'g rfxLF s'n u|fx:y lglZrt k'FhL

lgdf{0fsf] j[l4b/sf cfwf/df dfkg ul/G5_ -&)_ / dlxnf tyf k'?if dfgj k'FhL -&!_ sf ljleGg

pkfox?nfO{ dfg]sf] 5 . of] df]8]ndf pBf]u ljlzi7 /xg] lglZrt k|efjx? klg ylkPsf 5g\ .

n}ª\lus c;dfgtfn] nufgLdf j[l5 NofP/ cfly{s j[l4 tLj| x'g;S5 eGg] ts{nfO{ k/LIf0f ug{

;'u'Ogf]n] lnª\usf] cfwf/df /xg] Hofnfsf] cGt/ / To;n] s'n u|fx:y{ pTkfbgdf nufgLsf]

lx;:fsf] k|efj ;dosf] cf};tsf] cfwf/df cfsng u/]sf 5g\ .

lgisif{

s'n u|fx{:y pTkfbgsf] j[l4df n}ª\lus Hofnfsf] cGt/n] kfg]{ k|efj h'g Cross

Country Regression sf] klxnf] v08n] lgof{tsf] dfu{sf ?kdf dfWoodsf ?kdf

d"Nofª\sg u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ ;a} tLg k|sf/sf n}ª\lus Hofnf cGt/sf pkfox? ;sf/fTds

/ tYofª\sLo lx;fan] dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ / oL lgisif{x? kfFr jif{sf] cf};tdfkm{t ;fd"lxs tYofª\s

cg'dfgdf k'li6 ul/Psf x'g\ . o;/L b]vfOPsf u|fx:y{ pTkfbgdf pgLx?sf] lgof{t lj:tf/sf

dfkm{t ;sf/fTds e"ldsf v]n]sf] k|i6 k|df0f k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

nufgLsf] tj;/df Cross Country regerssion n}lª\us Hofnf c;dfgtf

;sf/fTds / tYofª\sLo lx;fan] dxTk"0f{ ePsf] kfOPsf], o;sf] cy{ lnª\usf cwf/df ePsf]

Hofnfsf] cGt/n] ubf{ nufgLdf j[l4 eO{ cfly{s j[l4nfO{ of]ubfg u5{ eGg] ;d:of sygsf] k'li6

of] glthfn] u/]s]f 5 .

174

lgisif{df ;'u'Ogf]sf] sfo{kqn] n}ª\lus c;dfgtfn] cfly{s j[l4df kof{Kt of]ubfg u/]sf]

bl/nf] k|df0f k|:t't u/]sf] 5g\ . ljz]iftM n}+lus Hofnfb/sf] cGt/n] s'n u|fx:y{ pTkfbgdf

lgof{t / nufgLsf] dfWoodfkm{t c;/ u5{ eGg] k"jf{g'dfgnfO{ k'li6 u5{ .

a'; / :kfOnDofg -@))^_

…n}+lus c;dfgtf / Jofkf/Ú–;Gbe{

of] sfo{kqn] ljleGg (@ ljsl;t / ljsfl;n b]zx?sf] gd'gfsf] ?kdf n}+lus lje]b / Jofkf/

k|jfxaLrsf] ;DaGwsf af/]df cWoog ub{5 . cfem ljz]if ?kdf n]vsx?n] n}+lus c;dfgtfn]

;du|tfdf j:t'df x'g] >d uxgtfsf dfWooaf6 (labour-intensive) manafactured

x'g] pTkfbg x'g] j:t'df t'ngfTds nfe k|fKt x'G5 jf x'Fb}g .

of] sfo{kqn] n}+lus c;dfgtfsf] a[xt JofVof u/]sf] 5 . o;n] Hofnf, >d ahf/df kx'Fr

/ z}lIfs c;dfgtf h:tf ljifox? klg ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . h'g o;cl3sf sfo{kqdf pNn]v

lyPgg\ . o; clwsf ;Gbe{x? s]jn Hofnfsf] c;dfgtfdf dfq l;ldt lyP . n]vsx?n] s] ts{

u/]sf 5g\ eg] n}+lus lje]bn] a9L dfqfdf lgof{tsf] agf}6nfO{ c;/ ub{5 , lgof{t k|jfxsf]

/sdnfO{ sd . pgLx? of] tYonfO{ cfTd;fy u5{g sL ;'b[9 lgof{tsf] cj:yfn] o:tf k|sf/sf

;dfg pTkfbgn] ->dsf] ;3gtfdf cfwfl/t_ b]znfO{ afW5 / pRr d"Nosf ;dfgtk|ltsf]

df]xnfO{ lgoGq0f ub{5 . ;]u'Ogf] -@)))_ sf] eGbf k[ys oL n]vx?n] >dsf] ;3gtfdf cfwfl/t

j:t'jf6 x'g] t'ngfTds nfen] pRr j[l4b/ x'g] eGg] ts{k|lt c;xdlt hgfPsf 5g\ .

t/ of] ljZn]if0df /x]s]f ;d:of s] xf] eg] of] n}+lus ?kdf x'g] Hofnfsf] cGt/sdf

tYofª\s l;ldt /x]]sf]5 . o;sf] cy{ x'G5 of] ;Gbe{df lgsflnPsf lgisif{ h'g n}lª\lus

c;dfgtfsf af/]df 5g\ s]xL ;fjwfgLk"j{s JofVof ul/g'k5{ lsgeg] tLgn] n}ª\lus c;dfgtf

/ >d ;3gtfdf cfwfl/t pBf]ux?aLrsf] t'ngfTds nfesf] ;DaGwsf] lj:t[lt d"Nofª\sg lbg

;s]sf 5}gg\ .

tYofª\s / ljlw

175

Empirical ljZn]if0sf] nflu k|of]u ul/Psf tTofª\s cGt/f{li6o ;+u7gsf] tYofª\saf6

cfpF5g\ . oL tYofª\sdf Ps?ktf sfod ug{ Hofnfsf] c;dfgtf dfkg ug{ cfOncf]sf] b'O{

;|f]tx? k|of]u u/L l;h{gf ul/Psf] 5 . >d tYofª\s jflif{s k'l:tsf @))# / OGSjfO/L @))$

cS6f]j/ g} d'Vo b'O{ ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L x'g\ . To;}u/L /f]hfuf/ / lzIff;DaGwL ;"rgf ljZj j}+ssf]

ljZj ljsf; ;"rs @))$ af6 lnOPsf] x]f . Jofkf/;Fu ;DalGwt tYofª\s ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3

sdf]l86L –j:t'_ Jofkf/sf] tYofª\af6 lnOPsf] xf] .

jf:tjd} n}+lus c;dftf >d ;3gtfdf cfwfl/t pTkflbt j:t'sf] t'ntfgTds nfe;Fu

;DalGwt 5 jf 5]g eGg] lgwf{/0f ug{ n]vsx?n] tYofª\ssf] k|of]u u/L klxnf ;'? @))) sf

nflu 58\s] txut ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ . To;kl5 pgLx?n] of] tYofª\snfO{ Pp6f Kofgn

l;h{gf ug{ s]xL jif{ ;ª\sng u5{g / pQm ;dodf x'g] kl/jt{gsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ ljleGg b]zsf

nfu lgwf{l/t k|efjx? canDjg ul/G5g . oL dfkg df]8]n –Bench mark Model_ eGgfn]

Jofkf/ ;"rs cfl>t veriable sf ?kdf / n}+lus c;dfgfsf tLg cfofdx? :jflwg

veriable sf ?kdf . Jofkf/ ;"rs eGgfn] >d ;3gtfdf cfwfl/t lgof{t / >d ;3gtfdf

cfwfl/t ;dfgsf] ;Dk"0f{ lgof{tsf] cg'kft / >d ;3gtfdf cfwfl/t ;dfgdf phfuf/ ePsf]

t'ngfTds nfe -&@_ a'lemG5 .

n}+lus ;dfgtf / dlxnf / k'?ifsf] Hofnfsf] km/s 5'6\ofpg] ;"rsx?sf cfwf/df / >d

ahf/ kx'Fr / z}lIfs k|flKtsf scfwf/df dfkg ul/G5 .

cem yk of] df]8]nn] lgolGqt variable sf] Ps ;d"xnfO{ c+lusf/ u5{ h'g ;fk]lIfs

k'FhL k|bQ u'0fsf] dfkg, ;fk]lIfs >d k|bQ u'0fsf] dfkg, n}+lus c;dfgtf dfkg k|of]u ug{

Jojxf/df NofOPsf ;dfg ;ldli6ut variable h:t} lzIffsf] kx'Frdf n}+lus c;dfgtf ;Dk"0f{

z}lIfs k|flKtsf nflu JofVofTds variabl;ls tyf If]qLo ljz]tfdf x'g] km/ssf nflu If]qLo

cg's/0f kIfw/tf .

lgisif{

176

of] cross sectoinal regression sf] lgisif{n] s] kQf nfu]sf] 5 eg] Hofnfdf x'g]

n}+lus lje]bn] >d ;3gtfdf cfwfl/t j:t'df t'ngfTds nfesf] If]qdf ;sf/fTds 9ª\un]

;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . ;d"xut cfFsngdf of] glthf lg:s]sf] 5 h;n] cfpg] ;dodf klg

;sf/fTds ;DaGwsf] kl/nlIft u/sf] 5 .

7Ls o;sf] ljk/Lt /f]huf/sf] kx'FRrdf / z}lIfs k|flKtdf n}+lus c;dfgtfn] Go"g Jofkf/

k|ult bzf{p5 . Cross sectional / ;d"x tYofª\s ljZn]if0f b'j}sf] glthfn] >d ahf/df

pRr dlxnf ;xeflutfn] >d k|bQk|flKtnfO{ dha'b kf5{ / >d ;3gtfdf cfwfl/t j:t'df

t'ngfTds nfe k|fKt x'G5 eGg] b]vfp5 . To;}u/L k'?iff / dlxnfaLrsf] z}lIfsl:yltdf sd

c;dfgtf ePsf] cj:ydf >ddf cfwfl/t pBf]ux?nfO{ t'ngfTds nfesf] If]qdf ;s/fTds

k|efj kfb{5 .

$ 8fl/6L -!((%_

…s[lifdf >dsf] n}lª\us ljefhg / lgof{tdf To;sf] c;/M Ps ;}4flGts ljj]rgfÚ

;Gb{eM

of] sfo{kq ;fxf/f pkIf]q clk|msfsf] s[lif If]qx?df x'g] lnª\usf] cfwf/df >dsf]

ljefhgsf] k|s[ltsf] af/]df cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t 5 . of] gf}nf] / vf]hd"ns 5 lsgsL o;n]

Pp6f ;}4flGts df]8]n agfPsf] 5 h;n] ;f] If]qdf k];f 3f]if0ff ul/Psf n}lª\us ljefhgsf]

l:ylt ;d]6\5 . pQ/bfloTj / sfdsf cfwf/df dlxnf / k'?ifaLr km/s x'G5 eGg] dfGotfdf

6]s]/ of] df]8]nn] lnª\usf cfwf/df x'g] >dsf] ljefhgn] gubafnLsf] lgof{t / lgjf{xd'vL

3/fo;L ;dfgsf] pTkfbgsf] cfwf/df s;/L ckof{Kt cfut NofpF5 eGg] b]vfpF5 . of] sd{kqsf]

csf]{ /dfOnf] kIf s] 5 eg] o;n] ;+/rgfut ;dfof]hgf kl/of]hgf h'g cfOPdPs / ljZj

a}+sn] k|j4{g u/]sf] xf] To;sf] af/]df k|sfz kf/]sf] 5 .

ljlw

177

of] cy{tGq b'O{ pTkfbg ;d"xaf6 lgld{t 5 eGg] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf] lg/Gt/

rln/xg] 3/fo;L sfd ;d"x h;n] dlxnfnfO{ dfq sfdbf/ agfpF5, bf];|f] gub]afnL lgof{t ;d"x

h'g pTkfbgsf nflu k'?ifx? tTnLg /xG5g\ . of] …nf]Ug]dfR5]sf]Ú sfdsf] ?kdf lnOG5 eg] aLp

/f]Kg] / uf]8d]n ug]{ …dlxnfÚsf] ?kdf JofVof ul/G5 .

dlxnfsf] >d cfk"lt{÷nufgL 3/fo;L sfd, gub]afnL pTkfbg / km';{lbnf] ;do u/L

afFl8Psf] x'G5 dlxnfsf] >d cfk"lt{ ;do, gub]afnL pTkfbg sfo{df, ljleGg tl/sfaf6 lgwf{l/t

x'G5 . klxnf] lgof{t ;d"x / 3/fo;L sfddf dlxnfn] ug]{ ;dosf] afF8kmfF8df k'?ifsf] xft jf

lgoGq0fsf] cj:yf, bf];|f]df >Ldfg\ jf afa'n] pTkfbg ug]{ gub]afnL lgof{t ;d"xdf dlxnfx?n]

ug]{ ;xof]u ;xsfo{ / t];|f]df lgof{t ;d"xdf k'?ifn] dlxnfnfO{ sfd u/]jfkt lt/]sf] jf:tljs

Hofnf . sf]a 8f]Un; pTkfbg Joj;fon] k'?if tyf dlxnf sfdbf/n] gub]afnL pTkfbg u/]sf]

gub]afnLsf] dfqf / ;f] sf] nflu nfu]sf] lglZrt k'hLFsf] ljj]rgf u5{ .

dlxnfsf] >d ljefhgdf k'?ifsf] lgoGq0fsf/L e"ldsf hlt w]/} x'G5 plQ g} dfqfdf

dlxnfsf] ;xsfo{ a9L x'G5 / k'?ifaf6 hlt w]/} d"No k|fKt x'G5 Tolt g} w]/} ;do dlxnfn]

sfddf nufpF5g\ / of] bf]xf]/f] jf b'j} tkm{af6 Ps} k|sf/sf] x'G5 . s]xL 36gfx?df dlxnfx?

gub]afnL pTkfbgsf nflu lagf kfl/>lds cfkm\gf] >d nufpg tof/ x'Fb}gg\ lsg eg] cfkm\gf]

k'?if ;xsdL{n] dlxnfnfO{ sfdsf nflu afWo t'NofpFb}gg\ .

aS; A @M sf]a 8f]Un;\ pTkfbg sfo{ s] xf] <

o;n] k|ljlw / nfutsf] ;fdfg tyf ;]jf pTkfbgdf nfu]sf] ;d'Rr :j?k JofVof u5{ .

;fdfGotM of] lgDg tl/sfn] ;'qa4 /xG5 .

Y+AKåLß

Y n] pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] k|ltlglwTj u5{ . To;}ul/ A n] >dhGo tTj ;fdfGotM s'n

pTkfbsTj, K n] k'hLF -5f]6f] cjwLsf] lglZrt k'hLF_ / L n] >d atfpF5 .

Å / ß n] s|dzM pTkfbg / >dsf] kl/j{glzntf atfpF5 . Åß sf] ;+of]hg cg';f/ pTkfbg

Joj;fo of t a[l4 e}/x]sf] 5 jf Go'g cyjf :yL/ :s]ndf kms{G5 eGg] x'G5 .

178

;|f]t M UNCTAD ;lrjfno

k'?ifx? cfkm\gf] cfoftaf6 k|fKt cfDbfgL clws agfpg rfxG5g\ h'g gub]afnLsf]

d"Noaf6 / dlxnfnfO{ lt/]sf] Ifltk"lt{af6 k|ltljlDat x'G5 . k'?ifx? lgof{t ;d"xdf pgLx?n]

u/]sf] sfdsf] ;do 5gf]6 / dlxnfnfO{ lt/]sf] Hofnfaf6 ar]sf] cfkm\gf] cfDbfgL j[l4 u5{g\ .

pTkfbg If]qafx]s, of] df]8]nn] pkef]Qmf / nufgL j:t' ;f6f;f6 x'g] ahf/nfO{ klg

;d]6\5 . cGTodf, of] df]8]nn] b]zaf6 lgof{t ul/g] ;fdfgsf] ljb]zdf dfu a9fpg ;+/rgfut

;dfof]hg /0fgLltsf] c+zsf] ?kdf :jb]zL d'b|fsf] cjd"Nogsf] k|efjsf] cWoog ub{5 .

lgisif{M

ha dlxnfn] Hofnfa]u/ gub]afnL pTkfbgdf cfkm\gf] a9L ;do nufpF5g\ pgLx?sf]

pTkfbgzLntf sdhf]/ x'G5 . h:t} k'?ifsf] a9L lgoGq0fsf/L e"ldsfn] ubf{ dlxnfsf] vfnL

km';{bsf] ;dosf] d"Nodf dfq gub]afnL pTkfbgdf a9L ;do of]ubfg u5{g\ lsgeg] dlxnfn] of]

df]8]nsf] b[9 -;t{df_ ljZjf; eg]sf] dlxnfx? s]jn 3/fo;L sfddfq ;Lldt 5g\ . ;+:sf/ /

/Lltl/jfhsf] d"Nodf Jo:tt /xg] pgLx?n] Go"gtd 3/Jojxf/sf] sfdwGbf Eofpg'k5{ h;n] ubf{

3/Jojxf/;Fu ;DalGwt sfdx?sf] bfloTj s6f}tL ug]{ ;Sb}gg\ .

olb gub]afnL ;d"xsf] pTkfbgdf dlxnfx?nfO{ clek|]l/t jf kof{t xf};nf k|bfg gug]{ xf]

eg] pgL? n}lª\us–km/skgfsf cfwf/df klg kf]if0fo'Qm vfg]s'/fsf] cefj e]mNg'kg]{ vt/f

x'g;S5 . lsgeg] pgLx?n] sdfPsf] sd k};fn] s]jn lgjf{xsf] nflu dfq ;fdfg lsGg k'U5 .

o:tf] k|sf/sf] cefj lgof{t pTsif{df k'u]sf] a]nf klg x'g;S5 lsgeg] lgof{t x'g] ;fdfgsf]

pRr dfu k"lt{ ug{sf nflu gub]afnL pTkflbt If]qdf kgl pgLx? a9L 306f sfd ug'{k5{ . olb

lgof{thGo If]qaf6 cfPsf] cfDbfgLaf6 lslgPsf] ;|f]tn] dlxnfn] >d a]r]/ cfh{g u/]sf] cfo;Fu

a/fa/ ug{ ;lsPg eg] hLjg lgjf{x / gub]afnL lgof{t If]q b'j}tkm{ dlxnfsf] pTkfbsTj sd

x'g hfG5 h;n] cGtt lgof{t kl/;"rsnfO{ g} k|efljt u5{ .

179

b]zsf] lgof{tnfO{ yk dha't kfg{ of] df]8]nn] cfOPdPsåf/f cufl8 ;fl/Psf] :yfgLo

d'b|f cjd"NofgnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] 5 . d'b|f cjd"Nofgsf] k|ToIf k|efj :yfgLo d"No a9fpg' xf]

-&$_ / ;fy;fy} gub]afnL df}lb|s d"No klg . o;n] b'O{ j6f kl/0ffd ;Fu;Fu} NofpF5 . klxnf],

gub]afnLsf] pTkfbg / cfo j[l4 ug{ lgof{t If]qdf k'?ifsf] sfd ug]{ ;dodf a9f]Q/L NofpF5 /

bf];|f]df dlxnfn] sfd u/]jfkt pgL?sf] Hofnfdf j[l4 cfpF5 lsgeg] k'?ifx? dlxnfnfO{

lgof{tof]Uo If]qdf sfdsf] cj;/ lbP/ Hofnf?kL Ifltk"lt{ lbg a9L tTk/ /xG5g\ .

h;sf] kmn:j?k dlxnfn] ;f] If]qdf 5'§Øfpg] ;do a9\5 / oBlk pgLx?sf] 3/fo;L

sfdsfhL If]qdf yk ef/ k/]/ g} lsg gxf];\ . 3/fo;L If]qdf x'g] sd k|ultsf] df/ klg dlxnfn]

g} ef]Ug'k5{ . lnª\usf ?kdf b]vfkg]{ :jf:Yo hl6ntfx?n] klg gub]afnL lgof{t If]qsf]

;jntfnfO{ ;d:ofdf kfg{ ;S5 . t/ o;sf nflu dlxnfsf] ;|f]tdf Jofks kx'Fr :yflkt u/]/

;Gt'ng Nofpg ;lsG5 . h:t} gub]afnL pTkfbgsf sfo{af6 Hofnf k|fKt u/]/ .

8fl/6Lsf] of] df]8]nn] dlxnfsf] s[lif cy{tGqdf Hofnfdf ;Lldt kx'Fr h'g lnª\usf

cfwf/df x'g] u/]sf] ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts a'emfOn] lgof{t k|efljt kfg{ ;S5 . o;n] n}lª\us

c;dfgtf -:jf:Yo / kf]if0f_ ;fy;fy} ;'/Iff -dlxnf / k'?ifsf] lgoGq0fd'vL zlQm_ nfO{ klg Wofg

lbPsf] 5 .

of] sfo{kqsf] lgisif{ efult/ 8fl/6Ln] k'?ifsf] dlxnf dflysf] lgoGq0fd'vL zlQmdf

cfPsf] sdLsf] k|efj >dsf] ljt/0fdf n}lª\us ;dfgtf k|fKt ug]{ Pp6f pkfo xf] egL JofVof

u/]sf 5g\ . of] cy{df k'?ifx? nfdf] ;do;Dd sfd ug{ rfxG5g\ tyf gub]afnL pTkfbgdf

dlxnfnfO{ klg pRr Hofnf k|bfg u5{g\ lsgeg] plrt d"No k|bfg u/]dfq dlxnfx? sfd ug{

tof/ x'G5g\ .

t;y{, cfodf dlxnfsf] kx'Fr j[l4 x'G5 / 3/fo;L ;fdfgsf] pkef]udf ;lhn} vr{ u5{g\ .

lagf Hofnfsf] >ddf dlxnfx? sd cfslif{t x'G5g\ a? To;sf] ;§fdf pgLx? 3/fo;L sfd /

km';{lbnf] ;dofdf tNnLg x'G5g\ . dlxnfx? :jf:Yos/ hLjgz}nL lgjf{x ug{ kfpF5g\, cfkm\gf

180

afnaRrsf] lzIffsf] nflu s]xL wg cfh{g ug{ ;S5g\ / gub]afnL pTkfbgdf cfkm\gf] g} Joj;fo

;'? ug{ ;S5g\ .

^&_ cd]l/sf, a]nfot, hfkfg / hd{gLdf j}b]lzs cfo eGgfn] s'n /fli6o pTkfbg /

j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] cg'kftnfO{ a'lemG5 .

^*_ of] cjwf/0f /f]j{6 ;f]]nf]n] ;g\ !(%& df k|sfzdf NofPsf x'g\ . cfly{s a[l4sf nflu

k|To]s tTjsf] of]ubfg dfkg u5{ / Residual nfO{ k|ljlwsf] k|ultn] pTkfbsTjdf cfPsf]

cGt/sf] ?kdf JofVof u5{ . ;f]nf]sf] of] pTs[i6 sfd kl5 w]/} cy{zf:qLx?n] pgsf] df]8]nnfO{

cy{tGqsf cGo variables ;Fu} ;'b[9 agfpg sfd u/]sf 5g\ . tL variables n] dfgj

k'hLF -lzIff_, ;/sf/L vr{ nufotsf cfly{s a[l4sf] AofVof u5{g\ .

^(_ SIEO ;'rs s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf lgof{tsf] s'n lx:;fsf] ?kdf lx;fa ul/Psf]

lyof] . d]l;g/L / oftfoftsf ;fwg b]lv u}/ t]nhGo k|fylds a:t'sf] lgof{t cg'kft tyf s'n

ufx{:y pTkfbgdf Manufacturing sf] lx:;f of] cGt{ut k5{g\ . klxnf] zAbfjnL lgof{tsf]

;'rs xf] eg] bf];|f] / t];|f]n] b]zsf] cw{ cf}lwlulss/0fnfO{ bzf{p5 . SIEO PseGbf dfly /x]sf

b]zx? cw{ cf}lwlulss/0f /fi6sf ?kdf lrlgG5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;]u'Ogf]sf] of] laZn]if0f

cg';f/ ;g\ !(*) / !((# sf] aLrdf kf/fUj] SIEO sf] cj:yfdf lyof] h;sf] ;'rs @ eGbf

s]xL tn lyof] . To;}ul/ rLgsf] tfOjfg / l;+ufk'/sf] SIEO ;'rs !) sf] xf/fxf/Ldf lyof] .

&)_ Go'gtd Hofnf cGt/ variable Pp6f dfkg xf] h'g d'Voul/ dlxnf / k'?ifsf]

Hofnf cGt/ lx;fa u5{ . bf];|f] dfkgn] Go'gtd Hofnf ;'rs kl/is[t u5{ / !% aif{ jf ;f]eGbf

dflysf] dfWolds tx cWoog u/]sf u/]sf dlxnf k'?ifsf] Hofnfsf] cGt/sf] n]vfhf]vf u5{ /

t];|f] dfkg kl/:s[t Hofnf cGt/sf] dfkg h'g cy{tGqdf ;/b/ z}lIfs k|flKt;Fu t'ngf ul/G5 .

o; cy{df Hofnf cGt/n] gFof k|ljlw cufNg cfjZos ;Lksf] k|efj klg ;d]6g'k5{ .

&!_ o;n] dfWolds lzIffsf] tx k'/f u/]sf !% aif{ jf ;f] eGbf dflysf dlxnf tyf

k'?ifsf] k|ltzt / pgLx?af6 x'g] cfly{s a[l4sf] cj:yf klg ;dfj]z u5{ .

181

&@_ ;txdf b]lvPsf t'ngfTds nfe Pp6f o:tf] ;'rs xf] h;n] s'g} lglZrt b]zsf]

a:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, ahf/ cGo b]z;Fu t'ngf ul/ cfoft jf lgof{t sf] ;f]xL j:t';Fu

n]vfhf]vf ubf{ b]vf kg]{ ;fk]lIfs nfesf] j:t' jf ;]jf xf] . a'; / :kfOnDofg -@))^_ n] o;nfO{

>d ;3gtfdf cfwfl/t pTkfbgx?sf] lgof{t / cfoftsf] cg'kft s'n cfoft / s'n lgof{t

cg'kftnfO{ n]vfhf]vf u/]sf 5g\ .

&#_ SAPs sf] kl/efiffsf] nflu df]8'n ! x]g'{xf]nf .

&$_= lgof{t d"No 36] tfklg j}b]lzs ahf/df b]z yk k|lt:kwL{ aGg k'U5 . d'b|f

cjd"Nogn] :jb]zL d"No a9fpg ;S5 h'g cfoftsf] d"No a9fP/ / :jb]zL ;fdfgsf] ;fnfvfnf

dfu clej[l4 u/]/ .

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n}lu+s c;dfgtf / cfly{s j[l4aLrsf] ;DaGwsf] k|df0f

n}lu+s c;dfgtf cfly{s a[l4sf] afws jf jfxs eGg] ljifodf nfdf] / lg/Gt/ ax;

;dfhdf JofKt 5 . Jojxf/Ls tYon] n}lu+s c;dfgtfsf dfkg / JofVof ul/Psf] cy{tGqsf]

;+/rgfsf] cfwf/df To;sf] k|efj km/s /xG5 eGg] clxn];Dd b]lvG5 . h:tf] Snf;]g / nfdfGgf

-@))*_ n] ljZjsf ljleGg If]qdf !(^) b]lv @))) ;Dd Cross-sectional ljZn]if0f ul/

/f]huf/ / lzIffdf x'g] n}lu+s c;dfgtf cfly{s j[l4 Go'g agfpF5 eg]/ kQf nufPsf 5g\ .

;]u'Ogf]n] -@)!)_ df 5nkmnnfO{ yk Jofks agfP/ n}lu+s c;dfgtfsf] k|efj Hofnf /

lzIffnfO{ cfly{s kf6f]df x]/]sf 5g\ . tL b'O{ k|sf/sf cy{tGqdf Go'g cfo s[lif cy{tGq -LIAEs_

/ SIEs /x]sf 5g\ . n]vsn] LIAEs df n}lu+s ;dfgtfn] Hofnf / lzIff b'j}n] cy{tGqsf]

ljsf;df ;xof]u u5{ eg] SIEs df Hofnfdf x'g] n}lu+s ;dfgftfn] cfly{s a[l4 sd u/fpF5 t/

lzIffdf x'g] n}lu+s ;dfgtfn] j[l4nfO{ yk clek|]l/t u5{ eGg] kQf nufPsf 5g\ .

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182

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lg/k]If pkfo M lg/k]If OsfO{df ul/Psf] dfqfsf] cleJolQm . pbfx/0fsf nflu ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;+Vof, :yflgo d'b|fdf ;Dk'0f{ lgof{t d'No, k|fylds txdf egf{x'g] dlxnf / k'?ifsf] km/s . -æ;fk]If pkfoÆ klg x]g'{;\_

6]S;6fOn / sk8f ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf -ACT_M ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] If]qut ljlzi6tfsf] 6]S;6fOn / sk8f ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf ;g\ !((% hgj/L b]lv g} nfu' eof] . dN6LkmfOa/ ;Demf}tfn] 6]S;6fOn / nQfsk8fsf] cfotdf nufpb} cfPsf] aGb]h Ps bzsdf km's'jf ug]{ o;sf] d'n nIo lyof] . -x]g'{; ædN6LkmfOj/ Joj:yfÆ_

s[lif lj:tf/ ;]jf M u|fld0f If]qsf sfdbf/x?nfO{ tflnd / lzIff ;DaGwL ultljlwx? h; cGt{ut s[lif cEof;, v]tL ug]{ ljlw / tl/sfx? .

s[lif jftfj/0fof]Uo If]q M ;dfg k|sf/sf] hUuf, df6f] / xfjfkfgL hxfF Ps} k|sf/sf] hl8a'6L kfOG5 / Ps} k|sf/sf] afnL nufOG5 .

B

;f}bfafhL zlQm M jftf{, 5nkmn jf åGåsf a]nf ljkl/t ;d'xnfO{ k|efljt kf/]/ bafa l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg] ;fk]lIfs Ifdtf .

C

k'hLF ;3gtf M pTkfbgdf nufgL u/]sf] k'hLF / >dsf] cg'kft . ;fdfGot of] v'b k'hLF / sfdbf/sf] ;+VofaLrsf] cg'kftdf dfkg ul/G5 . -x]g'{; æ>d ;3gtfÆ_

gub]afnL M ls;fgn] a]r]/ tTsfn} cfo cfh{g ug{ ;Sg] ul/ pTkfbg u/]sf] s[lif pTkfbg . -x]g'{; ælgjf{xd'vL afnLÆ_

t'ngfTds nfe M cGt/fli6«o Jofkf/sf] dfgs l;4fGt cg';f/ s'g} klg d'n'sn] cGo d'n'ssf] eGbf ;fk]lIfs ?kdf /fd|f] ;fdfg pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf . of] k|lt OsfO >d d'Nosf] cg'kftdf dfkg ul/G5 . km/s km/s ;fdfg pTkfbg ug]{ ;fk]lIfs Ifdtf Ps csf]{df /fd|f] ePdf dfq b]zx?aLr Jofkf/ x'G5 . -x]g'{;\ æk|lt:kwf{Tds nfeÆ_

k|lt:kwf{Tds nfe M s'g} d'n's lg/k]If OsfO{ d'Nodf k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ / cfkm\gf k|lt:kwL{nfO{ kl5 kf/]/ ahf/ lx:;f lng k|lt OsfO pTkfbg nfut 36fpg] /0fgLlt pkof]u u5{g . cGosf] t'ngfdf h'g b]zn] /fd|f] ;fdfg pTkfbg u5{ p;sf] lgof{t ahf/df /fd|f] kx'Fr /xG5 . -x]g'{; æt'ngfTds nfeÆ_

183

s/f/ v]tLk|0ffnL M qm]tf / ls;fgaLrsf] ;embf/L kZrft ul/g] v]tL k|0ffnL . h;df pTkfbg / pTkflbt a:t'sf] ahfl/s/0fsf laifodf ;t{x? :yflkt x'G5g\ . s/f/ cg';f/ ls;fgn] pTkflbt s[lif pTkfbgsf] lglZrt ;t{ cg';f/ qm]tfsf] u'0f:tl/otf sfod ug'{k5{ / ;dod} ahf/df pTkflbt a:t' k'¥ofpg' k5{ . o;sf] ;§f qm]tfn] ;fdfg vl/b ug]{ k|lta4tf hgfpF5 / a]nfdf}sfdf pTkfbgdf klg ;xof]u u5{ / h:t} v]tL ug{ cfjZos ;fdfu|Lsf] cfk'lt{ ul/lbg], hUuf tof/ / k|fljlws ;/;Nnfx . -PkmPcf], @)!)_

kl/jf/ ;b:osf] of]ubfg M Ps} kl/jf/sf ;b:on] ahf/ lj:tf/ ug]{ tj/n] Joj:yfkg u/]sf] Joj;fodf ;f]xL kl/jf/sf] sfd JolQm :j/f]huf/sf] ?kdf /xG5 . pgLx?sf] k|lta4tfsf] tx, sfd ug]{ ;do / cGo tTjn] ubf} klg kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:on] u/]sf] of]ubfgnfO{ sfdbf/s} ?kdf lng ;lsb}g / Tof] Joj;fosf] k|d'vsf] x}l;otdf t'ngf klg x'b}g .

;Ldfkf/ Jofkf/ M l5d]sL b]zsf JolQm tyf sDkgLx?aLr j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] lsga]r . qm]tf / laqm]tf eg] km/s km/s b]zsf gful/s /xG5g\ . -æcgf}krfl/s ;Ldfkf/ Jofkf/Æ klg x]g'{;\_

;fdflhs k|yf M k/Dk/f, dfGotf, ;fdflhs d'No h:tf cjwf/0ffn] s]xL cEof;x? ;dfhdf ;a}n] l:jsf/ u/]sf x'G5g\ . k|rlnt Jojxf/x? sfg'gs} ?kdf rlncfPsf 5g\ , dflgPsf 5g\ . D

>ddf -lj_dlxnfs/0f M s'g} klg If]q jf pBf]udf dlxnfn] ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] ef/df Go'gLs/0f . k'hLF ;3gtfdf cfwfl/t pTkfbg -olb dlxnfx? >d ;3gtfdf cfwfl/t pTkfbgdf nfu]sf 5g\ eg]_, lgof{t ;+s'rg, -lgof{thGo sfddf dlxnfx? cTolws ;lqmo ePdf_ dlxnfsf pRr >d Hofnf h;n] ubf{ k'?ifx? klg sfddf cfslif{t x'g ;S5g\ / dlxnfnfO{ /f]huf/af6 ws]Ng ;S5g\ . -ECLAC, @))!_ x]g'{;\ æ>dsf] dlxnfs/0fÆ .

cg'k|jfx ultljlwx? M pTkfbgsf] clGtd r/0fx? h;df sRrf kbfy{sf] k|zf]wg dfkm{t tof/L ;fdfgsf] pTkfbg, To;sf] ljt/0f, ahfl/s/0f/ clGtd pkef]Qmf;Dd sf] laqmL k5{g\ .

8r /f]u M b]zdf gofF k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;Dkbfsf] pTvgg tyf kQf tyf o:tf a:t'sf] pRr d'Non] b]zsf] d'b|fsf] jf:tljs ax'd'Nog x'g k'U5 h;sf sf/0f b]zsf] u}/ k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lgof{t d'No ljZjdf c;fWo} sd k|lt:kwL{ x'G5 kmnt ;f] b]zsf] Dofg'kmofSrl/Ë tyf cGo Jofkf/hGo If]qsf] a[l4 k|efljt x'G5 . 8r /f]u k|foh;f] 5f]6f] ;d:of xf] eg]/ JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . csf]{tkm{, tyfslyt æ;|f]t >fkÆ b]zsf] k|fljlws k|ultdf d'Vo ul/ Dofg'kmofSrl/Ëdf 8r /f]usf] gs/fTdstf lb3{sflng c;/ x'g cfpF5 . l5b|tf x]g]{ Jojxf/n] –rent-seeking behavior) ubf{ pTkfbglzn If]qaf6 ljlQo ;|f]tsf] ljifofGt/n] of] ;d:of cfOk/]sf] xf] .

Ek|efjsf/L÷lgk'0f{ af8FkmfF8 M cfly{s kIfx?aLr -JolQm / sDkgLx?_ ;DklQ / ;|f]tsf] ljefhgn] pTs[i6 glthf k|fKt u5{ / ;a}nfO{ wgL agfpF5 . k|To]s kfqn] ;DklQ jf ;|f]tsf] k'g{juL{s/0faf6 c? dfkm{t klg nfe lng ;S5

184

lgof{t k|zf]wg If]q M ljsf;lzn b]zx?df k|ToIf a}b]lzs nufgL cfsif{0f ug{ :yfkgf ul/Psf :yfgx? . lgof{t k|zf]wg If]qn] k|foul/ a}b]lzs sDkgLnfO{ lbg] ;'ljwfx?df lgof{thGo pTkfbg k|zf]wgsf nflu sRrf tyf dWod:t/sf cf}hf/x? ;Ldf z'Ns /lxt cfoft ug{ lbg], Ohfht tyf lgdf{0fdf ;xhLs/0f, eG;f/ cj/f]w x6fpg] / ;du| ljlQo ;'ljwfx? k|bfg ug]{ . To;}ul/ lgof{t k|zf]wg If]q :yfkgfkl5 ;DalGwt b]znfO{ a}b]lzs k'hLF k|jfx, lgof{t a[l4, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f / nufotsf b]zsf] cy{tGqdf ;du| ;sf/fTds k|efj k5{g\ .

F A[flt ljifoM pTkfbg vr{, d'Voul/ pknAw hUuf, >d / k'hLF, j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbgdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . /f]huf/df dlxnf k'?if ;3gtf M s'g} klg snsf/vfgfdf sfd ug]{ dlxnf sfdbf/ tyf ;fnfvfnf tx . ;Dk'0f{ sfdbf/dWo] dlxnf lx:;fsf] ?kdf dfkg ul/G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu lgof{t k|zf]wg If]qdf /f]huf/df dlxnf ;3gtf cTolws 5, sltko b]zdf () k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf] 5 . -x]g';\ æ>dsf] dlxnfs/0fÆ_ .

>dsf] dlxnfs/0f M Hofnfbf/ dlxnf sfdbf/sf] ;+Vofdf x'g] a9f]Q/L . pbfx/0fsf nflu :jtGq Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf jf a}b]lzs nufgL k|jfx;uF} x'g] Dofg'kmofSrl/Ë If]qsf] ljsf;n] dlxnfnfO{ gofF /f]huf/sf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{ ;S5 . -x]g{';\ æ>ddf -lj_dlxnfs/0fÆ .

k|ToIf a}b]lzs nufgL M lb3{sflng ;DaGw / la:tfl/t lxt k|ltlalDat ug]{ vfnsf] x'G5 . k|ToIf a}b]lzs nufgLn] nufgLstf{ csf]{sf] cy{tGqdf pRrtd k|efj hdfpg ;S5 eGg] bzf{pF5 . o:tf] nufgLn] z'?jftL sf/f]af/ tyf ;DalGwt ;d'xaLr ;a} k|sf/sf sfdx? x'G5\g\ . k|ToIf a}b]lzs nufgL JolQmut tyf Jokfl/s k|lti7fg b'j}n] ;~rfng ug{ ;S5g\ .

G

lnË M ;fdflhs d'No, dfGotf, cjwf/0ff, e'ldsf / cj;/x?sf cfwf/df dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ lnOG5 . lnËsf] cjwf/0ff ;fdflhs ;f:s[lts ;Gb{e cg';f/ km/s x'G5 / s] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5, dfGotf /flvPsf] 5 / dlxnf / k'?ifsf nflu s'g s'g Jojxf/ l:js[t eGg] k[ys /xG5 . n}lËs leGgtf / c;dfgtf clwsfz+ ;dfh cg';f/ km/s /xG5 . -x]g'{;\ æn}lËs ;dfgtfÆ_ .

n}lËs ;dfgtf M ;dfg clwsf/, cj;/x?, ;|f]tdf kx'Fr, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts hLjgdf ljleGg n}lËs ;d'xaLr lg0f{o Ifdtf . x]g'{;\ æn}lËs ;dtfÆ_ .

n}lËs d'nk|jflxs/0f M ljleGg ;+:yfx?df n}lËs ;dfgtf clej[l4 ug{ n}lËs ;afnnfO{ dxTj lbg] k|lqmof . ;o'+Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] cfly{s ;fdflhs kl/ifbn] ljwflosf, lglt tyf qmfo{qmdut?kdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf nflu of]hgfsf] lglxtfy{sf] d'Nof+sg k|lqmof xf] eg]sf] 5 . of] dlxnf / k'?if /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs If]qsf lglt tyf sfo{qmd lgdf{0f, nfu', cg'udg / d'Nof+sgdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf Pscfk;sf cleGg c+usf ?kdf l:jsf/ ul/ pgLx?sf rf;f] / cg'ejx?sf] /0fgLlt xf] . h;sf/0f dlxnf / k'?if ;dfg?kdf nfeflGjt x'G5g\ / c;dfgtf x/fp5 . h;sf] cfwf/e't nIo n}lËs ;dfgtf sfod ug{' xf] .

185

n}lËs ;dtf M dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg k|ltlglwTj . lzIff, /f]huf/, /fhgLlts ;xeflutf / cGo If]qdf klg . x]g'{;\ æn}lËs ;dfgtfÆ_ .

n}lËs k[ylss/0f M n}lu+s lje]bsf sf/0f dlxnf / k'?iflarsf] ljleGg k]zfdf /x]sf] c;dfgtf Hofb} 7f8f] 5 h'gdf k'?ifx? dfly / dlxnfsf] :yfg k'5f/df b]lvG5 eg] To:tf] lje]b t];f]{df dlxnf k'?ifn] km/s km/s sfd u5{g\ .

n}lËs Hofnf cGt/ M e]befjsf sf/0f dlxnf / k'?ifsf] Hofnf b/ c;dfg 5 . of] cGt/nfO{ dlxnf / k'?ifsf] cf};t sdfO{nfO{ k'?ifsf] cfo k|ltztdf cleJoQm ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljZjJofkL cfk'lt{ >ªvnf M sRrf kbfy{sf] cfk'lt{ >ªvnfn] ljZjJofkL ?kdf pTkfbgdf ;xof]u u5{ . cfk'lt{ >ªvnfn] ljleGg d'n'sdf x'g] pTkfbg cf}hf/nfO{ ;dfof]hg u5{ .

ljZjJofkL d'No >ªvnf M b'O{ jf ;f] eGbf b]zx? of] >ªvnfdf ;dfj]z x'G5g\ h'g lsg klg cfjZos x'G5 eg] a:t' tyf ;]jf z'?jftL r/0faf6} Nofpg'kg]{ x'G5 . pTkfbgsf] r/0f x'b} 8]nLe/L / clGtd pkef]Qmf / k|of]ukl5 klg l8:kf]hnsf] r/0f;Dd . s'g} klg ljZjJofkL d'No >ªvnf ;fdfg pTkfbg sfo{n] ax'klIfo If]q / pBf]ux?nfO{ ;d]65\ .

Hlj/f]wLwf/sf] cy{tGq Heterodx economy : rlncfPsf] ahf/ cy{tGqsf] la?4df /x]sf u}/ gjzfl:qo cjwf/0ffnfO{ a[xt?kdf 5ftf zAbfjnLdf Heterodx economy sf ?kdf lrlgG5 . s]g]l;og, dfS;{jfb, gf/Ljfb / ;+:yfut ljrf/wf/f /fVg]x? ;fdfGot dfgs ljrf/sf] ljkl/t / 5'§} ;}4flGts w/ftndf cfwfl/t 5g\ .

I

cgf}krfl/s l;dfkf/ Jofkf/ M cgf}krfl/s l;dfkf/ Jofkf/ ;+rfnsnfO{ ljleGg tLg lzif{sdf

juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . klxnf] cf}krfl/s dfWodeGbf k'0f{tM aflx/ /xL lagf btf{ Jofkf/ ug]{ .

bf;|f], btf{ eg] x'g] t/ Jofkf/;DaGwL lgodfjnL / bfloTj ;dk'0f{?kdf pNn+3g ug]{ / t];|f]df

btf{ x'g] t/ u}/sfg'gL cEof; dfkm{t gLlt lgodx? cflz+s?kdf 5Ng] . cgf}krfl/s l;dfkf/

Jofkf/n] s[lif / Manufactured ;fdfgsf] 7'n} lx:;f cf]u65\ . cgf}krfl/s l;dfkf/ Jofkf/df

lx8]/} jf ;fOsndf ;;fgf]] cfoftgsf] ;fdfg cf];f/k;f/b]lv :yn, ;d'b| jf xjfO{ dfWodaf6

7'nf] 7'nf] cfoftg;Ddsf] ;fdfg cf];f/k;f/ x'G5 . æl;dfkf/ Jofkf/Æ klg x]g'{;\ .

186

cgf}krfl/s cy{tGq M Jojxf/ / sfg'gdf ePsf t/ cf}krfl/s Joj:yfdf g;d]l6Psf jf sd

;d]l6Psf sfdbf/ / cfly{s OsfO{sf ;a} ultljlwx?nfO{ o;n] hgfpF5 . pgLx?sf ultljlwx?

sfg'gdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf x'b}gg\ h;sf] cy{ logLx? sfg'gsf] cf}krfl/s kxF'reGbf aflx/}

;+rflnt 5g\ . To:tf ultljlwx? cEof;df klg x'b}gg\ h;sf] cy{ logLx? sfg'gsf] cf}krfl/s

kx'Fr cGt{ut g} /x]sf] ePklg sfg'gsf] kfngf ePsf] 5}g cyjf sfg'gn] kfngf ug{ afWokfb}{g

lsgeg] of t of] g;'xfpFbf] 5, of] af]lemnf] cyjf cTolws vlr{nf] . -cfOPncf], @))@_

cgf}krfl/s /f]huf/ Mcgf}krfl/s k|lti7fgleq jf aflx/, sfg'gL jf ;fdflhs ;+/If0f lagfsf]

sad -r]g, @)!#_

>d uxgtf M pTkfbgdf k|of]u x'g] >d / k'hLFsf] cg'kft . ;fdfGotM of] sfdbf/sf] ;+Vofsf]

cg'kftdf dfkg ul/G5 . -æk'hLF uxgtfÆ klg x]g';\_

>d dfkb08 M sfdbf/x?sf] clwsf/ /Iff ug]{ cGt/fli6o dfGotfdf cfwfl/t >d / ;fdflhs

gLlt . dfgj clwsf/ / l;4fGttM ;+ul7t x'g kfpg] :jtGqtf / ;fd'lxs ;f}bfjfhL, cj;/ /

Jojxf/df ;dfgtf / afn / aw'jf >d/lxt jftfj/0fg} af:tljs >d dfkb08 x'g\ . cfOPncf]

;b:o b]zx?n] ;g\ !((* df Jojxf/df NofPsf] æsfo{:yndf df}lns l;4fGt / clwsf/ ;DaGwL

3f]if0ffkqÆ df d'Vo >d dfkb08x? AofVof ul/Psf 5g\ .

M

ax[t cfly{s lain]if0f M ;du| b]zsf] cy{tGqsf] cWoog, cg'dfg / cg';Gwfg ug]{ cy{zf:qsf]

Pp6f If]q xf] . of] JolQmjfbL ahf/sf] ljkl/t x'G5 / s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg, a]/f]huf/ / d'b|fl:kmtL

h:tf cy{tGqsf ;'rsnfO{ hf]8 lbG5 . -æz'id cfly{s lain]if0fÆ klg x]g'{;_

DoflSjnf cyjf DoflSjnf8f]/fM ;o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf;uFsf] ;Ldfdf lgof{t k|zf]wg If]qdf rfn'

cj:yfdf /x]sf lgof{thGo ;fdfg pTkfbg ug]{ sf/vfgfx? . of] zAbfjnL Nofl6g cd]l/sf /

187

Plzofsf cGo b]zx?df klg ;f]xL k|sf/sf snsf/vfgfnfO{ hgfpF5 . -ælgof{t k|zf]wg If]qÆ

klg x]g'{; ._

Afhf/ kx'Fr M Ps b]zaf6 csf]{ b]z jf If]qdf ;fdfg k|j]z ubf{ nfUg] ;Ldf z'Ns jf z'Ns

ldgfxf -sf]6f, 5'6, k|fljwLs lgodfjnL cflb_ . lgof{tstf{sf] b[li6df ahf/ kx'Frsf] tx

lgof{tstf{n] :jb]zL pTkfbssf] t'ngfdf k|fKt ug]{ kmfObf jf a]kmfObf / cGo a}b]lzs k|lt:kwL{n]

k|fKt ug]{ ;fk]lIfs kmfObf jf a]kmfObfdf lge{/ /xG5 .

ahf/ k|j]z M lgof{tstf{sf] ahf/ k|j]z ug{ cfjZos zt{ k'/f ug]{ Ifdtf klg xf] of] . ahf/

k|j]zsf zt{sf ?kdf u'0f:t/, pkl:ytL jf :jfb, ;'/Iff, d'No / ;fdfgsf] 8]lne/LnfO{ lnOG5 .

ahf/ k|j]z sfg'gn] clgjfo{ 5}g t/ ljzfn ljt/0f ;+hfn / Joj;flos u|fxsn] ubf{ afWosf/L

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Joj;fo cln k|rlnt 5g\ . To:tf b]zx?df z'Id Joj;fon] /f]huf/ l;h{gf / ul/aL lgjf/0fdf

dxTjk'0f{ e'ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ .

z'Id cfly{s lain]if0f M l;ldt ;fwg ;|f]tsf] pknAwtf tyf afF8kmfF8 tyf cy{tGqsf]

kl/;'rssf] af/]df cWoog, k|If]k0f / cg';Gwfg -h:t} pkef]Qmf, pTkfbs / sDkgLx?_ u5{ .

o;n] ahf/df d'No lgwf{/0f ug]{ d'Vo tTj dfu tyf cfk'lt{sf] af/]df o;n] cWoog u5{ . -

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dN6LkmfOj/ ;Demf}tf M ;g\ !(&$ sf] cGt/fli6«o Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfn] ljsf;lzn / ljsl;t

b]zx?aLr l4klIfo?kdf 6]S;6fOn / nQfsk8fdf sf]6fdf ;Eemf}tf ePsf] lyof] . o;sf] cy{

cfoft ug]{ d'n'ssf] pBf]unfO{ ulDe/ Iflt jf r'gf}tL b]vf kg]{ lalQs} lglZrt a:t'sf]

kl/df0ffTds aGb]h nufOg] ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ ! hgj/L !((% df ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf]

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If]qdf k5{g . - æJofkf/hGo If]qx?Æ klg x]g'{;\ _

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u}/dxz'n pkfo M u}/dxz'n pkfo gLltut pkfo xf] h;sf] eG;f/ dxz'n afx]s cGt/fli6o

;]jf Jofkf/df dxTjk'0f{ cfly{s k|efj x'G5 h;n] Jofkf/sf] kl/df0f / d'No tyf b'j}nfO{ c;/

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189

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dftxt /flvG5 . o;n] ;fdflhs ;+oGqdf k'?if k|wfgtfsf] babaf klg hgfpF5 .

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a:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, ahf/af6 pTkfbssf] v'nf cfjfthfjt / d'No / pTkflbt kl/df0fsf]

k'0f{ ;'rgfo'Qm ahf/ ;+/rgf k'0f{ k|lt:kwf{ xf] .

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190

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/x]/ k|b{zg ug]{ uxg sfo{ . s'g} sfdsf nflu rflxg] z}lIfs of]Uotf, cgf}krfl/s tflnd /

cg'ej tyf sfdsf] k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df ;Lk tx dfkg ul/G5 . ISCO n] ;Lk txnfO{ rf/j6f

5g\ eg]/ JofVof u/]sf] 5 . ;xh / cgf}krfl/s k|sf/sf sfd, ;fdfGo :t/sf] ;fIf/tfn] klg

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vr{sf] ck|ToIf k|efj M s'g} cfly{s ultljlw / k|lqmofdf s'g} If]q ljif]zdf kfg]{ ck|ToIf k|efj .

h:t} s'g} k'jf{wf/df ul/Psf] nufgLn] /f]huf/, >dsf] ultlzntf / ;DalGwt pTkfbglzn If]qdf

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ug'{kg]{, cfoft lgof{tdf nufOPsf] aGb]h k'ms'jf ug'{kg]{, cfkmgf] ah]6 ;Gt'ng sfod ug'{kg]{,

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;fdflhs k|0ffnLdf ulx/f] ul/ /x]sf] r'gf}tLx? . h:t} k|fljlws ;Ifdtfdf l;ldttf x'g] ul/

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191

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cfPsf] k|lqmofut kl/jt{g . a9\bf] zx/Ls/0f, cfw'lgs cf}wf]lus If]q / cy{tGqdf ;]jf If]qsf]

j[l4;Fu} ;+/rgfTds ?kfGt/0f x'G5 .

;x'lnotk'0f{ C0f M;fdfGo?kdf ahf/ b/df rn]sf] efp eGbf s]xL ;:tf]df lbOg] C0f tyf

gub e'QmfgL . lglZrt cfly{s ultljwL k|j{4g ug{ ;/sf/x?n] o:tf] k|sf/sf] C0f tyf gub

e'QmfgL lbg] u5{g\ . s[lifdf cfwfl/t cy{tGqnfO{ lj:tf/ ug{ ;fgf ls;fgnfO{ nlIft ul/

;x'lnotk'0f{ C0f lbOG5 .

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dxz'n÷z'Ns M b]zdf cfoft ul/Psf] ;fdfgdf nufOPsf] s/ . cfofltt ;fdfgsf] k|lt

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ug]{ If]qx? . o:tf] a:t' tyf ;fdfgsf] d'No ljZj ahf/df ljz]ift lgwf{l/t x'G5g\ . clwsfz+

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192

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cyjf b'j}nfO{ s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] lx:;fsf] ?kdf Jofkf/ v'nfkgn] l:jsf/ u/]sf] 5 .

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193

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z;lQms/0fÆ klg x]g'{;\ _

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ahf/df kx'Fr, cfly{s ;|f]tdflysf] lgoGq0f, cy{ ;DaGwL laifosf] lg0f{o Ifdtf h:t} cfly{s,

df}lb|s, Jojf;foLs / cGo cfly{s gLltx? . -ædlxnf z;lQms/0fÆ klg x]g'{;\ _

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kfb{5 eGg] s'/fsf] cWoog u/]sf 5g\ .

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b]zdf lgdf{0f Joj;fodf k'?ifx?sf] afx'Notf x'G5 eg] afnjflnsfsf] x]/rfx dlxnfx?sf] dfq

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dfGotf÷cle?rL / lg0ff{os Ifdtf ePsf dflg;x?sf] ;hftLo÷;d?k PsfO{sf] ?kdf x]g]{

u/]sf 5g\ . 3/ kl/jf/nfO{ ;d?k PsfO{sf] ?kdf x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f ;dfh dfGotf÷cle?rL /

lg0f{odf dfq cfwfl/t 5}g o;n] 3/ kl/jf/ leq ljleGgtfnfO{÷a]d]nnfO{ gsfg]{ k|of; ub{5 .

w]/} h;f] 3/ kl/jf/ ;DaGwL tYofÍ 5'§f5'§}÷juL{s[t ?kdf /x] tfklg 3/ kl/jf/nfO{ a]d]nsf]

PsfO{s]f ?kdf x]bf{ cfpg] cK7\of/fnfO{ ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] yf]/} dfq cg';Gwfg ePsf] kfO{G5 .

o:tf] k|sf/sf] km/skg (heterfogeniety) nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ ljifo ;xh 5}g t/ To;nfO{

pko''Qm tl/sfjf6 s;/L ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df cg';Gwfg hf/L 5 . tyflk 3/

195

kl/jf/ leq ;|f]tsf] afF8fkmfF8÷ljt/0f ;DaGwL hfgsf/L÷tYofÍ ce}m klg 5l/Psf] cj:yfdf /

sfd rnfp ;j]{If0fdf ;Lldt 5g\ . o; k|sf/sf] yk Jojl:yt clen]vLs/0fn] oL cj:yf /

ultlzntfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ gLlt–lgdf{tfsf] IfdtfnfO{ pNn]vgLo ?kn] ;'wf/

ug]{5 . o; ljifodf yk 5nkmnsf] nflu cGt/f{li6«o vfB gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg -@))#_

x]g'{xf];\ / kl5Nnf] k|df0fsf] nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs dfldnf ljefu -@)!)_

sf] kf7 * efu v x]g'{xf];\ .

(= t/ olb Go"g cfo ;d"xn] vl/b ug]{ j:t'x? k|fo s/sf] Go"g b/df s]lGb|t /x]sf] v08df pRr

s/sf] dfqf b]lvG5 g} eGg] cfjZostf 5}g .

!)= n}lËs ;dfgtfsf ;du| kl/;"rs o; k|sf/ 5g\ M ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdn] k|To]s

aif{ k|sfzg ug]{ dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ug]{ n}lËs ;DaGwL ljsf; ;"rsf+s / n}lËs

;zlQms/0f ;"rsf+s; ljZj cfly{s d~rn] ;g\ @))^ df k|ltkfbg u/]sf] n}lËs cGt/ ;"rsf+s

/ cfly{s ;xof]u / ljsf; ;+u7gn] ;g\ @))( df ;'? u/]sf] ;fdflhs ;+:yf / n}lËs ;"rsf+s

.

!!= pkof]uL dfks ePklg n}lËs ;dt'No (partity) ;"rsf+s n}lËs–Jofkf/sf] ;flxTodf sd}

k|of]u x'g] ;"rsf+s ePsf]n] xfdL of] z}lIfs ;fdu|Ldf o;dfly s]lGb|t x'g] 5}gf} .

!@= kbx?nfO{ :yfgfGt/0f ubf{ lg/k]If cGt/ (relative gap) nfO{ I-GPI sf] ?kdf klg JoQm

u/]/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] lg/k]If cGt/ hlt z"Go (o) sf] glhs x'G5, , n}lËs

;dt'Notf Tolt g} a9L x'G5 .

!#= a]/f]huf/L b/n] >d ahf/df cflwsfl/s ?kn] /f]huf/Lsf] vf]lhdf /x]sf a]/f]huf/ JolQmsf]

;VofnfO{ k'/} >dzlQmsf] k|ltztsf] ?kdf u0fgf ub{5 .

!$= ISCO-88 cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gs]f ;~rfns lgsfon] ;g\ !(** df cjnDjg / l:js[t

u/]sf] cGt/f{li6«o :t/ k]zf÷Joj;fosf] juL{s/0f x]f . o;nfo{ o;}s]f cBfjlws ?k ISCO-08 n]

lj:yfkg ug]{ qmddf /x]sf] 5 .

!%= lgof{t / cfoft b'j}sf] k|of]u ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . oflGgsfof -@))#_ n] cfly{s sfo{ Ifdtfsf]

nflu oL b'j}s]f k|of]u dxTjk"0f{ x'g] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . :t/Lo cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ l;4fGt cg';f/

196

Jofkf/n] s'g} klg b]zdf k|r'/ dfqfdf pknJw pTkfbgsf ;fwgx?sf] k|of]ujf6 j:t' / ;fdfgsf]

pTkfbg dfk{mt dfq geP/ cGoyf b]z leq} pTkfbg ubf{ dx+uf] kg]{ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] dfWodjf6

klg pQm b]zsf] ;|f]t ;fwgs]f k|efjsf/L pkof]u ug{df ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 . t/ xfdLn]

;fdfg÷j:t'df ;:tf] kx'Frsf] b[li6sf]0fjf6 cfly{s k|ultnfO{ x]5f}{ jf cfly{s ljsf;sf]

b[li6sf]0fjf6 eGg] s'/fn] w]/} km/s k5{ . olb xfdLn] cfly{s k|ultnfO{ ;:tf] j:t'df kx'Fr

a9\g'sf] b[li6sf]0fn] x]¥of} eg] cfoft dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 t/ olb cfly{s ljsf;sf] b[li6sf]0fjf6 x]bf{

lgof{t dfk{mt s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf a[l4 x'g' dxTjk'0f{ x'G5 h'g s'/f cfoftaf6 ePsf] eGg]

k|df0f sd} dfq kfOG5 .

!^= t'ngfTds nfesf] cjwf/0ffsf] kl/efiff / JofVofsf] nflu PsfO{ @ sf] aS; ! x]g'{xf];\ .

!&= pbfx/0fs]f nflu ;+o'Qm, /fi6« ;+3Lo Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ngsf] j:t' tyf ;]jf ;DjGwL

cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;DalGwt tYofÍ cfwf/ (database) x]g'{xf];\ . of]

http://unctadstat.uncatad.org/ReportFolders/report Folders.aspx df x]g{

;Sg' x'G5 .

!*= pbfx/0fs]f nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ngsd]f fpTkflfbt j:t'sf] juL{s/0f

;DaGwL j]a;fO6

http://unctadstat.unctad.org/unctadstatMetadata/classifications/

Unctadstad.siterev3Products.Degrfee of Manufacturing.Classification-

En.pdf x]g'{xf];\ .

!(= Jofkf/ ;DaGwL zJb / kbfjnLsf] lj:t[t ;"rL / kl/efiffsf] nflu l8o/8f]k{m -@))^_ x]g'{xf];\ .

@)= of] ljZn]if0fn] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng -@)!#_ sf] ;fGbe{ ;|f]tsf] Jofks

k|of]u u/]sf] 5 .

@!= SjfGhf cª\uf]nfs]f d'b|f xf] .

@@= æ8r l8lhh -/f]u_Æ eGgfn] gofF k|fs[lts ;|f]t kQf nfu]sf] sf/0f a}b]lzs d'b|fsf] 7"nf]

kl/0ffddf cfudt jf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] d"Nodf cTolws a[l4s]f sf/0f s'g}klg b]zsf] d'b|fdf cfPsf]

197

clwd"Nog h;sf] sf/0f k|sf/fGt/n] c? lgof{td"ns If]q, ljz]if u/L pTkfbghGo If]qnfO{

gsf/fTds c;/ kb{5 . o;n] 3/]n' pTkfbgnfO{ k|a4{g / ljljwLs/0f ug]{ b]zsf] k|of;nfO{ xfgL

k'¥ofpF5 .

@#= ;g\ @))) df o'/f]k]nL ;+3 / clk|msL, Sofl/laog tyf k|zfGt If]qsf b]zx?aLr x:tfIf/ ePsf]

…sf]6f]g8 ;Demf}tfÚ Pp6f lj:t[t Jofkf/ / ljsf; ;Demf}tf xf] h;sf] 3f]lift p2]Zo ul/aL

lgjf/0fdf ;xfotf ug'{ / lbuf] ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' tyf clk|msL, Sofl/laog / k|zfGt

If]qsf b]zx?nfO{ ljZj cy{tGqdf PsLs/0f ug'{ xf] .

@$= ljsl;t / ljsf;zLn b]zsf ;/sf/, ax'kIfLo bft[] lgsfo, IOf]qLo ljsf; a}+s / cGt/f{li6«o

lgsfo nufotaf6 !)) eGbf a9L JolQmn] x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] tyf ;g\ @))% df cg'df]flbt

;xfotfsf] k|efjsf/Ltf ;DaGwL k]l/; 3f]if0ffkqn] ;xfotfsf] k|efjsfl/tfnfo{ a9fpg]

p2]Zosf;fy kfFrj6f l;4fGt canDjg u/]sf] 5 .f oL l;4fGtdf :jfldTj, ;dnIo lgwf{/0f,

;';+ut ldnfpg] (harmonization), glthfsf] nflu Joj:yfkg / cfk;L hjfkmb]lxtf kb{5g\

. yk hfgsf/L

http://www.oecd.org/dac/effectiveness/parisdectarationdaccra-

agendaforactionfullrelateddocumentation.htm.

@%= hDdf /f]huf/Ls]f t'ngfdf dlxnf /f]huf/Ls]f ?kdf kfl/eflift .

@^= :t/Lo -k/Dk/fut_ cy{zf:q / gofF wf/sf] cy{zf:q cfly{s larf/wf/sf b'O{j6f l;4fGt x'g\ h'g

cg'dfg, k4lt / ljifoj:t'df km/s 5g\ . d"nwf/ -:t/Lo_ cy{zf:q eGgfn] k|foMh;f]

ljZjljBfnodf cWofkg u/fOg] cfly{s l;4fGt xf] . of] l;4fGt dflg; Pp6f pkof]lutfnfO{

clwstd ?kn] k|of]u ug]{, a'l4dQfk"j{s rfxg÷5gf}6 ug]{ / ahf/sf] af/]df k"0f{ ?kn] hfgsf/L

k|fKt k|f0ffL xf] eGg] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t 5 . gofF wf/sf] cy{zf:qLo l;4fGt u}/ gjzf:qLo

k4ltdf cfwfl/t cy{zf:qLo cWoognfO{ hgfpg] Jofks zJb xf] . o; cWoog cGtu{t

s]g]l;og, dfS;{jfbL, gf/LjfbL / ;+:yfut ljwf kb{5g\ . oL gofF wf/sf cy{zf:qLo cWoogn]

k/Dk/fut cy{zf:qsf sltko dfGotf / k4ltnfO{ l:jsfb}{gg\ . oxfF lbOPsf kl/efiff df]6fdf]6L

dfq xg\ . o;af/] yk hfGg rfxg] kf7snfO{ c? ;|f]tx? x]g{ ;'emfj ul/G5 -h:t}, l8Sr]r,

@))& / n;g, @)!#_ .

198

@&= Hoss gd"gf -k|f?k_ sf] d"Vo ;dfnf]rgfsf] k"0f{ ljj/0f of] PsfO{sf] If]q eGbf aflx/sf] ljifo xf]

. oxfF xfdL n}lËs b[li6sf]0fjf6 nfu' x'g] o;sf pko'Qm kIfx? dfly dfq s]lGb|t x'g] 5f}+ .

@*= t'ngfTds nfe ;DaGwL cem uxg cWoogsf] nflu z}v -@))&_ / efg :6fe]/]g cflb -@))&_

x]g'{xf];\ .

@(= xªsª -rLg_, lrlglofF tfOjfg k|fGt, l;+ufk'/ / u0ftGq sf]fl/of o;df cfpF5g\ .

#)= aL; aif{ ;Dd -;g\ !(&$–!(($_ jx'–j:q Joj:yf (Multi-Fibre Arrangement) n]

ljsl;t / ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?aLr låkIfLo jftf{åf/f lgwf{/0f ul/Ps]f sf]6fsf] cfwf/df tof/L

kf]zfs / j:qsf] clwsf+z Jofkf/dfly lgoGq0f hdfof] . eG;f/ dx;'n / Jofkf/ ;DaGwL

;fdfGo ;Demf}tf (GATT) sf] cfwf/e"t lgod / ljz]iftM kIfkft/lxt l;4fGt eGbf of] (MFA)

km/s lyof] . hgj/L ! ;g\ !((% df ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] sk8f / kf]zfs ;DaGwL

;Demf}tfåf/f MFA lj:yflkt ul/of] . of] ;Demf}tfn] oL sf]6fnfO{ cGttf]ufTjf x6fpgs]f nflu

;+qmd0fsfnLg k|lqmofsf] klg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . of] ;Demf}tf hgj/L !, @))% df ;dfKt eof] .

#!= pTs[i6 sfd (better work) ;DaGwL yk hfgsf/Lsf] nflu

http://wwwito.org/washington/areas/better-work/langen/index.htm /

http://betterwork.org x]g'{xf];\ .

#@= of] v08df k|foMh;f] a]l/s -@)!!_ / kmf]G6fgf -@))(_ jf6 cWoog ;fdu|L lnOPsf] 5 .

##= n}lËs–Hofnf cGt/sf] dfkgsf] nflu PsfO{ ! sf] aS; ! x]g'{xf];\ .

#$= sf]/f n}lËs Hofnf cGt/s]f ljZn]if0fdf of] Pp6f …c:ki6 cjz]ifÚ sf] ?kdf /xG5 . -PsfO{ ! df

aS; % x]g'{xf];\ . _

#%= Jofkf/sf] x]S:r/–cf]xlng l;4fGtsf] /fd|f] ljj/0fsf ;fy} Jofkf/ / Hofnfsf] c;dfgtf ;DaGwL

5nkmn ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng (UNCTAD) sf] …Jofkf/ tyf ul/aLÚ

;DaGwL lzIf0f ;fdu|Ldf x]g{ ;lsG5 -v08 !=@=# / @=@=# df_ .

#^= Hofnf ;DaGwL yk tfhf tYofÍ pknJw 5}gg\ .

199

#&= ljb]zL d'n'ssf] nflu ljkl/t t/ ;dfg -a/fa/_ glthf nfuf' x'G5 .

#*= ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] lgod cg';f/ s'g} Ps b]zn] p;sf] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g k|ltsf]

k|ltj4tf÷st{JonfO{ xgg gu/Lsg p;sf] nfu' eG;f/ dxz'n b/ cg'alGwt dx;'n b/sf]

tx;Dd a[l4 ug{ ;S5 .

#(= pbfx/0fsf] nflu k"jL{ clk|msf ;d'bfo (EAC) sf cGo ;b:o /fi6«jf6 pTklQ ePsf] cfoftdf

?jfG8fn] z'Ns nufpg gkfpg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 / o;n] ;d'bfo aflx/jf6 x'g] cfoftdf EAC

sf] ;femf jfXo z'Ns nfu' ub{5 .

$)= ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?sf] nflu s'n s[lifhGo pTkfbgsf] d"Nosf] !) k|ltzt -u}/–pTkfbg cGo

;xof]usf] ?kdf_ / ;DalGwt s[lif pTkfbg j:t'sf] s"n pTkfbg d"Nosf] !) k|ltzt -j:t'hGo

;xof]u :j?k_ .

$!= dlxnfx? k|ToIf ?kdf lgof{tsf] nflu pTkfbgdf ;+nUg gePsf] cj:yfdf pgLx?n] cfkm\gf]

>Ldfgn] u/]sf] gub] jfnL v]tLsf] nflu lbg] ;dosf] cjlw a9fpF5g\ . kmn:j?k cfk"mdfly

a]tnjL sfdsf] af]em a9fpF5g\ . o;df dlxnfsf] pNn]vgLo of]ubfg eP klg pgLx?n] u/]sf]

sfdjf6 x'g] cfh{g÷cfodf k|foM pgLx?sf] lgoGq0f x'Fb}g h:t} ef/t, s]Gof, ;]g]un /

Ujf6]dfnfdf u}/–k/Dk/fut s[lifhGo lgof{tsf] If]qdf ul/Psf cWoogn] b]vfPsf 5g\ -ef/tsf]

kGhfasf] xsdf l;+x, @))@; s]Gofsf] xsdf 8f]nfg, @))!; ;]g]unsf] xsdf d]o/6G; /

l:jGg]g, @))(; / Ujf6]dfnfsf] xsdf sfTh, !((%_ .

$@= cfsf/, cf}krfl/stf / k'FhL nufgL h:tf Joj;fout ljz]iftfx? lgolGqt /fv]sf] v08df k'?if

/ dlxnfsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf pBf]u÷Joj;foaLrsf] n}lËs pTkfbsTj leGgtf x/fP/ hfG5 -

sla/, @)!@_ .

$#= ljZj a}+ssf cg';f/ Jofkf/ s/ cGtu{t cfoft z'Ns, lgof{t z'Ns, lgof{t jf cfoftaf65 x'g]

nfe (profit), ljlgdoaf6 x'g] kmfObf / ljlgdo s/ kb{5g\ .

htotp://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GC.TAX.INTT.RV.ZS x]g'{xf];\ .

200

$$= kl|To]s !)) hgf JolQmdf cfw'lgs -;'wfl/t_ ;/;kmfO{ / 9n lgsf; tyf 6]lnkmf]g nfOgdf

kx'Fr ePsf] hg;+Vofsf] k|ltztsf] cfwf/df k"jf{wf/sf] cj:yfs]f af/]df hfgsdf/L lng] cfkm\gf]

5gf]6sf] af/]df n]vsn] o;/L k|i6\ofPsf 5g\ M ;'wfl/t 9n lgsf; tyf ;/;kmfO{n] dlxnf /

k'?ifsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cGt/df ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ ck]Iff ul/G5,; h:tf]ls o;n] ;du|

:jf:Yodf ;'wf/ NofpF5 h:n] ubf{ dlxnfx?n] 3/ kl/jf/df :ofxf/ ;';f/sf] sfddf a9L ;do

lbg' gkg]{ x'G5 . /f]huf/Ldf 6]lnkmf]g nfOgsf] lg/k]If k|efj ck|ToIf ?kdf x'G5 / of] r/ /flzn]

;do artsf cGo k"jf{wf/ ;'wf/sf] k|ToIf dfkgdf jf/];sf] ?kdf sfd u5{ . o; ;DaGwL

tYofÍsf] pknJwtf sd /x]sf] 5 .

$% k|lt:kwf{Tds nfesf] cjwf/0ffsf] JofVofsf nflu Dff]8\o"n @ x]g'{xf];\ .

$^ JofVof / kl/efiffsf nflu Dff]8\o"n ! x]g'{xf];\ .

$& pbfx/0fsf nflu o'/f]k]nL ;+3;DaGwL tYofÍsf nflu x]g'{xf];\

http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Ge

nder_pay_gap_statistics

$* xfdLn] ænlrnf]Æ >dsf] ju{nfO{ :6fgl8Ë -;g\ !(*(_n] u/] h:t} cy{df k|of]u u5f}{+ . nrs

>d eGgfn] cNksfnLg ;Demf}tfdf cfwfl/t, c:yfoL, ;fdfGo /÷jf cgf}krfl/s >d eGg]

a'lemG5 h;sf] :yfoL / cf}krfl/s >ddf h:tf] s]xL ;'ljwfx¿ x'Fb}g .

$(= 7"nf] dfqfsf] nfut -Osf]gf]ldh ckm :s]n_n] Pp6f sDkgLn] cg'ej ug]{ pTkfbgsf] k|lt

OsfO{ d'NonfO{ hgfpF5 lsgeg] To;sf] :yL/ nfut pTkfbsf a9L OsfO{x¿df lj:tf/ x'g;S5 .

%)= sRrf ;fdfgsf] cfoftsf] To:t} k|ljlwhGo ;DalGwt k|efj x'Fb}g .

%!= oBlk o; ljrf/;Fu ;a} ;xdt 5}gg\ / Jofkf/ pbfl/s/0f / cfly{s j[l4aLrsf]

;DaGwaf/] ax; cem} v'nf 5 . o; laifo;DaGwL lnvtsf] ;j]{If0fsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ ljG6/ / cGo

-;g\ @))$_

%@= Hofnfdf n}lËs c;dfgtfx¿ / cy{tGqsf] Jofkf/sf ;t{x¿;DaGwL 5nkmnsf nflu

afs; ! x]g'{xf];\ .

201

%#= ;g\ !(&) / !(*)sf] bzsdf b'|t cf}Bf]lus j[l4sf] cg'ej ug]{ b]zx¿sf] ;d"x h:t} M

u0ftGq sf]l/of, l;Ëfk'/, xËsË –rLg_ / rLgsf] tfO{jfg k|fGt /x]sf 5g\ .

%$= cfOPncf]sf d'Vo dxf;lGwx¿sf nflu x]g'{xf];\

http://:www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/group/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-

islamabad/documents/policy/wcms_143046.pdf

%%= oBlk pkef]Qmfsf] r]tgfn] ;b}j hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfdf /x]sf sfdbf/x¿sf nflu cem

/fd|f] sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f ;'lglZrt u5{ eGg] 5}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ afn>d;DaGwL af;'

-;g\ !(((_sf] sfo{kq .

%^= pNn]vgLo s] 5 eg] :j/f]huf/df /x]sf k'?ifsf] ;+Vof dlxnfsf] eGbf a9L 5 t/

HofnfljxLg kfl/jfl/s >ldssf ?kdf sfd ug]{ dlxnfx¿sf] ;+Vof k'?if eGbf a9L 5 . / To;n]

ljZjJofkL ?kdf hf]lvdk"0f{ /f]huf/df dlxnfsf] c+z a9\g uPsf] kfOG5 -cfOPncf], @)!@_ .

%&= If]qsf] cfwf/df n}Ës c;dfgtfsf cGt/lglxt sf/0fx¿af/] k"0f{ k|ltj]bgsf nflu

cf]O;L8L, @)!@sf] k|ltj]bg x]g'{xf];\ .

%*= of] cj:yfdf dlxnfx¿ lj?4sf] lje]b ck|ToIf 5 . lj:tf/ ;]jfx¿n] k|fo k'?ifsf] k|e'Tj

/xg] u/]sf] lgof{t s]lGb|t gub] afnLnfO{ nlIft ub{5g\ . o;sf ;fy} cfkm\gf] 9fFrf /

sfof{Gjogdf lj:tf/sf ;]jfx¿n] dlxnfx¿n] ;fdgf ug]{ lnË lglb{i6 Jojwfgx¿-h:t} M /]l8of]

/ df]afOn kmf]gdf ;Lldt kx'Fr, ;dosf] kfaGbL, lx88'ndf ;d:of cflb_ nfO{ :jLsfb}{gg\ .

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