s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf gk] fnsf k|dv' t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg ......s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw cfwf efu rfn]sf] hª\unsf] df6f] y}nfsf] nflu

$Page 1: s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf gk] fnsf k|dv' t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg ......s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw cfwf efu rfn]sf] hª\unsf] df6f] y}nfsf] nflu$
g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf

vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf

cf]P;cf/cf]÷g]k÷*)!÷P;kLP

;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7gcfsl:ds k'g:yf{kgf tyf ;dGjo OsfO{


cf]P;cf/cf]÷g]k÷*)!÷P;kLP;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7gcfsl:ds k'g:yf{kgf tyf ;dGjo OsfO{

@)^^

g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf

vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf

k|sfzs;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g cfsl:ds k'g:yf{kgf tyf ;dGjo OsfO{k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/, g]kfn

cfly{s ;xof]u:k]g ;/sf/ -cf]P;cf/cf]÷g]k÷*)!÷P;kLP_

k|sfzg ldlt M @)^^ d+l;/

k|sfzgflwsf/©o; k|sfzgdf cleJoQm ljrf/, tYo÷tYof°, tyf hfgsf/Lx?n] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g -PkmPcf]_ sf] cflwsfl/s ljrf/x?sf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{gg\ . ;fy} o;sf] clek|fo s'g} /fi6« jf To;sf] k|fb]lzs v08÷e"efu, ;x/, cyjf ;Ldfsf] j}wflgs Pj+ ljsf;ut l:ylt O+lut ug'{ klg xf]Og . ;do / k|;Ëjz k|sfzgdf pNn]v ul/Psf s'g} sDkgL jf ltgsf pTkfbg, rfx] tL k|ltlnlk clwsf/k|fKt (patented) x'g\ jf gx'g\, af/]sf] rrf{n] of] 7xb}{g ls tL pTkfbgx? cGo / p:t} vfnsf pTkfbgx?sf] t'ngfdf PkmPcf]sf] :jLs[lt—k|fKt x'g\ jf l;kmfl/;df k/]sf x'g\ .

o; k|sfzgdf k|ltljlDjt ljrf/x? PkmPcf]sf cflwsfl/s wf/0ff geO{ n]vssf cfkm\gf lghL wf/0ff / ljrf/x? x'g\ .

o; k|sfzgsf] sf] ;jf{lwsf/© PkmPcf]df ;'/lIft 5 . u}/gfkmfd"ns Pj+ z}lIfs k|of]hgsf] nflu o; k|sfzgsf]] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs efu k'gp{Tkfbg ug{, k|;f/ ug{ / k|of]u÷ljt/0f ug{ PkmPcf]sf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lng' h?/L kg]{ 5}g, t/ To;f] ubf{ ;|f]t eg] clgjfo{?kdf v'nfpg'kg]{ 5 . k"j{ cg'dlta]u/ Jofj;flos jf Jofkfl/s p4]Zosf nflu o;sf] ;fdu|L k'gMpTkfbg ug{ lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]sf nflu k|sfzsaf6 k"j{ lnlvt ;xdlt lng'kg]{ 5 . o;sf nflu kqfrf/ ug]{ 7]ufgf o;k|sf/ 5M Chief, Electronic Publishing Policy and Support Branch Communication Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to: [email protected]

;fh;Hhf tyf d'b|0fM WPS, eMail: [email protected]

cfef/

g]kfndf ;~rflnt ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g cGt{utsf] cfsl:ds k'g:yf{kgf ;dGjo OsfO{åf/f ;~rflnt kl/of]hgf æcfGtl/s åGå, af9L / ;'Vvfaf6 hf]lvddf k/]sf u|fdL0f ul/a ;d'bfosf nflu vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff lglDt ;xof]uÆ -cf]P;cf/cf]÷g]k÷*)!÷P;kLP_ cGt{ut OsfO{sf sd{rf/Låf/f of] xft] k'l:tsf tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . of] kl/of]hgf :k]g ;/sf/sf] cfly{s ;xof]udf ;~rfng ePsf] xf] .

of] xft] k'l:tsf s[lif ljefu cGt{utsf t/sf/L ljsf; lgb]{zgfno / afnL ljsf; lgb]{zgfno k/fdz{ tyf PkmPcf]sf] afnL pTkfbg tyf ;+/If0f dxfzfvfsf] k|ToIf k|fljlws ;'kl/j]If0f / ;Nnfxdf >L k'?iff]Qdk|;fb vltj8fn] tof/ ug{'ePsf] xf] . of] k'l:tsf tof/ ug{ ljleGg dxfg'efjx?n] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ;Nnfx / dfu{bz{g ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfFx? ;Dk"0f{k|lt PkmPcf] / of] kl/of]hgf -cf]P;cf/cf]÷g]k÷*)!÷P;kLP_ kl/jf/ dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]usf] nflu xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5 .

us[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw

kl/ro

s[lif If]qn] g]kfnsf] s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] ## k|ltzt cf]u6]sf] 5 / b]zsf] b'O{ltxfO ;lqmo hg;+VofnfO{ /f]huf/L ;d]t k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . sl/a #! k|ltzt g]kfnL hgtfx? /fli6«o ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg 5g\ / tL dWo] ax';+Vos hgtfx? u|fdL0f If]qdf a;f]af; ub{5g\ . $! k|ltzteGbf a9L g]kfnLx? b}lgs cfjZos kg]{ zlQmsf] nflu vfBfGg cfk"lt{ ug{ c;Ifd 5g\ .

u|fdL0f If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ s[ifsx? lzIffsf] sdL / s[lif ;fdu|Lx?sf] ;Lldt kxF'rsf sf/0fn] a9L hf]lvddf k/]sf 5g\ . Tolt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg, ;Lldt afXo ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/L pGgt s[lif k4lt ckgfP/ s[lif pTkfbg a9fpg ;Sg] ck]lIft Ifdtf /fVb5g\ . of] xft] k'l:tsfn] lgjf{xd'vL v]tL ug]{ tL s[ifsnfO{ nlIft u/]sf] 5, hf] cToGt Go"g s[lif k|;f/ / ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df ;fdfGo s[lif ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .

g]kfndf t/sf/L kf]if0fsf] k|d'v ;|f]t ePklg w]/} 7fFpx?df t/sf/L vfg'nfO{ ce}m klg ;'ljwfsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . To;}n] ubf{ of] k|sfzgn] gf} j6f k|d'v t/sf/L afnLx? -uf]ne]+8f, e06f, v';f{gL, sfpnL, aGbf, sfFqmf], Kofh, ufh/ / d"nf_ sf] ;fy ;fy} u|fdL0f kl/jf/sf] k|d'v vfB;'/Iff ug]{ tLg vfBfGg afnLx? -wfg, ds} / uxF'_ nfO{ ;d]t nlIft u/]sf] 5 . of] xft] k'l:tsf tof/ ubf{ k9\g / n]Vg ghfGg]x?nfO{ ljz]if Wofgdf /fVb} a9LeGbf a9L lrqx?sf] / sd eGbf sd zAbsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw#

ljifo ;"rL

cfef/ u kl/ro 3

t/sf/Lsf] a]gf{ tof/L / /f]k0f !

uf]ne]+8f v]tL !%

vf];f{gL v]tL @#

e06f v]tL @(

sfFqmf] v]tL #%

sfpnL v]tL $@

aGbf v]tL $(

ufh/ v]tL %&

d"nf v]tL ^%

Kofh v]tL &!

wfg v]tL *$

ds} v]tL ($

ux'F v]tL !)#

;Gbe{–;fdu|L !!#

ªs[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlwr

�s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw

!

cfsf/

t/sf/Lsf] a]gf{ tof/L / /f]k0f

:yfg

g;{/L agfpg] :yfg 3fd nfUg], lgsf;sf] Joj:yf ePsf], af/–aGb]h ePsf] / ;lhn} x]/rfx ug{ ;lsg] x'g'kb{5 .

# ld -≈& xft_

! ld -≈@ xft_

g;{/L Aof8sf] rf}8fO ;w}+ ! ld6/ -b'O{ xfteGbf s]xL a9L_ /fVg'kb{5 . s/];faf/Lsf] nflu # ld6/ -& xft_ nfdf] Aof8 eP k'U5 / To;df ! 8f]sf] /fd|/L kr]sf] k|fËfl/s dnsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw�

jiff{ofd / l;FrfOsf] ;'ljwf ePsf] If]qdf p7]sf] Aof8 a9L pko'Qm x'G5 .

Aof8sf] k|sf/

hldgaf6 !% ;]=ld= -≈! s'/]t_

hldgsf] ;txaf6 !) ;]=ld= tn

lxpFbofd / l;FrfOsf] c;'ljwf ePsf] If]qdf ba]sf] Aof8 ;'xfpFbf] x'G5 .


@ b]lv @=% ld= nfdf] afF;sf] ef6f

g;{/Lsf] nflu ;+/rgf

hf8f]ofddf Aof8df /f]k]sf] aLp / pd|]sf] a]gf{nfO{ ;'xfpFbf] tfkqmd sfod /fVgsf] nflu Knfli6ssf] u'Dah pko'Qm x'G5 .

jiff{ofdsf] nflu p7]sf] Aof8dfly ;]tf] Knfli6s jf 5fgf] ePsf] 5fk|f] agfpg'k5{ .

!@% ;]=ld=

! ld6/

;]tf] Knfli6sn] 5f]k]sf] -# ld= nfdf] g;{/Lsf] nflu $=% ld= nfdf] Knfli6s_

cfwf ld6/

&% ;]=ld=

!% ;]=ld= p7]sf] Aof8

k/fn jf Knfli6ssf] 5fgf

cufl8sf] efu


Aof8df aLpsf] /f]kfOF

g;{/L Aof8nfO{ nf}/f]sf] ;xfotfn] ;Dofpg'k5{ .

g;{/Ldf xf/b]lv xf/sf] b"/L *–!) ;]=ld= -sl/a % c+u'n_ /fVg'k5{ . ;f]emf] afF;sf] ef6fsf] ;xof]uåf/f aLp /f]Kg] 8f]a agfpg ;lsG5 .

clGtddf g;{/L Aof8 ;DofPsf]

* b]lv !) ;]=ld=


aLp /f]k]kl5 afn'jf jf v/fgL jf kr]sf] dn jf w"nf] df6f]n] aLpnfO{ k'g'{kb{5 .

aLpnfO{ @–# ;]=ld= -! c+u'n_ sf] km/sdf /f]Kg'k5{ . uf]ne]+8f, e06f, sfpnL, aGbfh:tf afnLsf] a]gf{ g;{/Ldf tof/ ul/G5 .

@ b]lv # ;]=ld=

aLpm 5f]Kg]


k/fn jf ;'s]sf] 3fF;n] Aof8df 5fkf] -dlNrË_ xfn]/ xhf/Laf6 kfgL k6fpg'k5{ .

aLp /f]k]kl5 xNsf xftn] Aof8nfO{ ;Dofpg'k5{ .

xftn] ;Dofpg]


y}nfdf aLp /f]Kg]

g;{/Lsf] x]/rfx

sfFqmf, km;L{ ;d"xsf afnLx? h:t} M sfFqmf], l3/f}+nf, s/]nfsf a]gf{ ;fdfGotof y}nfdf pTkfbg ul/G5 .

b'O{ j6f aLpm y}nfdf /f]Kg] a]gf{ @–# kft] ePkl5 :j:y a]gf{ /fv]/ csf]{ pv]n]/ kmfNg]

pd|]sf] gpd|]sf] / lr:ofg eP gePsf] x]b}{ ug]{ / aLp 6';fPsf] b]Vg]lalQs} 5fkf] x6fpg] .


Knfli6snfO{ a]gf{nfO{ ;fg'{eGbf #–$ lbgcufl8 k"/} x6fpg'k5{ . olb 5fk|f] agfOPsf] 5 eg] To;sf] 5fgf] x6fpg'kb{5 .

Knfli6ssf] u'Dahleq /f]k]sf] aLp pld|Pkl5 Knfli6snfO{ lbgdf p3f/]/ ck/fGxkl5 k]ml/ aGb ug'{kb{5 .

Knfli6snfO{ p3f/]sf]

x6fOPsf] Knfli6s


a]gf{ pv]Ng]

h/f dfq ePsf] a]gf{

;fg{sf] nflu a]gf{ pv]Nbf slxNo} klg tfg]/ pv]Ng' x'Fb}g .

a]gf{ pv]Ng'eGbf sDtLdf # 306fcufl8 g;{/LnfO{ h/f;Dd leHg] u/L kfgL k6fpg'5{ .

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw�0

a]gf{ pv]Nbf RofK6f] ef6f jf To:t} j:t'n] h/fsf] ;txeGbf d'lgaf6 df6f];d]t ws]n]/ df6f];lxtsf] h/f ePsf] a]gf{ pv]Ng'k5{ .

a]gf{nfO{ v]tdf n}hfg ls:tL jf gfª\nf]df /fv]/ n}hfg] .

h/f;Fu} df6f] ePsf] a]gf{

��s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw

cfwf efu rfn]sf] hª\unsf] df6f]

y}nfsf] nflu eg]{ df6f]

hª\unsf]] df6f] ;lhn} kfOg] 7fpFdf cfwf–cfwf efu rfn]sf] hª\unsf]] df6f] / kr]sf] dn ld;fP/ aLp hdfpg] df6f] tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 .

lrD6fOnf] df6f] 5 eg] @ efu dlnnf] df6f]df TolQs} efu kr]sf] dn / ! efu afn'jf ld;fpg' /fd|f] x'G5 .

cfwf efu kr]sf] dn aLp hdfpg] df6f]

b'O{ efu dlnnf] df6f] b'O{ efu kr]sf] dn olb lrD6\ofOnf] df6f] ePdf Ps efu afn'jf ld;fpg]

aLp hdfpg] df6f]

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw��

Knfli6ssf] y}nf gkfOg] b'u{d If]qdf ;fn÷ef]nf{h:tf] 7"nf] kft eO{ rfF8} gs'lxg] kftaf6 y}nf agfpg ;lsG5 .

Knfli6ssf] y}nf k|of]u ubf{ ( O~r nDafO / ^ O~r rf}8fOsf] k|of]u ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 / df6f] eg'{eGbf cufl8 y}nfsf] tNnf] efudf @–$ j6f Kjfn agfpg'k5{ .

a]gf{ pdfg]{ y}nf

^ O~r ( O~r

Kjfn

aLp hdfpg] df6f]nfO{ kfgL 5Ds]/ jf hf8f] ofddf /ftel/ zLtdf /fv]/ cf]l;nf] agfpg'kb{5 .

/fd|/L cf]l;Psf] df6f] xftdf lnO{ d'7\7L kfbf{ xNsf 8Nnf] aGb5 . t/ ;lhn} km'6\b5 .


y}nf eg]{

aLp hdfpgsf nflu y}nf ebf{ cf]l;nf] df6f] eg'{k5{ .

df6f] ebf{ la:tf/} 9s\9SofpFb} eg{'k5{ / 6Dd} ge/]/ sl/j ! c+u'n tn;Dd eg'{k5{ .

@ b]lv # ;]=ld=;Dd vfnL 5f]8\g]

a]gf{ ;fg]{

a]gf{ ;fbf{ 8fF7nfO{ g;{/Ldf ePsf] eGbf dfly k'g'{xF'+b}g .

/f]k]kl5 a]gf{ c8\ofpg jl/kl/sf] df6f]nfO{ lyRg'kb{5 .

a]gf{nfO{ 3fd nfu]sf] lbg ;fFemdf jf afbn nfu]sf] lbg hlt a]nf klg ;fg{ ;lsG5 .


ev{/} ;f/]sf] a]gf{nfO{ 3fdaf6 hf]ufpg s]/fsf] ;'Knf jf 6k/Ln] 5f]Kg ;lsG5 .

a]gf{ /f]k]kl5 jl/kl/ 5fkf] xfn]/ l;FrfO lbg'kb{5 .


v]tL ul/g] ofddlxgf

If]qa}zfv h]i7 cfiff9 >fj0f efb| cflZjg sflt{s d+l;/ kf}if df3 kmfu'g r}q

pRr kxf8

dWo kxf8

vf]+r / t/fO{

tftf] g;{/L jf Knfli6s u'Dahsf] cfjZostf lr;f] df};ddf x'G5 .

g;{/L

jiff{ofddf p7]sf] Aof8 / To;dfly agfPsf] 5fk|f]sf] h?/L x'G5 .

uf]ne]+8f v]tL

pRr / dWo kxf8df jiff{ofddf v]tL ul/G5 eg] vf]+r / t/fO{df lxpFbdf v]tL ul/G5 .

uf]ne]+8fn] w]/} tftf] / lr;f] b'a} vKg ;Sb}g .

hft Pg=;L=Pn= ! k';f ?jL dgk|]s;\

@


aLp / a]gf{ b/

hUufsf] tof/L

hUufsf] vghf]t ubf{ ulx/f] -#) ;]=ld=_ x'g]u/L hf]Tg'÷vGg'kb{5 . jiff{ofddf pFrf] 8\ofË agfP/ lgsf;sf] k|aGw ug'{kb{5 . vfN8f] agfP/ To;df dn /fv]/ a]gf{ /f]Kbf vfBtTjsf] /fd|f] pkof]u x'G5 .

! laQf -@) ;]=ld=

prfO{

&% ;]=ld= ^) ;]=ld= !=% xft s'n];f] -&% ;]=ld=_

!%) ;]=ld= Aof8

a]gf{M @,)))–@,%)) a]gf{ k|lt/f]kgL .

u'0f:t/Lo aLpsf] k|of]uaf6 /fd|f] pTkfbg kfpg ;lsG5 .

aLpM !) u|fd k|lt/f]kgL .


v/fgL

120 Doko

dnvfb

Pp6f vfN8f]df Ps d'7Lsf] b/n] v/fgL xfNg' /fd|f] x'G5 .

!@) 8f]sf] -sl/a # d]= 6g_ /fd|/L kr]sf] k|fª\ufl/s dn k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] k|of]u ug'{ k5{ .


!) s]hL 8L=P=kL=^ s]hL kf]6f;

olb /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ug]{ ePdf !) s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= / ^ s]=hL= Do'/]6 ckm kf]6f; k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] hUufsf] clGtd tof/L ubf{ xfNg'kb{5 .

aLp /f]k]sf]a]gf{ ;fg{ # b]lv $ xKtfdf tof/ x'G5 .

a]gf{ ;fg]{

a]gf{ $–% kft] cj:yfdf x'Fbf ;fg'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . a]gf{nfO{ ;wF} a]n'sf÷;fFemdf ;fg'{kb{5 .


emf/kft lgoGq0f

uf]ne]+8f nufPsf] 7fpFdf emf/ a9\g lbg'x'Fb}g .

yk dn

k|To]s k6s w]/} kmn l6k]kl5 uxF't–kfgLsf] emf]n k|ltaf]6 @%) ld=ln= -sl/a cfwf dfgf_ km]bdf xfNg'k5{ .

ux'Ft

kfgL


) ! @ # $ % ^ & *xKtf

a]gf{ ;f/]sf] #–$ xKtfdf klxnf] / ^–& xKtfdf bf];|f] ykdn ! lrof rDrf o'l/of k|ltaf]6sf] b/n] /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . dn xfn]kl5 df6f]n] k'/]/ l;FrfO lbg'kb{5 .

sfF65fF6

la?jf !% b]lv @) ;]=ld= cUnf] ePkl5 d'06f rF'8]/ @ j6fdfq xfFuf cfpg lbg'k5{ .

k]ml/ #% b]lv $) ;]=ld= dfly 6'Kkf r'F8]/ ! af]6df hDdf $ j6f xfFuf /fVg' /fd|f] x'G5 . uf]ne]+8fsf] k|To]s cfFVnfaf6 xfFuf 5f]8\g] ePsf]n] $ j6feGbf a9L xfFuf cfpg glbg lgoldt?kdf d'gf r'F8\g'k5{ .

!% b]lv @) ;]=ld=

#% b]lv $) ;]=ld=

a]gf{ ;f/]sf]


yfFqmf lbg]

s/];faf/Ldf Ps af]6nfO{ Pp6f yfFqmf lbg ;lhnf] x'G5 . t/ w]/} If]qdf nufpFbf eg] ;fd"lxs yfFqmf lbFbf sfF65fF6sf] nflu ;lhnf] x'G5 .

/ftf]

kmn l6kfO

uf]ne]+8f l6Kgsf] nflu /ftf] x'g] u/L ksfpg' kb}{g . uf]ne]+8f xl/of]af6 xNsf kx]+nf] /ª r9\g yfn]kl5 l6Kbf 3/fo;L k|of]hgsf]

;fy} ahf/sf] nflu klg pko'Qm x''G5 .

xNsf kx]+nf] x'g yfn] kl5


sf7sf] k|]md

lr;f] xfjf

tftf] xfjf

hfnL

;]tf] Knfli6s

;+/If0f

uf]ne]+8f gkmNg] ofdsf] nflu rfgf sf6]/ ;'sfP/ /fVg ;lsG5 . rfgf ;'sfpg sd vr{df aGg] ;"o{sf] tfkaf6 ;'sfpg] efF8f] -;f]nf/ 8«fo/_

agfpg ;lsG5 .

rfgf sf6]sf] uf]ne+]8f hfnLdf

;'sfPsf]


v]tL ul/g] ofddlxgf


pRr kxf8

dWo kxf8

vf]+r / t/fO{

vf];f{gL v]tL

vf]+r If]qsf] nflu p7]sf] Aof8df kfgL cf]tfpg] 5fk|f];lxtsf] g;{/L rflxG5 .

kxf8df vf];f{gLsf] v]tL aiff{ofddf ul/G5 . tNnf] kxf8 / vf]+rdf eg] d'Vo v]tL ul/g] ofd lxpFb xf] . vf];f{gLn] w]/} lr;f] / tftf] b'a} ;xg ;Sb}g .

hft ;"o{d'vL Hjfnf csa/]

kxf8sf] nflu Knfli6ssf] u'Dahleqsf] g;{/Ldf a]gf{ pTkfbg ug'{kb{5 .

#

g;{/L


aLp / a]gf{ b/

hUufsf] tof/L

a]gf{M $,)))–%,))) j6f k|lt/f]kgL aLpM ^) u|fd k|lt/f]kgL

lxpFb / j;Gt] afnLsf] nflu ;Dd k/]sf] kf6fdf nufpg ;lsG5 .

jiff{ofdsf] nflu p7]sf] 8\ofË agfpg'k5{ .

#) ;]=ld=^) ;]=ld=

^) ;]=ld=#) ;]=ld

=

Aof8sf] prfO !% ;]=ld=


ulx/f];Fu vghf]t u/]/ dfq 8\ofË agfpg'k5{ .


olb kfOPdf @ s]=hL= o'l/of, $=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= / #=% s]=hL= Do'/]6 ckm kf]6f; k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] hUuf tof/Lsf] clGtd cj:yfdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

dnvfb

Ps /f]kgLsf] nflu %) 8f]sf] -sl/j !=@ d]= 6g_ /fd|/L kr]sf] k|fËfl/s dnsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

@ s]=hL= o'l/of $=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= #=% s]=hL= kf]6f;


) xKtf sl/j ^ xKtf

a]gf{ ;fg]{

emf/kft lgoGq0f

hf8f]ofddf a]gf{ %–^ kft] ePkl5 ;fg'{kb{5 . t/ jiff{ofddf eg] &–* kft] cj:yfsf] a]gf{ ;fg{ ;lsG5 .

vf];f{gL nufPsf] 7fpFdf emf/kft a9\g lbg'x'Fb}g .


ykdn

kfgL

ux'Ft kfgLsf] emf]n !%–!% lbgsf] km/sdf k|lt ! ju{ld6/ If]qkmnsf] nflu ! ln6/ -;ft rf}yfO_ sf] b/n] df6f]df k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .

olb /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ug]{ ePdf a]gf{ ;f/]sf] $ / * xKtfk5fl8 la?jfsf] jl/kl/ uf]nf] 8f]a agfP/ !%)) u|fd o'l/of k|lt/f]kgL k|To]s k6ssf] b/n] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .

dn xfn]kl5 df6f]n] k'g{'kb{5 . df6f]df lr:ofg sd 5 eg] ykdn lbPkl5 l;FrfO ug'{k5{ .

xKtf ) ! @ # $ % ^ & * (

ux'Ft

k"l0f{df cf}+;L


;+/If0f

3fddf /fd|/L ;'sfP/ k5fl8 d;nfsf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/G5 .

afnL l6kfO

xl/of] vf];f{gL l6Kbf xl/of] rlDsnf] kmn l6Kg'kb{5 h;sf] e]6g'df sf7 k;]sf] x'G5 / efFRbf lkl6Ss efFlrG5 .

kfs]sf] vf];f{gL ;fdfGotM ;'sfOG5 .


v]tL ug]{ df};ddlxgf


pRr kxf8

dWo kxf8

vf]+r / cf}n

e06f v]tL

e06fsf] v]tL kxf8df jiff{ofddf ul/G5 eg] vf]+r tyf cf}n—If]qdf j;Gtofddf ul/G5 .

hftx? ;nf{xL ;]tf] kf]v/f n's]{ g'sL{ k'iff kk{n nË

kxf8L If]qdf rfF8} a]gf{ tof/ kfg{ Knfli6ssf] u'Dah pko'Qm x'G5 .

g;{/L

$


aLp / a]gf{ b/

hUufsf] tof/L

vghf]t ulx/f] -Ps d'9]xft_ x'g] u/L ug'{kb{5 . plrt lgsf;sf] nflu pFrf] 8\ofËdf /f]Kg'kb{5 . vfN8f] agfP/ To;}df dn /fv]/ /f]Kg pko'Qm x'G5 .

a]gf{M @,%))–#,))) k|lt/f]kgL aLpM @%–#) u|fd k|lt/f]kgL

!)–!% ;]=ld=

#) ;]=ld=



j;Gt Ct'df xf/af6 xf/sf] b"/L %) ;]=ld= / la?jfaf6 la?jfsf] b"/L %) ;]=ld= 6f9f kf/L /f]Kg'kb{5 .

dnvfb

jiff{ofddf xf/af6 xf/sf] b"/L &% ;]=ld= / la?jfaf6 la?jfsf] b"/L %) ;]=ld= 6f9f kf/L 8\ofËdf /f]Kg'kb{5 . o:tf] 8\ofË !% ;]=ld= p7]sf] x'g'kb{5 .

Ps /f]kgLsf] nflu %) 8f]sf] -sl/j !=@ d]= 6g_ kr]sf] k|fËfl/s dn hUuf tof/Lsf a]nfdf xfNg'k5{ .

!% ;]=ld= p7]sf]

&% ;]=ld= s'n];f]

!%) ;]=ld= Aof8


xKtf%) #

la?jf ;fg]{

%–^ kft] cj:yfdf a]gf{ ;fg'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .

@ s]=hL= o'l/of $=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= #=% s]=hL= kf]6f;

pknAw ePdf @ s]=hL= o'l/of, $=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= / #=% s]=hL= Do'/]6 ckm kf]6f; k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] k|of]u ubf{ pTkfbg a9\b5 .


k"l0f{df cf}+;L

kfgLux'Ft

emf/kft lgoGq0f

yk dn

aiff{ofddf lgoldt ¿kdf emf/kft pv]n]/ ;kmf /fVg'kb{5 .

ux'Ft kfgL -! efu ux'Ft / $ efu kfgL_ sf] !%–!% lbgsf] km/sdf 5s{Fbf ykdnsf] sfd ub{5 . k|lt ju{ld6/ If]qkmnsf] nflu ! ln6/ ux'Ft–kfgLsf] emf]n df6f]df k|of]u ug{'kb{5 .


xKtf ) ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@

g/d, slnnf] / rlDsnf] kmnnfO{ l6Kg' pko'Qm x'G5 .

/f;folgs dn k|of]u ug]{ xf] eg] a]gf{ ;f/]sf] % / !) xKtf k5fl8 k|To]s k6s !=% s]=hL= o'l/of k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] la?jfsf] jl/kl/ 8f]a vg]/ xfNg'kb{5 . dn xfn]kl5 df6f]n] k'/]/ l;FrfO lbg'kb{5 .

afnL l6Kg]


l56f] pTkfbg lngsf] nflu Knfli6ssf] u'Dahsf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .

sfFqmf] v]tL

v]tL ug]{ ofddlxgf


pRr kxf8

dWo kxf8

vf]+r / t/fO{

sfFqmf]sf] v]tL jiff{ofddf ul/G5 . a]gf{nfO{ Knfli6ssf] u'Dahdf x'sf{P/ j;Gt Ct'b]lv g} v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .

hft eQmk'/ :yfgLo s';'n]

g;{/L

%


!@) ;]=dL

!@) ;]=dLs'n];f]

aLp / a]gf{sf] b/

hUufsf] tof/L

p7]sf] 8\ofË agfP/ lgsf;sf] k|aGw ug{ ;lsG5 . dnnfO{ k"/} hUufdf 5g'{eGbf !@) ;]=ld= X !@) ;]=ld=sf] b"/Ldf #) ;]=ld=

ulx/f] / TolQs} uf]nfO ePsf] vfN8f] vgL To;df dn xfNg' a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 .

aLpM !@) u|fd k|lt/f]kgL

a]gf{M @%)–#)) j6f k|lt/f]kgL



/f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ug]{ cj:yfdf k|lt vfN8f] !) u|fd 8L=P=kL= / $ u|fd Do'/]6 ckm kf]6f; xfNg'kb{5 .

dnvfb

Pp6f vfN8f]df $–% s]=hL= /fd|/L kr]sf] k|fËfl/s dn k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

a]gf{ ;fg]{

$–% kft] ePkl5 a]gf{ ;fg'{kb{5 . $–% kft] ePkl5 a]gf{ /f]Kg'eGbf cufl8 Knfli6s y}nfnfO{ ;/Ss lems]/

df6f];lxt vfN8f]sf] aLrdf ;fg'{kb{5 .

xKtf ) ! @ # $

!) u|fd 8L=P=kL= % u|fd kf]6f;


emf/kft

6'Kkf r'F8\g]

^ cfFVnfeGbf dfly cfPkl5 6'KkfnfO{ lrdf]6]/ kmfNg'k5{ . To;kl5 cfPsf xfFufdf w]/} kf]yL k"mnx? nfUb5g\ .

v]tL ul/Psf] 7fpFnfO{ emf/kftd'Qm agfpg'k5{ .


xKtf ) ! @ # $ % ^ & *

kfgL

ykdn

!%–!% lbgsf] km/sdf ux'Ft–kfgLsf] emf]nnfO{ k|ltaf]6 @%) ld=ln= -sl/a cfwf dfgf_ sf] b/n] df6f]df xfNg'kb{5 .

olb /f;folgs dn k|of]u ug]{ ePdf a]gf{ ;f/]sf] #–$ xKtfk5fl8 / k"mn k'mNg ;'? ePkl5 u/]/ @ k6s ykdn lbg'k5{ .

b'O{ lrof rDrf o'l/of k|To]s ykdn lbg]a]nfdf af]6sf] jl/kl/ kf/]/ lbg'k5{ . dn xfn]kl5 df6f]n] k'/]/ l;FrfO lbg'kb{5 .

ux'Ft


yfFqmf lbg]

/f]uL / afËfl6Ëf kmnx?nfO{ b]Vg]lalQs} x6fpg'kb{5 .

jiff{ofddf dfly—dfly hfg] u/L yfFqmf lbg'kb{5 .


kmn l6Kg]

kmnnfO{ d'7Lel/sf] -!%–@) ;]=ld= uf]nfO_ ePkl5 l6Kg' pko'Qm x'G5 .

kmn l5Kofpg 5f]8]sf] emfnaf6 sd pTkfbg x'G5 .

olb kmn ksfpg] g} xf] eg] Pp6f emfndf dfq kmn ksfpg' /fd|f] x'G5 .

a9L pTkfbg lng l7Sssf kmnx? lgoldt?kdf l6Kg'k5{ .


^

g;{/L

sfpnL v]tL

v]tL ul/g] ofddlxgf


pRr kxf8

dWo kxf8

vf]+r / t/fO{

t/fO{, vf]+r / dWo kxf8df d'Vo ofd eg]sf] lxpFb xf] . t/ pRr kxf8df eg] jiff{ofd v]tL ul/g] d'Vo ;do xf] . nfdf] ;do pTkfbg lng ;do ;'xfpFbf] hftsf] 5gf}6 ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

hft ;nf{xL lbkfnLM cuf}6] sf7df8f}+ :yfgLoM dWo 8f]Nkf :gf]anM k5f}6]

tftf] x'g] g;{/L -Knfli6s u'Dah_ sf] k|of]u lr;f] df};ddf ug'{k5{ .

jiff{ofddf p7]sf] Aof8 / To;dfly 5fk|f] xfn]/ a9L lr:ofgaf6 hf]ufpg'k5{ .


!)–!% ;]=ld=

#) ;]=ld=

aLp / a]gf{ b/

hUuf tof/L ubf{ ulx/f] -#) ;]=ld=_ ;Dd vghf]t ug'{kb{5 .

hUuf tof/L

a]gf{M @,)))–@,%)) j6f k|lt/f]kgL . aLpM $) u|fd k|lt/f]kgL .



dnvfb

hUuf tof/Lsf] a]nf &% 8f]sf] -sl/j !=* d]= 6g_ k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] k|fËfl/s dnsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

lgsf;sf] nflu p7]sf] 8\ofË agfpg'kb{5 .


@ s]=hL= o'l/of ^=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= $ s]=hL= kf]6f;

olb pknJw ePdf hUuf tof/Lsf] clGtd cj:yfdf @ s]=hL= o'l/of, ^=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= / $ s]=hL= Do'/]6 ckm kf]6f; k|lt/f]kgLsf] b/n] df6f]df ldnfpg'k5{ .

) ! @ # $ %xKtf

a]gf{ ;fg]{

ofdcg';f/ aLp /f]k]sf] @% b]lv #% lbgdf a]gf{ $–% kft] cj:yfdf k'Ub5 / To; cj:yfdf a]gf{ ;fg'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .


cuf}6] / k5f}6] hftnfO{ $%x$% ;]=ld= sf] b"/Ldf /f]Kg' pko'Qm x'G5 eg] dWo df};dL hftnfO{ ^)x$% ;]=ld= sf] b"/Ldf /f]Kg'k5{ . cuf}6] hftnfO{ p7]sf] 8\ofË agfP/ /f]Kg'k5{ .

emf/kft lgoGq0f

^) x $% ;]=ld=

emf/kftnfO{ a]nf–a]nfdf pv]n]/ a9\g lbg'x'Fb}g .

$% x $% ;]=ld=


kfgL ux'Ft

yk dn

b'u{d If]qsf] nflu uxF'tsf] emf]n -! efu uxF't;Fu $ efu kfgL_ sf] k|of]u pQd ljlw xf] . ux'Ftsf] emf]nnfO{ !%–!% lbgsf] km/sdf k|lt ju{ld6/ If]qkmnsf] nflu ! ln6/ -;ft rf}yfO_ sf] b/n] df6f]df k|of]u ug{'kb{5 .

/f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ug]{ ePdf af]6sf] jl/kl/ ;fgf] 8f]a agfP/ To;df @ k6s @=% s]=hL= o'l/of k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] a]gf{ ;f/]sf] #–$ xKtf / ^–* xKtf k5fl8 k|of]u ug'{k5{ . dn xfn]kl5 df6f]n] k'/]/ l;FrfO lbg'kb{5 .

xKtf ) ! @ # $ % ^ & *


afnL l6Kg]

sf]aLsf] aflx/kl§sf] y'Ëfx? 5'l§g ;'? u/]kl5 sfpnL l6Kg'kb{5 .

l;FrfO

df6f]df lr:ofgsf] sdL ePdf af]6sf] j[l4df gf]S;fg k'¥ofpF5 . t/ sf]aL -km"n_ a9\g] a]nfdf lr:ofgsf] sdLn] cem a9L c;/ k'U5 .


v]tL ug{] df};ddlxgf


pRr kxf8

dWo kxf8

vf]+r / t/fO{

aGbf v]tL

t/fO{ vf]+r tyf dWo kxf8df lxpFb g} aGbfsf] d'Vo v]tL ul/g] df};d xf] . pRr kxf8df eg] j;Gt / jiff{ofddf v]tL ul/G5 . nfdf] cjlw;Dd pTkfbg lng ;do ;'xfpFbf] hftsf] 5gf}6 u/]/ nufpg'k5{ .

hftx? k|fOª ckm Ol08ofM cuf}6] sf]kgx]ug dfs]{6M dWo n]6 nfh{ 8«d x]8M k5f}6]

g;{/L

lr;f] xfjfkfgL / lxpFbofddf Knfli6ssf u'Dahsf] k|of]u ul/g] x'Fbf d'VotM k5f}6] hftsf] a]gf{ pdfg{ k|of]u ul/G5 .

5fgf xfn]sf] pFrf] Aof8sf] k|of]u cuf}6] hftsf] a]gf{ pTkfbg ug{ jiff{ofddf pko'Qm x'G5 .

&


aLp / a]gf{ b/

a]gf{M @,)))–@,%)) k|lt/f]kgL . aLpM #)–$) u|fd k|lt/f]kgL

hUufsf] tof/L

hUufsf] vghf]t ulx/f] x'g] u/L ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .

!)–!% ;]=ld=

#) ;]=ld=



hUuf tof/ ubf{ &% 8f]sf] -sl/j !=* d]= 6g_ k|lt/f]kgLsf] b/n] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

dnvfb

p7]sf] 8\ofË agfP/ jiff{df lgsf;sf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .


# s]=hL= o'l/of ^=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= $ s]=hL= kf]6f;

a]gf{ ;fg]{

olb pknJw ePdf # s]=hL= o'l/of, ^=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= / $ s]=hL= Do'/]6 ckm kf]6f; k|lt/f]kgLsf] b/n] hUuf tof/Lsf] clGtd cj:yfdf k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .

$–% kft] a]gf{ ;fg'{ /fd|f] x'G5 / a]gf{ of] cj:yfdf cfpg ofdcg';f/ @% b]lv #% lbg nfUb5 .


a]gf{ ;f/]sf] !% lbgleq a]gf{ d/]sf] 7fpFdf gofF a]gf{ k'gM ;fg'{kb{5 .

cuf}6] aGbfnfO{ jiff{ofddf /f]Kbf 8\ofËdf $%x$% ;]=ld= sf] km/sdf /f]lkG5 eg] d'Vo ofddf p7]sf] Aof8df ^)x$% ;]=ld= sf] b"/Ldf /f]lkG5 .

^) x $% ;]=ld= $% x $% ;]=ld=


emf/kft lgoGq0f

afnLnfO{ c;/ ug]{ u/L emf/kft a9\g lbg'x'Fb}g .

ykdn

kfgLux'Ft

ux'Ftsf] emf]n -$ efu kfgL;Fu ! efu ux'Ft_ åf/f yk dn b'u{d If]qsf] nflu pQd x'G5 . ux'Ft kfgLsf] emf]nnfO{ !%–!% lbgsf] km/sdf Ps ju{ld6/ If]qkmnsf] nflu ! ln6/sf] b/n] df6f]df xfNg'kb{5 .


/f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ug]{ ePdf @=% s]=hL= o'l/of k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] a]gf{ ;f/]sf] #–$ xKtf / ^–* xKtfdf la?jfsf] jl/kl/ 8f]a agfP/ To;df dn xfn]/ k'/]/ l;FrfO lbg'kb{5 .

l;FrfO

v]tL cjlwel/ df6f]df cfjZos lr:ofg sfod /fVg'kb{5 . t/ aGbfsf] sf]aL afFlwg] ;do a9L ;Dj]bgzLn x'G5 .

xKtf ) ! @ # $ % ^ & * (


l6kfO

xftn] 5fDbf ;fx|f] ePkl5 aGbf l6Kg' pko'Qm x'G5 .


v]tL ug]{ df};ddlxgf


pRr kxf8

dWo kxf8

vf]+r / t/fO{

aLpb/

ufh/ v]tL

dWo kxf8sf] dflyNnf] If]q / pRr kxf8sf] tNnf] If]qdf ufh/sf] v]tL

jif}{el/ ug{ ;lsG5 . #)–$% lbgsf] km/sdf k6s—k6s /f]k]/ cfk"lt{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;lsG5 .

hft Go" s'/f]8f gflG6;

aLpM @))–#)) u|fd k|lt/f]kgLsf] b/n] aLp nfUb5 . u'0f:t/Lo aLpsf] k|of]uaf6 /fd|f] pTkfbg kfpg ;lsG5 .

*


hUufsf] tof/L

!)–!% ;]=ld=

#) ;]=ld=

ulx/f] -! d'9]xft hlt_ vghf]tsf] cfjZostf x'G5 .

aLp /f]Kg] 8\ofªnfO{ df6f] dl;gf] kf/]/ vGg'kb{5 . ;'Vvfofddf Psgf;sf] l;FrfOsf] nflu 8\ofªnfO{ ;Dd kfg'{kb{5 eg] cuf}6] afnL nufpFbf lgsf;sf] k|aGw ldnfpg'kb{5 .


dnvfb

hUufsf] tof/L ubf{ g} /fd|/L kr]sf] k|fËfl/s dn ^) 8f]sf] -sl/j !=% d]= 6g_ k|lt/f]kgLsf] b/n] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .

gkr]sf] k|fËfl/s dnsf] k|of]u / 9'Ëf jf u]u/ ePsf] 7fpFdf w]/} h/f kmf6\b5 .

olb kfOG5 eg] @ s]=hL= o'l/of, $=% s]=hL= / # s]=hL= Do'/]6 ckm kf]6f; k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] hUuf tof/Lsf] clGtd cj:yfdf k|of]u ubf{ /fd|f] pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 .

@ s]=hL= o'l/of $=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= # s]=hL= kf]6f;


aLp /f]Kg'eGbf cufl8 aLpdf a/fa/ afn'jf jf v/fgL ld;fP/ /f]Kbf Psgf;n] emb{5 .

aLp /f]k0f

aLpnfO{ @$ 306f lehfP/ cfwf 306f cufl8 kfgL tx¥ofP/ aLp /f]Kgfn] rfF8} aLp pd|G5 .


la?jf $–% kft] ePkl5 !)–!) ;]=ld= sf] km/sdf la?jf 5f]8]/ c? la?jf pv]n]/ kmfNg'kb{5 .

aLp /f]Kbf $) ;]=ld= km/ssf] xf/df nuftf/ aLp v;fpg'k5{ .

$) ;]=ld=


l;FrfO

ufh/nfO{ lgoldt¿kdf k|z:t l;FrfO cfjZos kb{5 . t/ aLp pd|g] / h/f a9\g] a]nfdf l;FrfOsf] e"ldsf c? dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

emf/kft lgoGq0f

ufh/ v]tL ul/Psf] af/Ldf emf/kft a9\g lbg'x'Fb}g .


yk dn

/f;folgs dn k|of]u ug]{ xf] eg] aLp /f]k]sf] $ / * xKtfk5fl8 !=% s]=hL= o'l/of k|To]sk6s k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] xf/sf] 5]pdf 8f]a vg]/ xfNg'kb{5 . dn xfn]kl5 df6f]n] k'/]/ l;FrfO lbg'kb{5 .

kfgL ux'Ft

$ xKtf * xKtf

ux'Ft kfgL -! efu ux'Ft / $ efu kfgL_ sf] !%–!% lbgsf] km/sdf 5s{+bf ykdnsf] sfd ub{5 . Ps ln6/ ux'Ft kfgLsf] emf]nnfO{ k|lt ju{ld6/ If]qkmn df6f]df xfNg'kb{5 .


afnL l6kfO

h/fdf sf7 k:g'cufl8 jf 8's' lg:sg'eGbf cufl8 g} ufh/ pv]Ng'kb{5 . ;fdfGotofM aLp /f]k]sf] # dlxgfdf ufh/ tof/ x'G5 .


hft ldgf]cnL{ rfnL; lbg] 6f]lsgf;L

nuftf/ l6kfO ug{sf nflu ;fgf]–;fgf] Kn6df #) b]lv $% lbgsf] km/sdf aLp /f]Kg'kb{5 .

d"nf v]tL

v]tL ul/g] ofddlxgf


pRr kxf8

dWo kxf8

vf]+r / t/fO{

d"nf d'VotofM lxpFb]afnL xf] . t/ dWo kxf8sf] dflyNnf] efu / pRr kxf8sf] tNnf] If]qdf jif}{el/ d"nf

v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .

(


$) ;]=ld=

aLpM #)) u|fd k|lt/f]kgL . u'0f:t/Lo aLpsf] k|of]uaf6

/fd|f] pTkfbg kfpg ;lsG5 .

Aof8nfO{ dl;gf] / ;dtn agfpg'k5{ . o;f] ubf{ ;'Vvfofddf Psgf;sf] l;FrfO / jiff{df lgsf;sf] Vofn /fVg'k5{ .

hUufsf] vghf]t ubf{ $) ;]=ld= -sl/j ! xft_ ulx/f] agfpFbf d"nf a9\g] 7fpFsf] df6f] xn'sf x'G5 . d"nf nufpg] hUufdf 8Nnf / 9'Ëf x'g'x'Fb}g .

hUufsf] tof/L

aLpb/


dnvfb

gkr]sf] k|fËfl/s dnsf] k|of]u / hldgdf 9'Ëf jf u]u/ ePdf h/f kmfl6g] ;d:of x'G5 .

hUuf tof/L ubf{ /fd|/L kr]sf] k|fËfl/s dn %) 8f]sf] -sl/j !=@ d]= 6g_ hlt Ps /f]kgLdf k|of]u ug'{k5{ .


!% ;]=ld=

aLp /f]Kg]

xf/af6 xf/sf] b"/L %) ;]=ld= / af]6af6 af]6sf] b"/L !% ;]=ld= sf] km/sdf, k|To]s 8f]adf @ j6f aLp /f]Kg'k5{ .

kl5 la?jf @–# kft] ePkl5 ! dfq x'g] u/L c? pv]Ng'kb{5 .

/f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ug]{ ePdf @ s]=hL= o'l/of, ^=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= / # s]=hL= Do'/]6 ckm kf]6f; k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] hUuf tof/Lsf] clGtd cj:yfdf k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .

@ s]=hL= o'l/of ^=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= # s]=hL= kf]6f;

%) ;]=ld=


ykdn

yk dnsf] ?kdf k|lt ju{ld6/ If]qkmnsf] nflu Ps ln6/ ux'Ft kfgLsf] emf]nnfO{ !%–!% lbgsf] km/sdf df6f]df xfNg'kb{5 .

d"nfnfO{ lg/Gt/ l;FrfO lbP/ df6f] ;'Vvf x'g lbg'x''Fb}g .

l;FrfO

emf/kft lgoGq0f

d"nfaf/Ldf emf/kft a9\g lbg'x'Fb}g .

kfgL ux'Ft


afnL l6kfO

d"nfsf] 8's' cfpg'eGbf cufl8 jf h/f kmf]lS;g'eGbf cufl8 g} pv]Ng'kb{5 .

) ! @ # $xKtf

olb /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ug]{ xf] eg] aLp /f]k]sf] $ xKtfk5fl8 xf/sf] Ps 5]paf6 @=% s]=hL= o'l/of k|lt/f]kgLsf] b/n] k|of]u ug'{k5{ . dn xfn]kl5 df6f]n] k'/]/ l;FrfO lbg'kb{5 .


v]tL ul/g] ofddlxgf


pRr kxf8

aLp

bfgf

dWo kxf8

aLp

bfgf

vf]+r / t/fO{

aLp

bfgf

;'xfpFbf] hftsf] 5gf}6 jf Kofh bfgf -;]6\;\_ /f]Kg] k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/ hf8f]ofd -d+l;/–k';_ df klg Kofh pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .

Kofh v]tL

d'VotM Kofh dWo–kxf8 / vf]+r If]qsf] nflu lxpFb]afnL xf] / r}q–j}zfv dlxgfdf ufgf vlgG5 .

!)


hft /]8 lqmof]n Pg= %# Pu|Lkmfp08 8fs{ /]8M jiff{df v]tL u/]/ hf8f]df afnL lng pko'Qm hft .

g;{/L

;]6\;\sf] pTkfbg ug{ p7]sf] Aof8 g} pko'Qm x'G5 .

a]gf{ pTkfbg ug{ ba]sf] Aof8 k|of]u ul/G5 .


aLp / a]gf{ b/

aLpM ufgfsf] nflu $))–%)) u|fd k|lt/f]kgL

aLpM ;]6\;\sf] nflu #)) u|fd k||lt/f]kgL

bfgf -;]6\;\_M ^)–&) s]=hL= k|lt/f]kgL

;]6\;\sf] tof/L

Ps /f]kgLsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;]6\;\sf] pTkfbg ug{ %) ju{ld6/sf] g;{/Ldf Aof8 /fVg'k5{ .

a]gf{M #$,)))–#%,))) k|lt/f]kgL



w]/} ;fgf] -! ;]=ld= eGbf ;fgf] uf]nfO ePsf]_ / w]/} 7"nf] -#=% ;]=ld= eGbf w]/} uf]nfO ePsf]_ nfO{ 5'6\ofP/ afFsL /x]sf]nfO{ dfq ;]6\;\sf] ?kdf k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

dlxgf cflZjg sflt{s d+l;/ kf}if df3 kmfu'g r}q

Kofhsf] bfgfsf] uf]nfO u'Rrfhqf] -!=)–!=% ;]=ld= Jof;_ ePkl5 kmfu'g dlxgflt/ l;FrfO lbg /f]Sg'k5{ / cfsfzaf6 kg]{ kfgLaf6 ;d]t hf]ufpg'k5{ .

a]gf{ ;'s]kl5 pv]n]/ @–# 3fddf ;'sfpg'k5{ .


@%–#) ;]=ld=

hUufsf] tof/L

@%–#) ;]=ld= ulx/f] vghf]tsf] cfjZos x'G5 .

;]6\;\nfO{ em'Kkf agfP/ kfgLn]] gleHg] t/ xfjf v]Ng] :yfg -h:t} – l;s'jfdf_ e'm08\ofP/ /fVg'k5{ .


a]gf{ /f]k]/ lxpFbdf v]tL ug{ ba]sf] 8\ofË agfP/ /f]Kg'k5{ .

;]6\;\af6 jiff{ofddf v]tL ug{ p7]sf] 8\ofË agfpg'kb{5 .


dnvfb

olb pknAw ePdf !=% s]=hL= o'l/of, $=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= / $ s]=hL= Do'/]6 ckm kf]6f; k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] hUuf tof/Lsf] clGtd cj:yfdf df6f]df ldnfPdf /fd|f] pTkfbg x'G5 .

hUuf tof/Lsf] a]nfdf &% 8f]sf] -sl/a !=* d]= 6g_ k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .

!=% s]=hL= o'l/of $=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= $ s]=hL= kf]6f;


a]gf{ ;fg]{÷;]6\;\ /f]Kg]

&–* kft] cj:yfdf a]gf{ ;fg{ l7Ss x'G5 / of] cj:yfdf cfOk'Ug aLp /f]k]sf] #%–$) lbg nfUb5 .

d'Vo ;dodf a]gf{ ;fbf{ !%x!) ;]=ld=sf] km/sdf ba]sf] Aof8df ;fg'{kb{5 .


;]6\;\nfO{ p7]sf] 8\ofËdf @)x@) ;]=ld= sf] b"/Ldf ;txeGbf l7s tn kg]{u/L /f]Kg'k5{ .

@) ;]=ld=

@) ;]=ld=

!=%–@=% ;]=ld= Aof; -uf]nfO_ ePsf] ;]6\;\nfO{ ufgf pTkfbgsf] nflu / @=%–#=% ;]=ld= xl/of] Kofhsf] nflu /f]Kg' pko'Qm x'G5 .


emf/kft lgoGq0f

ykdn

Kofhsf] uf]8d]n u/]/ emf/kft lgoGq0f ug'{kb{5 / To;f] ubf{ xNsfdfq vGg'k5{ .

kfgL ux'Ft

b'u{d If]qsf] nflu k|lt ju{ld6/ Ps ln6/sf] b/n] !% lbgsf] km/sdf ykdnsf] ¿kdf ux'Ft–kfgLsf] emf]n df6f]df xfNg' pko'Qm x'G5 .


;]6\;\ /f]k]sf] cj:yfdf !=&% s]=hL= o'l/of k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] ;]6\;\ /f]k]sf] # / ^ xKtfk5fl8 xf/sf] 5]paf6 dn lbg'k5{ . dn xfn]kl5 df6f]n] k'/]/ l;FrfO lbg'kb{5 .

xKtf ) ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@ !# !$ !%

xKtf ) ! @ # $ % ^ &

/f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ug]{ ePdf a]gf{ ;f/]sf] $ / !@ xKtfk5fl8 !=&% s]=hL= o'l/of k|To]s k6s xf/sf] 5]pdf s'n];f] agfP/ lbg'kb{5 . dn xfn]kl5 df6f]n] k'/]/ l;FrfO lbg'kb{5 .


ufgf vGg]

l;FrfO

KofhnfO{ l56f] l56f] l;FrfOsf] cfjZostf kb{5, t/ ufgf nfUg] / ufgf a9\g] cj:yfdf eg] a9L ;Dj]bgzLn x'G5 .

d'Vo ;dodf v]tL ubf{ Kofhsf] af]6 9n]kl5 ufgf pv]Ng'kb{5 .

;]6\;\ /f]k]sf] ! dlxgf k5fl8b]lv xl/of] af]6 pv]n]/ t/sf/Lsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .


;'sfpg]

;]6\;\ /f]k]sf] cj:yfdf cfkm}+ af]6 g9n]df sl/a # dlxgfkl5 ufgf vGg'eGbf !–@ xKtfcufl8 af]6 9flnlbg'k5{ .

e08f/0f ug'{eGbf cufl8 ufgfnfO{ 3fddf /fd|/L ;'sfpg'k5{ . ;fgf] 3fF6L ePsf] ufgfsf] e08f/0f Ifdtf df]6f] 3fF6L ePsf] ufgfeGbf a9L x'G5 .


!!wfg v]tL

v]tL ul/g] ofddlxgf


pRr kxf8

dWo kxf8

vf]+r / t/fO{

wfg d'VotM jif]{afnL xf] . tNnf] kxf8 / vf]+rsf] l;l~rt If]qdf r}t] wfg klg nufpg] ul/G5 .

hft pRr kxf8 M 5f]d/f]ª, rGbggfy ! / rGbggfy # dWo kxf8 M v'dn $, v'dn %, v'dn &, v'dn * / v'dn ( vf]+r÷j]+;L M /fwf $ / xlb{gfy ! -dWo kxf8df r}t] wfg_

aLpM Ps /f]kgLsf] nflu @=% s]=hL= aLpsf] cfjZostf k5{ / @% ju{ld6/ If]qkmnsf] g;{/L cfjZostf k5{ .


aLpb/


k'i6 aLp 5fGg] tl/sf

aLpsf] nflu cg'ko'QmaLpsf] nflu pko'Qm

ck'i6 bfgf / kj6fx? t}l/G5g\ / k'i6 bfgfx? lkFwdf y]lu|G5g\ .

y]lu|Psf k'i6 bfgfx?nfO{ g"g kvflng] u/L /fd|f];Fu w'g'k5{ .

g"gkfgLsf] 3f]ndf aLp 8'Ag]u/L vGofpg'k5{ .

! s]=hL= g"gnfO{ ^ ln6/ kfgLdf 3f]Ng] .


Aof8sf] lsl;d

w'n] g;{/L

aLp lehfpg]

aLpnfO{ @$ 306f kfgLdf lehfpg'k5{ .

9fl8Psf]÷leh]sf] aLpnfO{ kfgL tsf{P/ @$ 306f;Dd 6';fpg af]/fdf u'D:ofpg'k5{ .

kxf8df kfgLsf] sdL ePsf] 7fpFdf pko'Qm x'G5 . o:tf] Aof8df d?jf /f]usf] k|sf]k a9L x'G5 .


lxn] g;{/L

emf/sf] k|sf]k sd x'G5 . g;{/Ldf kfgL a9L rflxG5 . aLpnfO{ !=% b]lv #=) ;]=ld= sf] ulx/fOdf /f]Kg'k5{ .

g;{/LnfO{ dlnnf] agfpg chf]nf, tLt]kftL / c;'/f]h:tf j:t' s'xfpg'k5{ .


hUufsf] tof/L

dnvfb

9}+rf nufP/ xf];\ jf cGo xl/of] dn x'g] k|hfltx?, h:t}M c;'/f], lv/f]{, tf/fd08n OToflbsf] k|of]u u/]/ ltgnfO{ /fd|f];Fu lj36g x'g lbg'k5{ .

k|lt/f]kgL v]tdf !@ 8f]sf] -sl/j #)) s]=hL=_sf] b/n] k|fËfl/s dnsf] k|of]u ug{'kb{5 .

/f]kfOF ug'{eGbf sDtLdf @ xKtfcufl8 g} sfGnf v's{g], cfnL nufpg] / d';fsf Kjfnsf] dd{t ug]{h:tf sfo{x? ug'{k5{ .

ux|fdf kfgL hdfP/ emf/kft s'xfpg'kb{5 .


$=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL @=% s]=hL= kf]6f;

olb /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ug]{ ePdf lxNofO;s]kl5 $=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= / @=% s]=hL= Do'/]6 ckm kf]6f; k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

a"9f] a]gf{ @)–@% lbgsf] -^ kft] _ a]gf{

#) lbgeGbf a9L l5lKkPsf] a]gf{ ;fg'{x'F+b}g .

a]gf{ ;fg]{


kfgL Joj:yfkg

kfgLsf] ;tx

xKtf

a]gf{ ;f/]sf] @ xKtf;Dd l5kl5k] / To;kl5 !^ xKtf;Dddf %–& ;]=ld= kfgL /fVg'k5{ / To;kl5 ;'sfpFbf x'G5 .

@) ;]=ld= @–# ;]=ld= ulx/f]

Pp6f ufFhsf] nflu # j6feGbf w]/} a]gf{ ;fg'{ kb{}g . @–# ;]=ld= sf] ulx/fOdf a]gf{sf] /f]kfOF ug'{k5{ .

! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@ !# !$ !$ !^ !& !* !( @)

kfgLsf] ulx/fO

#–% ;]=ld= %–& ;]=ld= v]tnfO{ ;'Vvf kfg]{

@) ;]=ld=


emf/kft lgoGq0f

wfgsf] slnnf] cj:yfdf emf/kft a9]df w]/} gf]S;fgL u5{ .

ykdn

) ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !)xKtf

wfg /f]Kg]

olb /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ug]{ ePdf k|To]s k6s )=%–)=&% s]=hL= o'l/of k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] ufFh xfNg] a]nfdf / wfg kf]6fPsf] cj:yfdf k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .

ufFh xfNg] cj:yf kf]6fpg] cj:yf


afnL s6fO

aLpsf] 5gf}6

:j:y, alnof / hftLo u'0f ePsf af]6x? klxnf] uf]8fOb]lv g} 5fg]/ afnL sf6\g'eGbf l7s cufl8 kSsf ug'{kb{5 . aLpsf] nflu 5flgPsf af]6x?nfO{ 5'6[} sf6]/ / ;kmf;''U3/ u/L csf]{ jif{sf] nflu aLpsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 .

*) b]lv () k|ltzt bfgf kx]+lnPkl5 wfg sf6\bf u]8f emg]{ ;d:of x'Fb}g .


aLp /fVg] efF8f]

aLpnfO{ 3fddf /fd|/L ;'sfP/ aLp /fVg] efF8f] jf lr:ofg gl5g]{ af]/fdf xfn]/ yGSofpg'k5{ .


!@

aLpM ! b]lv !=% s]=hL= k|lt/f]kgL u'0f:t/Lo aLpsf] k|of]uaf6 /fd|f] pTkfbg kfpg ;lsG5 .

aLpb/

ds} v]tL

nufpg] ;dodlxgf


pRr kxf8

dWo kxf8

vf]+r / t/fO{

hft pRr kxf8L If]q M u0f]z dWo kxf8L If]q M dgsfdgf !, dgsfdgf #, b]ptL, ZfLtnf, kf]lifnf] ds} ! j]+;L tyf vf]+r / gbL lsgf/ M /fdk'/ sDkf]lh6, c?0f @


hldgsf] tof/L

sl/j @) ;]=ld= ulx/f] x'g] u/]/ 7f8f] xnf]n] hf]Tg] .

k|fËfl/s dnnfO{ ;"o{sf] k|sfzdf v'Nnf g5f]8\g] jf y'k|f] kf/]/ ux|fdf nfdf] ;do;Dd g/fVg] .

ux|fdf dn 5/]kl5 ;f]xL lbg hf]t]/ k'g'{k5{ .


uf]7]dn tyf ljsf;] dnsf] dfqf

pknAw ePdf % s]=hL= o'l/of, # s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= / @=% s]=hL= Do'/]6 ckm kf]6f; klg xfNg] .

% s]=hL= o'l/of # s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= @=% s]=hL= kf]6f;

v]tL ug]{ hldgdf k|lt/f]kgL #%–$) 8f]sf] dn xfNg] .


aLp lehfpg] -k|fOldË_

aLpnfO{ * 306f kfgLdf lehfpg] . To;kl5 aLpnfO{ 5xf/Ldf cv|fpg] .

aLp /f]Kg]

% ;]=ld= ulx/f]

aLpnfO{ % ;]=ld= df6f]n] k'l/g] u/L l;of]df /f]Kg] . /fd|f] pdf/sf] nflu df6f]df kof{Ktdfqfdf lr;f]kgf x'g'kb{5 / lehfP/ /f]k]sf]

cj:yfdf k|z:t lr:ofg cfjZos x'G5 .


aLp /f]Kg] xft] d]l;g k|of]u u/]df aLpsf] ;b'kof]u x'g'sf ;fy} Psgf;n] pdf/ kfpg ;lsG5 .

Ps af]6 ds} nufP/ cGt/afnL gnufpg] ePdf &% ;]=ld= xf/sf] b"/L / @% ;]=ld= af]6sf] b"/L /fVg'kb{5 .

@% ;]=ld= &% ;]=ld=


b'O{ af]6 ds} Ps} 7fpFdf / ldl>t afnL nufpg] ePdf xf/sf] b"/L !)) ;]=ld= / af]6sf] b"/L %) ;]=ld= /fVg'kb{5 .

%) ;]=ld= !)) ;]=ld=

ds} afnLleq ldl>tafnLsf] ?kdf sf];]afnL nufot cGo afnLx? -cb'jf, uf]ne]+8f, sfpnL, aGbf, d"nf, e06f h:tf afnLx?_ klg nufpg ;lsG5 . o;/L ldl>tafnL nufpFbf kf]ifs–tTjx?sf] /fd|f] Joj:yfkg ug{'kb{5 .


uf]8d]n

ds}nfO{ b'O{rf]l6 ps]/f lbg'kb{5 . klxnf] ps]/f aLp pd|]sf] b'O{ xKtfkl5 / bf];|f] af]6 3'F8f;Dd cfPkl5 lbg'kb{5 .

xKtf ) ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !)

ds}sf] la?jf 3F'8f;Dd cfPkl5 bf];|f]k6s ps]/f lbg'k5{ / pknAw 5 eg] @ s]=hL= o'l/of dn k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] xfNg' a]; x'G5 .

�0�s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw

ds} efFRg]

ds}sf] 3f]uf ;'s]kl5 efFRbf x'G5, ;Dk"0f{ af]6 ;'s'Gh]n;Dd s'g{'kb}{g . kfgL gk/]sf] a]nfdf ds} efFRg'kb{5 .

ds}sf] 3f]ufnfO{ /fd|f];Fu ;'sfP/ dfq e08f/0f ug'{k5{ .

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw�0�

aLpsf] 5gf}6

3f]ufsf] 6'Kkf] / k]mb Ps Ps efu 5f8L aLrsf] @ efusf] bfgfdfq aLpsf] nflu k|of]u ug{'kb{5 .

aLpsf] lglDt pko'Qm la?jfsf] klxrfg ubf{ l7Sssf] prfO, 7"nf] 3f]ufsf] cfsf/ ePsf], 3f]ufaLrsf] cfFVnfdf nfu]sf], vf]]:6fn] /fd|/L 5f]k]sf] tyf s'g} k|sf/sf] /f]u gnfu]sf] :j:Yf af]6 5gf}6 ug{'kb{5 .

aLpsf] nflu ds} /f]Kbf pGgt / :yfgLo hftnfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf gnufO{ 5'§} /f]Kg'kb{5 .


v]tL ul/g] ofddlxgf


pRr kxf8

dWo kxf8

vf]+r / t/fO{

!#ux'F v]tL

ux'F Ps lxpFb] afnL xf] .

hft pRr kxf8 M 8An'=s]= !@)$, kf;fªNxfd', cGgk"0f{ !, cGgk"0f{ # dWo kxf8 M 8An'=s]= !@)$, kf;fªNxfd'', cGgk"0f{ #, cGgk"0f{ $ tNnf] kxf8 M aL=Pn= !$&#, aL=Pn= !!#%, e[s'6L, uf}td

aLpb/

lgVnf] afnLsf] nflu ^ s]=hL= aLp k|lt/f]kgL cfjZos k5{ . u'0f:t/Lo aLpsf] k|of]uaf6 /fd|f] pTkfbg kfpg ;lsG5 .


hUufsf] tof/L

ldl>t afnL nufpFbf % s]=hL= ux'Fsf] aLp;Fu @ s]=hL= s]/fp jf @%) u|fd tf]/L k|lt/f]kgL /f]Kg'kb{5 .

df6f]sf] ulx/fOcg';f/ @)–#) ;]=ld= ulx/f] x'g] u/L hf]Tg'k5{ .

@)–#) ;]=ld=


@–# k6s hf]t]/ df6f] dl;gf] kfg{ ;lsG5 .

lr:ofg hf]ufpgsf] nflu k|To]s hf]tfOk5fl8 k6fxf÷xNn'8 nufpg'k5{ .


dnvfb

/fd|/L kr]sf] k|fª\ufl/s dn #) 8f]sf] -sl/a &%) s]=hL=_ k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .

/f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ux'Fdf a9L k|rlnt 5 . # s]=hL= o'l/of, %=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= / !=% s]=hL= Do'/]6 ckm kf]6f; k|lt/f]kgLsf b/n] clGtd hf]tfOsf] a]nf k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .

# s]=hL= o'l/of %=% s]=hL= 8L=P=kL= !=% s]=hL= kf]6f;


aLp lehfpg]

aLp lehfP/ /f]Kbf a9L pTkfbg x'G5 t/ lehfPsf] aLp /f]Kbf hldgdf k|z:t lr:ofg eg] x'g'kb{5 .

aLpnfO{ %–^ ;]=ld= ulx/f]df -r'/f]6sf] nDafOhlt_ /f]Kg'kb{5 .

% b]lv ^ ;]=ld= ulx/f]

aLp /f]Kg]

aLpnfO{ !^ 306f lehfpg'k5{ . To;kl5 aLpnfO{ 5xf/Ldf @ 306f cv|fpg'k5{ .


@) ;]=ld=

kxf8df ;lhnf]sf] nflu ux'F 5g]{ rng k|rlnt 5 . nfOgdf nufpFbf xf/b]lv xf/sf] b"/L @) ;]=ld= /fvL aLpnfO{ xf/df nuftf/ v;fpg'k5{ .

aLp 5/]kl5 ln8"Nsf] nufpg'kb{5 .


ldl>t afnL

ldl>t–afnLsf] ?kdf s]/fp a9L pko'Qm ePklg tf]/L klg ;kmntfk"j{s nufOG5 . o;f] ubf{ @ xf/ ux'Fsf] aLrdf ! xf/ s]/fp nufpg'k5{ .

l;FrfO Joj:yfkg

l;+rfO k|fyldstf

xKtf ) ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@ !$ !% !^ !& !*

klxnf] kfFrf} bf];|f] rf}yf] t];|f]

aLp /f]Kg] d's'6 h/f cfpg ;'? x'g] cj:yf

k;fpg] cj:yf

b"w k:g] cj:yf

bfgf l5lKkg] cj:yf

ufFlhg] cj:yf

olb l;FrfOsf] Joj:yf 5 eg] dfly pNn]lvt k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df l;FrfO lbg'k5{ .

d's'6 h/f cfpg] cj:yf, k;fpg] cj:yf / bfgf l5lKkg] cj:yfsf] l;FrfO a9L dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

cl;l~rt cj:yfdf rfF8f] kfSg] / ulx/f] h/f hfg] hftx? nufP/ 5fkf] lbg'k5{ .

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw��0

emf/kft pv]Ng] sfo{ aLp /f]k]sf] $) lbgk5fl8 jf #–$ kft] cj:yfdf ug'{k5{ .

emf/kft lgoGq0f

sl/a PsltxfO pTkfbg emf/kftsf] c;/n] dfq 36\g ;Sg] x'Fbf emf/kft lgoGq0fdf ljz]if rgfvf] x'g'k5{ .


afnL sf6\g]

em08]kft kx]+lnPkl5 afnL sf6\g'k5{, jf ha bfFtn] 6f]Sbf u]8f 6'qmG5 ta sf6\g'kb{5 .


aLpsf] 5gf}6

sf6]kl5 @–# lbg ;'sfP/ afnL r'6\g'kb{5 .

aLpsf] nflu nufOPsf] ux|faf6 /f]uL / a]9ª\usf -cUnf jf xf]rf_ af]6x?nfO{ pv]n]/ kmfNg'k5{ .


;Gbe{–;fdu|L

hf]zL, dfwj / s[i0f/fh /]UdL -@)$(_, k|lzIfs Dofg'onM ux'F, s[lif ljefu, s]Gb|Lo s[lif tflnd s]Gb|, xl/x/ejg, k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/

t/sf/L ljsf; dxfzfvf -@)%@_, g]kfndf t/sf/L v]tL, s[lif ljefu, t/sf/L ljsf; dxfzfvf, v'dn6f/, nlntk'/

g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\af6 k|sflzt ljleGg s[lif k|;f/ ;fdu|Lx¿ tyf uf]i7Lsf k|ltj]bgx¿

k'g, nId0f / ab|Lljzfn sdf{rfo{ -@)%& ;+zf]lwt k|sfzg_, k|lzIfs Dofg'onM t/sf/L afnL, s[lif ljefu s]Gb|Lo s[lif tflnd s]Gb|, xl/x/ejg, k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/

a:g]t, ef]nfdfgl;+x / dfwj hf]zL -@)%) ;+zf]lwt ;+:s/0f_, k|lzIfs Dofg'onM wfg, s[lif ljefu, s]Gb|Lo s[lif tflnd s]Gb|, xl/x/ejg, k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/

z]/rg, lszf]/ / s[i0f/fh /]UdL -@)$(_, k|lzIfs Dofg'onM ds}, s[lif ljefu, s[lif tflnd s]Gb|, xl/x/ejg, k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/




Documents

s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf gk] fnsf k|dv' t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg ......s[ifs ;xof]uL k'l:tsf M g]kfnsf k|d'v t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL v]tL k|ljlw cfwf efu rfn]sf] hª\unsf] df6f] y}nfsf] nflu