John Levasseur Springfield Central High School 2009
Slide 3
Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis. Know these
structures: Thylakoid, Granum, Stroma Mitochondria are the site of
cellular respiration, Know these structures: Outer and Inner
Membranes, Matrix
Slide 4
Photosynthesis is a process in which light energy is
transformed into chemical energy (carbohydrates). The two entities
needed as reactants in photosynthesis are carbon dioxide, (CO 2 )
and water, (H 2 O); while the two products of this reaction are
glucose, (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) and oxygen, (O 2 ). Light is also an
entity needed as an energy source. The total balanced chemical
reaction of photosynthesis is: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O >>> Light
>>> C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Photosynthesis produces sugar and
oxygen from light, water and carbon-dioxide. Flash on
Photosynthesis Light Capturing Photosynthesis Animation Calvin
Cycle
Slide 5
The Light Reactions Take place in the thalykoid of
chloroplasts. Photosytem II uses light energy to splits water
releasing the O 2 while using the H + ions to produce ATP
Photosystem I uses light energy to produce NADPH Here we see the H
+ ions diffusing out of the thalykoid through The NADPH and ATP are
used in the Calvin Cycle The Calvin Cycle takes place in the stroma
of the chloroplasts. Carbon from CO 2 is fixed to RuBP by the
enzyme RuBisCO to produce an organic molecule. ATP and NADPH are
used to reduce or energize the carbon molecule producing G3P. Some
G3P can go on to make glucose. Most of the G3P is rejuvenated by
ATP back into BuBP. Light Reaction Animation Calvin Cycle
Animation
Slide 6
Cellular Respiration is the transfer of energy from energy
storing organic molecules, such as carbohydrates, into available
energy molecules, (ATP). Cellular Respiration Respiration takes
place in the mitochondria. The basic chemical formula for cellular
respiration: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 +6H 2 O+ATP Cellular
Respiration has three stages: Glycolysis The Krebs Cycle The
Electron Transport Chain
Slide 7
Adenosine Triphosphate, (ATP) is the ultimate end product of
cellular reparation. 38 ATP molecules are made from every molecule
of glucose ATP is the form of chemical energy that cells actually
use. In cellular reparation the energy in the chemical bonds of
glucose is transferred to energy in the bonds of ATP. ADP is
converted to ATP by the addition of energy and a phosphate
group
Slide 8
The first step in cellular respiration is glycolysis.
Glycolysis means, sugar split. The reactant of glycolysis is
glucose. Glycolysis is a series of 10 chemical reactions. These
reactions take place in the cytosol of the cell. The products of
glycolysis are pyruvate, NADH, and ATP. Animated Glycolysis How
Glycolysis Works How NADH Works
Slide 9
The Citric Acid cycle prepares chemicals for the production of
ATP If oxygen is present in the cell, the pyruvate molecules that
were produced by glycolysis enters another series of chemical
reactions called the Krebs cycle. The pyruvate molecule moves, from
the cytosol, across the mitochondrions outer membrane through small
pores. It then enters the mitochondrion matrix via active
transport. There, pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA
is the molecule that starts the Krebs cycle. The products of the
Krebs cycle are carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH 2, and GTP. GTP is
converted to ATP. Citric Acid animation How the Krebs Cycle Works 1
How the Krebs Cycle Works 2
Slide 10
Step 1: Proton gradient is built up as a result of NADH
(produced from oxidation reactions) feeding electrons into electron
transport system.
http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/ATPmito.ht ml Key
points: 1.Protons are translocated across the membrane, from the
matrix to the intermembrane space 2.Electrons are transported along
the membrane, through a series of protein carriers 3.Oxygen is the
terminal electron acceptor, combining with electrons and H + ions
to produce water 4.As NADH delivers more H + and electrons into the
ETS, the proton gradient increases, with H + building up outside
the inner mitochondrial membrane, and OH - inside the membrane. The
diagram above illustrates a mitochondrion. In the animation,
(right) watch as NADH transfers H + ions and electrons into the
electron transport system. Animation
Slide 11
Step 2: Protons (indicated by + charge) enter back into the
mitochondrial matrix through channels in ATP synthase enzyme
complex. This entry is coupled to ATP synthesis from ADP and
phosphate (P i ) Key points: 1.Protons are translocated across the
membrane, from the matrix to the intermembrane space, as a result
of electron transport resulting from the formation of NADH by
oxidation reactions. The continued buildup of these protons creates
a proton gradient. 2.ATP synthase is a large protein complex with a
proton channel that allows re-entry of protons. 3.ATP synthesis is
driven by the resulting current of protons flowing through the
membrane: ADP + P i ---> ATP Watch as H + ions accumulate in the
outer mitochondrial compartment whenever NADH is made from
oxidation reactions, generating a proton gradient (left image).
Protons re-enter the cell through the ATP synthase complex,
generating ATP (right image).
http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/ATPmito.ht ml
Slide 12
NADH and FADH 2 carry protons (H + ) and electrons (e - ) to
the electron transport chain located in the membrane. The energy
from the transfer of electrons along the chain transports protons
across the membrane and creates an electrochemical gradient or
proton motive force. At the end of the electron transport system,
two protons, two electrons, and half of an oxygen molecule combine
to form water. As the accumulating protons follow the
electrochemical gradient back across the membrane through an ATP
synthase complex, the movement of the protons (proton motive force)
provides energy for synthesizing ATP from ADP and phosphate. Lets
see that first animation again
Slide 13
1.) How does our body break down our food intake to provide us
with sufficient energy to live? 2.) What is cellular respiration?
3.) What role does oxygen play in cellular respiration? 4.) What
does ATP have to do with cellular respiration? 5.) What happens
during glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and the Electron Transport
Chain? 6.) What are the reactants and products of each process? 7.)
How do plants use sunlight to produce sugar? 8.) What is
photosynthesis? 9.) What are the processes involved in
photosynthesis? 10.) What is the site of photosynthesis? 11.) What
are the products and reactants of photosynthesis?