John Mascaro’sPhoto Quiz · selected, you will receive full credit. All photos submitted will become property of SportsTurf magazine and the Sports Turf Managers Association. Answers

SportsTurf 31www.stma.org

John Mascaro’s Photo Quiz

If you would like to submit a photograph for John Mascaro’s Photo Quiz please send it to John Mascaro, 1471 CapitalCircle NW, Ste # 13, Tallahassee, FL 32303 call (850) 580-4026 or email to [email protected]. If your photograph isselected, you will receive full credit. All photos submitted will become property of SportsTurf magazine and the SportsTurf Managers Association.

Answers from page 17

To be honest with you, the reason why the Poa Annua was only growing inthe former paint lines on this university soccer field was a mystery to mewhen I first saw it. I knew it had to do with the paint as the entire dormant

bermudagrass field was void of any Poa Annua with the exception of the formerpaint lines. After thinking about why this might occur, I guessed that the fieldmight have been treated with a pre-emergence herbicide and the paint hadprotected the Poa Annua seeds that had fallen there during the previous sea-son and been covered with paint. After the soccer season was over, the paintwas allowed to degrade, and the Poa Annua seeds were exposed to the air,sunlight and water. Also by the time the paint had degraded, the pre-emer-gence herbicide had lost its efficacy and the Poa Annua was able to grow inthe previously painted areas. After asking the sports turf manager for the uni-versity if a pre-emergence had been applied to the field, he confirmed my theo-ry. This illustrates how well a good pre-emergence program works on PoaAnnua prevention on bermudagrass in the South.

Thanks to Robert Sample, Director of Sports Turf and Grounds at theUniversity of Central Florida in Orlando, FL for allowing me to take this photo.

32 SportsTurf | April 2010 www.sportsturfonline.com

GROUNDS MANAGEMENT is a delicate balanceof managed timelines, limit-ed resources and quality per-formance. The more a sport

facility is used, the higher the expecta-tions of the players, coaches, fans andfinancial supporters. Uncertain econom-ic conditions, extreme weather or justplain bad luck challenge all of us. Weadapt and survive by learning to domore with less.

Imagine this scenario; you are plan-ning a renovation project. Traditionally,you have always done this kind of workin-house. This job is a little bit different.You must complete it quickly and whilethere is adequate funding, this is a highprofile assignment. In order to completethe mission successfully (to specification,on-time, and on-budget), requires thatyou use specialized equipment (whichyou do not own). Purchasing newmachinery is out of the question at thistime. Renting or borrowing is not anoption either. Besides that, you areunder staffed, overtime pay is discour-aged, and the routine work still has toget done. What to do!

Outsourcing certain grounds mainte-nance tasks to outside contractors is atool that can give a manager an oppor-tunity to save money, meet goals andprovide timely service. Like many other

aspects of grounds management, thismay not be for everyone; how and whenyou use it depends upon your specificcircumstances.

The traditional in-house groundsdepartment business model allows agrounds manager maximum flexibilityand control. Tactical decisions such aswhen to mow or irrigate can be madequickly. Most in-house groundskeepingdepartments perform the basic groundsmaintenance functions at their sites. Themore sophisticated grounds operationsare often capable of specialties such asarboriculture, fine horticulture, pesticideand nutrient application, earthworksand hardscaping to name a few. Butover time, circumstances change andsavvy grounds managers periodicallyreview their strategic plans to eliminateproblems, save money or improveresults. Some grounds managers lookbeyond their organizations for solutions.

WHAT ARE ADVANTAGES?What advantages are there to out-

sourcing? You can continue to focus onwork you do best (your brand). Manymanagers find that it simplifies opera-tions because it reduces the investmentin dedicated equipment, talent or tech-nology for projects that are not part oftheir routine. You share risk by collabo-rating with a specialized company thus,

A GUIDEto outsourcing groundsmanagement services

helping to ensure the best results. For example, manygrounds managers frequently contract out tree workor fertilizer and pesticide applications because theservice provider possesses specific equipment, knowl-edge, licenses and experience. In addition, the con-tractor can save their client time by sourcing materialsand because of their greater buying power, often theycan pass along a cost savings.

Sounds great, doesn’t it? But beware; there aresome disadvantages you need to think about. First,you could become preoccupied with the contractadministration, causing you to neglect other responsi-bilities. Second, your contractor could become dis-tracted with other projects, resulting in poor servicefor you. Third, some managers have reported thattheir service provider changed their key personnel,were sold or went out of business in mid-project.Perhaps the biggest risk of all is the effect outsourcingwill have on your valued staff. Think about how yourteam will feel if you contract out the work that yourpeople enjoy and take pride in. Overcoming resent-ment and rebuilding trust takes a long time, and maynever be completely restored.

Facility&Operations | By Don Savard, CSFM, CGM

If you know your costs and have goodspecifications you will be able to makeinformed decisions whether outsourcingwill work for you or not.

Don Savard, CSFM, CGM


Many operations outsource groundsmaintenance services as a way to save money.To find out if outsourcing would be costeffective for your organization, you mustconduct a thorough cost analysis. Examineall of the costs involved of performing thework in-house. This would include equip-ment costs (purchase, depreciation, interest,repairs, taxes and insurance), direct costs(fuel, transportation, storage, licensing andpermits, costs of labor) and indirect costs(training, overhead, benefits etc). Add to thisopportunity cost (the cost of performing atask compared to doing other tasks of greateror lesser importance). Compare these withthe costs of the contract (be sure that yourmetrics are the same as the contractor’s). Bydoing your homework, it will be clearwhether or not it is cheaper to do the workin–house versus contracting the work out.

FINDING QUALITYThe best way to find qualified contrac-

tors is by networking with people in yourlocal STMA chapter, state turfgrass, nurseryor landscape associations. Don’t rule outservice organizations and even the localChamber of Commerce as contact sourcesfor capable and professional serviceproviders. If you are required to seek com-petitive bids, be sure that your bid docu-ments clearly specify what contractor quali-fications you require. Referrals from theowners sometimes can be helpful, but becareful. Their relationship (family, friend orbenefactor) with the owner could jeopardizeyour position if there are conflicts.

We’ve all heard tales of road builders con-structing sports fields that fail. Instead, seekout experienced contractors who specialize inthe type of work you are trying accomplish.Do they have the right equipment in goodworking order, a stable and experiencedworkforce, appropriate licenses, insuranceand a business philosophy similar to yourown? Check references and visit sites wherethey have completed work.

The best way to begin the outsourcingrelationship is by being well prepared. Youwill be in the strongest position if you knowwhat you are doing. Provide clear, correct,concise, complete and consistent specifica-

tions. During contract negotiations, substitu-tions might be proposed. Know what youcan and cannot accept. Use written contractsand change orders because they protect bothparties. Once the contract begins, communi-cate directly with a designated contact per-

son and avoid the temptation to microman-age. Most importantly, remember thatprompt payments and being reasonable canmove mountains for you.

The take-home message here is that out-sourcing grounds maintenance services is a

tool. If you know your costs and have goodspecifications you will be able to makeinformed decisions whether outsourcing willwork for you or not. Above all, always sur-round yourself with good people, treat themwell and communicate effectively. ■

Don Savard, CSFM, CGM is the AthleticFacilities and Grounds Manager for theSalesianum School in Wilmington, DE and isthe President of the Sports Field ManagersAssociation of New Jersey.

Outsourcing is a tool that can givea manager an opportunity to savemoney, meet goals and providetimely service.


IWORK FOR A SMALL

UNIVERSITY in Central Floridawhere I have been employed foralmost 10 years. Some of you mayhave heard of Stetson University in

DeLand; we have won the STMA CollegeSoftball Field of the Year for the past 2years. I am the Field MaintenanceTech/Turf manager for the field. Beforeworking at the complex, I was the groundscoordinator for the entire 180-acre campus.Over the past 41 years of work, including25 years with the fire department, I haveowned both a foliage nursery and a lawncare business. I grew up in Florida, playedsports and spent many hours outdoors.

This magazine asked me what the mostimportant piece of clothing is that I put on

before going to work each day. Just as wedon personal protection equipment ( PPE)such as masks, protective suits, rubbergloves, and breathing protection before weapply herbicides and other pesticides andsafety glasses, ear plugs and gloves beforeoperating some of our equipment, those ofus who work outside must also protect our-selves from the sun.

Experts recommend hats with 2-3 inchbrims or larger; those with UV protectionare even a more effective option. Derma-tologists and the American Cancer Societysuggest that ball caps do not offer enoughprotection since the tops of the ears, nose,and neck are highly susceptible to the sun.

There are many types of clothing on themarket today including both pants and

Field of the Year winner attests to sun’s dangers

shirts that offer some type of ultraviolet B rays(UVB) protection rating from 15 to 50 (UPF)ultraviolet protection factor. The higher the num-ber is, the greater the protection. Darker colorsoffer more protection than lighter colors. Manylarger department stores offer this line of clothing,as well as some of the large sporting goods storesand retailers of outdoor clothing. Protective gearof this type can be expensive, but it wears well,and certainly helps to protect us.

Sunglasses are a very important part of ourattire since we spend most of our time outdoors indaylight hours. Look for sunglasses that give bothUVA and UVB protection from 99-100%.Sunglasses should have a listing of UV400(400nm is the wavelength of UVA radiation.) Allsunglasses block UVB radiation. Excessive expo-sure to the sun’s rays unprotected can causecataracts later in life. If you are blue-eyed like Iam, your eyes will be even more light sensitive.Regardless of whether or not the sun is often visi-ble where you live UV rays are still there. UV raysat their peak are found in high altitudes, snow-covered landscapes, or bodies of water.

I know that some of you are reading this won-dering, what is the most important piece of cloth-ing I wear to work? While all the items mentionedabove are very important, the thing I put on thatis most important to me is not clothing but SUN-SCREEN. The UV rays given off from the suncan be beneficial by giving us vitamin D whichhelps strengthen bone, and teeth, and aids in theprevention of Ricketts and colon cancer.

Unfortunately, the rays are invisible and we caneasily absorb too many, too fast. Sunscreen with aminimum rating of SPF 15 is recommended bythe American Cancer Society. Sunscreen can fightthe early signs of skin cancer, and yes ladies, helpprevent wrinkles from too much sun exposure.You are 12 times more likely to develop solar ker-atoses (SKs) skin damage when not using sun-screen. The peak hours of the sun which are from10am-2pm are 10 times more damaging than anyother time of the day.

Facility&Operations | By George Marshall

Look for sunglassesthat give both UVAand UVB protectionfrom 99-100%.

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A rule of thumb is that if your shadow is longer than you, UVexposure is low, or if your shadow is shorter that you, UV exposure ishigh. I know that in our line of work we can not change the hourswe’re exposed to the peak time of UV rays, but we can change the pro-tection we use.

I remember as a young person camping on the beach with the BoyScouts. We had a beautiful full moon that night, with the most beauti-ful blue sky you have ever seen the next day. We fished and swam allday and had a great time not to mention the fish we caught and ateright there on the beach. I also remember the terrible sunburn I had,the trouble standing up because of the pain in my legs, not being ableto wear clothes, and the pain while my mother rubbed me down withlotion for days. That was not the only sunburn I’ve had, or the prob-lems sun exposure has given me since.

The dermatologists and cancer societies report that most of oursun damage occurs before our 18th birthday. It just happens to showup later in life and the older we get, the more problems we have.However this is not true in all cases, as melanoma cases are on therise in young people.

I tell you this from experience; I have used topical creams to burnoff sun damage on my arms. I have had basil cell cancer cut off myface, and had cancer frozen from my arms, shoulder, and legs. I havehad squamous cell cancer removed from my nose by Moh’s surgeryand the skin grafted from my ear to my nose. (I can hear my food

now, ha, ha). Trust me, you do not want those 18 injections in yournose required by that procedure. I tell you this because of themelanoma I had removed from my temple this year and the 3 ½-inchscar reminding me each day to put on the sunscreen. I tell you thesethings because it matters.

There are three types of skin cancer, all that I have mentioned. TheCenter for Disease Control (CDC) statistics from 2005 show that54,000 people had melanoma cancer, and 8,345 people died from itthat year. The largest population was Caucasian, but Hispanics, blacks,and Asians were also affected. They also say 1 in 5 people will developskin cancer sometime during their life. Some newer statistics say 9,000died from melanoma in 2009. As supervisors, employers, directors andforeman we should use sunscreen and preach to our employees aboutthe importance of using it. Sunscreen comes in many forms such aslotions, creams, wipes, and sprays. Maybe sunscreen should be provid-ed by management much as ear plugs, eye protection, and gloves are.At Stetson we use a wall mounted 2 liter refillable dispenser that Icould tell you more about. Do yourself a favor, slap on the lotion andcover up with proper clothing. It may be expensive at first, but so is aplastic surgeon. ■

Please forward comments and questions to [email protected] would love to hear from you.

See more from George Marshall of Stetson University on page 38.

www.sportsturfonline.com

Tools&Equipment

36 SportsTurf | April 2010

Following up a conversation at theSTMA Conference, we emailed JasonSentell, business development man-

ager for STEC, Inc. about the new companyled by owner David Taylor.

SportsTurf: How does your businessmodel differ from other equipment manu-facturers’?

Sentell: First, we run a “lean” operation.We prefer to deal direct with many of ourcustomers, instead of distributing througha dealer network. We do have dealers andindependent reps, but we choose to notdistribute through the larger equipmentand tractor “houses.”

When you deal direct, there is not a longchain of people for information to becomemisinformation. As the factory, we areaccountable for how our machines areadvertised; we state what they can do andthen stand behind it. Also, we cut out themiddleman. We only employ multi-talentedpeople, a theory of more output with lessinput, and this greatly reduces overhead. Wecan maintain larger stocking levels and ulti-mately pass savings to the customer.

Secondly, we stick to the model wehave set. We only deal in equipment that isspecialized. If we cannot start with at least33% market share, we have no business init. We want to be pioneers and trend set-ters, not copycats. We are a specializedequipment company and that is what westick to.

Lastly, we make everyone here accessi-ble, even the owner. Our customers canspeak with whoever they need to in orderto get their questions answered and prob-lems solved. We treat all customers equally,from major league teams to municipalgroundskeepers.

ST: How does the process work when acustomer comes to you asking for cus-tomized equipment?

Sentell: With any customized equip-ment comes a customized situation. Wehave no set process, other than that we areextremely receptive to the needs of the

customer and have a very hands onapproach. We try to factor in all thingsbefore we produce equipment, but fromtime to time there are those who have avery specific need. When this happens, wecan either fabricate here, or help coachthem through what they can do. However, itisn’t always an extra piece of metal that thecustomer needs. Many times they need flex-ibility or customization in other areas, likepurchasing.

ST: Give some examples of the differenttypes of equipment that STEC has

available and possible customizable fea-tures for them.

Sentell: Since We DO NOT have mowersor aerators. We DO have specializeddrainage equipment, trenchers, dethatchers,sand injectors, surface strippers, stone burri-er tillers, seeders, self-loading topdressers,and laser graders. We really like two phras-es: “one pass” and “modular.”

Most all of our machines have optionsthat can be added, depending on need. Wewant to give you the choice to only pay forthe features you need, but have as manyadd on features as possible. Usually we cus-tom order machines set up to your require-ments. We want to have equipment that noone else has, with every option you canthink of. ■

SCARBROUGH’S NEW FIRM INTRODUCES SILI-CAL SS

BLEC USA TO STEC: NEW NAME,SAME PHILOSOPHY

SILI-CAL SS (Super Soluble), a new for-mulation designed to enhance turfresilience and upright growth, is nowbeing offered through Silico Turf LLC. Thecompany was launched this year by long-time turf industry marketer ShereeScarbrough to fill the need for silicon-based supplements for sports turf, golfgreens and fairways.

“The new SS formulation has beenimproved so that the pellets dissolvemuch more rapidly,” said Scarbrough.“We’re using a silicon source that is quitesimply the most soluble form in the mar-ket. That means more is available to theplant more quickly. Our customers willreally notice a big difference.”

Scarbrough was most recently withExcell Minerals where she spearheadedintroduction of another silicon-basedproduct and gained experience in boththe production and distribution aspectsof that segment. Prior to that, she wassales and marketing manager forEarthWorks, Inc., and held other sales posi-tions in turf distribution in Ohio.

“I’m delighted to be aligned withsomeone as energetic and experienced asSheree to put our products into the handsof turf managers around the country,”

said Mark Elizer, the developer of SILI-CAL. SILI-CAL SS is a 29-23-3 (Si-Ca-Mg)

blend created to strengthen turf cellwalls and improve nutrient uptake. Onsports turf, SILI-CAL SS significantlyincreases wear tolerance, one of thetoughest challenges for sports turf man-agers. In golf, superintendents areincreasingly relying on it to enhance andmaintain fast and firm conditions, partic-ularly on greens under stress from lowcutting heights, weather and disease.

A typical SS greens program consistsof a 25-lbs/1,000 square feet springtimeapplication followed by two 10-lbs/1,000applications at 30-day intervals. The prod-uct is easily mixed with a fertilizer applica-tion and the calcium in the formulationboth increases uptake and replaces theneed for a separate Ca application.

“After 12 years of working with turfmanagers who struggle with buildingresilient turf, I’ve learned just how criticalit is to replenish silicon on a regular basis,”said Scarbrough. “There are volumes ofresearch from places like the University ofFlorida, Penn State and Cal Poly that sup-port the concept, but we just haven’t hadthe right product in the market to do itquickly and effectively until now.” ■

Dirt Medic by NewstripeNewstripe has added the Dirt Medic infield groomer

specifically designed for use with garden tractors, lightutility vehicles and ATV’s to fill and level Little League tohigh school infields. Dirt Medic weighs only 200 poundsand has a 4-foot wide grooming path with 10-inch pneu-matic wheels for easy transport. A single hand crankadjusts both the angle and depth of the harrow teeth andreversible cutting bar from the driver’s seat without theneed of tools or electrical connections. The optionalbroom kit creates a smooth,finished surface. Dirt Medicis backed by a 36-monthwarranty and costs lessthan $1,600.

www.newstripe.com

Gravely TurfStadium 80

Gravely offers theStadium 80 sprayer,part of the Gravely Turfline, to its ever growingline of turf machinery.

The compact design of the Stadium 80 has an 80-gallon,low profile tank designed for maximum visibility. A lockablespill tank lid with anti-siphon fill and low center of gravityhelps prevent chemical spills. Available with an engine-dri-ven Silver Series roller or 12-volt electric diaphragm pump,the Stadium 80 also features a spray gun, 25-foot hose anda low-maintenance, 10-foot, three-way folding boom withelectric on and off controls.

www.ariens.com

www.stma.org SportsTurf 37

New controller +ET system

Hunter Industries’ Pro-CConventional (PCC), the smart,fixed station controller, is nowavailable prepackaged with theSolar Sync weather-based evapo-transpiration (ET) system.Installation is simplified, as theSolar Sync module is prewiredand mounted inside the PCC con-troller. Just affix the Solar Syncsensor to the roof to enjoy on-siteschedule adjustments. The Pro-Cand Solar Sync combined makean effective, economical, ETweather-based irrigation systemthat saves water.

www.hunterindustries.com

>>Cub Cadet CSV 050

Cub Cadet’s all-in-one chipper, shredder, vacuum is power by a 173cc Cub CadetOHV Engine and features a 24-inch vacuum width, 1.5 inch chipping capacity, an 8:1 debrisreduction ration and a two bushel, felt-lined collection bag with turn locks. This multi-taskingmachine also features a 7-foot on-board vacuum hose to efficiently collect leaves and anyother lawn debris. The chipper consists of one hardened-steel blade while the shredderboats six hardened-steel flail knives with a final stage shredding screen make of formedsteel. Cub Cadet’s CSV050 also comes complete with a 2-year residential warranty

www.CubCadet.com

>>

>>

>>


F.O.Y.Field of the Year

Stetson Ucelebrates back-to-back CollegeSoftball Field ofthe Year awards

LED BY SPORTS TURF MANAGERGEORGE J. MARSHALL, Patricia WilsonField at Stetson University in DeLand, FL wasawarded its 2nd consecutive STMA CollegeSoftball Field of the Year Award in 2009.


Built in 2003, Patricia Wilson Field isnamed for Patricia Maxcy Wilson, StetsonClass of ’47who played nearly every intra-mural sport she could. Years later, Wilsonbecame a champion of Stetson’s Division Iathletics program as a member of the Boardof Trustees. The facility was renovated in2008-09 to the tune of $750,000, as addi-tions were made to the complex as well asupgrading existing facilities to reduce long-term cost and maintenance.

George Marshall, a retired fireman turnedturf pro, is the field maintenance tech and,as he did last year in winning this award,Marshall points to his “staff,” which is headsoftball coach Frank Griffin, associate headcoach Vanessa Bataille, and assistant coachJoanna “JJ” Payette.

Marshall says, “Construction began onthe softball complex in 2002 when CoachGriffin designed and hand-built the back-stop and dugouts. He also hand-crafted thelocker room and trophy case,” he says.“Coach and his staff have added so much tothe overall improvements to the facility.”

Marshall reports the complex covers 2.8

acres, with 1.08 of it playing field, whichsees nearly 600 hours of game and practiceaction, plus another 160+ for tournaments,camps, clinics, etc. The Tifton 410bermudagrass gets overseeded in lateNovember or early December after an appli-cation of pre-emergent, with 500 pounds ofEagle Supreme perennial ryegrass over theentire complex. The sand mix is composedof 80% coarse sand, 20% Canadian peatmoss, with Turface on the infield. Drainageprovided by slight valleys built into the ter-rain that empty into culverts and a retentionarea. Field itself has a 1% grade to outfield.

NOTES FROMMARSHALL’S AWARDENTRY

“Having a limited travel budget for thesoftball team is offset by our ability to hostmany invitational tournaments. We rangefrom 1-3 weekend tournaments during ourfall ball month and 6-7 during our springchampionship season.

“The past 3 years we have hosted our dis-

trict high school softball tournament as wellas our own conference (Atlantic Sun) tour-nament. All the games and practices create achallenge since the majority of play isFebruary through May, when the bermuda-grass is dormant.

“This is why we overseed with winter rye;it helps with the wear on the field and helpsit look better. We work on the main wearareas, the outfield positions, throughout theseason with additional seed and fertilizer.


F.O.Y. | Wilson Field

“With drought conditions the past fewyears, we’ve had to use rationed reclaimedwater from the City of DeLand because ofhigh demand. During our season water wasbeing turned off twice a week for 24-32hours each time. This made it especiallychallenging to coordinate herbicide, insecti-cide, and fertilizer applications around prac-tice and game schedules.

“We paint our infield so it must be wet;at times we had to wet the lines and batter’sboxes with a backpack sprayer.”

SportsTurf: How has the recessionaffected your maintenance plans for 2010?

Marshall: With new regulations onchemical use, fertilizing, and water restric-tions we are always challenged in some way.We try and keep up with maintenanceissues so we don’t get too far behind, andlook for new ways of doing things. Largeprojects have to wait until funding is avail-able. If you’d like to sponsor a new score-board, please contact us.

ST: How do you work with your coach-es to give them what they want while keep-ing best practices alive?

Marshall: Fortunately for me they are

willing to work with me. It’s not unusual tosee the players or coaches pulling weeds orraking. If we pull a weed, we won’t have tospray it. If we pick it up, we don’t have toblow it.

ST: What are the keys to finding andretaining good workers?

Marshall: We are a small operation andI am the worker. However, I’ve alwayspreached to my kids, treat people how youwant to be treated.

ST: What do you like to do to relax andrefresh yourself away from the job?

Marshall: I like to spend time with myfamily. My wife and I have a grown son andtwo daughters and we like to get together asmuch as possible. We slip away for a fewdays when we can, and boat and fish.

ST: If you could have any turf managerjob in the country for a week, what would itbe and why?

Marshall: I already have the best turf jobin the country and a great staff and a greatathletic director. And remember, I said theyrake and pull weeds. ■

Maintenance Program

Aeration3x/yearLate spring, summer, early fall

FertilizationMonthlyUse various mixtures depending on

desired growth and conditioning of grass.Use walk-behind rotary spreader; mixturesinclude 24-2-11; 15-3-15 with Ronstar;21-0-0; and 22-2-11.

IrrigationAverage 4-5x/weekVaries with weather and temperature

conditions; average 30-60 minutes perzone using reclamation water. Repairsmade in-house as necessary.

Mowing3x/weekTwo times weekly in slower growing

seasons.

OverseedingAnnuallyUsually late Nov to early Dec; approxi-

mately 500 pounds of Eagle Supremeperennial rye is used on entire complex,275 pounds on the outfield. Use walk-behind drop spreader.

SprayingAs needed for insects or worms;

2x/year with pre-emergent/post-emergent,middle fall before overseeding, late springto eliminate rye for transition. Use 50-gal-lon pull-behind boom sprayer or 3-gallonbackpack sprayer.

Tilling & Laser GradingAnnually1x in December, contracted out.

TopdressingAnnually1x in summer

VerticuttingAnnually1x in summer

Documents

John Mascaro’sPhoto Quiz · selected, you will receive full credit. All photos submitted will become property of SportsTurf magazine and the Sports Turf Managers Association. Answers