Joint Institute for Nuclear ResearchJoint Institute for Nuclear ResearchInternational Intergovernmental OrganizationInternational Intergovernmental Organization

Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA) at JINR:New Prospect for Heavy Ion Collisions

Genis Musulmanbekov, JINR, Dubna

For NICA Collaboration

Contents

• Heavy Ion Collisions (HIC): Motivations

• NICA Facility at Dubna

• Goals of NICA/MPD Project

• Physics and Observables in HIC

• MultiPurpose Detector (MPD)

Heavy Ion Collisions

• ~ 20 years

• GSI ELab = 1 – 2 AGeV

• Dubna ELab = 1 – 6 AGeV

• BNL – AGS ELab = 20 – 158 AGeV

• CERN – SPS ELab= 20 – 158 AGeV

• BNL – RHIC √s =20 – 200 GeV

New Phenomena in HIC

• Stopping power • Collective flows • Enhanced yield of multi(strange) baryons • Enhanced and nonmonotonic (vs. beam energy) yield of

K+ mesons. • Broadening of transverse momentum distribution of kaons• Broadening of dilepton decay width of rho –mesons.• Jet quenching, J/Psi suppression and others

Hadron gas

Mixed Phase

QGM

Pre-equilibrium

Initial nuclei

FreezoutTime

Space

NICA

T

NB

RHIC,SPS,NICA,FAIR

Mixed phase

Nuclear and Energy Density in central Au+Au collisions

FAIR and NICA s =9s =9 GeVGeV

Maximal baryonic densities on freeze-out curve! рHigh densities on interaction stage!?

J.Cleymans, J.Randrup, 2006

High baryonic densities

Experimental programs

FacilityFacility SPSSPS RHICRHIC NICANICA SIS-300SIS-300

DetectorDetector NA61NA61 STARSTAR

PHENIXPHENIXMPDMPD CBMCBM

Start (year)Start (year) 20102010 20102010 20132013-2014-2014 20152015-2016-2016

EnergyEnergy ( (forfor Pb Pb-ions-ions))

c.m. GeVc.m. GeV4.9-17.34.9-17.3 4.9-504.9-50 ≤ ≤ 1111 ≤ ≤ 8.58.5

PhysicsPhysics CP,ODCP,OD CP,ODCP,OD CP,OD,HDMCP,OD,HDM

CMECMECP,OD,HDMCP,OD,HDM

CP – critical endpoint

OD – onset of deconfinementHDM – hadronic dense matter

NICA Facility

The main goal of the NICA project is an experimental study of The main goal of the NICA project is an experimental study of hot and dense nuclear matter and spin physicshot and dense nuclear matter and spin physics

These goals are proposed to be reached byThese goals are proposed to be reached by:

• development of the existing accelerator facility (1st stage of the NICA accelerator programme: Nuclotron-M subproject) as a

basis for generation of intense beams over atomic mass range from protons to uranium and light polarized ions;

• design and construction of heavy ion collider with maximum collision energy of sNN = 11 GeV and average luminosity 1027 cm-2 s-1 (for U92+), and polarized proton beams with energy s ~ 25 GeV and average luminosity > 1030 cm-2 s-1;

Scheme of the NICA compex

Booster (30 Tm)2(3?) single-turn

injections, storage of 3.2×109,

acceleration up to 50 MeV/u,

electron cooling,acceleration

up to 400 MeV/u

Nuclotron (45 Tm)injection of one

bunch of 1.1×109 ions,

acceleration up to 3.5 GeV/u max.

Collider (45 Tm)Storage of

15 bunches 1109 ions per ring at 3.5 GeV/u,

electron and/or stochastic cooling

Injector: 2×109 ions/pulse of 238U32+ at energy 6 MeV/u

IP-1 IP-2

Stripping (40%) 238U32+ 238U92+

Two superconducting

collider rings

2х15 injection

cycles

NICA parameters

CircumferenceCircumference mm 225225

Number of collision pointsNumber of collision points 22

Beta function in the collision Beta function in the collision pointpoint

mm 0.50.5

Rms momentum spreadRms momentum spread 0.0010.001

Rms bunch lengthRms bunch length mm 0.30.3

Number of ions in the bunchNumber of ions in the bunch 101099

Number of bunchesNumber of bunches 1515

Incoherent tune shiftIncoherent tune shift 0.050.05

Rms beam emittance Rms beam emittance at 1 GeV/u /at 1 GeV/u / at 3.5 GeV/uat 3.5 GeV/u mm mradmm mrad

3.8 /3.8 /0.260.26

Luminosity per one interaction Luminosity per one interaction point at 1 GeV/upoint at 1 GeV/u

at 3.5 GeV/uat 3.5 GeV/u

cmcm-2-2ss-1-1 6.66.610102525

1.11.110102727

1. Circumference, 1. Circumference, mm

222244

2. 2. **, m, m 0.50.5

3. 3. p/p (one p/p (one )) 111010-3-3

4. Bunch length 4. Bunch length ((), m), m 0.30.3

5. Beam 5. Beam emittance (emittance (), ), mmmmmradmrad

0.260.26

6. Bunch intensity6. Bunch intensity (1-(1-2)2)101099

7. Bunch number 7. Bunch number per ringper ring 1515

8.Average 8.Average luminosity forUU luminosity forUU at 3.5 GeV/uat 3.5 GeV/u

for pp at 12.5 for pp at 12.5 GeV GeV

1.11.1101022

7 7 cmcm--

22ss-1-1

33101031 31

cmcm-2-2ss-1-1

• Stage 1: years 2007 – 2009- Upgrate and Development of the Nuclotron facility

- Preparation of Technical Design Report of the NICA and MPD

- Start prototyping of the MPD and NICA elements

• Stage 2: years 2008 – 2012

- Design and Construction of NICA and MPD

• Stage 3: years 2010 – 2013

- Assembling

• Stage 4: year 2013 - 2014

- Commissioning

The NICA Project Milestones

NICA provides unique possibility for the heavy ion physics program:

1. Heavy ion beams in wide energy range:

2. Possibility to perform atomic mass and centrality scan

3. Few intersection points for detectors

with large energy-independent acceptance

4. High luminosity L~~1027 см-2с-1

√s = 4 – 11 GeV

NICA/MPD physics program

Search for • in-medium properties of hadrons in a dense and hot baryonic matter; • Nuclear matter equation of state, • possible signs of deconfinement • chiral symmetry restoration • phase transitions and • QCD critical endpoint

Experimental observables:

Scanning in beam energy and centrality of excitation functions for

• Multiplicity and global characteristics of identified hadrons including multi-strange particles

• Fluctuations in multiplicity and transverse momenta • Directed and elliptic flows for various indentified hadrons

• Particle correlations

• Dileptons and photons

• Polarization effects in heavy ion collisions(polarization of strange baryons, azimuthal asymmetries)

♣

What to measure

• Multistrange hyperons. The yields, spectra and collective flows of (multi) strange hyperons are expected to provide information on the early and dense phase of the collision.

• Event-by-event fluctuations. The hadron yields and their momenta should be analyzed event-wise in order to search for nonstatistical fluctuations which are predicted to occur in the vicinity of the critical endpoint.

• HBT correlations. Measurement of short range correlations between hadrons π, K, p, Λ allows one to estimate the space-time size of a system formed in nucleus-nucleus interactions.

• Penetrating probes. Measurements of dilepton pairs permit to investigate the in-medium spectral functions of low-mass vector mesons which are expected to be modified due to effects of chiral symmetry restoration in dense and hot matter..• Polarization effects. Measurement of (multi)strange baryon polarization, asymmetries, Azimuthal charge asymmetry (CME).

Current Experimental and Theoretical Statusof Heavy Ion Collision Investigations

Strange-to-nonstrange ratios in central collisions. “Horn” Effect (World Data)

Figure from arXiv:nucl-ex/0405007v1

100 101 102 103 1040.00

0.05

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0.02

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0.08

HSD UrQMD GiBUU

y=0

E866 NA49 PHENIX STAR BRAHMS, 5% BRAHMS, 10%

K+/+

Rat

ios

<K+>/<+> 4

E866 NA49 BRAHMS, 5%

HSD UrQMD

Elab

/A [GeV]

E866 NA49 PHENIX STAR BRAHMS, 5% BRAHMS, 10%

K/

E866 NA49 BRAHMS, 5%

<K>/<>

E877 NA49 STAR

(+0) /

E877 NA49

<+0>/<>

Elab

/A [GeV]

Excitation functions of particle ratios

Experimental data:

E896, NA49, STAR, PHENIX, BRAHMS

E.Bratkovskaya et al.,(2004)

Transport models:HSD, UrQMD, GiBUU

Exp. data (particularly a maximum at E~30 AGeV) are not well reproduced within the hadron-string picture => evidence for

nonhadronic degrees of freedom

Excitation function of particle ratiosExcitation function of particle ratios

MunzingerMunzinger: : Simposium on Dense Simposium on Dense Baryonic Matter, GSI 2009Baryonic Matter, GSI 2009

Thermal Model:Thermal Model:rapid saturation of contributionsrapid saturation of contributionsfrom higher resonances infrom higher resonances inconjunction with additional pionsconjunction with additional pionsfrom the sigma describes hornfrom the sigma describes hornstructure well.structure well.

Transverse mass spectra of KaonsTransverse mass spectra of Kaons

Transport models: Transport models: • HSD 2.0HSD 2.0

• UrQMD 2.0 UrQMD 2.0 UrQMD 2.1 (effective heavy resonances with UrQMD 2.1 (effective heavy resonances with masses masses 2 < M < 32 < M < 3 GeV and isotropic decay) GeV and isotropic decay)

• GiBUUGiBUU

All transport models fail to reproduce the T-All transport models fail to reproduce the T-slope without introducing special „tricks“ slope without introducing special „tricks“ which are, however, which are, however, inconsistentinconsistent with other with other observables!observables!

10 1000.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

10 1000.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

T [

GeV

]

E866 NA49 NA44 STAR BRAHMS PHENIX

Au+Au / Pb+Pb -> K++X

T [

GeV

]

HSD HSD with Cronin eff. UrQMD 2.0, 2.1 GiBUU 3f-hydro

E866 NA49 NA44 STAR BRAHMS PHENIX

HSD HSD with Cronin eff. UrQMD 2.0, 2.1 3f-hydro

Au+Au / Pb+Pb -> K+X

s1/2 [GeV]

3D-fluid hydrodynamical model 3D-fluid hydrodynamical model gives the right slope!gives the right slope!Is the matter a parton liquid?Is the matter a parton liquid?

Lattice QCD predictions: Fluctuations of theFluctuations of the quark number quark number densitydensity (susceptibility) at (susceptibility) at μμ_B >0 _B >0 ((C.Allton et al., 2003)C.Allton et al., 2003)

fixedTq

q

T

P

TT

42

2

2 /

FluctuationsFluctuations: : theoretical theoretical statusstatus

0

χχqq (quark number density (quark number density

fluctuations) will diverge atfluctuations) will diverge at thethe critical end pointcritical end point

Experimental observation: Experimental observation: •• Baryon number fluctuationsBaryon number fluctuations•• Charge number fluctuationsCharge number fluctuations

Multiplicity FluctuatiMultiplicity Fluctuations

Theoretical predictions: Theoretical predictions: 3 – 10 times anhancement3 – 10 times anhancement

NA49 result: NA49 result: Measured scaled variances are close to the Poisson one – close to 1!

No sign of increased fluctuations as expected for a freezeout

near the critical point of strongly interacting matter was observed.

Multiplicity fluctuations Multiplicity fluctuations of charged particles as a function of the of charged particles as a function of the number of number of projectile participantsprojectile participants N Npartpart

proj proj : :

Multiplicity FluctuatiMultiplicity Fluctuations

Event-by-event dynamical fluctuationsEvent-by-event dynamical fluctuationsK/K/ππ ratio ratio

Event mixing for the statistical Event mixing for the statistical background estimation: background estimation:

Event-by-event dynamical fluctuationsEvent-by-event dynamical fluctuations Transverse MomentumTransverse Momentum

Event mixing for the statistical background estimation: Event mixing for the statistical background estimation:

For the system of independently emitted particles fluctuation For the system of independently emitted particles fluctuation ФФpptt goes to zero goes to zero

(no particle correlations).(no particle correlations).

, where, where

Collective flow: general considerationsCollective flow: general considerations Collective flow: general considerationsCollective flow: general considerations

22

22

yx

yx2

T

x1

21TTTT

pp

ppv

p

pv

...)cos(22v)cos(2v12π

1

dpdyp

dN

ddpdyp

dN

v2 = 7%, v1=0

v2 = 7%, v1=-7%

v2 = -7%, v1=0

Ou

t-of

-pla

ne

In-plane

Y

X

- - directed flowdirected flow

- - elliptic flow elliptic flow

VV2 2 > 0 > 0 indicates indicates in-planein-plane emission of particles emission of particles

VV2 2 < 0 < 0 corresponds to a corresponds to a squeeze-out squeeze-out perpendicular perpendicular

to the reaction plane (to the reaction plane (out-of-planeout-of-plane emission) emission)

x

zNon central Au+Au collisions : interaction between constituents leads to apressure gradient => spatial asymmetry is converted to an asymmetry in momentum space => collective flow

Y

-2 -1 0 1 2-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2 Pb+Pb, 40 A GeVprotons

central

v 1

-2 -1 0 1 2-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2 Pb+Pb, 40 A GeVprotons

central

NA49 HSD UrQMD

v 2

-2 -1 0 1 2-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

semi-central

v 1

-2 -1 0 1 2-0.10

-0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

NA49 HSD UrQMD semi-central

v 2

-2 -1 0 1 2-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

pT < 2 GeV/c peripheral

y

v 1

-2 -1 0 1 2-0.10

-0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

pT < 2 GeV/c

y

peripheral

v 2

Directed v1 and elliptic v2 flows

Small wiggle in v1 at midrapidity is not described by HSD and

UrQMD

Too large elliptic flow v2 at midrapidity from HSD and UrQMD for all centralities !

Experiment (NA49): breakdown of elliptic v2 flow at midrapidity !

Signature for a first order

phase transition?

H.Stoecker et al., 2005

Sergey PanitkinSergey Panitkin

qqoutout

qqsideside

qqlonglong

RRsi

de

sid

e

RR longlong

RRoutout

xx11

xx22

pp11

pp22

q

HBT: Quantum interference between identical particlesHBT: Quantum interference between identical particles

C (

q)

C (

q)

q (GeV/c)q (GeV/c)

11

22

R

1~

HBT interferometryHBT interferometryTwo-particle interferometry: p-space separation Two-particle interferometry: p-space separation space-time separation space-time separation

In Search of the QGP. Expectations.

“Energy density”

•One step further:•Hydro calculation of Rischke & Gyulassy expects Rout/Rside ~ 2->4 @ Kt = 350 MeV.

Excitation function of the HBT parameters

• ~10% Central AuAu(PbPb) events

• y ~ 0

• kT 0.17 GeV/c

no significant rise in spatio-temporal size of the emitting source at RHIC

Ro/Rs ~ 1

Some rise in Rlong

Note ~100 GeV gap betweenSPS and RHIC

Where are signs of phase transition?!

Model Comparison (the puzzle)

• Subset of models shown

• Broad range of physics scenarios explored

• Poor description of HBT data

the puzzle

DileptonsDileptons

Dileptons are an Dileptons are an ideal probeideal probe for vector meson spectroscopy in for vector meson spectroscopy in the the nuclear mediumnuclear medium and for the nuclear dynamics ! and for the nuclear dynamics !

Excitation function for dilepton yieldsExcitation function for dilepton yields

•Study of Study of in-medium effectsin-medium effects with dilepton experiments: with dilepton experiments:DLS, SPS (CERES, HELIOS)DLS, SPS (CERES, HELIOS)))

Broadening of dilepton decay spectra of light resonancesBroadening of dilepton decay spectra of light resonances

arXiv:nucl-th/9803035v2arXiv:nucl-th/9803035v2 arXiv:nucl-th/0805.3177v1arXiv:nucl-th/0805.3177v1

5. 5. DileptonsDileptons

• Clear evidence for a broadening of the Clear evidence for a broadening of the spectral function!spectral function!• and and show clear peaks on an approx. exponential background in mass!show clear peaks on an approx. exponential background in mass!

In-medium modifications of e+e- and In-medium modifications of e+e- and ++- spectra- spectra

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.00.00

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Au+Au, 25 A GeV, 5% centralee:

free in-medium

M [GeV/c2]

: free in-medium

dN/d

M [

1/(G

eV/c

2 )]

e+e

Au+Au, 25 A GeV, 5% central

M [GeV/c2]

rati

o=in

med

ium

/fre

e

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10-4

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10-1

100

101

102

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10-1

100

free in-medium

M [GeV/c2]

Au+Au->e+e-+X 25 A GeV, 5% central

dN/d

M [

1/(G

eV/c

2 )]

HSD

free in-medium

M [GeV/c2]

Au+Au->+-+X 25 A GeV, 5% central

dN/d

M [

1/(G

eV/c

2 )]

W. Cassing, Nucl.Phys.A674:249-276,2000.

Chiral Magnetic Effect (CMF)

Chiral Magnetic Effect

• Non-central heavy-ion collisions

• Large orbital angular momentum (L) 90o to RP

• Strong localized B-field (due to net charge of system)

• If system is deconfined, can have strong P-violating

domains & different no. of left-& right-hand quarks

• Preferential emission of like-sign charged particles

along

Chiral Magnetic Effect - Strong Parity Violation?

Observables:Penetrating probes: , , , → e+e- (μ+μ-)Strangeness: K, , , , , global features: collective flow, fluctuations, ..., exotica

The NICA experimental program

Systematic investigations:A+A collisions from 8 to 45 (35) AGeV, Z/A=0.5 (0.4) p+A collisions from 8 to 90 GeVp+p collisions from 8 to 90 GeV

Large integrated luminosity:High beam intensity and duty cycle,Available for several month per year

Detector requirementsLarge geometrical acceptance (azimuthal symmetry !)good hadron and electron identificationexcellent vertex resolutionhigh rate capability of detectors, FEE and DAQ

MPD general viewCentral Detector - CD & two Forward Spectrometers (optional) – FS-A & FS-B

CD dimension

TPC

ECal

ZDC

TOF RPC

EC Tracker

MPD scheme 3 stages of putting into operation

2-nd stage IT,EC-subdetectors

3-d stage F-spectrometers(optional ?)

1-st stage barrel part (TPC, Ecal, TOF) + ZDC, BBC, S-SC, …

MPD conceptual design

Inner Tracker (IT) - silicon strip detector / micromegas for tracking close to the interaction region.

Barrel Tracker (BT) - TPC + Straw (for tagging) for tracking & precise momentum measurement in the region -1 < < 1

End Cap Tracker (ECT) - Straw (radial)for tracking & p-measurement at | | > 1

Time of Flight (TOF) - RPC (+ start/stop sys.) to measure Time of Flight for charged particle identification.

Electromagnetic Calorimeter (EMC) for 0 reconstruction & electron/positron identification.

Beam-Beam Counters (BBC) to define centrality (& interaction point).

Zero Degree Calorimeter (ZDC) for centrality definition.

MPD basic geometry

Acceptance

MPD main features (advantages)

The CDR development is continued

R&D activity is in progress

The MPD Collaboration is growing

MPD Summary

capability to work at high luminosity high rate of event recording hermeticity - towards 4 geometry smooth scan in

- relevant energy region- A-number - b-parameter

Booster-sinhrotron appliction to nanostructures creations:Booster-sinhrotron appliction to nanostructures creations:

Applied research at NICA

Booster

Electron cooling system

Design and parameters of booster, including wide accessible energy range, possibility of the electron cooling, allow to form dense and sharp ion beams. System of slow extraction provides slow, prolongated in time ion extraction to the target with space scanning of ions on the target surface and guaranty high controllability of experimental conditions.

Ion tracks in a polymer matrix (GSI, Darmstadt)

Ion-track technologies:

Topography and current of a diamond-like carbon (DLC) film.The 50 nm thick DLC film was irradiated with 1 GeV Uranium ions.

Production of nanowires, filters, nanotransistors, ...

The planned steps:The planned steps:

• More close collaboration with Russian institutes and JINR More close collaboration with Russian institutes and JINR Member StatesMember States

• Strengthening the relations with FAIR, RHIC and CERN Strengthening the relations with FAIR, RHIC and CERN where similar works are carried out (MoU)where similar works are carried out (MoU)

• Profiling students of the Dubna University with orientation Profiling students of the Dubna University with orientation towards NICA/MPD problemstowards NICA/MPD problems

• Organization of student Schools and Meetings for young Organization of student Schools and Meetings for young scientists on problems of NICA/MPDscientists on problems of NICA/MPD

Thanks for your attention!

Welcome to the NICA

collaboration!

Welcome to Dubna!Welcome to Dubna!