JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ......NATIONAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OFFICE (NEMO), TONGA JULY 2010 JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER

JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND

DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT2010–2015

JULY 2010

JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015B

For more information please contact:

The ManagerDisaster Reduction ProgrammePacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC)www.sopac.orgwww.pacificdisaster.net

JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 i

SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION PROJECT,

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE (MECC) AND

NATIONAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OFFICE (NEMO), TONGA

JULY 2010

JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND

DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT2010–2015

JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015ii

Tonga like the other fifty one Small Island Developing States is highly susceptible to the impacts of climate change and disaster risks. Its susceptibility is principally due to its geographical, geological and socio-economic characteristics.

Climate change and natural disasters pose serious adverse impacts on the environment, the people of Tonga and their livelihoods. Scientific findings revealed that these impacts will be exacerbated by future climate change. The Government of Tonga understands these significant detrimental impacts of climate change and disaster risks to sustainable development of the country hence considered these issues as high priorities in its National Strategic Planning Framework, 2009–2014.

The development of this Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management is to ensure that these priorities are addressed and implemented at all levels and an important component of Tonga’s Second National Communication Programme.

This plan is consistent with the national, regional and international policy drivers, agreements and frameworks on climate change and disaster risk management. It highlights national and community priority goals and activities to be implemented to enable the people and environment of Tonga to adapt to the impacts of climate change and to mitigate disaster risks.

We understand that Tonga is the first country in the region to develop a Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management and we are keen to be the first to fully implement this joint initiative.

Tonga indeed welcomes and appreciates the continuous financial support from donor agencies and partners which will enable the effective implementation of this plan. Let this plan be your entry point to a coordinated approach in assisting Tonga to timely adaptation and disaster risks mitigation thus achieving its sustainable development goals and aspirations.

As the Minister of Environment and Climate Change and Minister of Works and Disaster Relief Activities, it is an honor to submit this plan for implementation.

Let us all harmoniously work together to implement this plan, to promote and ensure safe, healthy, secure and resilient communities to the impacts of climate change and disaster risks in Tonga.

………...........………………..… …………...........…………………LORD MA’AFU TUKUI’AULAHI LORD NUKUMinister of Environment and Climate Change Minister of Works and Disaster TONGA Relief Activities TONGA

FOREWORD

JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 iii

The preparation of the Kingdom of Tonga’s Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management was financed by the Global Environment Facility through the United Nations Development Programme, ACP-EU Natural Disaster Facility through the Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) and the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP). Support of these organizations is gratefully acknowledged.

Special gratitude is offered to His Majesty’s Cabinet Ministers for their strong support and hence approval of Tonga’s Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management (JNAP CCA & DRM).

Sincere thanks are due to SOPAC and SPREP joint team support, Mr. Mosese Sikivou (Manager SOPAC Community Risk Programme), Mr. Noa Tokavou (Disaster Management Adviser, SOPAC), Ms. Paula Holland, SOPAC Manager Natural Resources Governance and Dr Netatua Pelesikoti (Manager SPREP Pacific Futures Programme) who provided valuable training, facilitation and technical assistance throughout the process of developing this joint national action plan.

Special thanks are extended to the Management Unit of the Second National Communication (SNC) Project, Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (MECC) for compiling the supporting text for the plan as well as the Vulnerability and Adaptation Group and Disaster Risk Management Task Force for their concerted efforts and contributions from their respective areas of expertise.

The continuous support and encouragement from Mr. ‘Asipeli Palaki, the Acting Director for MECC and his staff members during the preparation of this JNAP are fully acknowledged.

Sincere appreciation is extended to the people of Tonga, from government stakeholders, youth groups, church representatives, women’s groups, communities, civil societies, non government organizations and statutory board’s who were willing to attend and share their experiences and knowledge during the many consultation workshops held to inform this JNAP. Your inputs were of utmost value for the synthesis of the JNAP on CCA & DRM.

Finally, thanks are extended to those who offered comments, reviewed documents or in any other way assisted with the development of this JNAP.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015iv

Editor(s)Ms Lu’isa Tu’i’afitu Malolo [Coordinator, SNC Project] [Ministry of Environment and Climate Change]

SOPAC and SPREP Joint Team Mr. Mosese Sikivou [Community Risk Programme Manager, SOPAC]Mr. Noa Tokavou [Disaster Management Adviser, SOPAC]Ms. Paula Holland [Manager, Natural Resources Governance, SOPAC]Dr Netatua Pelesikoti [Pacific Futures Programme Manager, SPREP]

Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment TeamDr. Viliami Manu [Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries and Forestry]Dr. Vailala Matoto [Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries and Forestry]Dr. Malakai ‘AKe [Ministry of Health]Mr. Maliu Takai [National Emergency Management Office, Ministry of Works]Mr. ‘Ofa Fa’anunu [Tonga Meteorology Service, Ministry of Transport]Mr. Taniela Hoponoa [Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries and Forestry]Mr. Vunivesi Minoneti [Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries and Forestry]Mr. Kelelpi Mafi [Ministry of Lands, Survey and Natural Resources]Mr. Kutusi Fielea [Tonga Water Board]Mr. ‘Ofa Sefana [Ministry of Lands, Survey and Natural Resources] Ms Lu’isa Tuiafitu Malolo [Ministry of Environment and Climate Change]Mr. Sione Talolakepa Fulivai [Ministry of Environment and Climate Change]

SNC Project Management Unit, MECCMs Lu’isa Tu’i’afitu Malolo [Ministry of Environment and Climate Change]Mr. Sione Talolakepa Fulivai [Ministry of Environment and Climate Change]Ms Emma Koloamatangi Vea [Ministry of Environment and Climate Change]

EDITORS AND CONTIBUTORS

JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 1

FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................................................................................... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................................................................................................... iii

EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS................................................................................................................................................................. iv

LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

LIST OF PHOTOS.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS.......................................................................................................................................... 3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Background and Setting........................................................................................................................................................... 4 Linkages of this Plan to National, Regional and International Processes, Agreements and Frameworks........ 5 The Joint National Action Plan Development Process..................................................................................................... 5 The Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management.......................... 6 The Implementation Strategy................................................................................................................................................. 6

CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND AND SETTING....................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Geography..................................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Population....................................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Economy......................................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Observed historical climate and sector vulnerability...................................................................................... 11 1.4.1 Climate Change Impacts............................................................................................................................. 11 1.4.2 Climate Induced Hazards............................................................................................................................ 15 1.4.3 Geological Hazards....................................................................................................................................... 17 1.5 Projected Climate Change Impacts........................................................................................................................ 20

CHAPTER 2: LINKAGES OF THIS PLAN TO NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROCESSES, AGREEMENTS AND FRAMEWORKS................................................................................................... 24 2.1 Tonga Strategic Development Process................................................................................................................ 24 2.2 Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation............................................................................................................ 24 2.3 Disaster Risk Management....................................................................................................................................... 26

CHAPTER 3: JNAP DEVELOPMENT PROCESS................................................................................................................................. 28 3.1 Political Support............................................................................................................................................................ 28 3.2 The Establishment of National Multi-disciplinary Teams for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management.......................................................................................................... 28 3.3 Situation Analysis and Vulnerability Assessment............................................................................................. 29 3.4 Stakeholders and Community Consultations....................................................................................................... 30 3.5 Development of the Action Matrix, Costing and Implementation Strategy................................................. 37

CHAPTER 4: NATIONAL ACTION PLAN SUMMARY OF GOALS.................................................................................................... 40

CHAPTER 5: IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY................................................................................................................................... 43 5.1 Approach to the Development of the Implementation Arrangements........................................................ 43 5.2 Guiding Principles......................................................................................................................................................... 44 5.3 Indicative Costing Methodology............................................................................................................................... 44 5.4 Gross Indicative Costs............................................................................................................................................... 45 5.5 Management Structure.............................................................................................................................................. 47 5.6 Financing Strategy....................................................................................................................................................... 50 5.7 Communication Strategy........................................................................................................................................... 53 5.8 Monitoring and Evaluation.......................................................................................................................................... 54

REFERENCES................................................................................................................................................................................................. 55

ANNEXURES.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 56 Annex 1: Schedule of JNAP Country Engagements......................................................................................................... 57 Annex 2: JNAP Logframe Matrix............................................................................................................................................ 58 Annex 3: TOR for JNAP Task Force...................................................................................................................................... 76

TABLE OF CONTENTS

JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–20152

LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1.1: Map of Tonga…………………………………..........................…………………………………... 7Figure 1.2: Total population by division, Tonga, 2006………….………………………............................... 8Figure 1.3: Population census historical trend, Tonga, 1956–2006…………………………...................… 8Figure 1.4: Annual Mean Rainfall for Five Meteorological Stations, Tonga, 1971–2007…..................…. 11Figure 1.5: Villages with historical inundation in Tongatapu…………………………......................……… 14Figure 1.6: Decadal occurrences of Tropical Cyclones in Tonga, 1960–2008……….................………… 15Figure 1.7: Path of Tropical Cyclone Rene………………………………………….....................………..… 16Figure 1.8: Tonga’s location Pacific Ring of Fire and its impacts to geohazards…………..................….. 17Figure 1.9: Tsunami in Niua Toputapu with epicenter, September 2009………………......................…… 19Figure 1.10: Evacuation Zones for Tongatapu, Tonga…………………………......................……….……… 21Figure 1.11: Impacts of tsunami with wave height of 2m on Tongatapu……………….....................……… 22Figure 1.12: Impacts of tsunami with wave height of 4m on Tongatapu……………....................………… 23Figure 3.1: Steps in developing the JNAP matrix……………………………………................….....……... 38Figure 3.2: JNAP Development Process………………………………………………......................………. 38Figure 5.1: Financial Costs and in-kind contribution by Goal……………………….....................……….. 46Figure 5.2: Management Structure of the JNAP Implementation…………………....................………….. 48Figure 5.3: Financing strategy approach………………………………………………..........................…… 51Figure 5.4: External assistance process………………………………………………….......................…… 52

LIST OF TABLESTable 1.1: Population and percentage increase, Tonga, 1956-2006………………………..................…. 9Table 1.2: Annual share of GDP (TOP$ million) at constant prices by industries, Tonga 2000–2009..... 10Table 1.3: Earthquake and its impacts in Tonga………………………………………...........................… 18Table 1.4: Sectors and their vulnerabilities to projected climate change impacts…....................….…… 20Table 1.5: Zones with different elevation and areas inundated (sqkm), Tongatapu…......................…… 21Table 3.1: Summary of findings from community consultations……………………….....................…….. 31Table 3.2: Summary of findings Government Ministries/Departments, Non-Government Organisations consultations……………………………………………........................………... 36Table 5.1: Resource costs by goal…………………….……………………………..........................……… 45Table 5.2: Share of Financial Costs…………………………………………………...........................…….. 46Table 5.3: Resource costs by goal including contingency………..…………………….........................…. 47Table 5.4: Roles and responsibilities for the JNAP Implementation…………………...........................… 49Table 5.5: Roles and responsibilities for the JNAP Reporting………………….................................…… 54

LIST OF PHOTOSPhoto 1: Flooding of Saint Andrew’s High School from heavy rainfall, 2009……….......................…... 11Photo 2: Flooding of residentials from heavy rainfall, 2009……………………........................………... 11Photo 3: Flooding of roads from heavy rainfall, 2010…………………………….........................……… 11Photo 4: Stunted growth of coconuts during drought period, 2007……………….......................……… 12Photo 5: Stunted growth of sweet potatoes during drought period, 2007…………....................……... 12Photo 6: Coral bleaching in Tonga, 2000…………………………………………..........................…….. 13Photo 7: Coastal erosion in Manuka village, 2006……………………………..........................………… 13Photo 8: Coastal erosion in Lifuka, Ha’apai, 2009……………………………….........................………. 14Photo 9: Hospital fence in sea, Lifuka, Ha’apai, 2009………………………….......................….…….... 15Photo 10: Destruction of dwelling houses by TC Rene, Tongatapu, 2010……….....................………… 16Photo 11: Strong storm surge damaged Good Samaritan Inn, 2003……………....................…………. 16Photo 12: Strong storm surge damaged Nafanua Harbour, Eua, 2003………..................……………... 16Photo 13: Tsunami impacts, Niua Toputapu, 2009………………………………….......................………. 17 Photo 14: Submarine volcanic eruption, Hunga Ha’apai, 2009………………….....................………….. 18Photo 15: Tsunami impacts Niua Toputapu, 2009……………………………………….......................….. 19Photo 16: Tsunami impacts, Niua Toputapu, 2009…………………………………….......................……. 19Photo 17: Tornadoes impact on Utulau village, 2004………………………………….......................……. 19


LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSACP/EU African, Caribbean and Pacific/European Union

ADB Asian Development Bank

AUSAID Australian Agency for International Development

CCA Climate Change Adaptation

CROP Council of the Regional Organizations in the Pacific

CERMP Cyclone Emergency and Risk Management Project

DRM Disaster Risk Management

DRR Disaster Risk Reduction

EE Energy Efficiency

EVI Economic vulnerability Index

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GEF Global Environment Facility

GHG Greenhouse Gas

GTZ Gesellschaft fur Technische Zussammenarbeit (German Technical Support)

ICCAI International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative

ICT Information, Communication and Technology

IDNDR International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction

IUCN International Union for Conserving of Nature

JNAP Joint National Action Plan

LDCs Least Developed Countries

LGIS Land and Geographical Information System

MAFFF Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries and Forestry

MAGICC Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Induced Climate Change

MECC Ministry of Environment and Climate Change

MLSNR Ministry of Lands, Survey and Natural Resources

MOFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs

MOH Ministry of Health

MOW Ministry of Works

MOT Ministry of Transport

NECC National Environment Coordinating Committee

NEMC National Emergency Management Committee

NEMO National Emergency and Management Office

NRBT National Reserve Bank of Tonga

NTT Niua TopuTapu

PACC Project and Aid Coordinating Committee

PDRMPN Pacific Disaster Risk Management Partnership Network

PIFACC Pacific Islands Framework for Action on Climate Change

PNG Papua New Guinea

RE Renewable Energy

SCENGEN Global and Regional Scenario Generator

SIDS Small Island Developing States

SIMCLIM Climate Simulator

SMAs Special Management Areas

SNC Second National Communication on Climate Change

SOPAC Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission

SPC Secretariat of the Pacific Community

SPREP Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme

TMS Tonga Meteorological Service

TWB Tonga Water Board

TWG Technical Working Group

UNDESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Yr Year

WB World Bank


The preparation of this Joint National Action Plan (JNAP) on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management (CCA & DRM) was funded by the Global Environment Facility through the United Nations Development Programme, ACP-EU Natural Disaster Facility through the Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) and the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP).

The Joint team from SOPAC and SPREP provided valuable training, facilitation and technical assistance throughout the process of developing this JNAP. In addition, the development of this JNAP also involved national experts that make up the Vulnerability and Adaptation Team of the Second National Communication (SNC) Project, Disaster Risk Management Task Force. Expert members were drawn from government ministries, Non-Government Organisations and Statutory Authorities. The Management Unit of the SNC Project, Ministry of Environment and Climate Change was responsible for the compilation and editing of the JNAP text with assistance from SOPAC and SPREP.

The JNAP is arranged as follows:• Background and Setting;• Linkages of this Plan to National, Regional and International Processes, Agreements

and Frameworks;• The JNAP Development Process;• The JNAP on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management; and• The Implementation Strategy.

Background and Setting

Tonga’s susceptibility to the impacts of climate change and disaster risks is principally due to its geographical, geological and socio-economic characteristics.

Tonga lies between 15° and 23° 30’ South and 173° and 177° West. It has a combined land and sea area of 720,000km2. It is an archipelago of 172 named islands with an area of 747km2 of which 36 islands are inhabited with an area of 649km2.

Tonga consists of four clusters of islands extended over a north-south axis: Tongatapu (260sqkm); ‘Eua (87sqkm) in the south; Ha’apai (109sqkm) in the middle; Vava’u (121sqkm) in the north; Niuafo’ou and Niua Toputapu (72sqkm) in the far north. Tonga’s archipelago is situated at the subduction zone of the Indian-Australian and the Pacific tectonic plates and within the Ring of Fire where intense seismic activities occur.

The 2006 population census of the Kingdom of Tonga was its sixth decennial census. Tonga is divided into five island divisions (Tongatapu, Vava’u, Ha’apai, Eua and the Niuas divisions) and within each island division it is further divided into districts for demographic purposes. According to the 2006 census, Tonga’s population counted 101,991 which distributed amongst 17,529 households.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


The historical trend of population growth in the Kingdom of Tonga has increased since 1960’s. Population has grown with an average annual growth rate of 3.6% from 1956–1966, 1.6% from 1966–1976, 0.49% from 1976–1986, 0.3% from 1986–1996 and 0.4% from 1996–2006. Population increase has an unavoidable and substantial pressure both on the land and marine resources.

Agricultural production is still the predominant contributor to the economy of Tonga particularly from the year 2000–2009.

At the sectoral level, the Services Sector reveals to be the highest contributor to the GDP. This indicates a gradual diversification from the Agricultural sector to the Services Sector. Tonga has been categorized by UNDESA as one of the fifty one Small Island Developing States (SIDS) that is vulnerable to exogenous shocks. Its Economic Vulnerability Index (EVI) is 48.48 and threshold is 33. The gradual diversification from the heavy dependence on one sector will indeed assist in diversifying and broadening the economic base to strengthen the economy of Tonga against future exogenous shocks.

Observed impacts of climate change, climate induced hazards and geological hazards on sectors in Tonga were reported. Further, the projected impacts of climate change and tsunami on these sectors were also discussed.

Linkages of this Plan to National, Regional and International Processes, Agreements and Frameworks

The development of this Joint Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risks Management complies with Tonga’s National Strategic Development Framework 2009–2014, the Pacific Islands Framework of Action on Climate Change 2006–2015, the Pacific Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Management Framework for Action 2005–2015, the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR), the Yokohama Plan for Action and the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015, and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

The Joint National Action Plan Development Process

The development process of the JNAP on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management followed the sequence below:• Obtain the political support;• Establishment of national multi-disciplinary teams for Climate Change Adaptation and

Disaster Risk Management;• Situation Analysis and Vulnerability Assessment;• Stakeholders and Community Consultations;• Development of the Action Matrix and Prioritization; • Costing of the CCA & DRM activities; and• Development of the Implementation strategy.


The Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management

The Plan comprises six priority goals.

Each goal has specific objectives and outcomes.

The Implementation Strategy

This strategy articulates the implementation arrangements of this JNAP. It includes:• a description of the approach utilised to develop the implementation arrangements; • a set of guiding principles for the implementation;• the costing methodology used by partners to identify resource requirements and related

costs for the implementation of actions under the JNAP;• an implementation or management structure to be responsible for leading and

coordinating JNAP implementation;• a financing strategy and approaches for the resourcing of JNAP actions;• the platform for an appropriate communications strategy to help ensure that the

underlying message of increased safety and resilience is conveyed to all stakeholders using the most appropriate media; and

• the basis for a monitoring and evaluation system which not only addresses issues in relation to transparency and accountability but also facilitates a systematic approach to change and improvement as a direct consequence of progress reporting.

1 Improved good governance for climate change adaptation and disaster risk management (mainstreaming, decision making, organizational and institutional policy frameworks)

2 Enhanced technical knowledge base, information, education and understanding of climate change adaptation and effective disaster risk management

3 Analysis and assessments of vulnerability to climate change impacts and disaster risks

4 Enhanced community preparedness and resilience to impacts of all disasters

5 Technically reliable, economically affordable and environmentally sound energy to support the sustainable development of the Kingdom

6 Strong partnerships, cooperation and collaboration within government agencies and with Civil Societies, Non Government Organisations and the Private Sectors


1.1 Geographical SettingThe Kingdom of Tonga like other SIDS is highly susceptible to the impacts of climate change and natural hazards due to its geographical, geological and socioeconomic characteristics. This island Kingdom is located in the Central South Pacific. It lies between 15° and 23° 30’ South and 173° and 177° West (see figure 1.1).

Tonga has a combined land and sea area of 720,000km2. It is an archipelago of 172 named islands with an area of 747km2 of which 36 islands are inhabited with an area of 649km2.

Tonga consists of four clusters of islands extended over a north-south axis: Tongatapu (260sqkm) and ‘Eua (87sqkm) in the south, Ha’apai (109sqkm) in the middle, Vava’u (121sqkm) in the north and Niuafo’ou and Niua Toputapu (72sqkm) in the far north. Nuku’alofa, the capital is situated in Tongatapu, the largest island.

Tonga’s archipelago is situated at the subduction zone of the Indian-Australian and the Pacific tectonic plates and within the Ring of Fire

where intense seismic activities occur. It is about 200km to the west of the Tonga Trench which is a potential source of tsunami. Most of its atoll islands including the main island are very flat with average altitude of 2–5 meters hence highly vulnerable to storm surges and tsunami inundation.

Tongatapu and ‘Eua are limestone capped islands which with low islands form the Tongatapu group. The south of the Vava’u Group is generally composed of high volcanic and elevated limestone islands with reef communities or fringing reefs. Ha’apai has high volcanic and low limestone islands. The Niuas are high volcanic islands surrounded by fringing and barrier reefs.

BACKGROUND AND SETTING

chapter 1

Figure 1.1: Map of Tonga

Source: LGIS, Ministry of Lands, Survey and Natural Resources, Tonga.


1.2 PopulationPopulation Density and DistributionThe 2006 population census of the Kingdom of Tonga was its sixth decennial census. Tonga is divided into five island divisions (Tongatapu, Vava’u, Ha’apai, Eua and the Niuas divisions) and within each island division it is further divided into districts for demographic purposes. According to the 2006 census Tonga’s population was 101,991 distributed amongst 17,529 households (Table 1.1). Out of the total population 51,772 were males and 50,219 were females. Further, 23,658 people resided in the urban areas whereas 78,333 people lived in the rural areas.

Tongatapu is the most populous and has the highest population density. Its population totaled 72,045 in 2006 which accounted for 71% of the total population, for Vava’u 15,505 (15%), 7,570 (7%) for Haapai, 5,206 (5%) for Eua and 1,665 (2%) for the Niuas (Figure 1.2).

Figure 1.2: Total Population by Divisions, Tonga, 2006.

Figure 1.3: Population census historical trend, 1956–2006, Tonga.

Source: Statistics Department, Tonga, 2006.

Total Population by census divisions, Tonga, 2006

Population Census Period and Historical Trend, 1956–2006

15%

Tongatapu

Vava’u

Ha’apai

Eua

Two Niuas

7%

5%2%

71%

20000

0

77429

1956–1966 1966–1976 1976–1986 1986–1996 1996–2006

90085 94649 97784101991

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

TOTA

L P

OP

ULA

TIO

N


Population Historical Trend The population of Tonga has increased steadily since the 1950’s, growing at an average annual rate of 3.6% from 1956–1966, 1.6% from 1966–1976, 0.49% from 1976–1986, 0.3% from 1986–1996 and 0.4% from 1996–2006. (Figure 1.3 and Table 1.1).

The increase in population has had an unavoidable and substantial pressure on both land and marine resources and hence has resulted in the exploitation and removal of these resources. This in turn reduced the resilience of Tonga’s environment and its people to climate change impacts and disaster risks

Table 1.1: Population and percentage increase, 1956–2006, Tonga

Census Number Period Population % Increase p.a.

1 1956–1966 77,429 3.60

2 1966–1976 90,085 1.60

3 1976–1986 94,649 0.49

4 1986–1996 97,784 0.30

5 1996–2006 101,991 0.40

1.3 EconomyTable 1.2 depicts name of each industry/sector with its annual production and contribution to Gross Domestic Product of Tonga. The Agriculture sector is the main contributor, in terms of GDP, to the economy of Tonga from 2000–2009. This is closely followed by Public Administration and Services. If we aggregate the data to the sectoral level then as we can see from Table 1.2 the Services Sector is revealed to be the highest contributor to the GDP.

Tonga has been categorized as one of fifty one Small Island Developing States that is vulnerable to exogenous shocks. The Economic vulnerability index (EVI) reflects the risk to the development of a country caused by these shocks. EVI is a combination of seven indicators including the following:

i) Population size; ii) Remoteness;iii) Merchandise export concentration;iv) Share of agriculture, forestry and fisheries in GDP;v) Homelessness caused by natural disasters;vi) Instability of agricultural production; andvii) Instability of export of goods and services

The EVI for Tonga is 48.48 and threshold is 33. The gradual diversification of economic activity will assist in strengthening the economic base making the economy of Tonga more resilient to any future exogenous shocks.

Source: Statistics Department, Tonga.


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1.4 Observed Historical Climate and Sector Vulnerability in TongaThe climate of Tonga is tropical. Tonga lies within the south-east trade wind zone of the South Pacific. Wind speed over its surrounding oceans averages around 12 knots. Strong winds are not common except during tropical cyclone passages in summer (November – April) and gales from eastward migrating high-pressure systems during winter (May – October).

1.4.1 Climate Change Impacts Increased and decreased Rainfall

The annual mean rainfall for the five meteorological stations in Tonga was calculated starting from year 1971–2007 (Figure 1.4).

Tongatapu received average rainfall of 1721mm, Vava’u (2150mm), Ha’apai (1619mm), Niua Fo’ou (2453) and Niua Toputapu (2374mm).

Figure 1.4: Annual Mean Rainfall for Five Meteorological Stations in Tonga, 1971–2007.

Source: TMS, Tonga.

Photo 1: Flooding of St. Andrew’s High School from heavy rainfall, 2009 SNC Project, MECC, Tonga.

Photo 2: Flooding of residential from heavy rainfall, 2009, SNC Project, MECC, Tonga.

Photo 3: Flooding of roads from heavy rainfall, 2010, SNC Project, MECC, Tonga.

Annual Mean Rainfall for Five Meteorological Stations in Tonga, 1971–2007

0

1000

2000

3000

AN

NU

AL

ME

AN

RA

INFA

LL (

mm

)

FIVE METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS, TONGA

Tongatapu Vava’u Ha’apai Niua F oou Niua Toputapu

Impacts of Heavy Rainfall


Tonga has occasionally received heavy rainfall. This has caused flooding and prolonged ponding of water which posed health risks with the outbreak of water borne and vector disease such as dengue fever. The agricultural sector has also been affected; some crops cannot tolerate this unfavourable climatic condition. Residential areas, schools, roads (Photos 1–3) were also adversely affected. Heavy rainfall also increased surface runoffs and this has resulted in the pollution of nearby coastal areas and lagoons due to sediments, debris being washed off to these areas.

Impacts of drought (decreased rainfall)

Tonga’s climate pattern is very much affected by the El Nino phenomenon. This event usually happens once in every 3–7 years, as the warm sea surface temperatures move eastwards, moisture and water vapor required for cloud formation also migrate eastward. This causes droughts in Tonga. The last three major droughts that have occurred in Tonga in 1983, 1998 and 2006 have been directly linked to the May 1982–June 1983, May 1997–April 1998 and September 2006–January 2007 El Nino events. The average annual mean rainfall is 1731mm per year. During the drought periods the average rainfall were as follows:• 1983 – 70mm• 1998 – 132mm• 2006 – 142mm

Since the country depends on primary produce from land and sea for export, severe droughts seriously affected the revenue earning capacity and livelihood of the people, food supply as well as their socio-economic development. These severe droughts caused stunted growth in sweet potatoes and coconuts. Additionally, most of the traditional root crops in Tonga such as taro, yams and cassava were disastrously affected due to their very sensitive to dry weather. This in turn adversely impacted on food security, customary obligations, as well as the country’s economy.

Livestock, fisheries and health particularly in the smaller islands of Ha’apai, Vava’u and the Niuas were severely affected because of their smallness in geographical sizes, their dependence on rainwater and the high salinity level of ground water.

During the 1997–1998 El Nino, the Government spent over TOP$200,000 on shipping water to the islands in the Ha’apai group thus diverting resources that could be used for other socio-economic development purposes.

Droughts have potentially caused health and sanitation problems due to dusty roads and water shortages. Most of Tongan residents are heavily dependent on open rain water catchments for drinking purposes and these are exposed to dust and contamination from all sorts of sources. This has caused diarrhoea, respiratory diseases and skin diseases.

Photo 4: Stunted growth of coconuts during Drought, MAFF 2007.

Photo 5: Stunted sweet potatoes during drought period, MAFF 2007.


The warmer sea temperature brought about by the El Nino (1997-98) affected the activities in the fishing industry and resulted in a TOP$2.8 million (18.7%) decline in exports of fish and other marine products during the year compared with the TOP$3.3 million (28.0%) increase in 2001–2002 (NRBT Annual Report 2002–2003). The low fish catch rate was also believed as a result of the El Nino condition (NRBT Annual Report 2003–2004).

Increased Temperature

Temperature variations throughout the Kingdom show an increase in daily and seasonal variations with increasing latitude. Mean annual temperatures vary from 27˚C at Niuafo’ou and Niuatoputapu to 24˚C on Tongatapu. Diurnal and seasonal variations can reach as high as 6°C throughout the island group.

During the Hot Wet Season (November – April), the average temperature ranges from 27–29˚C whereas at Dry Cool Season (May – October), the average temperature ranges from 20–24˚C.

Based on the historical climatic data records dated from 1971–2007 for Nuku’alofa, Ha’apai, Vava’u and Niuatoputapu, trends suggest a marked increase of 0.4–0.9˚C in annual mean temperature throughout the island groups since the 1970s (TMS, Tonga, 2009).

Data from the Nuku’alofa tide gauge indicates a slight increase in sea temperature. It suggests a positive inclination of 0.0057°C/yr (0.057°C/decade).

In the last five years up to the current stage Tongans have experienced heat stress due to increased temperature. There has been an increase in the number of Tongans suffering from asthma due to this climatic factor. Such climatic conditions also reduced soil moisture and fertility which is unfavourable to crops such as tomatoes, irish potatoes and other vegetables.

Coral bleaching is becoming common and has recently increased partially due to the increase in sea temperature. Coral bleaching has been reported in Tongatapu and the Ha’apai group in Year 2000 as a result of a warming band of oceanic water extending from Fiji to Easter Island. This incidence resulted in coral mortality, destruction of habitats for reef species, reduction is diversity of reef species which in turn affected the fisheries sector and hence the economy of the country.

Sea Level Rise

The sea level trend in Tonga suggests that there is a general increase in sea level in order of 6.4mm/yr since records started in 1993 up to 2007. (TMS, Tonga, 2007).

Coastal erosion is another critical environmental issue facing Tonga, partially as a result of sea level rise. Other contributing factors include low altitude, the increase denudation of mangroves and coastal trees, live coral removal,illegally mining of beach sands and sand dredging of off-shore sand dunes for construction purposes. A noticeable result of these activities and/or processes is loss of land and infrastructures along the coast.

Photo 6: Coral during coral bleaching event, 2000.

Photo 7: Coastal erosion in Manuka Village, 2006.


Much of the northern coastline of Hahake in Tongatapu (that is from Niutoua to Nukuleka) villages is eroding and much of the road in the villages of Kolonga, Manuka and Nukuleka are exposed to coastal erosion. Low lying coastal villages in the Nuku’alofa area including Popua, Tukutonga and also the small islands of Nukunukumotu with topographic elevation below 2m above sea level are currently affected by sea level rise. These areas are tidally inundated and the worst times are during spring tides.Tidal flooding inundates both coastal town and tax allotments. Tax allotments are the parcel of land within towns or villages allocated for farming and town allotments are for residential. Loss of coastal allotments means looking for other areas for residential, gardening and subsistence agriculture.

Coastal villages between Ha’atafu and Kolovai (western side of Tongatapu) are very low lying to less than 5m above sea level and are at risk from erosion. Kanokupolu village (immediately south of Ha’atafu village), like Lifuka Island in Haapai which is less than 2m above sea level, is the most vulnerable village. Currently, the affected coastline runs about 2.2km along the eastern coast from south of Ha’atafu to Kolovai penetrating landward to an average of 100m from the shoreline.

Figure 1.5: Villages with historic inundation in Tongatapu.


Photo 8: Coastal erosion, Lifuka, Haapai, NEMO, MoW, 2009.


Sea level rise also affects the under-groundwater supplies and agricultural production particularly in low lying coastal areas throughout Tonga.

Figure 1.5 indicates low lying coastal villages in Tongatapu that experienced historic inundation. Elevation of these villages ranges from 0.5m–2m above mean sea level.

The beach in front of the hospital in Lifuka, Ha’apai (2006) is also eroded. The picture (Photo 9) shows the hospital perimeter fence which is now in the sea together with some exposed roots.

1.4.2 Climate Induced HazardsIncreased Frequency and Intensity of Tropical Cyclones

Figure 1.6 shows an increasing trend in the occurrences of tropical cyclones in Tonga on a decadal basis. There is also evidence that the intensity of cyclones has increased since the 1980’s in Tonga.

Photo 9: Hospital fence in sea, Lifuka, Haapai, NEMO, MoW, 2009.

Decadal Occurrences of Tropical Cyclones in Tonga

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

NU

MB

ER

OF

CY

CLO

NE

S

DECADE

1960–1969

7

1970–1979

13

1980–1989

14

1990–1999

15

2000–2008

Decade not completed yet

Figure 1.6: Decadal Cccurrences of Tropical Cyclones in Tonga,1960–2008.

Source: TMS, Tonga.

Since the 1960’s 4 cyclones have severely affected Tonga. Cyclone Flora in March, 1961 affected Vava’u and Haapai district, Cyclone Isaac in March, 1982 affected Haapai and Tongatapu and Cyclone Waka in December, 2001 affected the northern group of Niua and Cyclone Renee in 2010 severely affected Tongatapu, Vava’u & Haapai groups. All of these cyclone events caused severe damages to crops and food supply, infrastructures, tourist resorts, the environment, buildings and disrupt essential services and the wellbeing of the people of affected community for a prolonged period of time.


Figure 1.7: Path of Tropical Cyclone Rene.

Source: TMS, Tonga, 2010.

Storm Surge

During Tropical Cyclone Eseta in 2003, storm surges inflicted serious damages to tourist resorts in Ha’atafu beach, Good Samaritan Inn resort in Kolovai (Photo 11), the Princess Resort in Fo’ui and Nafanua Harbour in Eua (Photo 12).

In addition, tropical cyclone damage to the island groups of Tonga in the past have amounted to millions of dollars. For instance, for Tropical Cyclone Isaac in 1982, the total cost for the damage inflicted was TOP$18.7 million. Tropical Cyclone Waka, 2002 severely damaged the islands of Niuafo’ou, Niuatoputapu and Vava’u and the total estimated cost for the damage was TOP$104.2 million (Natural Disaster Management Report, MOW, 2002). For Tropical Cyclone Rene, 2010, the total estimate cost of damage was TOP$19.4M for agricultural crops, TOP$15.6M for residential houses and TOP$3 million for roads and causeways. (Initial damage assessment report, Tonga, 2010).

Photo 10: Destruction of dwelling houses by TC Rene, 2010, SNC Project, Tonga 2010.

Photo11: Strong storm surge damaging Good Samaritan Inn, MoW, 2003.

Photo12: Strong storm surge damaging Nafanua Harbour, MoW, 2003.


Figure 1.8: Tonga’s location in Pacific of Fire and its vulnerability to impacts of geohazards.

Source: Geology Unit Report, Ministry of Lands, Survey & Natural Resources, Tonga.

The surge was so destructive that it caused serious damage costing millions of dollars. The damage to the Good Samaritan Inn at Kolovai was estimated at around TOP$105,000.00 and Nafanua Harbour to be TOP$1.1million.

Tornadoes

Although Tornadoes do not usually cause national disasters in Tonga, their impact can be disastrous at the local and village level. The last known tornado was in the central district of Tongatapu in September, 2004 causing isolated damage to some homes in Utulau, Haakame and Haalalo.

1.4.3 Geological HazardsTonga is highly vulnerable to volcanic and tsunami hazards because of its geographical location and geological constitution. The island group is situated at the subduction zone of the Australian and the Pacific tectonic plates and within the Ring of Fire where intense seismic activities occur. It is about 200km to the west of the Tonga Trench which is a potential source of tsunami. Most of its atoll islands including the main island are very flat with average altitude of 2–5 meters hence highly vulnerable to tsunami inundation. Volcanic and tsunami hazards are often triggered by earthquake events.

Earthquake

Photo 13: Tornadoes impacts on ‘Utulau village, MoW, 2004.


Table 1.3 provides a summary of all incidences of earthquakes and their impacts in Tonga.

Table 1.3: Earthquake and its impacts in Tonga.

Date Location Depth Time Magnitude Tsunami Warning lmpact(s)

22 June 1977

175.74W22.19 S

69km12h08m33.7s

7.1No warning has been issued.

Damage to infrastructure (Centenary Church, Vuna Wharf, Prime Minister’s Office and others

03 May 2006

174.16W20.13S

55km 4:26am

Tsunami warning was issued but no tsunami hit Tonga

No major damage has been reported

19 March 2009

174.30W20,34S

50km 7.17am 7.9

Tsunami warning but no tsunami hits Tonga

No damage has been reported

29 September 2010

15.509S172.034W

18km17:48:11 UTC

8.1Tsunami hits Niuatoputapu in Tonga

Major damage to infrastructure and 9 lives lost

24 November 2009

20.641S174.068W

10km 02:47am 6.8No tsunami warning

No damage recorded

Source: Geology Unit, Ministry of Lands, Survey & Natural Resources, Tonga.

Volcanic Eruption

An undersea eruption occurred in the west of the islands of Hunga Tonga and Hunga Ha’apai in Tonga in 2009 (Figure 3). The eruption was visible from Nuku’alofa, the capital of Tonga. Steam and ash were emitted more than 1 km high. Steam and ash column first appeared after series of sharp earthquakes were felt in the capital, Nuku’alofa. This resulted in the cancellation of both domestic and international aircraft flights, as well had detrimental impacts on the marine ecosystem around the area of eruption.

Tsunami

The Niuatoputapu (NTT) tsunami reached maximum height of 16.9m on the southeast coast. Flow heights were between 4–7m above mean sea level along the western coastline where the villages of Hihifo, Vaipoa and Falehau are located. The greatest damage was evident in the unpopulated, forested areas of the eastern and northern coastline. In these areas swathes of matured forest were completely destroyed, debris piles of trees and vegetation were built up on land and in the lagoon, the shoreline was significantly scoured and the land surface was stripped of soil cover.

Photo 14: Submarine volcanic eruption, Hunga Ha’apai, 2009.


Further effects include:9 fatalities and 6 seriously injured• Government center destroyed including the hospital, Government staff quarters and • officesMore than 60% of dwelling houses destroyed• Total estimated cost of damage–TOP$18.2m•

8.3 Mag at the Richter Scale • Time/Date: 0648 hrs of 30th Sept. 2009• Location: 15.3 degree South 171degree West or 197km • North east of NTT• Depth: 33km• 30–200m tsunami travelled inland on the Eastern sides• 400–900m tsunami travelled inland on the Western sides•

Photo 15: Tsunami impacts, Niua Toputapu, NEMO, 2009.



Figure 1.9: Tsunami in Niua Toputapu with epicentre, September 2009.

Source: LGIS, Ministry of Lands, Survey & Natural Resources, Tonga.

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1.5 Projected Climate Change ImpactsThe climatic parameters projected for Tonga are as follows:• Increased average temperature;• Reduced overall rainfall;• Higher occurrences of heavy rainfall;• Increased sea level; and• Increased frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones.

Table 1.4 outlines the projected impacts of climate change and natural disasters on critical sectors in Tonga.

Table 1.4: Sectors and their vulnerabilities to projected climate change.

SECTOR VULNERABILITIES

Coastal Areas Areas throughout the kingdom with elevation below 2m including Tongatapu (Figure 1.10), Haapai will be severely affected. Areas affected include the residential, businesses, schools, government buildings & offices, and roads.

Agriculture and food security

Sea level rise will result in land loss, loss of soil moisture, increased soil salinisation in agricultural lands which reduce the suitability for gardening purposes. Natural disasters will severely affect crop production and food security. This will in turn seriously affect the economy of Tonga.

Water Resources A rise in sea level will be very problematic particularly in low lying areas. A reduction in the area of freshwater lens and salt water intrusion will be disastrous to availability of fresh drinking water. A decrease in rainfall will reduce recharge rate to underground water aquifers and also water collected in cisterns hence results in water scarcity.

Human Health Increased rainfall will have a higher probable increased incidence of waterborne and vector borne diseases. Decrease in rainfall will lead to the exacerbation of problems with sanitation and hygiene, increase incidence of diarrhoel diseases, asthma & other diseases due to drier atmospheric conditions. Sea level rise will contaminate underground water which is unsafe for drinking purposes and can increase incidence of diarrhoel diseases.

Fisheries Increased sea temperature will result in coral bleaching and mortality therefore there is going to be a reduction in the abundance and diversity of marine species. Continuous decrease in fish catch rate. Fisheries sector will be severely affected and hence economy of the country.

Natural Disasters Increased severity of natural disasters of hydro-meteorological origin will be undoubtedly affecting all sectors.

Tourism Increased frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones together with storm surge, increase sea level will have detrimental impacts on tourism industry in Tonga. These include beach loss, inundation and damage to tourist resorts.

Infrastructures Nukualofa is the centre of businesses and administrations in Tongatapu. Most of the infrastructural development in Nukualofa are situated along the coastal areas. Increased intensity of tropical cyclones with storm surge, increased sea level will have significant adverse impacts on infrastructures. Geological hazards will be real threats to infrastructures in Nukualofa.


Figure 1.10: Tsunami Impacts and Evacuation Zones, Tongatapu.


Table 1.5: Zones with different elevation and areas inundated (sqkm), Tongatapu.

ZONE NUMBER

TOTAL INUNDATED AREAS

Tongatapu: total land area is 260sqkm TOTAL INUNDATED

AREAS IN PERCENTAGE (%)square meter

(sqm)square

kilometer(sqkm)

1 (below 2m) 4,076,750 4.1 1.6

2 (below 8m) 4,646,580 4.6 1.8

3 (below 15m) 51,941,625 51.9 20

4 (below 35m) 127,312,525 127.3 48.8

Source: LGIS, Ministry of Lands, Survey and Natural Resources, Tonga, 2009.


Figure 1.11: Impacts of a 2m wave height on Tongatapu.


Figure 1.10 illustrates different zones (Zones 1–4) with different elevations ranging from below 2m height to below 35m height in Tongatapu.

Zone 1 is the high risk area. Its elevation is below 2m height. Zone 4 is the safest area and its elevation is below 35m height. In time of the tsunami incidence Zone 4 and the grey colored zone are the safest zones for evacuation purposes.

A 2m wave height will inundate 4.1sqkm of the land area that is 1.6% of the total land area of Tongatapu. Areas particularly those along the coast are the most vulnerable and affected areas. (Figure 1.11). Names of the villages situated in this high risk zone are indicated in Figure 1.5.

A 4m wave height impacts on Tongatapu are illustrated in Figure 1.12. Up to 4.6sqkm of the land area of Tongatapu will be lost.

Further, 15m wave height will inundate 51.9sqkm of the total land area of Tongatapu.

A 35m wave height will inundate 48.8sqkm and that is 48.8% of the total land area of Tongatapu.


Figure 1.12: Impacts of a 4m wave height on Tongatapu.



The development of the JNAP on CCA & DRM is Tonga’s response to national, regional and international processes, agreements and frameworks. The Government of Tonga endorsed an integrated whole of country and whole of Government/country approach to addressing climate change and disaster risk management.

2.1 Tonga Strategic Development Process The 2009–2014 National Strategic Planning Framework is the overarching framework that drives Tonga’s development path and resource allocation. Over the past three decades the Government of Tonga, being conscious of Tonga’s vulnerability to natural disasters, has made a conscious effort to incorporate environmental issues and disaster risk into its national planning and development programmes as evidenced in the National Strategic Development Plan 5, 6 and 7, 8 and the recent National Strategic Planning Framework 2009–2014. ‘Mainstreaming’ as commonly referred to now has been practiced in Tonga however, the Government is also conscious of its limited capacity to allocate sufficient resources to sustainably address CCA and DRM issues. Goal 7 of the 2009–2014 Framework calls for the integration of environmental sustainability, climate change and disaster risks into national planning and execution of programs.

This JNAP for CCA & DRM is aligned with the priorities of the 2009–2014 National Strategic Framework. Its timely implementation will not only support and assist Tonga in terms of its sustainable development goals and objectives but will also strengthen Tonga’s resilience to current and emerging risks relating to natural hazards.

2.2 Climate Change Mitigation and AdaptationTonga has participated actively in the international and regional climate change arena.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

The UNFCCC is the key international agreement aimed at stabilizing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) concentrations at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic (human induced) interference with the climate system. It entered into force on 21 March, 1994. Tonga became a signatory party to the UNFCCC on 20 July 1998.

The ultimate objective of this agreement is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the global climate system.

LINKAGES OF THIS PLAN TO NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROCESSES, AGREEMENTS AND FRAMEWORKS

chapter 2


The Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC was adopted at the Third Session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC held in 1997, Kyoto, Japan. This contains legally binding commitments for developed countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These countries agreed to reduce their GHG emissions by at least 5% below 1990 levels on a global level in the commitment period 2008–2012. This Protocol came into force in 2005.

Tonga acceded to the Kyoto Protocol in January 2008. Like all developing countries, Tonga has no reduction commitments under the Kyoto Protocol, however Tonga can undertake mitigation actions to contribute to the achievement of the core objective of the UNFCCC. The Government of Tonga has promoted the utilization of Renewable Energy Resources and Energy Efficiency.

In addition the Government of Tonga has made a target that by 2013, 50% of the country will use Renewable Energy Resources.

As part of the UNFCCC commitment, Tonga is required to provide communications on action and planning undertaken to address climate change in Tonga and to identify vulnerabilities and needs. The following activities were implemented during the Tonga’s Initial National Communication Project:• Preparation of initial greenhouse gas inventory for Tonga;• Undertake vulnerability assessment in key sectors in Tonga;• Prepare mitigation and adaptation strategies applicable in Tonga;• Preparation of Tonga’s Initial Communication Report;• Development of a national climate change policy;• The construction of the coastal/foreshore protection at Kanokupolu township, an

attempt by the people of Kanokupolu to build this coastal protection to prevent future coastal erosion and intrusion of seawater inland;

• Replanting of coastal trees in front of coastal protection;• Reclamation of roads and building of stone mounts on the way to the foreshore; • Promotion the usage of renewable energy technologies and energy efficiency;• Nursery, composting and coastal tree planting competition among youth groups;• Awareness programmes were conducted on television, radio. School visitation,

community awareness programmes and drama competition on climate change were also conducted; and

• Production of climate change awareness materials and distribution to relevant stakeholders.

Key constraints or gaps identified in the Initial National Communication were as follows:• Lack of credible data when preparing greenhouse inventory and vulnerability

assessment reports; • Limited financial assistance to successfully implement climate change activities;• Lack of coordination among relevant climate change stakeholders;• Level of awareness on climate change & its impacts is low at all levels in society;• No climate change legislation that solely addresses climate mitigation and adaptation;• Limited number of national experts on climate change field is found in Tonga; and• Climate change issues were not mainstreamed into most sectoral and local planning

and programmes.


Pacific Islands Framework of Action on Climate Change, 2006–2015

The Pacific Island Leaders adopted the Pacific Islands Framework for Action on Climate Change 2006–2015 (PIFACC) in 2005 and South Pacific Regional Environment Program (SPREP) was directed to develop an Action Plan based on national situations and priorities to implement the PIFACC. The development of this JNAP for CCA & DRM placed Tonga in a position to implement PIFACC’s principles and national actions relevant to the need and priorities of the people and the Government of Tonga. It also reflects the commitments made by Tonga under the UNFCCC.

2.3 Disaster Risk ManagementTowards the end of the 1980’s the international community, under the leadership of the United Nations recognized that natural hazards are the worst impediment to socio-economic progress particularly among the least developed countries (LDCs) and small island developing states (SIDS).

A series of initiatives were then introduced to combat the disruptive effects of natural disasters, the most prominent of which was the designating of the last decade of the 20th Century as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR). Other conventions with related objectives followed including the Yokohama Plan for Action and the Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005–2015. These complementary conventions strengthen the resolve of the international community to take all possible actions to reduce the impact of natural disasters in every shape or form.

The Pacific Forum leaders committed themselves to this initiative during its meeting in Madang, Papua New Guinea in October 1995 by approving the Pacific Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Management Framework for Action 2005–2015 (Regional DRM Framework).

In February 2006 SOPAC established the Pacific Disaster Risk Management Partnership Network (PDRMPN), at the request of Pacific Leaders. PDRMPN was established primarily as a collaborative and cooperative mechanism of support for Pacific countries in relation to disaster risk management capacity building but more so to assist them with the adaptation and implementation of the Regional Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Framework. The PDRMPN comprises an “open-ended, voluntary” membership of international, regional and national government and non-government organisations, with comparative advantages and interests in supporting Pacific countries toward mainstreaming DRM through addressing their disaster risk reduction and disaster management priorities. (SOPAC, 2009).

The Kalibobo Road Map produced by the Forum Leaders Meeting in 2005, also called for the operationalisation of these regional frameworks at the national level to assist member countries to develop national capacity for an integrated approach to CCA and DRM. Recognising the presence of limited financial and technical capacity, the Leaders also endorsed the Pacific Plan, requesting Council of the Regional Organisations in the Pacific (CROP) agencies and development partners to provide country focused assistance to complement national efforts. Development partners, too, have agreed to coordinate and harmonise their development support under the Pacific Plan reflecting their commitments made in the Paris Declaration of Aid Effectiveness and the Pacific Principles of Aid Effectiveness. There is also a high level of support for the policy suggestions contained in the World Bank’s Policy Note (Not If, But When), dealing with adaptation to climate change. It is expected that this Plan will also provide the mechanism to coordinate support to Tonga through the Plan’s coordinated implementation and monitoring and evaluation.


The Government of Tonga’s commitments to addressing DRM are reflected in a recently revised legislation and the development of the National Emergency Management Plan. Such commitments are reflected in national initiatives to improve risk management processes in Tonga through institutional strengthening and human resource development. This commitment is embodied in the Cyclone Emergency and Risk Management Project (CERMP, 2002) and other subsequent initiatives. Under the CERMP, 270 Low Cost Cyclone Resistant houses were constructed for Cyclone WAKA victims, the Emergency Management Act was promulgated in September, 2007 and the National Emergency Management Plan was reviewed among other things.

A National Disaster Fund was set up in June, 2008 (TOP$5million) to facilitate recovery process after impact and the staff of the National Emergency Management Office was strengthened by three senior new posts in its 2007/08 financial year. While this commitment is a milestone in the development of DRM in Tonga, there is still room for improvement in order to enhance community preparedness and resilience to natural disasters.

The development of this JNAP for CCA & DRM is related to important national initiatives to strengthen Tonga’s capacity to manage the challenges of climate change impacts and disaster risks, and is an important step forward. The timely and full implementation of this national action plan underpins Tonga’s capacity to achieve the vision of the plan linked to Tonga’s National Strategic Planning Framework.


The development process of the JNAP for CCA & DRM was conducted in a chronological sequence as summarized in Annex 1.

3.1 Political Support Soliciting of support and commitment from the Government of Tonga was among the first steps taken to ensure political support at the highest level for the development of this JNAP. A High Level Advocacy Team (HLAT) from SOPAC made representation to the Tonga Cabinet in October, 2009 for the need to combine the JNAPA for CCA and JNAP for DRM. In supporting the development of joint CCA and DRM JNAP Cabinet Ministers subsequently endorsed the joint programming in October 7th 2009 which then gave SOPAC and SPREP the mandate to facilitate the process. Similar high level consultations were also held with CEOs of line ministries, statutory boards, civil societies and NGOs. There were unanimous endorsements for a joint plan due to the close linkages of climate change impacts and disaster risk management but also to avoid duplication of efforts and maximize the use of the limited resources in Tonga. Tonga is the first country in the Pacific to develop a JNAP CCA & DRM.

3.2 The Establishment of National Multi-disciplinary Teams for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management

Climate Change Adaptation

The Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (former Department of Environment) is the National Executive Agency for climate change activities as approved by the His Majesty’s Cabinet in 2004. Cabinet also approved the establishment of the National Environment Coordinating Committee (NECC) (CD 2004), the Technical Working Group (TWG) and the Management Unit (MU) (CDNo.1123 of July 10, 2001).

The NECC was established to function as the advisory body for all environmental projects including climate change. It also serves as the mechanism to coordinate climate change related issues at both the policy and technical levels. The committee is chaired by the Minister of Environment and Climate Change. Members are departmental heads from government ministries, non-government organizations and statutory authorities. The TWG consists of the greenhouse gas inventory and the vulnerability and adaptation groups.

JNAP ON CCA & DRM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

chapter 3


These groups are responsible for the proper implementation of climate change activities at the technical level. Members of the TWG are technical experts from government agencies, non-government organisations and statutory authorities.

Disaster Risk Management

The Emergency Management Act 2007 called for the development of a National Emergency Management Plan (NEMP, 2009) and the establishment of emergency management committee systems at the national, district and village levels. With regard to the development of the JNAP on Disaster Risk Management, Cabinet tasked the National Emergency Management Committee (NEMC) to participate in the process. A DRM Task Force was also established (CD No.564 of 22 July 2009) to provide the technical inputs in the DRM process.

JNAP Task Force

The logical merge of the two technical teams mentioned above (Climate Change TWG) and the DRM (Task Force) was effected for the purpose of developing the JNAP on climate change adaptation and disaster risk management.

3.3 Situation Analysis and Vulnerability AssessmentA ‘situation analysis’ in terms of Vulnerability Assessment was carried out by the Vulnerability Assessment team.

Methodologies used in this vulnerability assessment by key development sectors were based on the IPCC Technical Guidelines for assessing of climate change impacts and adaptation (Carter et al. 1994) and also the IPCC Common Methodology on sea level rise. These steps were followed accordingly:• Key vulnerable sectors in Tonga were identified;• Observed and historical climatic trends in Tonga were prepared;• Present conditions in sectors concerned were examined;• Future climate and sea level scenarios were developed using the MAGICC SCENGEN

and Tonga SIMCLIM;• Climate and sea level scenarios that were developed were used to examine their future

effects on sectors identified;• Other practical methodologies such as Plant Gro and WATBAL9F computer models

were also used in assessing the potential impacts of climate and sea level changes particularly in the Water Resources and Agricultural Sectors; and

• The CHARM tool was used to assess disaster risks.

Key national assessment reports were also reviewed such as:• Vulnerability Assessment on Tonga’s Initial National Communication, 2005;• Climate Change Thematic Assessment Report under National Capacity Self Assessment

Project, 2007;• National Climate Change Policy, 2006;• Climate Change Chapter under National Assessment Report, 2004; and• Joint Community consultations on Climate Change, Biodiversity and National Capacity

Self Assessment Projects, 2006.

The findings from this Vulnerability Assessment were used as the basis for comprehensive community consultations.


3.4 Stakeholders and Community ConsultationsCommunity Consultations

The CCA and DRM national joint team and an adviser from SOPAC conducted consultations in highly vulnerable communities in Tongatapu, Vava’u and Haapai from November 2009–January 2010.

Communities were informed of the development of the National Action Plan for CCA & DRM and the purpose of the consultation which is to identify community issues and priorities to address climate change and disaster impacts. It was clearly explained to participants that information collated from the consultation will be used for the development of a National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management.

In each consultation, there were 30–60 participants in attendance. Participants included town officers, district officers, and representatives from youth groups, churches, women’s groups, farmers, fishermen, and teachers. Each group discussion was facilitated by the CCA & DRM technical members. Climate change and non climate change factors were discussed and the communities were invited to identify the vulnerable sectors and their impacts. Later they were also invited to prioritise the climatic factor that had the most severe impacts in their respective communities. Criteria used for prioritizing needs were scale of immediate needs (local, district or national), level of concern (low, medium or high), severity/urgency of needs (high & very urgent, medium & urgent, low & not very urgent), priority ranking (0-not important, 1-least important, 2-important, 3-most important).

Priority needs from each of the respective communities were then collated to form the country priority needs as itemized in Table 3.1.


Tabl

e 3.

1: S

umm

ary

of fi

ndin

gs fr

om c

omm

unity

con

sulta

tions

Clim

ate

chan

ge &

N

on-c

limat

e ch

ange

fa

ctor

Vuln

erab

le S

ecto

rsIm

pact

sA

dapt

atio

n op

tions

SEA

LEV

EL R

ISE

Coa

stal

Are

as*

Coa

stal

Ero

sion

* C

oast

al v

eget

atio

n de

stro

yed

* R

epla

ntin

g of

coa

stal

are

as*

For

esho

re p

rote

ctio

n w

ith s

tone

s*

For

esho

re p

rote

ctio

n w

ith s

and

bags

* F

ores

hore

pro

tect

ion

with

ste

el p

iles

* R

eloc

ate

peop

le fr

om c

oast

al a

reas

to

inne

r la

nd

Wat

er R

esou

rces

* S

altw

ater

intr

usio

n in

to g

roun

dwat

er a

cqui

fers

* In

crea

se o

f sal

t con

cent

ratio

ns s

o lim

ited

supp

ly

of p

otab

le w

ater

for

drin

king

pur

pose

s

* In

crea

se fr

esh

wat

er h

arve

stin

g*

Sus

tain

able

use

of w

ater

* S

urve

y of

und

ergr

ound

wat

er*

Wat

er w

ells

as

alte

rnat

ive

sour

ce*

Des

alin

atio

n pl

ant

Fis

herie

s*

Lag

oon

fish

erie

s ef

fect

ed d

ue to

tida

l lev

els

* D

eath

of m

arin

e or

gani

sms

* E

xtin

ctio

n of

She

llfish

var

ietie

s*

Dec

reas

e in

ava

ilabl

e fis

h sp

ecie

s

* C

hang

e fis

hing

tech

niqu

es*

For

esho

re P

rote

ctio

n*

Sus

tain

able

man

agem

ent a

rea

(SM

A)

* P

ropa

gate

aqu

acul

ture

* C

onse

rve

mar

ine

life

* U

se o

f env

ironm

enta

l frie

ndly

fish

ing

tech

niqu

es*

Impr

ove

fishi

ng to

ols

Hum

an H

ealth

* D

amag

e to

hou

ses

near

sea

* U

nhea

lthy

food

eat

ing

* E

duca

te p

eopl

e*

Rel

ocat

e in

land

* Im

prov

e ea

ting

habi

ts

For

estr

y*

Diffi

cult

to tr

eat p

anda

nus

* D

amag

e co

asta

l tre

es*

Fin

d al

tern

ativ

e tr

eatm

ent o

f pan

danu

s*

Rep

lant

coa

stal

tree

s

Agr

icul

ture

* S

alt s

pray

on

crop

s*

Mov

e fa

rmin

g in

land

Hou

sing

* D

amag

e an

d ru

stin

g of

roo

ftops

of

hous

es

* L

oss

of r

esid

entia

l hou

ses

* P

aint

roo

f*

Rel

ocat

e in

land


HEA

VY R

AIN

FALL

Roa

ds*

Flo

odin

g of

roa

ds d

ue to

no

prop

er d

rain

age

* S

oil e

rosi

on d

ue to

floo

ding

* B

uild

dra

inag

e sy

stem

* C

ontr

ol r

oam

ing

pigs

* T

ree

plan

ting

on c

oast

al a

reas

* R

oads

nee

d to

be

tar-

seal

ed*

Rep

lant

ing

of tr

ees

arou

nd to

wn

allo

tmen

ts*

Bui

ld b

ette

r ro

ads

Agr

icul

ture

* F

lood

ing

of a

gric

ultu

ral s

ites

* E

rosi

on o

f top

soil

* A

nthr

acno

se o

n ya

ms

* F

lood

ing

on lo

wer

farm

land

s*

Loo

sing

flow

ers

on fr

uit t

rees

* D

amag

e ro

ot c

rops

due

to w

ater

logg

ing

* R

eloc

ate

farm

ing

plot

s*

Iden

tify

flood

tole

rant

cro

p va

rietie

s*

Bui

ld a

gric

ultu

ral R

etai

ning

Wal

l*

Tre

e P

lant

ing

* P

lant

mor

e cr

ops

* A

pply

che

mic

al p

rote

ctio

n*

Bet

ter

farm

pla

nnin

g

Hea

lth*

Incr

ease

inc

iden

ce in

mos

quito

bor

ne d

isea

ses

* D

estr

oy w

ater

-logg

ed a

reas

.*

Tre

e re

plan

ting

* B

uild

str

ong

hous

es*

Cle

an u

p of

vill

age

surr

ound

ing

Fis

herie

s*

Sea

con

tam

inat

ion

from

run

-off

caus

es*

Dec

reas

ed b

io-d

iver

sity

* In

crea

se s

edim

enta

tion

on fo

resh

ore

* T

ree

plan

ting

* F

resh

wat

er h

arve

stin

g –

Incr

ease

num

ber

of w

ater

ta

nks

* T

rain

ing

& A

war

enes

s w

orks

hop

* F

ores

hore

Pro

tect

ion

* Im

prov

e fis

hing

tool

s

Coa

stal

Are

as*

Soi

l ero

sion

* Im

prov

e ca

re fo

r en

viro

nmen

t*

For

esho

re p

rote

ctio

n

Wat

er R

esou

rces

* D

irty

wat

er

* L

ack

of w

ater

tank

s to

col

lect

wat

er*

Wat

er h

arve

stin

g (

villa

ge, c

hurc

hes,

airp

ort)

* B

uild

mor

e w

ater

tank

s

Hou

sing

* W

ater

logg

ed

* P

rope

r dr

aina

ge s

yste

m


DR

OU

GH

TW

ater

Res

ourc

es*

Wat

er S

hort

ages

* C

onta

min

ated

Wat

er*

Hou

sing

Gut

terin

g ne

eds

impr

ovem

ent

* D

irty

wat

er*

Sal

ty w

ater

* E

xpan

d W

ater

col

lect

ion

Sys

tem

* C

lean

wat

er ta

nks.

* M

onito

r w

ater

usa

ge(u

se w

ater

wis

ely)

* In

crea

se n

umbe

r of

Wat

er T

anks

(hou

seho

ld)

* In

stal

l sol

ar p

ump

on g

roun

d w

ater

sup

ply

* P

lant

mor

e co

conu

ts fo

r dr

inki

ng*

Wis

e us

e of

wat

er*

Des

alin

atio

n m

achi

ne*

Boi

l drin

king

wat

er

Agr

icul

ture

* C

rop

Des

truc

tion

* P

oor Y

ield

and

Foo

d S

hort

ages

* W

ater

Sca

rcity

* M

orta

lity

of c

rops

* L

ack

of fo

od*

Lac

k of

food

for

lives

tock

* P

lant

dro

ught

tole

rant

cro

p va

rietie

s.*

Gro

w m

ore

frui

t bea

ring

tree

s.*

Exp

and

wat

er c

olle

ctio

n sy

stem

* P

lant

dro

ught

tole

rant

cro

p va

rietie

s *

Irrig

atio

n *

Pla

nt m

ore

crop

s*

Wis

e us

e of

food

* S

top

allo

win

g an

imal

s to

roa

m fr

eely

Hea

lth*

Dus

t fro

m r

oads

affe

ctin

g he

alth

* W

ater

Con

tam

inat

ion

* E

pide

mic

* B

ette

r m

edic

al c

are

& fa

cilit

ies

* In

crea

se p

ublic

aw

aren

ess

* B

oil W

ater

bef

ore

cons

umpt

ion

* K

eep

wat

er ta

nks

seal

ed*

Pub

lic A

war

enes

s on

pre

vent

ive

mea

sure

s*

Cle

an fo

od b

efor

e ea

ting

* Im

prov

e he

alth

car

e

Fis

herie

s*

Lag

oon

Fis

herie

s A

ffect

ed*

Sw

allo

w m

arin

e lif

e ki

lled

* D

eple

tion

of L

agoo

n fis

h va

rietie

s*

War

mer

sea

s ca

use

dyin

g fis

h

* R

aise

aw

aren

ess

For

estr

y*

Dea

th a

nd lo

ss o

f tre

es*

Pla

nt tr

ees

* M

inim

ise

cutti

ng d

own

of tr

ees


INC

REA

SED

TE

MPE

RAT

UR

EH

ealth

* T

ende

ncy

for

incr

ease

in A

sthm

a ca

ses

* H

eat s

tres

s*

Incr

ease

dus

ts*

Incr

ease

epi

dem

ic

* B

uild

out

reac

h cl

inic

s in

rem

ote

area

s*

Est

ablis

h go

od r

ubbi

sh d

ump

Agr

icul

ture

* P

rem

atur

e sp

oilin

g/ro

tting

of c

rops

& v

eget

able

s*

Inse

ct p

ests

bre

ed fa

ster

* C

rops

dam

aged

* L

ack

of fo

od*

Incr

ease

ste

alin

g of

food

* S

top

cutti

ng tr

ees

Wat

er R

esou

rces

* W

ater

sho

rtag

es*

Incr

ease

d ev

apot

rans

pira

tion

* In

crea

se w

ater

har

vest

ing

Fis

herie

s*

Kill

ing

mar

ine

life

on th

e co

asts

* M

inim

ise

burn

ing

of r

ubbi

sh*

Min

imis

e us

e of

veh

icle

s fo

r tr

ansp

ort

* M

inim

ise

use

of c

hem

ical

s su

ch a

s fe

ticid

e

TRO

PIC

AL

CYC

LON

EA

ll S

ecto

rs*

Con

tam

inat

ed W

ater

* D

amag

e to

Wat

er

* T

anks

(cr

acks

)*

Des

troy

frui

t bea

ring

tree

s (B

anan

as, B

read

frui

t)*

Des

troy

roo

t cro

ps*

Bui

ldin

gs d

estr

oyed

* C

omm

unic

atio

ns a

ffect

ed*

Pow

er d

estr

uctio

n an

d fa

ilure

* R

oads

dam

aged

and

floo

ded

* In

jurie

s an

d F

atal

ities

* D

estr

uctio

n of

coa

stal

veg

etat

ion

& fl

ora

* D

amag

e to

fish

ing

infr

astr

uctu

re*

Dam

age

to w

harf

* E

pide

mic

* R

emov

e gu

tterin

g.*

Boi

l Wat

er b

efor

e co

nsum

ptio

n*

Trim

tree

s su

rrou

ndin

g re

side

ntia

l are

a*

App

ly M

ixed

Far

min

g P

ract

ice

* S

elec

t cyc

lone

tole

rant

cro

ps (

‘ufil

ei)

* D

evel

op N

urse

ries

* In

clud

e na

tura

l dis

aste

r is

sues

into

bui

ldin

g co

des

* P

ublic

Aw

aren

ess

* P

repa

redn

ess

and

emer

genc

y re

spon

se p

lan

at a

ll le

vels

(N

atio

nal t

o H

ouse

hold

leve

l)*

Coa

stal

re-

plan

ting

* G

ovt.

Ass

ista

nce

(sub

sidi

se m

arin

e ve

ssel

rep

airs

etc

)*

Goo

d fa

rm p

lann

ing

* P

runi

ng o

f hig

her

crop

s lik

e ba

nana

* E

arly

har

vest

ing

of c

rops

* P

lant

cro

ps o

n rig

hts

seas

on*

Bui

ld n

ew s

tron

g ho

uses

.*

Bui

ld w

ater

tank

s*

Pla

nt m

ore

crop

s*

Vill

age

Pre

pare

dnes

s pl

an*

Impr

ove

heal

th c

are

faci

lity

* P

repa

re c

rop

seed

lings

*

Mov

e fis

hing

boa

ts to

sho

re


STO

RM

SU

RG

EC

oast

al A

reas

* C

oast

al e

rosi

on*

Tre

es d

amag

e*

Coa

stal

Pro

tect

ion

* R

epla

ntin

g co

asta

l tre

es

Agr

icul

ture

* S

alt s

pray

ing

of c

rops

* C

rop

dam

age

* G

row

Win

d B

reak

ers

* M

ove

inla

nd fo

r fa

rmin

g pu

rpos

es

Hou

sing

* F

aste

r R

ustin

g of

Roo

f iro

n an

d co

rros

ion

* D

amag

e &

des

troy

bui

ldin

gs &

Hou

ses

* W

ater

logg

ed

* P

aint

roo

fing

Iron

s*

Rel

ocat

ion

to h

ighe

r gr

ound

Roa

ds*

Soi

l/sto

nes

eros

ion

e.g.

Hol

opek

a ro

ad*

Bui

ld s

tron

ger

road

s*

Mov

e ro

ads

inla

nd*

For

esho

re p

rote

ctio

n

Wat

er r

esou

rces

* D

rinki

ng w

ater

affe

cted

* In

crea

se w

ater

har

vest

ing

TSU

NA

MI

All

Sec

tors

* H

ousi

ng D

estr

uctio

n*

Roa

d D

amag

e*

Cro

p D

estr

uctio

n*

Los

s of

Hum

an li

ves

* P

ower

sup

ply

Fai

lure

* C

onta

min

atio

n of

Wat

er s

uppl

y *

Fis

herie

s La

goon

Sto

cks

depl

eted

* D

ead

peop

le*

Infr

astr

uctu

re d

amag

ed*

Foo

d sh

orta

ge*

* W

ater

tank

s da

mag

ed*

Dam

age

tree

s

* Im

prov

e E

arly

War

ning

sys

tem

(S

iren

Sys

tem

)*

24/

7 m

onito

ring

serv

ice

* C

omm

unity

aw

aren

ess

and

educ

atio

n*

Nat

ural

sig

ns/a

pply

trad

ition

al k

now

ledg

e*

Rel

ocat

e to

ove

rsea

s co

untr

ies

* Im

prov

e in

form

atio

n se

rvic

es*

Bui

ld h

ighe

r vi

llage

bou

ndar

ies

EAR

THQ

UA

KES

All

Sec

tors

* F

alle

n tr

ees

affe

ctin

g ro

ot c

rops

* G

roun

d cr

acks

* H

ousi

ng d

estr

uctio

n*

Dam

age

& c

olla

psed

bui

ldin

gs*

Ret

icul

ated

wat

er m

ain

can

be a

ffect

ed*

Wat

er w

ell d

amag

e*

Dam

age

to r

oads

& w

harf

* P

eopl

es p

sych

olog

ical

ly a

ffect

ed

* W

ater

tank

dam

aged

* W

ater

sup

ply

syst

em d

amag

ed*

Dea

d pe

ople

* C

rop

dam

age

* S

tora

ge o

f per

isha

ble

good

s in

saf

e &

sec

ure

plac

e*

Com

pute

rized

pip

elin

e m

onito

ring

& c

ontr

ol s

yste

m.

* C

hang

e to

Rot

omol

d pl

astic

wat

er T

anks

* U

se r

ubbe

r po

ints

on

wat

er p

ipes


Stakeholder Consultation

Government ministries, NGOs and statutory authorities in Tongatapu, Ha’apai and Vava’u were also included in the consultation aimed at identifying related issues and priorities as well as assessing the extent of mainstreaming climate change and disaster risk management at sectoral level and including NGOs and Civil Societies planning processes.

It was established that some Ministries had already incorporated CCA & DRM into their current and future planning and development programmes whereas others had not. These consultations also stressed the importance of enhancing the coordination among all stakeholders and that the lead agencies for CCADRM should ensure the effective implementation of the JNAP which subsequently enhances resilience of people, their livelihoods and environment to climate change impacts and disaster risks. Table 3.2 below outlines the summary of findings after consultations with Government Ministries, NGOs, Statutory Board at Tongatapu, Ha’apai.

Table 3.2: Summary of findings from Government Ministries/Departments, Non-Government Organisations consultations.

Sector Adaptation options

Coastal Areas – Foreshore protection along the most vulnerable coastal areas (< 3m above mean sea level)

– Formulate coastal management plan– Assess ocean current flow – Reassess design of current protection systems– Review and amend existing legislation (sand mining)

Disaster – Improve disaster planning, preparedness, response and recovery. (supplementary water sources)

– Early warning system and monitoring– Improved Government. Info management services in Meteorology,

Geology, Climate Change and NEMO– 24 hrs /7days service/monitoring– Capacity (human resources, facilities, financial) needed to enforce

building code

Water – Improve capacity to monitor water quality and better utilization of water resources

Energy – Promote renewable energy and energy efficiency initiatives – Proper regulatory framework for renewable energy in place

Fishing – SMA - Special Management Area– Database on fish stock– Aquaculture fisheries

Agriculture and Forestry

– Good Farm Planning and techniques (including livestock) and tree management (mixed farming, organic farming crops tolerant)

– Proper land use management– Irrigation for areas affected by drought

Roads – Improve infrastructure – Improve drainage systems– Integrate designing and building of more roads into Tsunami Evacuation

Plan

Health – Strengthen food and water hygiene– Public Awareness/training on communicable/vectorborne/waterborne/

foodborne and nutritional related diseases prevention– Vector control unit established– Better medical care and facilities– Data management system in place


Education – School disaster/response plan & drill– Early Warning System for all hazards– Integrate CCA and DRM into school syllabus

National Planning

– Institutional Strengthening of Water Board(Act/Legislation/reform)– Establish District Disaster Committee to develop Disaster Management

Plan at the village level– Strengthen government’s linkage and governor’s office especially in the

outer islands– Mainstream CCADRM considerations into national and sectoral planning

and budgets – Increase accessibility to CCADRM funds

Tourism – Conservation of natural resources (cultural, sand, coral, forest etc)– Relocate resorts at low lying coastal areas to higher lands

Infrastructures – Integrate CCADRM issues into all infrastructural development– Risk assessment requirement as part of project appraisal, together

with Environmental Impact Assessment for all major infrastructure and economic development projects

NGOs – Community Participation & Networking (Youth, Women Groups & others)– Community Based Vulnerability Analysis and – Community Based CCA/DRM Strategies– Strengthen partnerships with government ministries/departments in

implementing CCA/DRM activities and programmes

3.5 Development of the Action Matrix, Costing and Implementation Strategy

A four day JNAP Task Force consultation meeting was convened from 8th and 15th February, 2010 by SOPAC and SPREP to facilitate the consolidation of vulnerability issues identified and to determine priorities.The information collated from the Vulnerability & Adaptation (V&A) process, community and key stakeholders consultations provided the basis for the meeting and the development of the action matrix for the action plan as in Annex 2 herein.

It was decided at this point in the process that this joint plan will focus on ‘gaps’ to add value to numerous existing initiatives already established by the Government and to increase the pace of climate change adaptation as well as DRM. In addition, it was decided not to duplicate existing efforts but to concentrate on priority issues where additional or new resources are required for strengthening Tonga’s resilience to climate change and natural disaster impacts. The decision acknowledges that a number of CCA & DRM concerns and initiatives, such as water and sanitation, early warnings, meteorological services capacity building and community based V&A among others are already covered by existing and planned government initiatives.

Following from the above, JNAP Task Force also determined that the National Action Plan is not intended to be fully comprehensive in terms of its coverage, but rather represents a starting point. The JNAP should therefore be a ‘living document’. Part of this JNAP for CCA & DRM development process included the identification of a robust system of monitoring and evaluation and review (refer Chapter 5). It is the intention that CCA & DRM issues not prioritised in the current version of the JNAP, and/or new and emerging issues, be captured through the process of on-going and regular review of JNAP implementation.


1 SOPAC et al (2009) A Guide to Developing National Action Plan: A Tool for Mainstreaming DRM Based on Experiences from Selected Pacific Islands Countries, SOPAC, Suva, Fiji.

STAGE OBJECTIVES OUTPUTS• Assess Situation• Conduct sector

vulnerability assessment

• Conduct community vulnerability assessment

• Identify root causes and effects relating to key problems

• Develop solutions based on established ‘root-causes’

METHOD

• community engagement• Stakeholder

engagement• Preliminary ‘root-cause’

analysis

Sector‘Briefing Notes’

‘Problem trees’– Root-causes

JNAP matrix– strategic level

• Synthesize key problems relating to mainstreaming DRM ‘Problem

Statements’

Drawing on:• Sector briefing notes• Preliminary root-cause

analysis• Regional Frameworks –

Climate Change & DRM

• Working group sessions with national counterparts using a range of tools (e.g. prioritisation and problem/solution tree analysis)

Problem-solution tree

SITUATION ANALYSIS

DRM JNAP Development

The whole prioritization process was adopted from the SOPAC et. al., (2009)1 as depicted in Figure 3.1.

Validation/Prioritization

Validation, prioritization and sequencing usually follow each other, where prioritization is used to determine sequencing after the key issues identifies are discussed and confirmed. ‘Prioritization’ is a decision making process where the ‘most important or main issues’ related to a certain topic or objective are determined and then placed in order of importance. From that prioritization process one is able to decide which action to implement first, second, third etc. within a given timeframe.

Figure 3.1: Steps in developing JNAP matrix.

Source: SOPAC et al (2009).

CCA & DRM gaps that were identified were further subjected to a process of prioritisation in acknowledgement of the fact that:

i) the JNAP should not be overly ambitious, and;

ii) the need to make strategic use of limited resources.

1. Information Collection

3. Identify ‘root-causes’

4. Identify ‘solutions’

2. Identification of Key Problems


2 SOPAC et al (2009) A Guide to Developing National Action Plan: A Tool for Mainstreaming DRM Based on Experiences from Selected Pacific Islands Countries, SOPAC, Suva, Fiji.

Figure 3.2: JNAP Development Process

National DRM • Stakeholders Workshop(s)Working group • sessions with national counterparts Feedback and • validationShort listing of Key • Issues (prioritisation)Problem-tree • analysisConversion of • problems into SolutionsIdentification of • ActionsTransfer to JNAP • matrixFurther validate and • refine matrixPrepare supporting • text

‘Problem & Solutions trees’ – Root-causes

JNAP matrix of actions

JNAP supporting text

STEPS OBJECTIVES METHOD OUTPUTS

DRM JNAP DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

Validation & prioritization of Key Issues

Identify ‘root causes’ and ‘solutions’

Populate the JNAP matrix

Writing of supporting text

Test accuracy of • informationSecure • stakeholder inputsEnsure country • priorities are representedBrainstorm • problems and potential solutions

Identify Root Causes and Solutions

Issues that were considered priority gaps were then taken through a process of a problem tree analysis during which root causes were systematically identified.

Once the root causes of CCA & DRM issues had been agreed, potential solutions to address the root causes were constructed. These solutions (rigorously discussed and debated) were reformulated through a process of iteration. With the assistance of SOPAC and SPREP facilitators of the process, the final draft solutions (rephrased into actions) were arranged and packaged in an Action Matrix.

The costing of the action matrix was conducted during February 8th–19th, 2010 by a SOPAC Technical Team with the JNAP Task Force in Tonga. Details of all costs are presented in Chapter 5.

The JNAP Task Force was further convened during March 29th–April 1st by the SPREP and SOPAC team where the implementation, monitoring and evaluation strategies of the JNAP were formulated. Details are also presented in Chapter 5.

The JNAP Task Force was then left to draft the supporting text which was later reviewed and edited by the SPREP and SOPAC team. The process of developing this JNAP was adapted from SOPAC et al (2009)2 as presented in Figure 3.2 below.


VisionThe vision is to promote and ensure safe, healthy, secure and resilient communities to climate change impacts and disaster risks.

The JNAP comprises six goals. Each goal has several objectives and outcomes.

Goal 1: Improved good governance for climate change adaptation and disaster risk management (mainstreaming, decision making, organizational and institutional policy frameworks)

Objectives

• Develop an enabling policy and capacity to strengthen planning and decision making processes with the incorporation of relevant climate change and disaster risk management considerations

• Strengthen institutional arrangements and capacity for climate change and disaster risk management in Vavaú, Haápai, Éua and in the Niuas

Outcomes

• Strong institutional arrangements for climate change and disaster risk management

• Climate change and disaster risk management mainstreamed into planning, decision making and budgetary processes

Goal 2: Enhanced technical knowledge base, information, education and understanding of climate change adaptation and effective disaster risk management

Objectives

• Improve science and technical knowledge base within key government agencies

• Increase relevant education and community awareness programmes

• Strengthen evidence-based decision and policy making through use of relevant and updated information

NATIONAL ACTION PLAN SUMMARY OF GOALS

chapter 4


Outcomes

• Increased and more comprehensive understanding of climate change and disaster risk

• Smart and effective use of ICT for climate change and disaster risk management information management

• Improve capacity for climate change projection and applications on development planning

Goal 3: Analysis and assessments of vulnerability to climate change impacts and disaster risk

Objectives

• Implement appropriate coastal protection systems

• Improve fisheries and coral reef management in view of climate change

• Strengthen community-based capacity in vulnerability and analysis

• Strengthen the capacity for implementing and enforcement of impact assessments

• Assess water resources and supply capacity in capitals, villages and outer islands

• Assess impact of climate change on vector borne, water borne and nutritional related diseases

Outcomes

• Protection of coastal areas along the most vulnerable low-lying areas and agricultural land

• Rational data and information on disaster occurrence and climate change impacts will be available for Tonga

• Reduction of underlying risk factors

• Adequate supply of marine sea foods

• Effective plant rehabilitation at coastal areas

• Establishment of vector control unit

• Monitoring programmes that link climate change impacts to vector-water-borne and nutritional related diseases

Goal 4: Enhanced community preparedness and resilience to impacts of all disasters

Objectives

• Increase resilience of school buildings and tourism sector to climate change impacts and disaster risks

• Ensure food and water security after disaster events

• Increase disaster preparedness, responses and recovery of community

• Strengthen weather monitoring networks and forecasting centres

• Strengthen early warning systems


Outcomes

• Safe and durable school, community buildings

• Healthy and happy communities

• Effective early warning systems

• Effective and efficient health providers

Goal 5: Technically reliable, economically affordable and environmentally sound energy to support the sustainable development of the Kingdom

Objectives

• 10% reduction of GHG emissions based on 2000* levels by 2015 through implementing Renewable Energy (RE) and Energy Efficiency (EE) programmes

• Improve energy security through improved planning and response mechanisms

Outcomes

• 10% reduction in GHG emissions, based on 2000 levels

• National policy framework on EE including practical mechanisms developed, adopted and implemented

• Improved security of energy supply

Goal 6: Strong partnerships, cooperation and collaboration within government agencies and with civil societies and NGOs

Objectives

• Engage civil societies, NGOs, and private sectors in implementation of this Plan

• Strengthen partnerships within government agencies and with civil societies, Non-Government Organisations and Private Sectors

Outcomes

Enhanced participation in CCA and DRM planning and programmes

3 2000 level was 93Gg CO2-e.


This section articulates the implementation arrangements of this JNAP. It includes:• a description of the approach utilised to develop the implementation arrangements; • a set of guiding principles for the implementation;• the costing methodology used by partners to identify resource requirements and related

costs for the implementation of actions under the JNAP;• an implementation or management structure to be responsible for leading and

coordinating JNAP implementation;• a financing strategy and approaches for the resourcing of JNAP actions;• the platform for an appropriate communications strategy to help ensure that the

underlying message of increased safety and resilience is conveyed to all stakeholders using the most appropriate media; and

• the basis for a monitoring and evaluation system which not only addresses issues in relation to transparency and accountability but also facilitates a systematic approach to change and improvement as a direct consequence of progress reporting.

The implementation arrangements have been developed in consultation with the JNAP Task Force comprising representatives of the major sectors within Government and as well the Tonga Red Cross which has represented the interests and concerns of NGOs and civil society. It is intended that the Task Force leads the implementation and coordination effort and monitoring, evaluation and reporting of progress.

5.1 Approach to the Development of the Implementation ArrangementsWithin the context of the planning process for this JNAP in Tonga the implementation arrangements were developed through consultations with the members of the Task Force and through interviews with a number of Chief Executives and senior officials within Government. A workshop for the Task Force was held on 29th March and 1st April 2010 in which aspects of implementation were discussed and interviews conducted on 30th and 31st March 2010.

The outcomes of the consultation were presented in a final draft form to the Task Force and the arrangements presented below reflect their views. There is every confidence that these arrangements will allow for the meaningful ownership and participation of all stakeholders in JNAP implementation.

THE IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

chapter 5


5.2 Guiding PrinciplesThe following principals have been developed by the Task Force to guide the implementation of the JNAP:

• Cooperation and Collaboration – The success of JNAP implementation is dependent on a good and harmonious working relationship between those charged with the responsibility for guiding implementation, and also with the many other stakeholders and communities involved in or impacted by JNAP implementation. It is important that all such stakeholders work together closely.

• Capacity – The implementation of the JNAP must be undertaken in a way that is mindful of existing resource and capacity constraints within Government. It must be manageable and mindful of the plethora of existing national and sectoral initiatives being implemented alongside.

• Use of Existing Systems and Structures – There must be efforts made to ensure that the existing systems of administrative and financial management, at national and regional level are utilised as these have been designed and tested by Government to ensure transparency and accountability.

• Sustainability – This attempt to integrate climate change and disaster risk considerations into the national planning and decision making at all levels must be sustainable beyond the term of the JNAP. In this regard all stakeholders in Government and externally must ensure that risk considerations are mainstreamed into the various planning and budgetary mechanisms. Every effort must also be made to ensure that decision-making on implementation must be structured on a platform of sound technical and/or scientific data and information.

• Commitment – The Task Force given the responsibility to facilitate and coordinate JNAP implementation must be fully committed to their roles and responsibilities as specified in their terms of reference. The success of JNAP implementation will not be realised unless each of the members of the Task Force, and through them their respective Ministries and beyond the community, are willing to display selflessness and an ‘esprit de corps’.

5.3 Indicative Costing Methodology

Table 5.1 provides a total indicative cost to implement the JNAP. The estimated cost of the JNAP includes both the financial cost of actions and the in-kind contributions made by the Government of Tonga and partners (such as SOPAC and SPREP) to execute actions.

Assumptions Used• Costs including travel to the outer islands reflect that often both Niuas needed to

be visited. In some cases, stakeholders indicated when it might be better to bring in representatives from the Niuas to meetings on Tongatapu or elsewhere to minimise costs.

• Some JNAP work – such as training - is envisaged to be conducted on a district basis. There are 3 districts on Tongatapu, 3 in Haápai and 3 in Vavaú, 9 in total.

• There are currently 4 SMAs in Haápai, 2 in Vavaú and 2 on Tongatapu (8 in total).• Travel costs and purchase of equipment or assets are generally distinguished from

other costs. However, on rare occasions (such as sub-action 3.6.6), an agency would provide a lump sum estimated cost of an action, including items to acquire as well as travel etc. all in one bundle. In these cases, it was not possible to distinguish between costs with the result that travel or acquisition costs will appear under estimated in sub-totals. Nevertheless grand totals are as correct as far as is possible.


• In a few specific cases, Tongan stakeholders indicated where an overseas consultant would be required to execute a JNAP action. In such cases, an overseas rate was applied. However, Tonga representatives were keen that technical assistance from consultant would be sourced from Tonga wherever possible. The cost of a local consultant is often lower than the cost of an overseas consultant. At the request of Tonga representatives, all consultancies except those specifically targeting overseas experts were costed at local rates. It is possible that, in some cases, those local experts may not be available to undertake work. In these cases, additional costs might be incurred (i) in the form of travel costs and per diems and (ii) since overseas experts often command a higher daily rate than local consultants. The use of only local rates for consultants can therefore under-cost an activity if an appropriate local consultant cannot be accessed. Stakeholders were made aware of this risk during consultations.

• Communications are normally provided as a package (e.g. so many advertisements on TV and radio per week) and often work out cheaper when provided that way.

• The length of time taken to develop grant proposals varies extensively depending on the funds available. For example, discussions on the use of regional funds under EDF10 took over three years while access to funds from the UNDP Small Grants Scheme may take only a few weeks. Given uncertainty about which donors may yet be targeted to fund execution of the JNAP, any actions listed as the development of proposals are not costed and are assumed to be conducted as a ‘free’ in kind contribution conducted as part of normal work.

• Action 4.9.1 covers the recruitment of a Health Disaster Officer in the Ministry of Health. MoH officials suggested that this salary be costed provisionally for one year only. If the position was to be made permanent, costs would clearly need to be covered for the remainder of the JNAP and would be underestimated for the meanwhile.

5.4 Gross Indicative CostsThe overall indicative resources costs to implement the Framework over the period 2010–2015 are estimated to be TOP$22 million (Table 5.1). Of this, it is estimated that in-kind staff contributions from the Government of Tonga and partner agencies would constitute 2 per cent of resource costs (Table 5.1).

Table 5.1: Resource Costs by Goal.

Financial costs In-kind contributions

Total costs

Goal 1 1,582,565 59,117 1,641,682

Goal 2 4,374,918 9,187 4,384,105

Goal 3 5,674,799 193,410 5,868,208

Goal 4 9,537,373 80,451 9,617,824

Goal 5 380,675 3,675 384,350

Goal 6 55,049 5,000 60,049

SUB TOTAL 21,605,378 350,839 21,956,217

% 98.4 1.6

The single greatest cost arises in implementing Goal 4: “Enhanced community preparedness and resilience to impacts of all disasters”.

Goal 4 accounts consequently for 44 per cent of the expected cost of the entire JNAP, Goal 3 (27%), Goal 2 (20%), Goal 1(6%), Goal 5 (2%) and Goal 6 (1%) (Figure 5.1).


Figure 5.1: Financial costs and in kind contributions by Goal.

The financial costs TOP$21.6 million fall largely to the Government of Tonga to resource although SOPAC has been asked for some assistance towards implementing Goal 1 (Table 5.2)

Table 5.2: Share of Financial Costs.

SOPAC and affiliated

Other Total financial costs

Goal 1 9,141 1,573,424 1,582,565

Goal 2 0 4,374,918 4,374,918

Goal 3 0 5,674,799 5,674,799

Goal 4 0 9,537,373 9,537,373

Goal 5 0 38,0675 38,0675

Goal 6 0 55,049 55,049

SUB TOTAL 9141 21,956,217 21,956,217

% 0.1 99.9 0

To provide flexibility in planning for JNAP activities, a contingency of 5 per cent has been applied to all financial costs. In this case, the total financial costs would increase to a potential TOP$23 million (Table 5.3).

Financial costs and in-kind contributions by Goal

44%

27%

20%

6%1%

2%

Goal 1

Goal 2

Goal 3

Goal 4

Goal 5

Goal 6


Table 5.3: Resource costs by Goal including contingency.

Financial costs In-kind contributions

Total costs

Goal 1 1,582,565 59,117 1,641,682

Contingency 79,128

Goal 2* 4,374,918 9,187 4,384,105

Contingency 218,746

Goal 3* 5,674,799 193,410 5,868,208

Contingency 283,740

Goal 4 9,537,373 80,451 9,617,824

Contingency 476,869

Goal 5 380,675 3,675 38,4350

Contingency 19,034

Goal 6 55,049 5,000 60,049

Contingency 2,752

SUB TOTAL 21,605,378 350,839 21,956,217

TOTAL INC CONTINGENCY $ 22,685,647 $ 350,839 $ 23,036,486

5.5 Management StructureA structure to provide the leadership, guidance and the coordination of JNAP implementation has been developed and is centred on the existing Task Force. The Task Force represents a ‘merger’ of the existing Cabinet-approved V&A Team (under the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change) and the DRM JNAP Task Force (coordinated by NEMO). The terms of reference for this Task Force are tabled at Annex 3.

For the purpose of JNAP implementation, it is recommended that a joint meeting of the National Environment and Coordinating Committee (NECC) and the National Emergency Management Committee (NEMC) is to be called once every six months. The joint meeting of the NECC and the NEMC will be the body to provide policy and high level coordination for JNAP implementation. The chair of this joint meeting is to alternate between the two existing chairs of NECCC and NEMC. The secretariat for this joint meeting will be provided by the climate change programme of MECC and NEMO of the Ministry of Works.

The Task Force is to report to the joint meeting the progress of JNAP implementation activities over the previous six months including challenges to be addressed and funded activities planned for the next six months or forthcoming year for endorsement.

This management structure is an extension of existing institutional arrangements for environment and climate change and for emergency management. Under the management structure the Task Force is responsible to Cabinet, in consultation with a Joint Meeting of the NEMC (prescribed under the Emergency Management Act 2007) and the NECCC (approved by Cabinet as the national coordination committee for all donor-funded environmental programmes for the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change). The Task Force is a sub committee of Cabinet for the purposes of ensuring the coordinated implementation of this JNAP.


Figure 5.2: Management structure of JNAP implementation.

The National Environment and Climate Change Committee (NECCC) has the mandate for the national coordination of all activities relating to the environment, climate change (adaptation and mitigation) and impact assessments. The National Emergency Management Committee (NEMC) has the responsibility for DRM capacity building in Tonga. The National Emergency Management Office provides secretariat support to the NEMC while the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change does likewise for the NECCC. The Task Force is required to keep the NECCC and the NEMC informed of the progress of JNAP implementation through the mechanism of the Joint NECC and NEMC Meeting and to seek guidance on any specific CCA as the implementation rolls out.

The Task Force’s specific responsibilities are in terms of providing overall operational and technical leadership and guidance for JNAP implementation as listed below:1. Develop project profiles and related documentation to facilitate requests for funding

and technical assistance from donors and development partners and assist Ministries in this connection when required;

2. Work with donors and development partners to secure funding and technical assistance to implement JNAP actions;

3. Assist Ministries to integrate JNAP actions into Corporate Plans and Annual Management Plans;

4. Develop and implement a communication strategy to support JNAP implementation including the identification of the requisite resource requirements and associated costs;

5. Participate in advocacy for the JNAP at different levels internally within Tonga and also with donors and development partners;

6. Ensure that thorough monitoring, evaluation and reporting is undertaken in relation to JNAP implementation and work closely with the relevant Ministries and other key stakeholders in this regard;

7. Provide regular reports and at a minimum of six (6) month intervals to the NECCC, NEMC, PACC and Cabinet on JNAP implementation; and

8. Submit reports and acquittals to donors and development partners in relation to any specific funding and technical assistance that may be provided for JNAP implementation.

CABINET

TASK FORCE

CCA & DRM Donors

& DevelopmentPartners

NEMC

NECCC

Joint Meeting ofNECCC & NEMC

NGO/CSO Ministries Community

National mandatefor CCA

Secretariat support byMECC

National mandatefor DRM

Secretariatsupport by

NEMO

Joint Sec byNEMO and

MECC

JNAP implementation,M&E and reporting

JNAP implementation,M&E and reporting

Support JNAPimplementation

Coordinate JNAPimplementation, reportto NECCC and NEMC

and Cabinet

Funding and TAsupport for JNAPimplementation


The development partners and donors for climate change and disaster risk management will also have a key role to play in relation to JNAP implementation. The Task Force will liaise regularly with the relevant development partners and donors (some of which have been referred to in the JNAP matrix) and will ensure that the relevant technical assistance and/or funding support is secured to address implementation. The Task Force will be mindful and comply with all financial and administrative requirements of the various development partners and donors that have been engaged to support implementation.

SOPAC as the lead coordinator of the Pacific Disaster Risk Management Partnership Network (Partnership Network) will play a key role in ensuring that partner members are aware of JNAP priorities and of the local implementation arrangements. SOPAC may also provide an opportunity to NEMO, acting on behalf of the Task Force, to present the JNAP at the next meeting of the Partnership Network. Similarly, the Secretariat for the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) as the coordinator of the Climate Change Roundtable will communicate JNAP priorities to climate change partners.

The table below summarises the roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders within the JNAP management structure.

Table 5.4: Roles and responsibilities for JNAP implementation.

Stakeholder Group Role/ResponsibilityNEMO High level oversight, policy guidance and direction for disaster risk →

management institutional strengthening and capacity building

Review of JNAP implementation progress→ NECC High level oversight, policy guidance and direction for climate →

change adaptation and mitigation

Review of JNAP implementation progress→ Task Force Participate in advocacy for the JNAP at different level internally →

within Tonga and also with donors and development partners.

Assist Ministries to integrate JNAP actions into Corporate Plans and → Annual Management Plans.

Develop project profiles and related documentation to facilitate → requests for funding and technical assistance from donors and development partners and assist Ministries in this connection when required.

Develop and implement a communication strategy to support JNAP → implementation including the identification of the requisite resource requirements and associated costs.

Work with donors and development partners to secure funding and → technical assistance to implement JNAP actions

Ensure that thorough monitoring, evaluation and reporting is → undertaken in relation to JNAP implementation and work closely with the relevant Ministries and other key stakeholders in this regard.

Provide regular reports and at a minimum of six (6) month intervals to → the NECCC, NEMC, PACC and Cabinet on JNAP implementation.

Submit reports and acquittals to donors and development partners → in relation to any specific funding and technical assistance that may be provided for JNAP implementation.

NEMO/MECC Facilitate regular Task Force meetings→ Follow up on JNAP implementation with Ministries and agencies→ Facilitate reporting to NECC, NEMC, Cabinet, development → partners and donors


Ministries, agencies and local partners

Ministries and agencies: Facilitate the integration of JNAP actions → into Corporate Plans and Annual Management Plans

Local partners: Facilitate integration of JNAP actions into → respective planning and budget systems

Facilitate implementation of JNAP actions in coordination with the → Task Force

Ensure progress reporting on JNAP implementation and assist in → the evaluation.

Advocate for CCA and DRM→ Villages and Community groups

Support JNAP implementation→ Provide feedback to assist monitoring and evaluation→

Development partners and donors

SOPAC: inform members of the Partnership Network of the JNAP → and implementation programme

All regional and international development partners and donors: → liaise with NEMO and MECC and other local stakeholders in support of JNAP actions

5.6 Financing StrategyThe financing of JNAP implementation is to be facilitated through two basic approaches. These acknowledge that in relation to the overall costs and in particular that the anticipated contribution from the Government will be through in-kind support largely the dedication of staff time. Financial costs of implementing the actions are to be provided for by development partners and donors.

The first aspect of the strategy involves the securing of costs of staff time through the Government planning and budgetary system. To ensure that the relevant Ministries have committed the time of their staff to the implementation of the JNAP the following will be addressed by the Task Force:1. The Task Force, following the approval of the relevant Ministry CEO, will lead ‘JNAP’

reviews of all existing Corporate Plans for each Ministry and insert as appropriate a strategy to commit the Ministry to the implementation of the Tonga JNAP for CCA & DRM.

2. In connection with 1 above the Task Force will review and edit the Annual Management Plan for the relevant Ministries, for the period 2010–2011. In this way each Ministry’s Annual Management Plan for 2010–2011 will reflect a commitment to the implementation of the actions under the JNAP for which a particular Ministry may be responsible.

This approach effectively commences the process of mainstreaming of CCA & DRM within the planning and budgetary system of each agency. As the momentum and support for CCA & DRM increases within the Government this approach will hopefully facilitate increased and investments (over time) by the various Ministries in terms of funding the ‘in-kind’ and in addition the ‘financial’ commitments for CCA & DRM.


A diagrammatic illustration of this approach under the financing strategy is shown below.

The second approach is in relation to securing of financial assistance through external donors and development partners. The Ministry of Finance has established guidelines for securing support from external sources and the process will be utilised in JNAP implementation. The considerations are as follows:1. Any project funding proposals (whether or not pledges of support have been received

directly by either the Task Force or an individual Ministry) are to be submitted to the Ministry of Finance for consideration by the Project & Aid Coordinating Committee (PACC);

2. Proposals with a value in excess of TOP$2 million will be considered by the PACC and if supported be submitted to the Expenditure Review Committee of Cabinet;

3. Proposal with a value up to and including TOP$2 million will be processed and approved (or declined) as the case may be by the PACC;

4. On receipt of approval for the funding from the PACC the Task Force and relevant Ministry is to complete funding arrangements with the relevant donor/partners; normally concluded with a Memorandum or Letter of Agreement;

5. Each Ministry for which funding is being provided by an external donor or partner will be required to liaise with the Ministry of Finance (Treasury) to establish bank accounts to facilitate funding flows; and

6. The reporting requirements/acquittals system prescribed by the Ministry of Finance for all financial transactions in relation to JNAP implementation shall apply. In addition, the Task Force and/or the relevant Ministry shall ensure compliance with any financial and administrative reporting requirements stipulated by donors and partners.

TASK FORCE

Ministries

3-year MinisterialBudget

Projections

Task Force support relevant Ministries to revised

Corporate Plans and AnnualManagement Plans and

incorporate JNAP actions

JNAP actions integrated into CPs and AMPs

Ministry of Finance

MoF budgets for staff time commitments

(salaries) in connectionwith revised CPs and

AMPs

Corporate Plan

Annual Management

Plan

Figure 5.3: Financing Strategy Approach.


An illustration of the process of securing funding support is shown below.

There are a number of sources of funding for JNAP implementation. Some of these have been ‘secured’ and merely await the outcome of detailed implementation planning discussions between donor/partner representatives and the relevant Ministries in Tonga. There are two (2) broad categories of funding available for JNAP implementation viz ‘climate change funding’ which will largely be coordinated through the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change and ‘DRM funding’ which may often be channelled through the Ministry of Works and specifically through the NEMO. In some instances funding support will be arranged by donors and partners directly with a Ministry responsible for a particular JNAP action.

The identified sources of funding are:

• ACP/EU Natural Disaster Facility (coordinated by SOPAC) o €1.868 million for PICs

• AusAID National Action Plan Facility (coordinated by SOPAC) o A$2.265 million for PICs

• GEF/UNDP Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change Project (coordinated by SPREP) o USD$750,000 for Water security in Hihifo

• AusAID ICCAI (coordinated in Tonga by MECC) o A$100,000 identified for feasibility study in Haápai

• GTZ/SPC Project on Forestry adaptation (coordinated in Tonga by MECC) o €4.2 million for 3 Pacific island countries: Tonga, Fiji and Vanuatu

• GTZ (coordinated in Tonga by MECC) o €10 million for Pacific island countries

• ADB/WB Pilot Programme on Climate Resilience (coordinated in Tonga by MECC) o US$0.25million (phase 1) o US$6–8 million (phase 2) for Tonga

• Government of Germany/IUCN Mangrove Ecosystems Climate Change and Livelihood Project (coordinated in Tonga by MECC)

o US$1 million+ o Coastal protection, GHG, conservation

• GEF/UNDP – Second National Communication (coordinated in Tonga by MECC) o USD$405,000

TASK FORCE

Ministries

1. Task Force support proposals for funding by

Ministries

5. Ministry establishes MoA/LoA with donors/partner and sets up bank account (with MoF

approval) to facilitate funding flows

3. ERC considers/ approves project proposals over TOP

2 million

2. PACC approves project proposals up to TOP 2 million

4. Approvals conveyed to Ministries

Ministry of Finance

ERC

PACC

Figure 5.4: External assistance process.


• GEF/UNDP – Third National Communication (coordinated in Tonga by MECC) o USD$20,000 (phase 1) o USD$480,000 (phase 2)

• GEF3/4 o US$120,000

• GEF 5 o US$2 million for climate change focal area

• UNFCCC Secretariat (coordinated in Tonga by MECC)

o US10 billion globally for adaptation for countries that have ‘associated’ with the Copenhagen Accord and 10% of this global funds has been allocated for Alliance of Small Island Developing States (AOSIS)

• Tonga Climate Change Roundtable/UNDP (coordinated by MECC) o USD$15,000

• Bilateral o Australia; A$2million for Tonga o New Zealand: not yet confirmed o Japan/JICA Cool Earth Partnership (coordinated by MECC) not yet confirmed

5.7 Communication StrategyThe communication of the JNAP to all stakeholders local and external is critical to the success of the initiative and through bringing about a change in attitudes and practices in relation to the impacts of climate change and the risk posed by natural hazards and disasters.

A comprehensive communication strategy for the JNAP will be developed by the Task Force following the Cabinet approval of the JNAP. It is recognised however that as the implementation of the JNAP commences some communication and awareness will need to be undertaken. This will foreshadow the main communications strategy that will be developed.

Some of the considerations the communications strategy will cover include:• Ensuring that Cabinet and key government fora such as the Project & Aid Coordinating

Committee (under the Ministry of Finance & Planning) are regularly updated on JNAP implementation progress

• Strengthening communication linkages with various regional development committees in order to facilitate the communication of the JNAP to rural communities

• Maximising the use of free-to-air broadcasts on radio and television through the Ministry of Finance

• Utilising specialist public relations expertise to help define and develop awareness campaigns and associated material

• Using the networks provided through church and affiliated groups to ensure wide dissemination of information


5.8 Monitoring and EvaluationThe monitoring, evaluation and reporting of implementation progress in relation to the JNAP is to be managed through a range of mechanisms noting that there are a number of key stakeholders that will contribute to or assist the Government. In compiling reports those responsible will be required to undertake evaluations to determine the extent of progress in terms of qualitative and quantitative indicators in the JNAP and record any lessons learned to help identify future interventions in relation to CCA & DRM.

Internally the Task Force and each Ministry that is a member of it will need to observe the reporting requirements of the Ministry of Finance. There are also reporting requirements to the National Environment and Climate Change Committee, National Emergency Management Committee, Project and Aid Coordinating Committee and Cabinet. The Task Force will be required to submit reports to these fora at least once every six (6) months.

In terms of donors and partners, the Task Force is obliged to fulfil reporting requirements in line with any Memorandum of Agreement/Letter of Agreement (MoA/LoA) which donors or partners may prescribe to outline the nature of support each will provide for JNAP implementation. In cases where such MoA/LoA are concluded directly with a given Ministry, each such Ministry will be required to provide reports directly to the relevant donor or partner in the format prescribed and inform the Task Force of the same.

The Task Force will also be required to develop reports to fulfil Tonga’s reporting obligations at regional level and global level in terms of contributing to progress reports against the:• Pacific Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Management Framework for Action

2005–2015• Hyogo Framework for Action• Pacific Islands Framework for Action on Climate Change 2006–2015• UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

The regional and global reports will be developed with the support of SOPAC and SPREP.

The table below summarises the reporting requirements in relation to JNAP implementation.

Table 5.5: Roles and responsibilities for JNAP reporting.

Stakeholder Group Reporting Role/ResponsibilityTask Force Assist each member’s line ministry’s with respective reports on →

JNAP implementation

Report progress against Memorandum of Agreement/Letter of → Agreement with donors and development partners

Report implementation progress at least once every 6 months to → the NECCC, NEMC, PACC and Cabinet

Develop reports to fulfil Tonga’s reporting obligations at regional → level and global level

Ministries Report to Ministry of Finance on JNAP implementation in relation → to Corporate Plans and Annual Management Plans

Report progress against Memorandum of Agreement/Letter of → Agreement with donors and development partners

Contribute to reporting obligations of the Task Force→ Development partners and donors

Prescribe reporting requirements for Memorandum of Agreement/→ Letter of Agreement

SOPAC: prescribe reporting requirement in relation to the Pacific → DRR & DM Framework for Action

SPREP: prescribe reporting requirement in relation to the PIFACC→


Falkland A. & Woodroffe C. D (1997). Geology and hydrogeology of Tarawa and Christmas Island, Kiribati, Chapter 19, in Geology and Hydrogeology of Carbonate Islands, Developments in Sedimentology 54 (editors Vacher, H.L. and Quinn, T.M., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 577–610.

Falkland, A. (1999). Tropical Island Hydrology and Water Resources: Current Knowledge and Future Needs. Second International Colloquium on Hydrology and Water Management in the Humid Tropics, Panama City, 21–26 March.

Furness L.J & Helu S.P (1993). The Hydrogeology and Water Supply of the Kingdom of Tonga, Ministry of Land Survey and Natural Resources, Kindom of Tonga, February 1993.

Government of Tonga, Emergency Management Act 2007.

Government of Tonga, National Climate Change Policy, 2006.

Government of Tonga National Strategic Planning Framework, 2009–2014.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. “Climate change 2007”; Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2000. “Emission Scenarios”; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Lovell, E.R. and Palaki, A, 2001. Tonga Coral Reefs: National Status Report. In “Status of Coral Reefs in Southeast and Central Pacific- Polynesian Mana Network,” B. SALVAT ed, Foundation Naturalia Polynesia: pp101–124.

MAF/ Statistics Dept/ FAO (2002). Agricultural Census 2001. Kingdom of Tonga.

Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment on Tonga’s Initial National Communication on Climate Change, 2005.

Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, Climate Change Thematic Assessment Report under National Capacity Self Assessment Project, 2007.

Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, National Assessment Report, 2004.

Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, Joint Community consultations on Climate Change, Biodiversity and National Capacity Self Assessment Projects, 2006.

Oliver. J and Reddy, G.F. (1982). Tropical Cyclone Isaac, Cyclonic impact in the context of the society and economy of the Kingdom of Tonga; Centre for Disaster Studies, James Cook University of North Queensland.

Prescott N., Mimura N. & Hori N. (1992). Assessment of the Vulnerability of the Kingdom of Tonga to Sea Level Rise, Nuku’alofa, Kingdom of Tonga.

Salinger. J. 2000. “The effects of the inter-decadal Pacific oscillation on the South Pacific Convergence zone”; National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland, New Zealand.

SimCLIM Model Software 2008, CLIMsystems Ltd., Hamilton, New Zealand.

Sea Level Data Archives CD-ROM June 2008, South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Change Monitoring Project.

SOPAC, Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat and UNDP Pacific Centre (2009) Guide to Developing National Action Plan: A Tool for Mainstreaming DRM Based on Experiences from Selected Pacific Islands Countries, SOPAC, Suva, Fiji.

SOPAC, Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat and UNDP Pacific Centre (2009) Guide to Developing National Action Plan: A Tool for Mainstreaming DRM Based on Experiences from Selected Pacific Islands Countries, SOPAC, Suva, Fiji.

Statistics Department (2006). Kingdom of Tonga Population Census 2006: Administrative Report and Basic Tables, Government of Tonga, Nukulofa.

Tappin. D., (2003). Coastal Erosion Study of the Hihifo Area, Western Tongatapu, Tonga.

Thompson, C. S. 1986. “The climate and weather of Tonga”; Miscellaneous Publication, New Zealand Meteorological Service, Wellington, New Zealand.

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ANN

EXU

RES


Sch

edul

e of

JNA

P C

ount

ry E

ngag

emen

ts

Act

ivity

Tim

ing

Res

ult

CO

UN

TRY

ENG

AG

EMEN

T 1

Hig

h Le

vel A

dvoc

acy

Team

Vis

it O

ctob

er 2

009

•

End

orse

men

t by

Cab

inet

for

the

form

ulat

ion

of th

e JN

AP

on

CC

A &

DR

M

CO

UN

TRY

ENG

AG

EMEN

T 2

Vuln

erab

ility

Ass

essm

ents

Com

mun

ityG

over

nmen

t Dep

ts, N

GO

sN

ovem

ber

8 –

Dec

embe

r 21

200

9

Janu

ary

8 –

15 2

010

•

CC

A &

DR

M in

dent

ified

by

com

mun

ities

, Gov

ernm

ent

Dep

artm

ents

and

Non

Gov

ernm

ent O

rgan

isat

ions

CO

UN

TRY

ENG

AG

EMEN

T 3

Prio

tisat

ion

of is

sues

to b

e in

clud

ed in

JN

AP

Jan

uary

18

– 22

•

CC

A &

DR

M r

oot c

ause

s an

d so

lutio

ns i

dent

ified

• C

CA

& D

RM

sol

utio

ns p

riorit

ised

and

JN

AP

act

ion

mat

rix

prep

ared

CO

UN

TRY

ENG

AG

EMEN

T 4

Cos

ting

of J

NA

P ac

tions

Feb

ruar

y 8

– 19

•

Res

ourc

es a

nd c

osts

of J

NA

P a

ctio

ns id

entifi

ed fr

om

stak

ehol

ders

CO

UN

TRY

ENG

AG

EMEN

T 5

Dev

elop

men

t of

Impl

emen

tatio

n,

Mon

itorin

g, E

valu

atio

n P

lan

JNA

P Te

xt D

evel

oped

and

Rev

iew

ed

Pres

enta

tion

of J

NA

P to

Cab

inet

Mar

ch 2

9 –

Apr

il 2

May

-Jun

e, 2

010

June

201

0

• Im

plem

enta

tion

prin

cipl

es a

nd s

truc

ture

agr

eed

• M

onito

ring

and

eval

uatio

n st

rate

gy a

gree

d

• JN

AP

mat

rix r

evie

wed

and

fian

lised

• D

raft

deve

lope

d by

Tas

k F

orce

• S

PR

EP

and

SO

PAC

edi

ting

cont

inue

s

• F

inal

Dra

ft ag

reed

• C

abin

et a

ppro

val o

f JN

AP

/PIP

anne

x 1


JNA

P L

ogfr

ame

Mat

rix

for

Ton

ga’s

JNA

P o

n C

limat

e C

hang

e A

dapt

atio

n an

d D

isas

ter

Ris

k M

anag

emen

t, 2

01

0–

20

15

anne

x 2

VIS

ION

SA

FE, H

EALT

HY, S

ECU

RE

AND

RES

ILIE

NT C

OM

MU

NIT

IES

TO

CLI

MA

TE

CHA

NGE

IMP

AC

TS

AND

DIS

AS

TER

RIS

KS

GO

ALS

1

Impr

oved

goo

d go

vern

ance

for c

limat

e ch

ange

ada

ptat

ion

and

disa

ster

risk

man

agem

ent (

mai

nstr

eam

ing,

dec

isio

n m

akin

g, o

rgan

izat

iona

l an

d in

stitu

tiona

l pol

icy

fram

ewor

ks)

2

Enha

nced

tech

nica

l kno

wle

dge

base

, inf

orm

atio

n, e

duca

tion

and

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

clim

ate

chan

ge a

dapt

atio

n an

d ef

fect

ive

disa

ster

ris

k m

anag

emen

t

3

Ana

lysi

s an

d as

sess

men

ts o

f vul

nera

bilit

y to

clim

ate

chan

ge im

pact

s an

d di

sast

er ri

sks

4

Enha

nced

com

mun

ity p

repa

redn

ess

and

resi

lienc

e to

impa

cts

of a

ll di

sast

ers

5

Tech

nica

lly re

liabl

e, e

cono

mic

ally

affo

rdab

le a

nd e

nviro

nmen

tally

sou

nd e

nerg

y to

sup

port

the

sust

aina

ble

deve

lopm

ent o

f the

Kin

gdom

6

Stro

ng p

artn

ersh

ips,

coo

pera

tion

and

colla

bora

tion

with

in g

over

nmen

t age

ncie

s an

d w

ith C

ivil

Soci

etie

s, N

on G

over

nmen

t Org

anis

atio

ns

and

the

Priv

ate

Sect

ors


GO

AL

1

IMP

RO

VED

GO

OD

GO

VER

NANC

E FO

R C

LIM

AT

E C

HANG

E A

DA

PT

AT

ION

AND

DIS

AS

TER

RIS

K M

ANA

GEM

ENT

(MA

INS

TR

EAM

ING

, DEC

ISIO

N M

AKI

NG, O

RG

ANI

ZAT

IONA

L A

ND IN

ST

ITU

TIO

NAL

PO

LIC

Y F

RA

MEW

OR

KS)

Obj

ectiv

es

• D

evel

op a

n en

ablin

g po

licy

and

capa

city

to s

tren

gthe

n pl

anni

ng a

nd d

ecis

ion

mak

ing

proc

esse

s w

ith th

e in

corp

orat

ion

of re

leva

nt c

limat

e ch

ange

and

di

sast

er r

isk

man

agem

ent c

onsi

dera

tions

• S

tren

gthe

n in

stitu

tiona

l arr

ange

men

ts a

nd c

apac

ity fo

r cl

imat

e ch

ange

and

dis

aste

r ris

k m

anag

emen

t in

Vava

ú, H

aápa

i, É

ua a

nd in

the

Niu

as

Rat

iona

le

Mai

nstr

eam

ing

of C

CA

& D

RM

at l

evel

s of

gov

ernm

ent,

non-

gove

rnm

ent,

priv

ate

sect

or s

ervi

ces

and

com

mun

ities

is c

ritic

al s

o th

at a

dequ

ate

mea

sure

s ca

n be

und

erta

ken

to m

inim

ize

thei

r adv

erse

con

sequ

ence

s. T

he m

ains

trea

min

g w

ill e

nsur

e th

at a

ppro

pria

te a

ctio

ns a

nd re

sour

ces

are

com

mitt

ed to

enh

ance

sa

fety

of p

eopl

e th

eir p

rope

rtie

s/as

sets

and

reso

urce

s lo

cate

d in

hig

h vu

lner

able

are

as.

Effe

ctiv

e m

ains

trea

min

g of

CC

A &

DR

M in

to d

evel

opm

ent p

lann

ing

and

budg

etar

y pr

oces

ses

requ

ire a

n en

ablin

g po

licie

s, le

gal f

ram

ewor

k, s

tron

g in

stitu

tiona

l arr

ange

men

ts a

t all

leve

ls a

nd im

prov

ed g

ood

gove

rnan

ce a

nd

deci

sion

mak

ing,

dem

onst

rate

d in

sou

nd a

nd in

tegr

ated

dec

isio

n m

akin

g.

Out

com

es

• S

tron

g in

stitu

tiona

l arr

ange

men

ts fo

r cl

imat

e ch

ange

and

dis

aste

r ris

k m

anag

emen

t

• C

CA

& D

RM

mai

nstr

eam

ed in

to p

lann

ing,

dec

isio

n m

akin

g an

d bu

dget

ary

proc

esse

s

Out

com

e In

dica

tors

• C

CA

& D

RM

con

side

ratio

ns m

ains

trea

med

into

Gov

ernm

ent M

inis

trie

s/D

epar

tmen

ts C

orpo

rate

and

Ann

ual M

anag

emen

t Pla

ns, d

ecis

ion

mak

ing

and

budg

etar

y pr

oces

ses

• D

istr

ict E

mer

genc

y co

mm

ittee

s es

tabl

ishe

d an

d fu

nctio

nal

• D

istr

ict

emer

genc

y a

nd

Min

istr

y of

Env

ironm

ent

and

Clim

ate

Cha

nge

offic

es e

stab

lishe

d as

coo

rdin

atin

g ce

nter

s fo

r C

CA

& D

RM

in

the

oute

r is

land

s

• S

tren

gthe

ned

Wat

er B

oard

cap

acity

• F

anga

uta

Lago

on M

anag

emen

t Pla

n im

plem

ente

d

• S

tren

gthe

ned

Cap

acity

for

build

ing

code

enf

orce

men

t

• Le

gal F

ram

ewor

k fo

r M

eteo

rolo

gy a

ppro

ved

and

impl

emen

ted


Goa

l 1 K

ey A

ctio

ns a

nd S

ub A

ctio

ns

Key

Act

ions

Sub

Act

ions

Res

pons

ible

A

genc

ies

Part

ner

agen

cies

1.1

Rev

iew

land

/wat

er (

coas

tal a

rea/

lago

on w

ater

s) p

olic

y fo

r su

b-

divi

sion

s to

inco

rpor

ate

risks

m

anag

emen

t crit

eria

1.1.

1 P

repa

re T

OR

and

eng

age

a TA

for

1 m

onth

to r

evie

w o

f cur

rent

land

co

asta

l are

a s

ub-d

ivis

ion’

s po

licy

1.1.

2 O

rgan

ise

a 2

day

wor

ksho

p w

ith r

elat

ed m

inis

try

to fo

rmul

ate

a ca

bine

t su

bmis

sion

MLS

NR

, ME

CC

, F

ishe

ries

TW

B,

1.2

Rev

iew

bui

ldin

g co

de to

in

coop

orat

e C

CA

DR

M c

riter

ia1.

2.1

Org

anis

e a

2 d

ay w

orks

hop

to in

tegr

ate

CC

A &

DR

M c

onsi

dera

tions

into

bu

ildin

g co

de a

nd to

iden

tify

capa

city

con

stra

ints

(hu

man

and

fina

ncia

l re

sour

ces,

faci

litie

s) t

o en

forc

e bu

ildin

g co

de

1.2.

2 Im

plem

ent m

easu

res

iden

tified

to a

ddre

ss c

apac

ity c

onst

rain

ts

MO

W/N

EM

OM

EC

C

1.3

Impl

emen

t exi

stin

g La

goon

M

anag

emen

t Pla

n1.

3.1

See

d fu

ndin

g fo

r th

e in

itial

impl

emen

tatio

n of

prio

ritie

s 1.

3.2

Eng

age

a TA

for

cost

and

dev

elop

gra

nt

prop

osal

s fo

r fu

ll im

plem

enta

tion

ME

CC

, MLS

NR

TW

B, F

ishe

ries,

C

omm

unity

gro

ups

1.4

Con

duct

CC

A a

nd D

RM

m

ains

trea

min

g tr

aini

ng fo

r ke

y na

tiona

l sta

keho

lder

s

1.4.

1 C

ondu

ct C

CA

& D

RM

mai

nstr

eam

ing

wor

ksho

ps fo

r C

EO

and

Dep

uty

CE

Os.

1.4.

2 C

ondu

ct 1

day

mai

nstr

eam

ing

wor

ksho

p fo

r se

nior

offi

cial

s to

en

sure

inco

rpor

atio

n of

CC

A &

DR

M is

sues

into

Cor

pora

te &

Ann

ual

Man

agem

ent P

lans

.

1.4.

3 C

ondu

ct 2

day

mai

nstr

eam

ing

wor

ksho

p w

ith P

MO

and

Pla

nnin

g O

ffice

st

aff f

or in

corp

orat

ion

of C

CA

& D

RM

issu

es in

to th

e ou

ter

isla

nds

deve

lopm

ent p

lans

.

ME

CC

, NE

MO

Min

istr

y of

Fin

ance

an

d P

lann

ing,

P

MO

1.5

Est

ablis

h di

stric

t em

erge

ncy

offic

e an

d st

aff i

n É

ua, H

aápa

i, Va

vaú

and

Niu

as

1.5.

1 P

repa

re c

ostin

g fo

r es

tabl

ishm

ent o

f new

offi

ces

in th

e ou

ter

isla

nds.

1.

5.2

See

k C

abin

et a

ppro

val f

or n

ew o

ffice

s an

d re

late

d re

sour

ce

requ

irem

ents

1.

5.3

Pro

vide

res

ourc

es fo

r th

e op

erat

ion

of n

ew o

ffice

s

NE

MO

PM

O, G

over

nors

’ O

ffice

s

1.6

Est

ablis

h di

stric

t offi

ce fo

r th

e M

inis

try

of E

nviro

nmen

t and

C

limat

e C

hang

e in

Vav

aú, É

ua a

nd

Niu

a

1.6.

1 P

repa

re c

ostin

g fo

r es

tabl

ishm

ent o

f new

offi

ces

in th

e ou

ter

isla

nds.

1.

6.2

See

k C

abin

et a

ppro

val f

or n

ew o

ffice

s an

d re

late

d re

sour

ce

requ

irem

ents

1.6.

3 P

rovi

de r

esou

rces

for

the

oper

atio

n of

new

offi

ces

ME

CC

PM

O, G

over

nors

’ O

ffice

s


Key

Act

ions

Sub

Act

ions

Res

pons

ible

A

genc

ies

Part

ner

agen

cies

1.7

Est

ablis

h di

stric

t clim

ate

chan

ge

and

emer

genc

y co

mm

ittee

s an

d pl

ans

(Vav

aú, H

aápa

i, N

iua,

Éua

)

1.7.

1 F

acili

tate

the

esta

blis

hmen

ts o

f com

mitt

ees

thro

ugh

cons

ulta

tion

and

wor

ksho

ps a

t Vav

a’u,

Haá

pai.

Niu

as to

ena

ble

the

esta

blis

hmen

t of

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd e

mer

genc

y co

mm

ittee

s an

d de

velo

pmen

t of p

lans

ME

CC

, NE

MO

PM

O, G

over

nors

’ O

ffice

s

1.8

Con

duct

trai

ning

for

the

form

ulat

ion

of a

genc

y’s

emer

genc

y su

ppor

t pl

an (

incl

udin

g ev

acua

tion

plan

)

1.8.

1 E

ngag

e TA

to: (

i) co

nduc

t rel

evan

t tra

inin

g fo

r se

lect

ed r

eps

from

ke

y ag

enci

es. (

ii) fa

cilit

ate

for

3 da

ys th

e de

velo

pmen

t of a

n ag

ency

em

erge

ncy

supp

ort p

lan

NE

MO

, ME

CC

PM

O, G

over

nors

’ O

ffice

s

1.9

Ass

ess

and

impl

emen

t ins

titut

iona

l an

d po

licy

stre

ngth

enin

g ne

eds

of

the

TW

B/M

OH

/MLS

NR

to im

prov

e w

ater

gov

erna

nce

in u

rban

are

as/

villa

ges

and

oute

r is

land

s

1.9.

1 E

ngag

e a

TA to

rev

iew

cur

rent

TW

B/M

OH

/MLS

NR

inst

itutio

nal a

nd

tech

nica

l arr

ange

men

ts r

equi

rem

ents

in li

ne w

ith th

e pr

opos

ed W

ater

Bill

1.9.

2 Im

plem

ent

prio

rity

findi

ngs

from

the

revi

ew (

1.8.

1)

TW

B, M

LSN

R,

MO

HP

MO

, Gov

erno

rs’

Offi

ces

1.10

Dev

elop

mec

hani

sm to

form

alis

e an

d pr

omot

e st

rong

sec

tora

l co

ordi

natio

n am

ong

sect

ors

resp

onsi

ble

for

CC

A &

DR

M

1.10

.1 O

rgan

ise

quar

terly

mee

tings

(to

ens

ure

cont

inui

ty)

of th

e C

CA

& D

RM

te

chni

cal c

omm

ittee

sM

EC

C, N

EM

OA

ll lin

e ag

enci

es

1.11

D

evel

op a

Leg

al fr

amew

ork

for

Met

eoro

logy

1.11

.1 I

mpl

emen

t and

pas

s a

Met

eoro

logy

Bill

(A

ct)

to e

stab

lish

the

Met

eoro

logi

cal S

ervi

ce

1.11

.2 D

evel

op a

nd im

plem

ent M

etel

orol

ogy

Reg

ulat

ions

to g

over

n m

eteo

rolo

gy fu

nctio

ns, r

ecov

ery

of c

osts

for

cert

ain

serv

ices

, ser

vice

pr

ovis

ion,

dat

a m

anag

emen

t pol

icie

s an

d w

arni

ngs

and

mon

itorin

g

ME

CC

,ME

T,

NE

MO

All

line

agen

cies


GO

AL

2

ENHA

NCED

TEC

HNIC

AL

KNO

WLE

DG

E B

AS

E, IN

FOR

MA

TIO

N, E

DU

CA

TIO

N A

ND U

NDER

ST

AND

ING

OF

CLI

MA

TE

CHA

NGE

AD

AP

TA

TIO

N A

ND E

FFEC

TIV

E D

ISA

ST

ER R

ISK

MA

NAG

EMEN

T

Obj

ectiv

es

• Im

prov

e sc

ienc

e an

d te

chni

cal k

now

ledg

e ba

se w

ithin

key

gov

ernm

ent a

genc

ies

• In

crea

se r

elev

ant e

duca

tion

and

com

mun

ity a

war

enes

s pr

ogra

mm

es

• S

tren

gthe

n ev

iden

ce-b

ased

dec

isio

n an

d po

licy

mak

ing

thro

ugh

use

of r

elev

ant a

nd u

pdat

ed in

form

atio

n

Rat

iona

le

Effi

cien

t, ef

fect

ive

and

tim

ely

diss

emin

atio

n of

acc

urat

e, u

p-da

te s

cien

ce b

ased

inf

orm

atio

n on

clim

ate

chan

ge a

dapt

atio

n C

CA

& D

RM

is v

ital.

Thi

s in

form

atio

n sy

stem

is

also

nec

essa

ry n

ot o

nly

to r

etai

ning

and

/or

stre

ngth

enin

g tr

aditi

onal

and

con

tem

pora

ry k

now

ledg

e b

ut w

ill a

lso

inc

reas

e th

e un

ders

tand

ing

of C

CA

& D

RM

issu

es a

t bot

h na

tiona

l and

com

mun

ity le

vels

.

Sci

entifi

c kn

owle

dge,

mod

ellin

g an

d pr

ojec

tions

thr

ough

app

ropr

iate

use

of

Info

rmat

ion

Com

mun

icat

ion

Tech

nolo

gy (

ICT

), m

ust

be

utili

zed

to f

ully

un

ders

tand

the

cur

rent

and

fut

ure

effe

cts

of E

l Niñ

o an

d la

Niñ

a,

natu

ral d

isas

ters

, ex

trem

e w

eath

er e

vent

s, a

nd

geol

ogic

al h

azar

ds. T

onga

nee

ds t

o es

tabl

ish

and

stre

amlin

e a

ICT

Net

wor

k sy

stem

with

the

pub

lic a

nd c

ivil

soci

etie

s to

fac

ilita

te a

dequ

ate

adap

tatio

n an

d re

spon

ses

to t

hese

dis

astr

ous

effe

cts.

Bot

h fo

rmal

and

info

rmal

edu

catio

n an

d aw

aren

ess

prog

ram

mes

are

crit

ical

f

or im

prov

ed a

war

enes

s on

CC

A

and

DR

M a

nd h

ow t

he I

CT

coul

d be

th

e ve

hicl

e fo

r th

is i

mpr

oved

aw

aren

ess.

Edu

catio

n, o

ngoi

ng r

esea

rch,

and

app

licat

ion

of s

cien

tific

prin

cipl

es p

rom

ote

the

surv

ival

and

con

tinui

ty o

f co

mm

uniti

es, a

s th

is p

rom

otes

dem

ocra

tizat

ion

of p

roce

sses

and

soc

ial j

ustic

e, a

nd th

e ov

eral

l wel

fare

of t

he c

ount

ry.

Out

com

es

• In

crea

sed

and

mor

e co

mpr

ehen

sive

und

erst

andi

ng o

f CC

A &

DR

M

• S

mar

t and

effe

ctiv

e us

e of

ICT

for

CC

A &

DR

M in

form

atio

n m

anag

emen

t

• Im

prov

e ca

paci

ty fo

r cl

imat

e ch

ange

pro

ject

ion

and

appl

icat

ions

on

deve

lopm

ent p

lann

ing

Out

com

e In

dica

tors

• In

crea

sed

avai

labi

lity

of a

ccur

ate

and

cred

ible

dat

a an

d in

form

atio

n to

sup

port

CC

A &

DR

M in

itiat

ives

• Im

prov

ed k

now

ledg

e an

d un

ders

tand

ing

of C

CA

& D

RM

issu

es a

t all

leve

ls

• In

crea

sed

natio

nal c

apac

ity fo

r C

CA

& D

RM

• In

crea

sed

supp

ort a

nd in

volv

emen

t in

CC

A &

DR

M w

ork

from

all

leve

ls in

soc

iety


Goa

l 2 K

ey A

ctio

ns a

nd S

ub A

ctio

ns

Key

Act

ions

Sub

Act

ions

Res

pons

ible

A

genc

ies

Part

ner

agen

cies

2.1

Dev

elop

and

mak

e av

aila

ble

to th

e pu

blic

coa

stal

vul

nera

bilit

y m

aps

2.1.

1 U

nder

take

LID

AR

(lig

ht d

etec

tion

and

rang

ing)

sur

veys

to fa

cilit

ate

bath

ymet

ry a

nd to

pogr

aphi

c da

ta a

nd in

form

atio

n (s

urve

y, d

ata

anal

ysis

, tr

aini

ng a

nd m

ap p

repa

ratio

n) fo

r Ton

gata

pu

2.1.

2 P

repa

re m

aps

of h

ighl

y vu

lner

able

coa

stal

are

as in

Ton

gata

pu

2.1.

3 C

ondu

ct w

orks

hops

to in

form

com

mun

ity a

nd p

rivat

e se

ctor

s of

the

vuln

erab

le c

oast

al a

reas

in T

onga

tapu

MLS

NR

, ME

CC

MA

FF

F, T

DS

, T

WB

, Red

Cro

ss

2.2

Impr

ove

and

upda

te e

xist

ing

fish

and

cora

l dat

a ba

se to

ass

ess

impa

cts

of c

limat

e ch

ange

1.2.

1 O

rgan

ise

a 2

day

wor

ksho

p to

inte

grat

e C

CA

& D

RM

con

side

ratio

ns in

to

build

ing

code

and

to id

entif

y ca

paci

ty c

onst

rain

ts (

hum

an a

nd fi

nanc

ial

reso

urce

s, fa

cilit

ies)

to

enfo

rce

build

ing

code

1.2.

2 Im

plem

ent m

easu

res

iden

tified

to a

ddre

ss c

apac

ity c

onst

rain

ts

Dep

artm

ent

of F

ishe

ries

(MA

FF

F)

ME

CC

2.3

Doc

umen

t tra

ditio

nal k

now

ledg

e on

ear

ly w

arni

ng, f

ood

pres

erva

tion

and

land

man

agem

ent

2.3.

1 D

evel

op T

OR

for

a TA

to c

ompi

le c

urre

nt k

now

ledg

e

2.3.

2 E

ngag

e a

TA to

(i)

com

pile

trad

ition

al D

RM

kno

wle

dge

(ii)

esta

blis

h a

data

base

on

trad

ition

al k

now

ledg

e

2.3.

3 P

ublis

h fin

ding

s of

the

TA

2.3.

4 C

ondu

ct c

omm

unity

aw

aren

ess

of tr

aditi

onal

kno

wle

dge

Min

istr

y of

E

duca

tion

ME

CC

, NE

MO

, U

SP

2.4

Dev

elop

an

inte

grat

ed in

form

atio

n sy

stem

to m

anag

e te

mpo

ral a

nd

spat

ial i

nfor

mat

ion

on c

limat

e ch

ange

and

dis

aste

r ris

k

2.4.

1 C

ondu

ct a

5 d

ay w

orks

hop

on D

isas

ter

Info

rmat

ion

Man

agem

ent S

yste

m

for

all s

take

hold

ers

2.4.

2 P

rocu

re h

ardw

are

and

softw

are

requ

irem

ents

to s

uppo

rt a

n ef

ficie

nt

info

rmat

ion

syst

em

2.4.

3 Tr

ain

key

pers

onne

l to

mai

ntai

n th

e in

form

atio

n m

anag

emen

t sys

tem

2.4.

4 E

ngag

e a

TA to

dev

elop

an

impr

oved

and

pra

ctic

al in

form

atio

n sh

arin

g po

licy

betw

een

gove

rnm

ent d

epar

tmen

ts a

nd c

ivil

soci

etie

s an

d N

GO

s

NE

MO

, ME

CC

, T

WS

, G

eolo

gy, F

ire,

Pol

ice,

TD

S,

Hea

lth


Key

Act

ions

Sub

Act

ions

Res

pons

ible

A

genc

ies

Part

ner

agen

cies

2.5

Pro

vide

targ

eted

and

long

term

co

mm

unity

aw

aren

ess

prog

ram

mes

on

CC

A &

DR

M is

sues

; veg

etat

ion/

wat

ersh

ed s

ervi

ces

and

func

tions

in

rela

tion

to C

CA

& D

RM

2.5.

1 D

evel

op b

roch

ures

/aud

io o

n na

tura

l haz

ards

and

thei

r or

igin

s an

d im

pact

s

2.5.

2 D

evel

op b

roch

ures

/aud

io o

n cl

imat

e ch

ange

thei

r ca

uses

and

impa

cts

2.5.

3 D

istr

ibut

e br

ochu

res/

audi

o to

NG

O’s

, com

mun

ity g

roup

s an

d a

nd

scho

ols

2.5.

4 C

ondu

ct T

V a

nd r

adio

pro

gram

s

2.5.

5 P

ublis

h in

new

spap

er

2.5.

6 D

evel

op n

atio

nwid

e an

nual

(fo

r th

e ne

xt fi

ve y

ears

) sc

hool

qui

z pr

ogra

m

on C

CA

& D

RM

ME

CC

, NE

MO

, T

MS

, MA

FF

F,

Min

istr

y of

E

duca

tion,

M

edia

& P

rint

Civ

il so

ciet

ies

and

NG

Os

2.6

Dev

elop

and

impl

emen

t pub

lic

awar

enes

s pr

ogra

mm

e on

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd r

elat

ed d

isea

ses

2.6.

1 D

evel

op T

V a

nd r

adio

ann

ounc

emen

tsM

inis

try

of

Hea

lthR

ed C

ross

, M

inis

try

of

Edu

catio

n

2.7

Det

erm

ine

clim

ate

chan

ge

impa

cts

on fi

sher

ies

in r

elat

ion

to fi

sh p

oiso

ning

and

cor

al r

eef

ecos

yste

ms

2.7.

1 E

ngag

e a

TA fo

r a

stud

y on

the

impa

ct o

f clim

ate

chan

ge o

n fis

herie

s an

d co

ral r

eefs

.

2.7.

2 Im

plem

ent p

riorit

y ac

tions

aris

ing

from

the

stud

y

Min

istr

y of

F

ishe

ries

ME

CC

2.8

Bui

ld c

apac

ity o

f soc

ial w

orke

rs o

n di

sast

er tr

aum

a co

unse

lling

2.

8.1

Eng

age

a TA

to (

i) de

velo

p tr

aini

ng p

rogr

am o

n co

unse

lling

(ii)

con

duct

tr

aini

ng o

f soc

ial w

orke

rs a

nd v

illag

e le

ader

s on

cou

nsel

ling

Red

Cro

ssM

inis

try

of H

ealth

, M

inis

try

of

Edu

catio

n


GO

AL

3

ANA

LYS

IS A

ND A

SS

ESS

MEN

TS

OF

VU

LNER

AB

ILIT

Y T

O C

LIM

AT

E C

HANG

E IM

PA

CT

S A

ND D

ISA

ST

ER R

ISKS

Obj

ectiv

es

• Im

plem

ent a

ppro

pria

te c

oast

al p

rote

ctio

n sy

stem

s

• Im

prov

e fis

herie

s an

d co

ral r

eef m

anag

emen

t in

view

of c

limat

e ch

ange

• S

tren

gthe

n co

mm

unity

-bas

ed c

apac

ity in

vul

nera

bilit

y an

d an

alys

is

• S

tren

gthe

n th

e ca

paci

ty fo

r im

plem

entin

g an

d en

forc

emen

t of i

mpa

ct a

sses

smen

ts

• A

sses

s w

ater

res

ourc

es a

nd s

uppl

y ca

paci

ty in

cap

itals

, vill

ages

and

out

er is

land

s

• A

sses

s im

pact

of c

limat

e ch

ange

on

vect

or b

orne

, wat

er b

orne

and

nut

ritio

nal r

elat

ed d

isea

ses

Rat

iona

le

The

effe

cts

of c

limat

e ch

ange

and

haz

ardo

us e

vent

s ca

n be

redu

ced

whe

n pe

ople

are

wel

l inf

orm

ed a

nd m

otiv

ated

to ta

ke a

ctio

n as

a c

ultu

re o

f pre

vent

ion

and

resi

lienc

e. I

nfor

med

clim

ate

adap

tatio

n an

d di

sast

er r

isk

redu

ctio

n ac

tiviti

es b

ased

on

com

mun

ity p

riorit

ies

are

the

basi

s fo

r su

ppor

ting

com

mun

ity

resi

lienc

e an

d su

stai

nabl

e de

velo

pmen

t.

Out

com

es

• P

rote

ctio

n of

coa

stal

are

as a

long

the

mos

t vul

nera

ble

low

-lyin

g ar

eas

and

agric

ultu

ral l

and

• R

atio

nal d

ata

and

info

rmat

ion

on d

isas

ter

occu

rren

ce a

nd c

limat

e ch

ange

impa

cts

will

be

avai

labl

e fo

r Ton

ga

• R

educ

tion

of u

nder

lyin

g ris

k fa

ctor

s

• A

dequ

ate

supp

ly o

f mar

ine

sea

food

s

• E

ffect

ive

plan

t reh

abili

tatio

n at

coa

stal

are

as

• E

stab

lishm

ent o

f vec

tor

cont

rol u

nit

• M

onito

ring

prog

ram

mes

that

link

clim

ate

chan

ge im

pact

s to

vec

tor-

wat

er-b

orne

and

nut

ritio

nal r

elat

ed d

isea

ses


Out

com

e In

dica

tors

• N

umbe

r of

Coa

stal

ero

sion

pro

ject

s co

mpl

eted

• N

umbe

r of

Coa

stal

veg

etat

ions

pro

ject

s co

mpl

eted

• R

ate

of fi

sher

y re

sour

ces

prod

uctio

n at

SM

A

• P

erce

ntag

e of

mar

ine

reso

urce

s, s

peci

es p

rodu

ced

and

cons

erve

d a

t MPA

• R

educ

tion

in th

e nu

mbe

r of

den

gue

feve

r, di

arrh

oeal

out

brea

k an

d nu

triti

onal

rel

ated

dis

ease

s

• H

igh

capa

city

of w

ater

res

ourc

es in

cap

itals

, vill

ages

and

out

er is

land

s

• G

ood

road

side

dra

inag

e sy

stem

s

• P

erce

ntag

e/ra

te o

f sur

viva

l and

pro

duct

ion

of to

lera

nt c

rops

to c

limat

e ch

ange

impa

cts

• N

umbe

r of

com

mun

ity p

ilot p

roje

cts

on o

rgan

ic fa

rmin

g co

mpl

eted

• A

ppro

pria

te c

limat

e ch

ange

mod

els

for T

onga

dev

elop

ed a

nd a

pplie

d in

futu

re v

ulne

rabi

lity

asse

ssm

ent

Goa

l 3 K

ey A

ctio

ns a

nd S

ub A

ctio

ns

Key

Act

ions

Sub

Act

ions

Res

pons

ible

A

genc

ies

Part

ner

agen

cies

3.1

Dev

elop

and

mak

e av

aila

ble

to th

e pu

blic

coa

stal

vul

nera

bilit

y m

aps

3.1.

1 E

ngag

e a

TA to

dev

elop

gui

delin

es o

n re

clam

atio

n

3.1.

2 S

ubm

it gu

idel

ines

for

endo

rsem

ent b

y re

leva

nt a

utho

ritie

s an

d C

abin

et.

3.1.

3 C

ondu

ct a

war

enes

s w

orks

hops

on

new

gui

delin

es

ME

CC

, MLS

NR

, M

OW

3.2

Des

ign

site

spe

cific

form

s of

coa

stal

pr

otec

tion

3.2.

1 E

ngag

e a

TA to

eva

luat

e ex

istin

g fo

rms

of c

oast

al p

rote

ctio

n

3.2.

2 D

evel

op a

pla

n fo

r co

asta

l pro

tect

ion

in s

peci

fic a

reas

3.2.

3 D

evel

op r

esou

rce

requ

irem

ents

and

cos

ts fo

r co

asta

l pro

tect

ion

plan

ME

CC

, MLS

NR

, M

OW

3.3

Eva

luat

e ex

istin

g re

plan

ting

sche

mes

and

impl

emen

t les

sons

le

arne

d

3.3.

1 E

ngag

e a

TA to

: (

i) as

sess

exi

stin

g re

plan

ting

sche

mes

inc

ludi

ng

coco

nut r

epla

ntin

g (ii

) as

sess

sta

te o

f ind

igen

ous

and

intr

oduc

ed h

ard

woo

d (ii

i) id

entif

y ar

eas

that

nee

d re

plan

ting

as th

e be

st m

eans

of

min

imis

ing

sea

spra

y an

d re

duci

ng c

oast

al e

rosi

on (

iv)

revi

ew e

xist

ing

nurs

erie

s (v

) re

com

men

d im

prov

emen

ts to

ens

ure

owne

rshi

p an

d su

stai

nabi

lity

3.3.

2 C

ondu

ct r

epla

ntin

g sc

hem

es

3.3.

3 D

evel

op a

mul

tipur

pose

tree

spe

cies

nur

sery

incl

udin

g (i)

nur

sery

es

tabl

ishm

ent (

ii) a

war

enes

s ra

isin

g on

the

impo

rtan

ce o

f pla

ntin

g ha

rd

woo

d (ii

i) di

strib

utio

n of

pla

ntin

g m

ater

ials

to fa

rmer

s

MA

FF

F,

MLS

NR

, ME

CC

Com

mun

ity g

roup

s


Key

Act

ions

Sub

Act

ions

Res

pons

ible

A

genc

ies

Part

ner

agen

cies

3.4

Dev

elop

cro

ps th

at a

re to

lera

nt to

th

e im

pact

s of

CC

3.

4.1

Sel

ect a

nd m

ake

avai

labl

e cr

ops

and

culti

vars

that

are

tol

eran

t to

CC

im

pact

s

MA

FF

F

3.5

Pro

mot

e th

e us

e of

indi

geno

us

and

loca

lly a

dapt

ed p

lant

s an

d tr

aditi

onal

farm

ing

syst

ems

3.5.

1 P

rodu

ce p

lant

ing

mat

eria

ls

3.5.

2 C

ondu

ct c

omm

unity

trai

ning

on

orga

nic,

trad

ition

al m

ixed

farm

ing

on

Tong

atap

u, H

a’ap

ai, V

avaú

3.5.

3 E

stab

lish

com

mun

ity p

ilot p

roje

cts

3.5.

4 P

repa

re e

duca

tion

leafl

ets

to b

e di

strib

uted

to fa

rmer

s th

roug

hout

the

coun

try

MA

FF

F, N

GO

/C

SO

3.6

Enh

ance

the

man

agem

ent a

nd

mon

itorin

g ca

paci

ty o

f com

mun

ity

Spe

cial

Man

agem

ent A

reas

(S

MA

)

3.6.

1 U

nder

take

trai

ning

for

com

mun

ities

in m

anag

emen

t and

mon

itorin

g of

S

MA

3.6.

2 C

ondu

ct c

omm

unity

fish

sto

ck a

sses

smen

ts a

nd fi

sh c

atch

dat

a co

llect

ion

3.6.

3 C

ondu

ct fi

sher

y re

sour

ces

enha

ncem

ent p

rogr

amm

e (a

quac

ultu

re,

incl

udin

g fa

rmed

cor

al a

nd a

quac

ultu

re o

f gia

nt c

lam

)

3.6.

4 P

rocu

re b

oats

and

eng

ines

to e

ffect

ivel

y m

onito

r S

MA

3.6.

5 E

xten

d th

e S

MA

and

FA

Ds

prog

ram

mes

to o

ther

com

mun

ities

Dep

artm

ent

of F

ishe

ries

(MA

FF

F)

CS

O

3.7

Min

imis

e liv

esto

ck im

pact

s on

ve

geta

tion

and

crop

s in

vie

w o

f CC

pr

ojec

tions

3.7.

1 E

ngag

e a

TA to

ass

ess

linka

ges

betw

een

lives

tock

farm

ing,

veg

etat

ion,

cr

ops

and

clim

ate

chan

ge im

pact

and

dis

aste

r ris

k

3.7.

2 R

evie

w a

nd a

men

d w

here

nec

essa

ry e

xist

ing

legi

slat

ion

on p

igge

ry

man

agem

ent/

owne

rshi

p in

line

with

the

asse

ssm

ent i

n 3.

7.1

3.7.

3 I

mpl

emen

t pro

pose

d ch

ange

s

3.7.

4 C

ondu

ct a

war

enes

s of

the

new

legi

slat

ion

MA

FF

F

3.8

Enh

ance

the

man

agem

ent a

nd

mon

itorin

g ca

paci

ty o

f gov

ernm

ent

Mar

ine

Pro

tect

ed A

reas

(M

PA)

3.8.

1 I

mpl

emen

t enf

orce

men

t of M

PA p

rote

ctio

n (n

o fis

hing

in M

PA)

thro

ugh

mar

ine

cons

erva

tion

offic

er a

nd fi

nes

acco

rdin

g to

the

Mar

ine

Man

agem

ent P

lan

3.8.

2 C

ondu

ct a

nnua

l cor

al r

eef m

onito

ring

of M

PAs

incl

udin

g cc

res

ilien

ce

indi

cato

rs in

to m

onito

ring

prog

ram

3.8.

3 E

xten

d th

e M

PA p

rogr

am to

oth

er a

reas

of T

onga

ME

CC

Min

istr

y of

Hea

lth,

Min

istr

y of

E

duca

tion


Key

Act

ions

Sub

Act

ions

Res

pons

ible

A

genc

ies

Part

ner

agen

cies

3.9

Pro

vide

trai

ning

on

inte

grat

ion

of

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd d

isas

ter

risk

man

agem

ent i

n th

e E

IA p

roce

ss

3.9.

1 S

tren

gthe

n te

chni

cal c

apac

ity o

f the

CC

A &

DR

M a

genc

ies

to

syst

emat

ical

ly a

pply

ris

k as

sess

men

t and

vul

nera

bilit

y as

sess

men

ts

mea

sure

s an

d to

ols

in d

evel

opm

ent p

lann

ing

and

deci

sion

mak

ing

proc

esse

s

ME

CC

, MLS

NR

, T

VB

All

line

agen

cies

3.10

Im

prov

e/de

velo

p ro

adsi

de d

rain

age

syst

ems

3.10

.1 A

sses

s th

e co

nditi

ons

of r

oads

ide

drai

nage

sys

tem

s in

rur

al

area

s of

Ton

gata

pu, V

avau

and

Eua

3.10

.2 P

repa

re a

pla

n an

d co

stin

g fo

r th

e im

prov

emen

ts o

f roa

dsid

e

drai

nage

3.10

.3 I

mpl

emen

t pla

n pr

iorit

ies

MO

W, M

OT

3.11

A

sses

s w

ater

res

ourc

e ca

paci

ty in

ur

ban

cent

res,

vill

ages

and

out

er

isla

nds

3.11

.1 P

rovi

de m

onito

ring

faci

litie

s eq

uipm

ent a

nd h

ardw

are

for

com

preh

ensi

ve

asse

ssm

ent

3.11

.2 E

ngag

e a

TA to

ass

ess

wat

er c

apac

ities

, qua

lity

and

quan

tity

in u

rban

ce

ntre

s, v

illag

es a

nd o

uter

isla

nds

3.11

.3 D

evel

op g

rant

pro

posa

ls

3.11

.4 P

rocu

re p

otab

le d

esal

inat

ing

mac

hine

MLS

NR

, TW

B,

MO

H

NE

MO

3.12

Dev

elop

wat

er r

esou

rces

cap

acity

m

odel

s on

CC

sce

nario

s3.

12.1

Eng

age

a TA

to d

evel

op th

e m

odel

3.12

.2 C

ondu

ct tr

aini

ng o

f loc

al p

erso

nnel

on

the

appl

icat

ion

of th

e m

odel

MLS

NR

, TW

B,

TM

S

3.13

Con

duct

ass

essm

ents

and

trai

ning

on

the

impa

cts

of C

C o

n ve

ctor

/w

ater

born

e an

d nu

triri

onal

rel

ated

di

seas

es

3.13

.1 E

ngag

e a

TA to

ass

ess

deng

ue, d

iarr

hoel

and

nut

ritio

nal r

elat

ed

inci

denc

es in

Ton

gata

pu, É

ua, H

a’ap

ai, V

avaú

and

Niu

as3.

13.2

Dev

elop

vec

tor

cont

rol u

nit l

abor

ator

y w

ithin

the

exis

ting

faci

litie

s of

the

Min

istr

y of

Hea

lth a

nd b

uild

cap

acity

for

ento

mol

ogy

surv

eilla

nce

3.13

.3 u

ppor

t ide

ntifi

ed s

taff

to u

nder

go s

peci

alis

ed tr

aini

ng o

n ve

ctor

con

trol

3.

13.3

fac

ilita

te a

nat

iona

l wor

ksho

p on

vec

tor

cont

rol f

or k

ey p

ublic

hea

lth

pers

onne

l – c

olle

ctio

n, p

rese

rvat

ion,

iden

tifica

tion

and

repo

rtin

g3.

13.4

Col

lect

ion

of v

ecto

rs fo

r id

entifi

catio

n

MO

HU

SP,

SP

C, W

HO

3.14

Str

engt

hen

capa

city

in r

unni

ng,

inte

rpre

tatio

n an

d ap

plic

atio

n of

cl

imat

e ch

ange

mod

els

3.4.

1 E

ngag

e a

TA to

(i)

to c

ondu

ct tr

aini

ng o

n ru

nnin

g of

clim

ate

chan

ge

mod

els,

inte

rpre

tatio

n an

d ap

plic

atio

n in

pla

nnin

g (ii

) S

elec

t app

ropr

iate

m

odel

s th

at c

an b

ette

r re

flect

nat

iona

l situ

atio

n

ME

CC

, MA

FF

F,

NE

MO

, TM

SS

PR

EP,

SP

C


GO

AL

4

ENHA

NCED

CO

MM

UNI

TY

PR

EPA

RED

NES

S A

ND R

ESIL

IENC

E T

O IM

PA

CT

S O

F A

LL D

ISA

ST

ERS

Obj

ectiv

es

• In

crea

se r

esili

ence

of s

choo

l bui

ldin

gs a

nd to

uris

m s

ecto

r to

CC

A &

DR

M

• E

nsur

e fo

od a

nd w

ater

sec

urity

afte

r di

sast

er e

vent

s

• In

crea

se d

isas

ter

prep

ared

ness

, res

pons

es a

nd r

ecov

ery

of c

omm

unity

• S

tren

gthe

n w

eath

er m

onito

ring

netw

orks

and

fore

cast

ing

cent

res

• S

tren

gthe

n ea

rly w

arni

ng s

yste

ms

Rat

iona

le

Tong

a is

hig

hly

vuln

erab

le to

a s

erie

s of

clim

atic

and

non

clim

atic

rela

ted

haza

rds

beca

use

of it

s ge

ogra

phic

al lo

catio

n an

d ge

olog

ical

cha

ract

eris

tics

. It i

s lo

cate

d to

the

sout

hern

tip

of th

e C

yclo

ne B

elt h

ence

pro

ne to

all

sort

s of

hyd

ro-m

eteo

rolo

gica

l eve

nts.

It is

als

o lo

cate

d al

ong

the

subd

uctio

n zo

ne w

here

th

e A

ustr

alia

n an

d th

e P

acifi

c te

cton

ic p

late

s m

eet a

nd w

here

a lo

t of s

eism

ic a

ctiv

ities

occ

urre

d. S

ince

mos

t of t

he is

land

gro

ups

are

atol

ls w

ith lo

w a

ltitu

de

they

are

sus

cept

ible

to s

ea le

vel r

ise,

sto

rm s

urge

and

tsun

ami.

As

such

, it i

s vi

tal t

hat a

n ef

fect

ive

disa

ster

man

agem

ent s

yste

m is

in p

lace

to e

nsur

e th

e co

untr

y is

wel

l pre

pare

d to

res

pond

effe

ctiv

ely

and

effic

ient

ly to

any

form

of h

azar

d an

d to

rec

over

qui

ckly

from

its

impa

ct.

Out

com

es

• S

afe

and

dura

ble

scho

ol, c

omm

unity

bui

ldin

gs

• H

ealth

y an

d ha

ppy

com

mun

ities

• E

ffect

ive

early

war

ning

sys

tem

s

• E

ffect

ive

and

effic

ient

hea

lth p

rovi

ders

Out

com

es In

dica

tors

• P

erce

ntag

e of

saf

e an

d du

rabl

e sc

hool

& c

omm

unity

bui

ldin

gs a

s w

ell a

s to

uris

t res

orts

• P

erce

ntag

e of

hea

lthy

and

happ

y co

mm

uniti

es

• N

umbe

r of

rai

nwat

er h

arve

stin

g sy

stem

s es

tabl

ishe

d

• E

ffect

iven

ess

and

effic

ienc

y of

Gov

ernm

ent s

ervi

ces

• W

arni

ng/a

lert

sys

tem

s in

stal

led

• P

erce

ntag

e of

peo

ple

reco

vere

d af

ter

disa

ster

eve

nts

• A

vaila

bilit

y of

res

ourc

es to

impr

ove

wea

ther

mon

itorin

g ne

twor

ks a

nd fo

reca

stin

g ce

ntre

s


Goa

l 4 K

ey A

ctio

ns a

nd S

ub A

ctio

ns

Key

Act

ions

Sub

Act

ions

Res

pons

ible

A

genc

ies

Part

ner

agen

cies

4.1

E

nfor

ce b

uild

ing

code

thro

ugh

retr

ofitti

ng s

tren

gthe

n sc

hool

bu

ildin

g an

d to

uris

t fac

ilitie

s

4.1.

1 E

ngag

e a

TA to

(i)

asse

ss e

xist

ing

scho

ol b

uild

ings

and

tour

ist f

acili

ties

for

retr

ofitti

ng p

urpo

ses

(ii)

prio

ritis

e th

e sc

hool

s th

at n

eed

urge

nt

retr

ofitti

ng (

iii)

deve

lop

a m

anua

l for

sch

ool r

etro

fittin

g ba

sed

on

asse

ssm

ents

und

erta

ken

4.1.

2 C

ontr

act a

n en

gine

er to

sup

ervi

se th

e re

trofi

tting

4.1.

3 Im

plem

ent t

he r

etro

fittin

g pr

ogra

m o

f sch

ools

MO

W, M

OE

, N

EM

O

4.2

S

tren

gthe

n co

mm

unity

cap

acity

in

rai

nwat

er h

arve

stin

g an

d m

aint

enan

ce s

yste

ms

4.2.

1 C

ondu

ct tr

aini

ng o

n si

mpl

e ra

inw

ater

sys

tem

mai

nten

ance

in T

onga

tapu

, H

ihifo

, Éua

, Ha’

apai

, Vav

aú, N

iuas

(2)

4.2.

2 S

eed

fund

ing

for

the

proc

urem

ent o

f rai

nwat

er h

arve

stin

g an

d fo

r th

e de

velo

pmen

t of a

full

prop

osal

MO

H, M

LSN

RS

OPA

C

4.3

D

evel

op c

apac

ity in

the

Min

istr

y of

E

duca

tion

to c

ondu

ct r

egul

ar d

rills

fo

r sc

hool

s

4.3.

1 E

ngag

e a

TA to

dev

elop

Pre

pare

dnes

s an

d em

erge

ncy

Res

pons

e pl

an

for

ever

y sc

hool

faci

lity

4.3.

2 Te

st p

lans

onc

e pe

r se

mes

ter

thro

ugh

drill

s as

the

basi

s fo

r an

nual

re

view

and

upd

ate

as w

ell a

s m

aint

aini

ng a

war

enes

s

Min

istr

y of

E

duca

tion

SO

PAC

4.4

D

evel

op w

aste

man

agem

ent

stra

tegi

es fo

r po

st d

isas

ter

situ

atio

ns

4.4.

1 E

ngag

e a

TA to

ass

ess

and

reco

mm

end

best

alte

rnat

ive

was

te

man

agem

ent i

n al

l isl

ands

4.4.

2 Im

plem

ent p

riorit

ies

unde

r ne

w s

trat

egy

Was

te A

utho

rity,

M

EC

C, M

OH

4.5

In

corp

orat

e w

ater

, foo

d hy

gien

e,

and

sani

tatio

n m

anag

emen

t and

ro

ad c

onst

ruct

ion

in d

isas

ter

prep

ared

ness

and

eva

cuat

ion

plan

s

4.5.

1 C

ondu

ct c

omm

unity

wor

ksho

ps in

Ton

gata

pu (

Hih

ifo, H

a’ap

ai, V

avaú

an

d N

iuas

for

inco

rpor

atio

n of

food

hyg

iene

and

san

itatio

, roa

d co

nstr

uctio

n in

com

mun

ity d

isas

ter

and

evac

uatio

n p

lans

MO

H, T

WB

Tong

a R

ed C

ross

4.6

Tr

ain

emer

genc

y pr

ovid

ers

in w

ater

an

d fo

od h

ygie

ne p

ract

ices

dur

ing

disa

ster

s

4.6.

1 E

ngag

e a

TA to

con

duct

trai

ning

of p

ublic

hea

lth p

ract

ition

ers

on (

i) em

erge

ncy

mic

robi

olog

ical

wat

er te

stin

g (H

2S)

(ii)

emer

genc

y w

ater

pu

rifica

tion

4.6.

2 C

ondu

ct tr

aini

ng o

f foo

d in

spec

tors

on

min

imum

sta

ndar

ds

MO

H, N

GO

s,

TW

BTo

nga

Red

Cro

ss

4.7

S

tren

gthe

n a

quac

ultu

re fi

sher

ies

to s

uppo

rt fo

od s

ecur

ity a

nd

adap

tabi

lity

of c

oast

al r

esou

rces

an

d ha

bita

ts to

CC

impa

cts

and

disa

ster

ris

k

4.7.

1 C

ondu

ct h

atch

ery

prod

uctio

n ex

perim

enta

l for

sea

cuc

umbe

rs

reso

urce

s, s

eaw

eed,

pea

rl oy

ster

s an

d se

a ur

chin

.D

epar

tmen

t of

Fis

herie

s (M

AF

FF

),

ME

CC

SP

C


Key

Act

ions

Sub

Act

ions

Res

pons

ible

A

genc

ies

Part

ner

agen

cies

4.8

A

sses

s an

d up

grad

e ex

istin

g E

W

and

mon

itorin

g sy

stem

s fo

r al

l na

tura

l haz

ards

4.8.

1 E

ngag

e a

TA to

app

rais

e an

d re

com

men

d im

prov

emen

ts to

all

EW

S

(met

eoro

logi

cal,

geol

ogic

al)

and

aler

t sys

tem

s

4.8.

2 Im

plem

ent i

mpr

ovem

ents

to E

WS

4.8.

3 S

uppo

rt tr

aini

ng p

rogr

am o

f age

ncie

s in

volv

ed in

EW

S

4.8.

4 Im

prov

e di

ssem

inat

ion

of E

W in

form

atio

n –

prep

ared

ness

and

sou

rces

of

ear

ly w

arni

ng

4.8.

5 D

evel

op e

vacu

atio

n an

d ex

erci

ses

4.8.

6 E

stab

lish

appr

opria

te a

lert

sys

tem

for

disa

ster

s –

sire

n, S

MS

etc

TM

S, N

EM

O,

ME

CC

, MLS

NR

, N

GO

s, M

OE

4.9

S

tren

gthe

n an

d m

aint

ain

trai

ning

fo

r he

alth

car

e pr

ovid

ers

to p

rovi

de

resp

onse

dur

ing

disa

ster

s

4.9.

1 S

uppo

rt th

e es

tabl

ishm

ent o

f a h

ealth

dis

aste

r of

ficer

4.9.

2 E

ngag

e a

TA to

dev

elop

a h

ealth

em

erge

ncy

man

ual f

or T

onga

4.9.

3 co

nduc

t tra

inin

g on

em

erge

ncy

proc

edur

es fo

r he

alth

per

sonn

el

MO

HTo

nga

Red

Cro

ss

4.10

Str

engt

hen

prov

isio

n of

rel

ief

supp

lies

4.10

.1 In

itiat

e pr

e-im

pact

arr

ange

men

ts w

ith s

uppl

iers

of e

mer

genc

y re

lief i

tem

s th

roug

h M

OU

s to

sto

re r

elev

ant r

elie

f ite

ms

4.10

.2 I

dent

ify a

t str

ateg

ic lo

catio

ns th

roug

hout

the

king

dom

exi

stin

g pl

aces

fo

r st

orag

e th

at a

re c

urre

ntly

sui

tabl

e or

can

be

mad

e su

itabl

e w

ith

retr

ofitti

ng (

eg.,

scho

ols,

chu

rche

s) a

nd o

r bu

ild n

ew s

tora

ge fa

cilit

ies

whe

re n

o su

itabl

e pl

ace

exis

ts

4.10

.3 S

tren

gthe

n pa

rtne

rshi

p w

ith N

GO

s an

d do

nor

part

ners

4.10

.4 S

eed

fund

ing

for

relie

f sup

plie

s

Tong

a R

ed

Cro

ss, N

EM

OT

DS

, Pol

ice

4.11

Upg

rade

the

Wea

ther

Mon

itorin

g N

etw

orks

4.11

.1 U

pgra

de m

onito

ring

wea

ther

mon

itorin

g eq

uipm

ent

4.11

.2 U

pgra

de o

f com

mun

icat

ion

syst

ems

4.11

.3 C

apac

ity b

uild

ing

of s

uppo

rt s

taff

ME

TN

EM

O, H

ydro

logy

, H

ealth

, Agr

icul

ture

an

d F

ores

try,

W

ater

res

ourc

es,

ME

CC

4.12

Upg

rade

of t

he F

ua'a

mot

u W

eath

er

For

ecas

ting

Cen

tre

& C

oast

Rad

io

Offi

ce In

fras

truc

ture

4.12

.1 F

easi

bilit

y st

udy

of w

hat i

s re

quire

d

4.12

.2 B

uild

a r

emot

ely

site

d, s

tron

g of

fice

infr

astr

uctu

red

build

ing

away

from

th

e co

ast t

o ho

use

the

oper

atio

ns o

f the

Met

eoro

logi

cal S

ervi

ce a

nd th

e C

oast

Rad

io,

ME

T, N

EM

O,

Geo

logy

, ME

CC

Line

Min

istr

ies


GO

AL

5

TEC

HNIC

ALL

Y R

ELIA

BLE

, EC

ONO

MIC

ALL

Y A

FFO

RD

AB

LE A

ND E

NVIR

ONM

ENT

ALL

Y S

OU

ND E

NER

GY

TO

SU

PP

OR

T T

HE

SU

ST

AIN

AB

LE D

EVEL

OP

MEN

T O

F T

HE K

ING

DO

M

Obj

ectiv

es

• 10

% r

educ

tion

of G

HG

em

issi

ons

base

d on

200

0* l

evel

s by

201

5 th

roug

h im

plem

entin

g R

E a

nd E

E p

rogr

amm

es

• Im

prov

e en

ergy

sec

urity

thro

ugh

impr

oved

pla

nnin

g an

d re

spon

se m

echa

nism

s

Rat

iona

le

Thi

s E

nerg

y pr

ojec

t con

cept

is a

n in

tegr

al p

art o

f the

Ene

rgy

Roa

d M

ap in

itiat

ive

to r

educ

e th

e K

ingd

om’s

rel

ianc

e on

foss

il fu

el w

hile

at t

he s

ame

time

prov

ide

ener

gy s

ecur

ity,

cont

ribut

e to

the

glo

bal

effo

rts

in r

educ

ing

GH

G e

mis

sion

s an

d in

crea

sing

acc

ess

to e

lect

ricity

in

Tong

a. A

lthou

gh b

iom

ass

rem

ains

impo

rtan

t for

coo

king

and

cro

p dr

ying

ene

rgy,

wel

l ove

r hal

f of t

he n

atio

nal e

nerg

y ne

eds

com

es fr

om im

port

ed p

etro

leum

. Sol

ar e

nerg

y ac

coun

ts

for

less

than

1%

of t

he to

tal a

nd th

ere

have

bee

n no

oth

er r

enew

able

ene

rgy

reso

urce

dev

elop

men

ts. E

lect

ricity

on

the

urba

n is

land

s is

gen

erat

ed s

olel

y by

die

sel e

ngin

es. T

he m

ajor

cus

tom

er g

roup

s in

clud

e To

ngat

apu,

‘Éua

, Lifu

ks (

Ha’

apai

) an

d N

eiaf

u (V

avaú

). T

he q

ualit

y of

pow

er h

as b

een

good

and

re

liabi

lity

high

. S

mal

l grid

sys

tem

s fo

r la

rger

Ha’

apai

isla

nds

wer

e co

nstr

ucte

d w

ith A

usA

ID f

undi

ng in

200

1-20

03. T

he s

yste

ms

are

pow

ered

by

dies

el

gene

rato

rs a

nd o

pera

ted

by a

n el

ectr

icity

coo

pera

tive

on e

ach

isla

nd u

nder

lice

nse

from

TE

PB

. Hou

rs o

f ope

ratio

n va

ry b

y is

land

but

typi

cally

are

less

than

12

hou

rs a

day

. The

per

kW

h co

st o

f ope

ratio

n ha

s be

en h

ighe

r th

an p

redi

cted

due

larg

ely

to th

e ac

tual

load

ing

bein

g su

bsta

ntia

lly lo

wer

than

est

imat

ed

for

the

desi

gn.

Sol

ar h

ome

syst

ems

prov

ide

pow

er fo

r m

ost o

f the

sm

alle

r ou

ter

isla

nds.

The

sys

tem

s pr

ovid

e 24

hou

r po

wer

for

light

ing

and

smal

l com

mun

icat

ions

and

en

tert

ainm

ent a

pplia

nces

with

pot

entia

l for

exp

ansi

on to

incl

ude

appl

icat

ions

suc

h as

com

mun

ity-b

ased

dev

elop

men

t pro

ject

s (e

.g. w

ater

pum

ping

and

st

reet

ligh

ting)

.

Out

com

es

• 10

% r

educ

tion

in G

HG

em

issi

ons,

bas

ed o

n 20

00 le

vels

• N

atio

nal p

olic

y fr

amew

ork

on E

E in

clud

ing

prac

tical

mec

hani

sms

deve

lope

d, a

dopt

ed a

nd im

plem

ente

d

• Im

prov

ed s

ecur

ity o

f ene

rgy

supp

ly

Out

com

e In

dica

tors

• A

t lea

st 3

feas

ibili

ty s

tudi

es c

ondu

cted

• A

t lea

st 1

0 G

g C

O2-

e of

GH

G e

mis

sion

s re

duce

d be

ing

repo

rted

in N

atio

nal C

omm

unic

atio

ns

• A

t lea

st 2

com

pani

es in

the

priv

ate

sect

or p

artic

ipat

e in

RE

and

EE

initi

ativ

es.

• E

nerg

y su

pply

con

tinge

ncy

plan

(s)

avai

labl

e

• R

isk

asse

ssm

ent r

epor

t(s)

com

plet

ed a

nd a

vaila

ble

* 20

00 le

vel w

as 9

3Gg

CO

2-e.


Goa

l 5 K

ey A

ctio

ns a

nd S

ub A

ctio

ns

Key

Act

ions

Sub

Act

ions

Res

pons

ible

A

genc

ies

Part

ner

agen

cies

5.1

Con

trib

ute

to r

educ

ing

by 1

0 p

er

cent

GH

G e

mis

sion

s fr

om 2

000

leve

ls b

y 20

15

5.1.

1 C

ondu

ct 3

(To

ngat

apu,

out

er is

land

s (H

aápa

i, Va

vaú

Niu

a)),

tech

nica

l fe

asib

ility

stu

dies

on

appr

opria

te r

enew

able

ene

rgy

sour

ces

(i.e.

win

d,

biom

ass,

and

bio

fuel

s).

5.1.

2 Im

prov

e go

od g

over

nanc

e to

sup

port

ene

rgy

effic

ienc

y an

d en

ergy

co

nser

vatio

n pr

ogra

mm

es

5.1.

3 D

evel

op fi

scal

and

fina

ncia

l inc

entiv

es a

nd p

acka

ges

to s

uppo

rt p

rivat

e se

ctor

par

ticip

atio

n in

RE

and

EE

initi

ativ

es.

MLS

NR

, PM

O

ME

CC

, US

P,

CR

OP,

ME

WA

C

NG

Os

5.2

Impr

ove

ener

gy s

ecur

ity5.

2.1

Con

duct

ris

k as

sess

men

ts o

n al

l ene

rgy

infr

astr

uctu

re a

nd m

ake

reco

mm

enda

tions

5.2.

2 U

pon

basi

s of

rec

omm

enda

tions

of 5

.2.1

, dev

elop

con

tinge

ncy

plan

s an

d re

spon

se m

echa

nism

s to

add

ress

ene

rgy

supp

ly is

sues

, par

ticul

arly

du

ring

and

afte

r na

tura

l dis

aste

rs

TP

L, O

il C

ompa

nies

MLS

NR

, Pol

ice,

M

LCI


GO

AL

6

ST

RO

NG P

AR

TNE

RS

HIP

S, C

OO

PER

AT

ION

AND

CO

LLA

BO

RA

TIO

N W

ITHI

N G

OV

ERNM

ENT

AG

ENC

IES

AND

WIT

H C

IVIL

SO

CIE

TIE

S, N

ON

GO

VER

NMEN

T O

RG

ANI

SA

TIO

NS A

ND T

HE P

RIV

AT

E S

ECT

OR

S

Obj

ectiv

es

• E

ngag

e ci

vil s

ocie

ties,

NG

Os,

and

priv

ate

sect

ors

in im

plem

enta

tion

of th

is P

lan

• S

tren

gthe

n pa

rtne

rshi

ps w

ithin

gov

ernm

ent a

genc

ies

and

with

civ

il so

ciet

ies,

NG

Os

and

Priv

ate

Sec

tor

Rat

iona

le

The

pre

sent

situ

atio

n id

entifi

es g

aps

and

wea

knes

ses

in th

e co

oper

atio

n w

ithin

gov

ernm

ent a

genc

ies,

NG

Os

and

Civ

il so

ciet

ies

in C

CA

& D

RM

. The

refo

re

ther

e is

a n

eed

to s

tren

gthe

n th

e co

oper

atio

n of

thes

e ke

y st

akeh

olde

rs to

ens

ure

effe

ctiv

e im

plem

enta

tion

of th

e N

atio

nal E

mer

genc

y M

anag

emen

t Pla

n.

Thi

s w

ill a

void

dup

licat

ion

of e

ffort

s an

d to

ens

ure

that

ass

ista

nce

is b

uilt

on th

e ef

fort

s an

d ex

perie

nces

of e

ach

othe

r

To e

stab

lish

and

sust

ain

natio

nal n

etw

ork

and

part

ners

hip

in th

e fie

lds

of d

isas

ter

man

agem

ent a

nd c

limat

e ch

ange

ada

ptat

ion

is p

aram

ount

. Str

engt

hen

gove

rnm

ent

and

NG

O c

oord

inat

ion

at n

atio

nal l

evel

, co

mm

unity

and

indi

vidu

al w

ill im

prov

e na

tiona

l coo

pera

tion,

coo

rdin

atio

n an

d co

llabo

ratio

n. T

he

abse

nce

of m

eani

ngfu

l an

d st

ruct

ured

eng

agem

ent

betw

een

Gov

ernm

ent

and

NG

O h

as b

een

iden

tified

as

a ga

p an

d is

an

area

of

pote

ntia

l do

nors

su

ppor

t.

Out

com

es

Enh

ance

d pa

rtic

ipat

ion

in C

CA

& D

RM

pla

nnin

g an

d pr

ogra

mm

es

Out

com

e In

dica

tors

• C

CA

& D

RM

issu

es e

mbr

aced

in a

ll ag

ency

pla

ns (

Cor

pora

te, B

usin

ess,

Dev

elop

men

t)

• S

tron

g su

ppor

t obt

aine

d fr

om c

ivil

soci

etie

s, N

GO

s an

d pr

ivat

e se

ctor

s

• H

igh

invo

lvem

ent i

n C

CA

& D

RM

act

iviti

es

• JN

AP

on

CC

A &

DR

M im

plem

ente

d ef

fect

ivel

y


Goa

l 6 K

ey A

ctio

ns a

nd S

ub A

ctio

ns

Key

Act

ions

Sub

Act

ions

Res

pons

ible

A

genc

ies

Part

ner

agen

cies

6.1

Pro

vide

res

ourc

es a

nd c

apac

ity to

st

reng

then

com

mun

ity p

artic

ipat

ion

in C

CA

& D

RM

act

iviti

es p

rovi

ded

in

this

act

ion

plan

6.1.

1 C

reat

e fo

rmal

par

tner

ship

bet

wee

n th

e G

over

nmen

t and

civ

il so

ciet

ies

and

NG

Os

6.1.

2 P

rovi

de r

esou

rces

and

cap

acity

(th

roug

h tr

aini

ng)

to s

tren

gthe

n co

mm

unity

par

ticip

atio

n in

CC

A &

DR

M a

ctiv

ities

pro

vide

d in

this

act

ion

plan

ME

CC

, NE

MO

6.2

Bui

ld p

artn

ersh

ip w

ith c

ivil

soci

ety

grou

ps, N

GO

s an

d pr

ivat

e se

ctor

to

impl

emen

t the

Nat

iona

l Em

erge

ncy

Man

agem

ent P

lan

6.2.

1 S

peci

fy a

nd fo

rmal

ise

rol

es p

laye

d by

civ

il so

ciet

y N

GO

in th

e N

EM

P

6.2.

2 R

evis

e ci

vil s

ocie

ties

and

NG

Os

pla

ns a

nd p

olic

ies

to b

e in

line

NE

MP

NE

MO

, NG

Os

6.3

Inte

grat

ion

of C

CA

& D

RM

into

pr

ivat

e se

ctor

pla

ns6.

3.1

Con

duct

wor

ksho

p fo

r pr

ivat

e se

ctor

s in

inte

grat

ing

CC

A &

DR

M in

thei

r de

velo

p pl

ans

ME

CC

, NE

MO

, C

ivil

Soc

ietie

s,

NG

Os


TO

R f

or J

oint

Nat

iona

l Act

ion

Pla

n T

ask

Forc

ean

nex

3

TER

MS

OF

REF

EREN

CE

Intr

oduc

tion

and

Bac

kgro

und

In J

uly

2009

the

Nat

iona

l E

mer

genc

y M

anag

emen

t O

ffice

req

uest

ed t

he P

acifi

c Is

land

s A

pplie

d G

eosc

ienc

e C

omm

issi

on (

SO

PAC

) to

ass

ist

in t

he

deve

lopm

ent

(and

sub

sequ

ent

impl

emen

tatio

n) o

f a

DR

M N

atio

nal A

ctio

n P

lan

(JN

AP

). S

OPA

C s

aw t

he o

ppor

tuni

ty f

or a

JN

AP

as

the

Min

istr

y of

E

nviro

nmen

t an

d C

limat

e C

hang

e (M

EC

C)

was

alre

ady

emba

rkin

g on

dev

elop

ing

Tong

a’s

clim

ate

chan

ge N

atio

nal A

dapt

atio

n P

rogr

amm

e of

Act

ion

(NA

PA).

Sub

sequ

ently

in O

ctob

er 2

009

Cab

inet

end

orse

d th

e de

velo

pmen

t and

impl

emen

tatio

n of

a J

NA

P, C

CA

& D

RM

giv

en th

eir

sim

ilarit

ies.

In c

onne

ctio

n an

initi

al c

onsu

ltatio

n w

as u

nder

take

n an

d a

draf

t pro

cess

for

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f the

JN

AP

est

ablis

hed.

Par

t of t

his

proc

ess

invo

lved

the

iden

tifica

tion

of p

erso

nnel

at s

enio

r lev

el w

ithin

the

Gov

ernm

ent o

f Ton

ga to

form

a m

ulti

sect

or J

NA

P T

ask

For

ce. T

hese

term

s of

refe

renc

e ar

ticul

ate

the

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

of th

e JN

AP

Tas

k F

orce

Obj

ectiv

e of

Dev

elop

ing

a JN

AP

The

obj

ectiv

e of

dev

elop

ing

a C

CA

& D

RM

Nat

iona

l Act

ion

Pla

n in

clud

es:

• A

dvoc

atin

g C

CA

& D

RM

as

a su

stai

nabl

e de

velo

pmen

t iss

ues;

• M

ains

trea

min

g an

all

haza

rds

risk

redu

ctio

n m

anag

emen

t ap

proa

ch i

nto

all

sect

ors

and

deci

sion

-mak

ing

proc

esse

s at

all

leve

ls o

f go

vern

men

t, in

clud

ing

natio

nal p

lann

ing

and

budg

etar

y pr

oces

ses;

• E

stab

lishi

ng a

str

ong

gove

rnan

ce fr

amew

ork

for C

CA

& D

RM

, with

cle

ar p

olic

ies

and

legi

slat

ion,

acc

ount

able

inst

itutio

nal a

nd o

rgan

izat

iona

l arr

ange

men

ts

and

conn

ectio

ns a

cros

s an

d w

ithin

leve

ls o

f gov

ernm

ent,

sect

ors

and

com

mun

ities

; •

Em

pow

erin

g co

mm

uniti

es t

hrou

gh t

arge

ted

capa

city

enh

ance

men

t to

red

uce

thei

r ris

ks t

o ha

zard

s an

d pr

epar

e fo

r, re

spon

d to

and

rec

over

fro

m

disa

ster

s;

• P

rom

otin

g kn

owle

dge

and

evid

ence

bas

ed d

ecis

ion-

mak

ing,

incl

udin

g tr

aditi

onal

kno

wle

dge

and

know

-how

abo

ut d

isas

ter

risk

redu

ctio

n an

d co

ping

m

echa

nism

in ti

mes

of d

isas

ters

; and

•

Pro

vidi

ng fo

r su

stai

ned,

coo

rdin

ated

and

har

mon

ised

sup

port

from

reg

iona

l, in

tern

atio

nal o

rgan

isat

ions

and

dev

elop

men

t par

tner

s.


Tas

k Fo

rce

The

Tas

k F

orce

is a

sub

com

mitt

ee o

f Cab

inet

and

pro

vide

s op

erat

iona

l and

tech

nica

l gui

danc

e fo

r th

e de

velo

pmen

t and

impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

JNA

P. In

th

is r

egar

d th

e Ta

sk F

orce

als

o pr

ovid

es c

ount

erpa

rt s

uppo

rt to

don

ors

and

part

ners

that

will

be

assi

stin

g To

nga.

The

Tas

k F

orce

als

o pr

ovid

es a

lead

ersh

ip a

nd c

oord

inat

ion

role

for

any

in-c

ount

ry c

onsu

ltatio

n th

at m

ay b

e re

quire

d an

d se

rves

as

the

link

to n

atio

nal

gove

rnm

ent o

n th

e re

port

ing

of th

e pr

ogre

ss o

f JN

AP

dev

elop

men

t and

impl

emen

tatio

n. T

he re

port

ing

to G

over

nmen

t will

be

spec

ified

in th

e im

plem

enta

tion

arra

ngem

ents

for

the

JNA

P b

ut w

ill r

eflec

t and

ack

now

ledg

e th

e ex

istin

g sy

stem

s of

mon

itorin

g, e

valu

atio

n an

d re

port

ing.

Mem

bers

hip

The

Tas

k F

orce

incl

udes

a m

ix o

f age

ncie

s an

d or

gani

satio

ns fr

om T

onga

who

se in

put a

nd c

omm

itmen

t will

be

inte

gral

to th

e D

RM

and

CC

A m

ains

trea

min

g pr

oces

s. T

hese

incl

ude

Min

istr

ies

of E

nviro

nmen

t and

Clim

ate

Cha

nge,

Hea

lth, E

duca

tion,

Wor

ks, A

gric

ultu

re, F

ishe

ries

& F

ores

ts, T

onga

Met

eoro

logi

cal

Ser

vice

and

oth

er s

ecto

r Min

istr

ies

deem

ed a

ppro

pria

te a

ccor

ding

to th

e sp

ecifi

c si

tuat

ion

and

prio

ritie

s of

Ton

ga. I

n ad

ditio

n th

e Ta

sk F

orce

als

o in

clud

es

the

repr

esen

tatio

n of

inte

rest

s fr

om a

cro

ss-s

ectio

n of

non

Gov

ernm

ent a

nd c

omm

unity

inte

rest

s su

ch a

s th

e To

nga

Red

Cro

ss, C

ivil

Soc

iety

For

um o

f To

nga

and

Tong

a C

omm

unity

Dev

elop

men

t Tru

st.

JNA

P T

ask

For

ce m

embe

rs h

ave

been

cho

sen

on th

e ba

sis

of th

eir s

enio

rity

and

tech

nica

l cap

acity

and

abi

lity

to d

rive

mai

nstr

eam

ing

of D

RM

from

with

in

thei

r ow

n ag

enci

es o

r or

gani

satio

ns a

nd to

coo

rdin

ate

JNA

P im

plem

enta

tion.

All

JNA

P T

ask

For

ce m

embe

rs w

ill b

e ex

pect

ed to

be

fully

eng

aged

with

the

JNA

P im

plem

enta

tion

proc

ess

from

beg

inni

ng to

end

. Mem

bers

are

exp

ecte

d to

be

seni

or te

chni

cal o

ffice

rs fr

om e

ach

agen

cy. I

t is

reco

mm

ende

d th

at th

e cu

rren

t mem

bers

and

thei

r de

sign

atio

n ar

e m

aint

aine

d fo

r co

ntin

uity

as

they

ar

e w

ell a

war

e of

the

issu

es a

ddre

ssed

in th

e JN

AP.

The

Cha

ir of

the

Task

For

ce m

ay b

e al

tern

ated

bet

wee

n a

Dire

ctor

of M

EC

C a

nd D

irect

or N

EM

O fo

r th

eir

mon

thly

mee

tings

. The

ME

CC

and

NE

MO

will

jo

intly

pro

vide

the

secr

etar

iat f

unct

ions

for

the

Task

For

ce.


The

Gov

ernm

ent a

nd n

on G

over

nmen

t age

ncie

s an

d of

fices

rep

rese

nted

on

the

Task

For

ce a

re a

s fo

llow

s:

Age

ncy

Des

igna

tion

Nat

iona

l Em

erge

ncy

Man

agem

ent O

ffice

Dire

ctor

Min

istr

y of

Env

ironm

ent a

nd C

limat

e C

hang

eD

irect

or

Coo

rdin

ator

of S

NC

Pro

ject

Offi

cer

of S

NC

Pro

ject

Min

istr

y of

Agr

icul

ture

, Foo

d, F

ores

try

and

Fis

herie

sA

gric

ultu

re c

onsu

ltant

s fo

r S

NC

Pro

ject

For

estr

y co

nsul

tant

for

SN

C P

roje

ctF

ishe

ries

cons

ulta

nt fo

r S

NC

Pro

ject

Min

istr

y of

Tra

nspo

rtD

irect

or o

f Met

eoro

logi

cal S

ervi

ce

Min

istr

y of

Hea

lthH

ealth

con

sulta

nt fo

r S

NC

Pro

ject

Min

istr

y of

Edu

catio

nD

eput

y D

irect

or

Min

istr

y of

Lan

ds,S

urve

y &

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

esP

rinci

pal G

eolo

gist

Prin

cipa

l GIS

Tong

a W

ater

Boa

rdW

ater

Con

sulta

nt fo

r S

NC

Pro

ject

Tong

a R

ed C

ross

Gen

eral

Sec

reta

ry

Civ

il S

ocie

ty F

orum

of T

onga

Pre

side

nt

Tong

a C

omm

unity

Dev

elop

men

t Tru

stD

irect

or

Min

istr

y of

Def

ence

Dep

uty

Sec

reta

ry

Min

istr

y of

Pol

ice

Dep

uty

Com

man

der


Tas

k Fo

rce

Res

pons

ibilit

ies

The

Tas

k F

orce

sho

uld

at le

ast m

eet o

nce

a m

onth

for

JNA

P a

ctiv

ities

and

dis

cuss

ions

and

mem

bers

will

be

expe

cted

to a

ctiv

ely

enga

ge in

a r

ange

of

the

follo

win

g ac

tiviti

es:

1.

Dev

elop

pro

ject

pro

files

and

rel

ated

doc

umen

tatio

n to

faci

litat

e re

ques

ts fo

r fu

ndin

g an

d te

chni

cal a

ssis

tanc

e fr

om d

onor

s an

d de

velo

pmen

t par

tner

s an

d as

sist

Min

istr

ies

in th

is c

onne

ctio

n w

hen

requ

ired

2.

Wor

k w

ith d

onor

s an

d de

velo

pmen

t par

tner

s to

sec

ure

fund

ing

and

tech

nica

l ass

ista

nce

to im

plem

ent J

NA

P a

ctio

ns3.

A

ssis

t Min

istr

ies

to in

tegr

ate

JNA

P a

ctio

ns in

to C

orpo

rate

Pla

ns a

nd A

nnua

l Man

agem

ent P

lans

.4.

D

evel

op a

nd im

plem

ent a

com

mun

icat

ion

stra

tegy

to s

uppo

rt J

NA

P im

plem

enta

tion

incl

udin

g th

e id

entifi

catio

n of

the

requ

isite

reso

urce

requ

irem

ents

an

d as

soci

ated

cos

ts.

5.

Par

ticip

ate

in a

dvoc

acy

for

the

JNA

P a

t diff

eren

t lev

els

inte

rnal

ly w

ithin

Ton

ga a

nd a

lso

with

don

ors

and

deve

lopm

ent p

artn

ers.

6.

E

nsur

e th

at t

horo

ugh

mon

itorin

g, e

valu

atio

n an

d re

port

ing

is u

nder

take

n in

rel

atio

n to

JN

AP

im

plem

enta

tion

and

wor

k cl

osel

y w

ith t

he r

elev

ant

Min

istr

ies

and

othe

r ke

y st

akeh

olde

rs in

this

reg

ard.

7.

Pro

vide

reg

ular

rep

orts

and

at a

min

imum

of s

ix (

6) m

onth

inte

rval

s to

the

NE

CC

C, N

EM

C, P

AC

C a

nd C

abin

et o

n JN

AP

impl

emen

tatio

n.8.

S

ubm

it re

port

s an

d ac

quitt

als

to d

onor

s an

d de

velo

pmen

t par

tner

s in

rel

atio

n to

any

spe

cific

fund

ing

and

tech

nica

l ass

ista

nce

that

may

be

prov

ided

fo

r JN

AP

impl

emen

tatio

n.


published by

Second National Communication ProjectMinistry of Environment and Climate Change

P.O. Box 917Nukualofa

KINGDOM OF TONGA

Documents

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