Jordan Atomic Energy Commission 1 SESAME and Nuclear Energy in the Middle East Dr. Khaled Toukan

1Jordan Atomic Energy Commission

SESAME and Nuclear Energy

in the Middle East

Dr. Khaled Toukan



S&T Collaboration

Nuclear science, technology and applications provide many areas of regional collaboration Common facilities for HRD and R&D Regional fuel cycle facilities

SESAME offers a model


Sept. 1997 First conception (A.G. Voss, H. Winick )

Nov. 1997 Middle East Scientific Co-operation group, Torino Seminar (chaired by S. Fubini)

Jan. 1998 Schopper asked by Fubini to spearhead the planning and asks UNESCO to incubate the idea

Apr. 1998 MESC Uppsala meeting

Jun.1999 First meeting at UNESCO ( Schopper selected as chair for the Interim Council )

1999 First technical proposal to reassemble BESSY I

2002 Arrival of BESSY I in Jordan

Jan. 2003 Groundbreaking ceremony

2004 Official establishment of SESAME

Jan. 2008 Building finished

Jul. 14, 2009 First microtron light

From Concept to First Beam


With Prince Ghazi


SESAME: Lofty Goals

Offer facilities for world-class interdisciplinary research Promote basic and applied research and technology in the Middle East Address Middle East biomedical and environmental issues and concerns Train graduate students who will no longer have to go abroad Reverse the brain drain by offering scientists working abroad research

facilities Promote international collaborations Promote the development of high-tech industry Promote peace and understanding between people from different

traditions, religions, races, and political systems


Nobel Laureates Visit 2008


Managing Unconventional Project

Securing high-level commitment Letter of HM King Abdullah II “it is my pleasure to inform you that I have agreed to host

such a centre in Jordan on negotiation basis” UNESCO – Involvement of DG and support of the

Executive Council

Membership Financial strategy (host country, members,

observers, external )


With HM & Prince Ghazi

With Arafat in Ramallah


Schopper with HM


UNESCO Einstein Medal


Creative Financing

Seek funds for the different parts of the project from different sources:

Land, building and technical infrastructure from the host country Parts of the machine from donations Funds for the upgrading of the main ring from outside sources Beamlines to be provided by various countries Operation (mainly salaries of staff) by Members Training to be financed by observers and other organisations


Host Country Contribution

In-Kind

Site: 80 donums (80,000 m2) land donated free- of-charge The main building, which was borne entirely by the Jordanian Authorities,

amounted to about 6 Million euros Independent electrical power line

Cash 3.2 Million euros from Jordan-EU bilateral programme 2.4 Million euros from Royal Court 1 Million euros from MHESR for LAN Network


SESAME Building Plan

Ground breaking Ceremony in January 2003 in the presence of H.M. Abdullah II and the Director General of UNESCO, K. Matsuura

The building was ready for occupation in January 2008


Allan Site


Matsuura, HM , Schopper & Burkhart 2003


Unveiling Marble Ceremony 2003


Ground Breaking Ceremony Group


SESAME Building

SESAME Building

Experimental Hall


MEMBERS:• BAHRAIN• CYPRUS• EGYPT• ISRAEL• JORDAN• PAKISTAN• PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY• TURKEY• IRAN

OBSERVERS:• FRANCE• GERMANY• GREECE• ITALY• KUWAIT• PORTUGAL• RUSSIAN FEDERATION• SWEDEN• UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND• UNITES STATES OF AMERICA• JAPAN

The SESAME Council


Synchrotron-light for Experimental Scienceand

Applications in the Middle East_______________________________________________________________________________

75m

75m

800MeV BESSY I Booster

2.5 GeV Main Ring

RF

D3

D6

D4

D5

I4

I5

I6

I7

I8I9

D7

D8D9

I10

I11

I12

I13

I15

D10

D11

D12

D13

D15

D14D16

D1D2

I14

Main Ring Parameters:

Energy = 2.5 GeVCircumference=133.12 mEmitt. = 26.0 nm.rad16 Straights sections{8 x 4.44 m + 8 x 2.38 m}Up to 28 Beamlines:12 Insertion Devices16 Dipole ports with

D = 12 mrad


Independent Intergovernmental Organization

(UNESCO is the depository of the Statutes)

SESAME Council:

President : Prof. Herwig Schopper (2004-2008) : Chris Llewellyn-Smith 2009Secretary : Dr. Maciej Nalecz, UNESCO

SESAME: Governance


SESAME DirectorDr. Khaled Toukan

Administrative DirectorDr. M. Y. Khalil Technical Director

Dr. Amor NadjiScientific Director

Dr. Hafeez Hoorani


Scientific: Dr. Zehra Sayers (Sabancy University – Turkey)

Beam Lines: Prof. Zahid Hussein (ALS - USA)

Technical: Dr. Albin Wruhlich (PSI - Switzerland)

Training: Prof. Javas Rahigi (NRC- Iran)

Advisory Committees


Between 1997 and 2006, more than 15 workshops took place in countries including Greece, Cyprus, Jordan, Turkey, Egypt, Pakistan etc

Meetings focus on applications in biology, materials science,

accelerator technology etc

Focused workshops provide training for specific needs e.g. accelerator scientists and some those with a broad range of topics aim to establish the community

In total well above 500 scientists from the Middle East region and observer countries have come together

SESAME Users Community


Al-Balqa’ Applied

UniversityAl-Salt - JORDAN

SESAME Machine Workshop

Sept. 9-18, 2000


SESAME JSPS Workshop – 1st Users Meeting Amman, Jordan 27.10-5.11 2002


2nd SESAME Users Meeting Isfahan, Iran

30.11 -1. 12 2003


SESAME Staff

Diverse Nationalities: Egyptian French Iranian Italian Jordanian Pakistani Palestinian

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SESAMESESAME

Capacity building for creating a “Centre of Excellence” open to all nations of the region - Science for Peace

Reverse the brain drain to US and Europe

Provides a returning ground to ME Scientists

Help is provided by many

IAEA, DoE, JSPS, ASICTP, NSRRC, Portugal, Brazil, Canon Foundation


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Capacity BuildingCapacity Building

IAEA - SESAME– Training of BL Scientists & Users

– Training visits of staff from Machine group

– Expert visits to SESAME

– Support for workshops, conferences, user meetings

– Project INT 1-055 started in 2007 end in 2011 Total IAEA contribution USD 1.2 million


Scientific Programme

The main domains of research will be : Physics (mainly condensed matter) Material science Molecular biology Nanotechnology Archaeology Environmental studies Medical research


Cultivating Users’ Community

The last users’ meetings were attended by more than 200 participants. At present their interests are divided among the different fields in the following way:

Material science 31 % Surface and interface research 17 % Atomic, molecular science, optics 16 % Structural biology 10 % Environment 10 % Medical research 6 % Microscopy 4 % Polymers 4 % Lithography 2 %


No. Beamline Energy Range Source Type Research

Area Champions

1. Mad Protein Crystallography 4 - 14 keV In-vacuum

undulatorBiology S. Hasnain, M.

Yousef

2. Soft X-ray - VUV 0.05 - 2 keV Elliptically Polarizing

Atomic Molecular

B. Suleman, Aslam Baig

3. SAXS/WAXS 8 - 12 keV Undulator Material Science

M. Al-Hussein, Zehra Seyers

4. XAFS/XRF 3 - 30 keV 2.0 Tesla MPW

Material, Arch.

Awni Hallak, Abu Samak

5. Powder Diffraction 3 - 25 keV 2.1 Tesla MPW

Material, Arch.,Env.

E. Ozdas

6. IR Spectro-microscopy 0.01 - 1 eV Bending

Magnet*Material, Arch.,Env.

Z. El Bayyari, I. Sagi

7. AMO - Zero BL 5 - 250 eV Bending Magenet

Atomic Molecular

M. Gharaibeh, Rami Ali

SESAME PHASE - I BEAMLINES


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No. Beamline Energy Range Source Type Research Area Donated BLs

1. Mad Protein Crystallography 4 - 14 keV In-vacuum

undulatorBiology SRS 14.1 & 14.2

2. Soft X-ray - VUV 0.05 - 2 keV Bending Magnet

Atomic Molecular

SRS 4.1 & 4.2

3. SAXS/WAXS 8 - 12 keV Undulator Material Science

SRS 16.1

4. XAFS/XRF 3 - 30 keV 2.0 Tesla MPW Material, Arch. TO BE BUILT

5. Powder Diffraction 3 - 25 keV 2.1 Tesla MPW Material, Arch.,Env.

SLS - X04SA

6. IR Spectro-microscopy 0.01 - 1 eV Bending Magnet*

Material, Arch.,Env.

TO BE BUILT

7. AMO - Zero BL 5 - 250 eV Bending Magenet

Atomic Molecular

LURE

DONATED PHASE - I BEAMLINES


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Preparation for the Commissioning with Beam at 5.4 MeV. Getting the approval of the Jordanian Nuclear Regulatory Commission (JNRC) for the planned commissioning at 5.4 MeV. Installation of a temporary shielding wall with 0.5 m thickness and 3 m height.

The position of the shielding wall took into account protecting the control room and the Microtron racks from the direct radiation.

MICROTRON OPERATION


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Installation Under Vacuum of the Booster RF Cavity in SESAME RF Lab.


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First SESAME Microtron Beam:July 14th, 2009 (00:35)


Countries in the Region are Facing Different Challenges

Growing energy demand Increasing energy costs Lack of conventional energy resources Increasing dependence on fossil resources Scarcity of water resources Degradation of environmental conditions due to

increasing consumption of fossil resources


Energy Demand for Arab Countries

Demand increased by 3.8%/yr from 1985 to 2005 while the world was at 1.6%/yr

Arab share in 2005 world demand was only 4% Energy intensity (E/GDP) has declined from 1.55 in

the period ,1985-90, to 0.74 in the period, 2000-05 Per capita energy consumption grew at 1.3%/yr in

the period 1985-2005 Average per capita consumption reached 1.28 toe in

2005 but with much disparity between countries


Aggregation is Misleading

Arab countries are at differing stages of development, with different resource endowments and income levels

On average per capita income in the region is high, but this disguises enormous differences between countries - In Egypt, income is about $4000 per capita but 44% of the

population lives on less than $2 a day- While, UAE has an average income of $22,000 per capita

Several non-oil economies rely heavily on aid, capital inflows and remittances from workers in the oil-producing countries

Poverty is widespread in several countries


Per Capita Consumption (toe/yr)


Electricity Consumption

Arab countries consume about 1750 kWh/yr per capita whereas- Europe 6,000

- North America 14,000

- Developed countries 8,000

Electricity is central to achieving sustainable development goals and HDI is closely correlated with high kWh/capita


Regional Energy Demand Projections

Regional demand is projected to grow at 3.7%/ yr according to OAPEC’s Reference Scenario (2006 to 2020)

Only 44% of the additional regional energy demand over the projection period will be met by oil and 3.2% by hydro and coal

Hence, another source will have to fill the gap amounting to 52.8% of the demand. Assuming BAU, it could be gas but not necessarily true in alternative scenarios


Desalination

Arab countries are the biggest users of desalination technology, with over 50% of the world’s capacity

GCC such as Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Kuwait use dual-purpose power and desalination plants on a major scale

R& D are needed to develop dual-use plants to produce both water and power at affordable costs


Implications

Looking at the Region as an aggregate, oil and gas will dominate the supply until post-2020

Non-fossil sources are projected to play minor role in the region’s future in business-as usual assumptions entrenching the singular dependence of the region on hydrocarbon resources

However, it is highly uncertain that such overoptimistic assumptions about the supply of natural gas will be met, especially for non-OAPEC countries

Nuclear will offer an insurance to highly uncertain supplies and escalating costs, and in several countries. A serious alternative to fossil sources


Nuclear Power

NP offers a medium to long term alternative electricity option for the Middle East

Worldwide prospect of NP is improving The barriers facing the development of the nuclear

industry are being addressed favorably : - Public acceptance

- Reactor and fuel cycle safety- Disposal of high-level nuclear waste- Proliferation risk- Nuclear security- Economic competitiveness


NP: Benefits for the Economy

Provides economically competitive electricity Reduces pollution and greenhouse gas emissions Displaces use of oil Creates demand for new services and products Creates new employment opportunities in high-tech and

manufacturing Enhances industrial development and higher standard

of living Provides low cost energy source for seawater

desalination & process heat


NP: Near Term Challenges

High investment cost Human resources International & regional political climate Infrastructure - Fabrication and manufacturing capacity - Engineering capability - Skilled construction trades - Transmission grid & reliability


Political Support for Nuclear Power

Interest in nuclear power in the Region is not new As far as 1994, the Arab League urged its member states to

enhance education in nuclear science and technology In 2006, the Arab League reiterated its call and more

specifically for establishing a regional reactor project Officials from the Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC) , in their

December 2006 meeting, said they were exploring the possibility of creating a shared nuclear programme

The Arab League , at the end of its summit meeting in March 2007, "called on the Arab states to expand the use of peaceful nuclear technology in all domains serving continuous development.“

Countries expressed interest so far: Jordan, Egypt, UAE, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait


Jordan as Case Study


Jordan Overview- Total Area: 89 213 sq. Km

- Sea Port: Aqaba

- Coastline: 26 Km

- Population: 5.8 million 31% (15- 29) 38% (below 15)

- Climate: Mediterranean & Arid Desert

- GDP: $16.5 billion

- Per Capita: $2,879

- Annual GDP Growth: 7% (2000-2007)


Jordan Energy Options

Options are limited:

Natural Gas is a short term option and cannot be relied on for mid or longer term .

Renewable Technologies are mainly high cost, limited utilization, and cannot be base load .

Oil Shale, a limited medium term, reserved for special uses .


Energy Mix - 2007

Electricity Import

5%Oil

66%

Renewables1%

Natural Gas28%

Energy imports: $3.2 billion = 24% of imports =20% of GDP


Jordan Electric Load Forecast (2009)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

y2007 y2010 y2015 y2020 y2025 y2030 y2037

MW

e


Regional Interconnection

National Grid Map

HASAN

REHAB

ZARQA

HARANEHAZRAQ

SAFAW I

RWAISHED

RESHEH

QAIA

QATRANEHKARAK

GHOR SAFI

EL HASA

RASHADIA

MA ’ AN

QWEIRA

AQABA A2

SHEIDIA

SUBEIHIESHTAFAINA

WAQAS

DER ALI

TABA

SWAIMA

Amm .N

BAYADER Amm .S

SAHABASHRAFIA

ABDALI

MARKATAREQ

ABDOON

132 kV

400 kV

500 kV

SABHA

220 kV

SYRIA

SAUDI ARABIAEGYPT

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

MASKIN

FUHIS

400/132 kV S/S132/33 kV S/SN. GAS T.

THERMAL P/S

220/132 kV S/S

IRAQ

AMMAN AREA

RE

DS

EA

DE

AD

SE

A

400 kV S/MARINE CABLE

IRBID

GAS T. (DIESEL FIRED)

AQABA M400

AQABA INDUSTR


Water Situation in Jordan

The Ministry of Water and Irrigation estimates the needed power to produce desalinated water (about 800 MCM/a) and pump it to the consuming centers at about 726 MW


Programme Vision

Transform Jordan from net energy importing to net electricity exporting country by 2030

Make available power to fuel economic growth at low cost

Go for major transformation away from fossil fuel


The Transformation

Opportunity to transform Jordan into a net exporter

of electricity by implementing a nuclear program using national

Uranium assets

Opportunity to transform Jordan into a net exporter

of electricity by implementing a nuclear program using national

Uranium assets

TransformationTransformation

– Lack of natural resources– Energy importer– Dependent on energy

supplies– Scarcity of water resources– BUT – Rich with trainable human

resources– Uranium potential– Well placed geographically

and politically

– Lack of natural resources– Energy importer– Dependent on energy

supplies– Scarcity of water resources– BUT – Rich with trainable human

resources– Uranium potential– Well placed geographically

and politically

Present SituationPresent Situation


Jordan’s Nuclear Strategy

Ensuring security of supply including fuel Leveraging of national Uranium assets Promoting public/private partnerships Ensuring effective technology transfer and national

participation in all phases Providing for water desalination and eventually

hydrogen production Development of spin-off industries Enhancing electricity export Enabling competitive energy-intensive industries


Challenges

Several challenges need to be addressed in order to develop Jordan’s nuclear energy programme:

1. Siting, technology choice, and grid limitation

2. Exploitation of Uranium

3. Fuel cycle and waste management

4. Human resources development

5. Funding

6. Political environment


Five Measures

1. Generation. Policy : privatized but with Gov. equity (PPP model). International nuclear operator with safe record + investment for the plant

2. Uranium Exploitation. Policy : maximize sovereignty while creating value from resource. Avoid concessions

3. Fuel Cycle: Negotiate assurances for fuel services including waste disposal

4. Getting Country Ready: 1. Investment for all studies2. Investment in training and HR3. Investment in infrastructure

5. Funding : Investigate creative financing methods that minimize central Gov. resources


Areas of Uranium Deposits


Current Activities in Uranium Exploitation

Areva started since Oct. 2008 field work in Central

Jordan with promising results so far

A JV Mining company, named “The Jordan French

Uranium Mining Company” was registered on Dec.

18, 2008

Negotiations on the Mining Agreement are underway


» Understanding of the genetic model of the mineralization

» 21 Trenches» Length = 100 – 200 m» Depth = 2.5 – 4 m» Width = 1.5m

» All trenches were lithologically described, radiometric measured and sampled for chemical analyses

» The aim of these trenches is the study of the homogeneity and the repartition of the Uranium

Trenching


Road to Nuclear Pre-Construction

2009

• Drawing of legal & administrative framework

• Definition of the training and education program

• Site identification

• Pre-feasibility studies

• Site characterisation • Training and education of the NPP project team (15)

• Feasibility studies

• Site preparation

• NPP contracting process

• Start of HV grid adaptation

• Training and education of the NPP operation team (150)• Engineering, procurement and construction of the NPP

• HV grid adaptation

201220112010 2013


Overall Schedule

SITING& LICENSING• Site selected and charcterized

• Early Site Permit• Construction licence

• Operating licence

PROCUREMENT• Feasibility studies

• Bid request

• Bid evaluation• Main contracts

IMPLEMENTATION• Site preparations

• Construction• Commercial operation

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020


Concluding Remarks

Nuclear science, technology and applications provide many areas of regional collaboration. SESAME offers a test case.

Nuclear power offers an important medium to long term alternative option for the Region for both electricity generation and water desalination. It provides an insurance policy.

To fully benefit from nuclear power in the Region, all countries need to accept the application of IAEA full-scope safeguards to all their nuclear activities and establish a nuclear-weapon-free zone (NWFZ) in the Region.

The international community has a great responsibility to facilitate the achievement of a (NWFZ) in the Region.


THANK YOU

Documents

Jordan Atomic Energy Commission 1 SESAME and Nuclear Energy in the Middle East Dr. Khaled Toukan