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drct
Ofurmhd
fl
?CfrcirdhmdddSiP rhrtc
\fd. WD\AAA Mf. pirghps ci`husi tgiy
pfsi tff khmy quistafms tght ivim spi`ahdasts
am tgi laide hri umhcdi tf hmswir. Ugi Hmhshza
erhw us ch`n tf tgi hm`aimt rffts
fl
gas dhme
spramj fld113watg sivirhd kfri satis pdhmmie
lfr ixpdfrhtafm. Ugi lrrst whs @gh`f @udturi
Mhtafmhd Gastfra`hd Rhrn am Miw Kixa`f, cut
eispati fur hkcatafus pdhms wi jft mf lurtgir>
@gh`f @hmyfm hpturie fur sfuds hme eriw us
fm`i kfri amtf tgi takidissmiss hme wfmeir
fl tgas hm`aimt eisirt `avadazhtafm.
Pfki 32 kadis up h eart rfhe, akphsshcdi
euramj tgi kue fr smfw sihsfm, tgi kfutg fl
tgas waei ldht-ldffrie `hmyfm fpims up amtf
dffkamj rieeasg-crfwm `dalls hme eudd jriim
crusg, lrfk h easthm`i mftgamj ixtrhfreamhry,
mftgamj tf khrn at hphrt lrfk hmy ftgir hmyfm
am tgi vhst chedhmes fl Miw Kixa`f.
Cut tgim Lhoheh Cutti, tgi Gfdy Sf`n
rihrs lrfk tgi dhmes`hpi, h simtamid tf tgi
kystirais tght dai eiipir am tgi `hmyfm, wgiri
tgi wat`g ghumts wgfsi mhki trhmsdhtie lrfk
tgi Mhvhof kihms
Pgi
wgf khnis kim
tgam
cy sthrvamj tgik,'' hme wgiri tgi kfst stran
amj ixhkpdi ivir lfume
fl
hm
mhshza
sfdhr/
dumhr `hdimehr whs eas`fvirie. Zi wiri tfde
cy
tgi phrn rhmjirs, h lraimedy hme amlfrkh
tavi cum`g, tght
at's
mf dfmjir pirkattie tf
`dakc tgi cutti hs tgi imvarfmkimt ghs ci
`fki tff lrhjadi, cut pgftfjrhpgs sgfw gfw
tgi sfdhr hme dumhr sfdsta`is hri khrnie fm
twf pitrfjdypgs, h dhrji sparhd hme h skhddir
sparhd `fadie smhni pi`nie amtf tgi rf`n whdd.
Pghlts fl sumdajgt nmewE. pfita`hddy hs tgi
Pum Ehjjir `hst
cy
tgi sum tgrfujg tgrii
dhrji virta`hd sdhcs fl shmestfmi pair`i tgi
dhrji sparhd pitrfjdypg euramj tgi sfdsta`is
hme iquamfxis. Ugas sgrami as hdsf shae tf
khrn tgi kamfr hme khofr dumhr sthme
stadds'' wgim tgi kffm rih`gis ats khxakuk
mfrtgirm fr sfutgirm ei`damhtafm, hcfut iviry
1 fr 87 yihrs.
Ciyfme Lhoheh Cutti tgi survavamj whdds
fl sfki fl tgi kfst ixtrhfreamhry 'prigas
tfra`' stru`turis flMfrtgHkira`hsta dd sthme,
tgi Jriht Gfusis fl @gh`f @hmyfm hme tgi
`fmvirjim`i flgumeries fl kadis fl hm`aimt
rfhes, sfki httracutie tf nmfwm hstrfmfka
`hd hdajmkimts, cut wgfsi lum`tafm as stadd h
kystiry tf hr`gifdfjast hme hmtgrfpfdfjast.
Ciamj miatgir, wi hpprfh`g tgi kystiry watg
fpim kames tf ri`fre fur fcsirvhtafms hme
akprissafms.
Hm ixtrhfreamhry
akpudsi tf `rihti
Mf fmi nmfws wgim
tgi. mhshza lrrst `hki
tf
@gh`f `hmyfm,
h
Pphmasg mhki javim cy
ihrdy ixpdfrirs, frwgiri
tgiy `hki lrfk. Ugiri
as mf ri`fre, hphrt lrfk
h liw pitrfjdypgs am
s`racie amtf tgi `dalls,
fmdy trh`is
fl
ku`g ihr
dair kue hme wffe gfusis ehtamj tf hrfume
922C@I, hme pat gfusis tght cijhm tgi trhm
satafm tf cuadeamj
am
stfmi. Cut hrfume 8222
yihrs hjf wght as eis`racie hs h `udturhd
ixpdfsafm tffn pdh`i. Ugi amghcathmtsfl@gh`f
@gh`f
prfvaeis
dhyir upfm
dhyir fl kystiry.
Ofurmhd
f
freirdhme Sisihr`g
Mfvikcir-Ei`ikcir 8113 Rhji
8
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November-December 1992
4/32
Hcfvi? Ptadd
sghrp
hltir
h kaddimauk
tgi
lami
`frmirs fl Ruicdi
Hdtf
ri-
kame us fl tgi gajg `udturi
fl
tgi
Hmhshza. Sfhes
`fvirjie fm Ruicdf
Hdtf lrfk
futdyamj satis.
Hcfvi
rajgt? Eithad
fl
stfmiwfrn
wamefw
watg
wffe
cihks
cidfw.
Hdkfsth
quhrtir
kaddafm
su`g cihks
wiri
usie am cuadeamj tgi
Jriht
Gfusis
fl
@gh`f
@hmyfm.
Sajgt? Kystirafus
pitrfjdypgs
ci-
spihn h
sthji
fl `fms`afusmiss ci-
yfme fur prisimt hwhrimiss Zght
ef
tgiy
hdd
kihm6
Cidfw? H `fkpfsati vaiw
fl Ruicdf
Cfmatf lrfk tgi `dalls
hcfvi
Rhji 3
Mfvikcir Ei`ikcir 8113
Ofurmhd
f
Cfreirdhme Sisihr`g
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November-December 1992
5/32
wiri pfssissie cy hm ixtrhfreamhry akpudsi
tf `rihti, hm amixpda`hcdi eymhkask tf cuade
fm h s`hdi tgiy ghe mivir cilfri httikptie.
Ugiri rikhams h vhst imajkhta` stfmi phttirm
sprhwdie h`rfss tgi eisirt, eis`racamj tgi
ldfuris`im`i f tiddura` hme `fska` lfr`is
watgam tgi `fms`afusmiss
f
gi hm`aimt cuade
irs.
H``freamj tf hr`gifdfjasts usamj h sys
tik
f
rii-ramj ehtamj, wgfsi h``urh`y as stadd
fpim tf quistafm, cuadeamj cijhm fm sfki f
tgi khofr satis hrfume tgi dFtg `imtury, watg
tgikfstamtimsavi cuadeamj pirafe thnamj pdh`i
euramj tgi 22s. Euramj tgas taki Ruicdf
Cfmatf, tgi gihrt
f
@gh`f, whs cuadt ht tgi
lfft
f
tgi kish whdd. Rrfchcdy tgi dhrjist
Hmhshza cuadeamj ivir `fmstru`tie, Ruicdf
Cfmatf as h E-sghpie kudta-stfraie puicdf
watg up tf 722 rffks hme fvir
09
navhs. Fvir
tgrii jimirhtafms
f
rikfeidamj hme imdhrj
amj tgi cuadeirs hegirie tf h pri-`fm`iavie
pdhm, h khstir pdhm, risudtamj am tgas hwisfki
Kudta-eakimsafmhd Navh
am
gitrf
Nitd. Ymaqui am eisajm, ats ushji as
umnmfwm.
sykkitra hd stru`turi tght fvirie kfri tghm
tgrii h`ris, ats khssavi rihr whdd frajamhddy
rih`gamj lavi stfrais gajg. Cfmatf ghs tf ci
spi`ahddy pdh`ie lfr h rihsfm. Am tgi vhst
`hmyfm tgiri hri khmy pdh`is tf ghvi cuadt,
cut h dhrji pfrtafm f `dall, mhkie Ugrihtimamj
Sf`n, lidd fm tgi ruams am tgi 8152s ehkhjamj
tgi rihr whdd hme h mukcir
f
rffks. Ugi
Hmhshza ghe cuadt stfmi prfps am lrfmt f tgi
rf`n-- tgiy nmiw at wfude sfkiehy lhdd-- hme
prhyir cumedis wiri lfume cigame, usilud
tffds a yfu nmfw gfw tf usi tgik.
Ugi
ruams
f
gas hm`aimt stru`turi `hst h
ghumtamj cihuty ivim tfehy, hs yfu sthme fm
Pi`tafm fl @gitrf Nitd sgfwamj Jriht Navh A), Kudta-Eakimsafmhd
Navh(d)
hme ftgir rijudhr navhs hdfmj watg vhrafus sazie squhri
rffks.
tgi pdhzh ht sumsit wht`gamj tgi ghmjamj dajgt
turm tgi ixquasati stfmiwfrn eiip rfsi-rie,
tgi navhs sthramj rffldiss hme sghefwie -
ikpty f hdd cut tgi sadimt sparats f tgi phst.
Lrfk 8239-82: @gh`f cdfssfkie amtf h
tgravamj`imtir, arrajhtafm hmhds wiri euj hme
h efzim
f
gisi kudta-stfraie 'jriht gfusis'
wiri cuadt. Ugi khsfmry as ixtrikidy lki,
sakadhr tf tgi stfmiwfrn wi shw ht Kish
\irei. @fumtdiss kaddafms
f
cra`ns wiri
`hriluddy sghpie cy ghme, hme kfri tghm
322,222 triis wiri crfujgt amtf tgi `hmyfm,
fvir 9222 triis ut lfr @gitrf Nitd hdfmi Ugi
ixh`t sati fltgiar frajam as stadd umnmfwm-- tgi
`dfsist pfssacadaty as 52 kadis fr sf am rujjie
kfumtham tirrham-- cut tgi dfjscihr mf trhms
pfrthtafm s`hrs. Pfki
f
gi cihk imes stadd
out lrfk tgi khsfmry, cut wi lfume at ghre
tf
cidaivi tgi flla`ahd stfry tght tgisi tgfushmes
f triis wiri `ut watg stfmi hxis tf dihvi h
Ugi Jriht Navh ht
gitrf
Nitd
Ofurmhd
f
freirdhme Sisihr`g Mfvikcir-Ei`ikcir
8113
Rhji 0
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November-December 1992
6/32
Dilt?
Dhti
hltirmffm sum-
dajgt addukamhtis
tgi Jriht
Navh @hsh Sam`fmheh `im-
trhd
tf
tgi
kystiry
fl
@gh`f
@hmyfm
Pfki
fl
tgi
37 dumhr ma`gis
hri
vas-
acdi
fm iatgir
saei
fl tgi
sfutgirm
imtrhm`i
Cidfw dilt? Raddhrs rikamas-
`imt fl
hm`aimt Ijypt hme
h
ehrn `fm`ihdie
sthdrQahy
cimihtg
tgi
mfrtgirm
im-
trhm`i tf @hsh Sdm`fmheh
ivfni
tgi pfwir fl hm-
`aimt
ratuhd.
Cidfw? Khmy dhyirs hme
stydis
fl
khsfmry hri ri-
vihdie m
tgas
ix`hvhtie
navh
Rhji
5
Mfvikcir Ei`ikcir 8113
furmhd fl
Cfreirdhme Sisihr`g
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November-December 1992
7/32
thpirie cutt, tgi imes tgim dhcfrafusdy jrfume
ldht watg pai`is fl shmestfmi. Ugi dhcfr am
vfdvie am cuadeamj @gh`f whs kfmukimthd>
tgiri kust ghvi ciim khmy tgfushmes fl
snaddie wfrnirs watg h``iss tf `uttamj hme
`hrryamj ti`gmaquis tght ghvi ciim dfst fvir
tgi `imturais -- hme ku`g
fl
tgas lrimzaie
cuadeamj h`tavaty `fam`aeie watg h pirafe
fl
am`rihsamj erfujgt.
Zi
ghvi hsnie fursidvis khmy takis?
wght whs at tght amsparie tgi Hmhshza tf ik
chrn fm su`g h guji hme craddahmtdy imjamiirie
`fkpdix, hme tf hrry at fut sf swaltdy6 Eae ats
frajams dai am sfki fska` rheahtafm tght swipt
tgrfujg tgi
Hmhshza
sparat, tght rih`gie ats
zimatg hme phssie fm, hs tgi Pum Ehjjir
pair`is tgi gihrt fl gi sparhd pitrfjdypg ht tgi
ixh`ttaki
fl
gi sfdsta`i hme tgim lheis hwhy6
@gh`f @hmyfm whs tgi ix`iptafm, h supir
mfvh am tgi `fmstiddhtafm
fl Jriht
Gfusi/
Jriht Navh dustirs, rhtgir tghm tgi sum
fl
h sfdhr systik.
Hs khmy hs 822 'jriht gfusis' ghvi ciim
eas`fvirie am tgi Lfur @fkirs hrih fl Ythg,
@fdfrhef, Miw Kixa`f hme Hrazfmh. Hd
tgfujg tgisi khssavi cuadeamjs flti`gma`hddy
supirc khsfmry wiri frajamhddy hssukie tf
ci ewiddamj pdh`is, at'smfw cidaivie tght tgiy
wirim' t wght wi fmsaeir gfusis fr vaddhjis ht
hdd, ht dihst mft lfr gukhm ghcathtafm. Fmdy
sfkifl gi gumeries fl ffks rivihdie trh`is
fl ciamj davie am, hme tgi `hmyfm atsi dl fude
mivir ghvi suppfrtie su`g h dhrji pirkhmimt
pfpudhtafm. Zi wiri tfde fmdy sivirhd gum
erie curahds ghvi ciim um`fvirie am @gh`f
@hmyfm hme tgiy hri purpfrtie tf ci kfstdy
'`irikfmahd', h phttirm tght sgfws up khmy
hm`aimt satis am Mfrtg Hkira`h. Zght as tgi
trui purpfsi fl tgisi hkhzamj cuadeamjs6
mSfhes t imtir Rdh`i Nhtgrym Jhcraid
wihvis
tfjitgir
tgi
ivaeim`i
lfr
hr`gifhstrfmfky
am
@gh`f, hme at ci`fkis
fcvafus tght tgisi cuadeamjs wiri sh`rie satis
watg hm isftira` lum`tafm wi hm fmdy juiss ht
fr try tf amtuat lrfk tgi liw rikhamamj `duis.
Hnam tf tgi hm`aimt sh`rie stru`turis hme
~ f k t r y
flIjypt,
@gamh
Kixa`f, hme prfc
hcdy hdd
fl
tgi kijhdatga` stfmi cuadeirs, tgi
Hmhshza hegirie tf h `fskfdfja`hd hr`gati`
turi tght laxie `fska` `ffreamhtis fm ihrtg.
Ugiy wiri usirs
fl
h sh`rie ti`gmfdfjy `fk
kfm am khmy hspi`ts watg tgi cuadeirs
fl
kijhdatga` hm`aimt satis hs widd hs tgi jriht
`htgierhds
fl
Iurfpi, dani @ghrtris -- wga`g
whs cuadt ht ixh`tdy tgi shki taki hs tgi jriht
gfusis fl @gh f. Ih`g udturi prfeu`is
at's
fwm umaqui ldhvfr tf tgiar erhkhta` ixpris
safms fl umavirshd nmfwdiji, kirjamj dhme
s`hpi watg tgi gihvims.
Ugi sfdhr hme dumhr y`dis wiri am`fr
pfrhtie amtf tgi cuadeamjs tgiksidvis hs hm
amtirmhd jifkitry> tgi sum ht sfdsta`i hppihr-
Hcfvi?
Urh`is
fl
tgi
Hmhshza rfhes
`hm
stadd
ci
siim,
su`g hs tgas rikmhmt
fl
h
stfmi
`urc
gajg
fm tgi wameswipt
kish
tfp.
amj hdfmj h dfmj ch`n whdd giri, tgi kffm ht
sthmestadd lrhkie am hm hmjdie wamefw tgiri.
Hdkfst hdd fl gi khofr cuadeamjs wiri hdajmie
iatgir tf tgi `hreamhd pfamts fr tf tgi sfdhr hme
dumhr hzakutgs, lfr ixhkpdi, Ruicdf Cfmatf as
hdajmie tf tgi mfrtg, Gumjf Rhva, Ruicdf Hdtf
hme Uzam Ndatsam tf tgi ihst, hme tgi hdajmkimt
whs sf h``urhti tght am sfki hsis at vhraie cy
diss tghm diss tghm eijrii lrfk tgi Mfrtg
Pfutg hxas.
Hdtgfujg hdajmie tf tgi shki ffreamhtis
ih`g fltgi 'jriht gfusis'
g s
ats fwm umaqui
eisajm, ih`g cuadt tf ats fwm khstir pdhm oust
hs Ruicdf Cfmatf rikhamie trui tf h pri`fm
`iavie pdhm fvir jimirhtafms fl `fmstru`tafm.
At's
viry pfssacdi tght ftgir `idistahd hdajm
kimts hri yit tf ci eas`fvirie, su`g hs tgfsi
ht tgi hm`aimt fcsirvhtfry
fl
tgi Cajgfrm
Kiea`amiZgiid am Zyfkamj, fr gi striits fl
Uiftaguh`hm wgiri tgi rasamj pfamts fl Paraus
hme ftgir sthrs hri ri`freie. Hs tgi stru`turis
tgiksidvis hri fraimtie tf fska` jifkitry at
wfude ci amtiristamj tf sii al tgiar dhyfut am
tgi `hmyfm as hdsf fraimtie tf h dhrjir hstrf
mfka`hd pdhm.
UGINA\HP
Navhs hri dani tgi vathd frjhms fl tgi
Hmhshza pucidfs, ar`udhr rffks usuhddy cuadt
cidfw jrfume divid, gihtie cy h lari pat hme
vimtadhtie cy har sghlts hme watg tgiar rffl
suppfrtamj paddhrs stadd ivaeimt. Lfr tgi Ruicdf
pifpdi tfehy tgi navhs hri irikfmahd rffks
watg h skhdd gfdi am tgi ldffr `hddie saphpu
sykcfdazamj tgi pdh`i fl giar hm`istrhd ikir
jim`i amtf tgas wfrde. Ugi kfeik Ruicdf
ewiddirs ef mft usi Jriht Navhs hme tidd mft fl
tgiar usi. Mf fmi `hm shy lfr suri wght tgiar
lum`tafm whs
am
Hmhshza takis. Iviry 'jriht
gfusi' ghs mukirfus navhs, usuhddy watg fmi
Jriht Navh hme khmy ftgirs tght hri skhddir.
Piim lrfk tgi
har
tgiy hri dani `fmstiddhtafms
fl `ar`dis sit watgam tgi ldffr pdhm, amvfnamj
tgi aeih fl h jriht stfmi imirjy jimirhtfr
wgfsi lum`tafm wfude ci`fki lhkadahr al fmi
`fude ust rih`g ciyfme tgiar`urrimt `fjmatfry
`hph`aty. Ugi Jriht Navhs hri dhrji hme `im
trhd tf tgi kystiry fl @gh`f? Zght eae tgiy
f amsaei tgfsi jriht stfmi `ghkcirs6
At whs eas`fvirie tght tgi 31 kystirafus
ma`gis hrfume tgi ar`udhr whdd
fl
gi @gitrf
Nitd Jriht Navh wiri prfchcdy usie hs h sfdhr
hme dumhr `hdimehr. Ugisi ma`gis ghe
ciim
ratuhddy sihdie watg stfmi wgim tgi amghcat
hmts `dfsie efwm tgiar fpirhtafms hme ei
phrtie lrfk @gh`f. Zgim hr`gifdfjasts um
sihdie tgik ih`g fmi whs lfume tf `fmtham h
stramj flcihes hme turqufasi pimehmts- fvir
8:,222 `hrvie cihes
fl
sgidd hme stfmi am
strhmes up tf 8: liit dfmj. Cut efm 't ixpi`t tf
sii tgfsi trihsuris tfehy. Ugiri's hm ikpty
kusiuk ht @gh`f hme mf fmi nmfws ixh`tdy
wght ci`hki fl gi cfx`hr dfhes fl hrtalh`ts
daltie lrfk tgi`hmyfm- flla`ahddy shm`tafmie
dfftamj -- tgfujg al h vasatfr tfehy pa`ns up
ivim fmi
fl
tgi tims
fl
tgfushmes fl pfttiry
sghres am hme hrfume tgi khmy satis tgiy lh`i
gihvy lkis hme ohad.
Ugi Jriht Navh @hshSam`fmheh fppfsati
Ruicdf Cfmatf am tgi `hmyfm hme tgi dhrjist
navh ix`hvhtie as hdsf hstrfmfka`hddy hdajmie
watg 37 dumhr ma`gis hrfume at whdds. Qfu
hppri`ahti ats sazi hs yfu eis`ime fmi
fl
tgi
twf imtrhm`i stharwhys hme whdn h`rfss tgi
furmhd fl
Cfreirdhme Sisihr`g Mfvikcir Ei`ikcir
8113 Rhji 9
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~ . - O T
/
7
T
JSFYME RDHM
FL K OFS
@GH@F PAUIP
Hdajmie Uf Ugi Mfrtg
K OFS CFMAUF RGHPI PAUIP
8
RIMHP@F CDHM@F
3 N AM NDIUPF
0 RYICDF HDUF
5 RYICDF EID
HSSFQF
9 RYICDF CFMAUF
tgiar pfssacdi sakadhraty tf tgi
imajkhta` rheahtamj Mhz`h damis flRiru, fr gi
hstfmasgamj mitwfrn fl eihe strhajgt phtg
whys damnamj hm`aimt sgramis
am
tgi kfumthams
flCfdavah. Ugi dm`hm rfhes hri shae tf ci tgi
kfst sakadhr am `fmstru`tafm, hme Cfreirdhme
risihr`gir Ofroi Sisamis fcsirvie tgi sakadhr
aty fl Am`hm khsfmry `hddie par`h watg tgi
stfmiwfrn fl gi Hmhshza. Fm`i yfu jrhsp tgi
ixtimt fl tgas gajgwhy systik yfu `hm fmdy
sthme am hwi ht su`g hm ixtrhfreamhry illfrt,
ispi`ahddy wgim yfu fmsaeir tght tgas amtimsi
h`tavaty rih`gie ats pihn euramj h khofr
erfujgt am tgi @gh`f hrih.
Hdtgfujg tgi gajgwhys hppihr tf us tf jf
mfwgiri- fcvafusdy tgiy wimt
sfkiwgiri
tf
tgi
Hmhshza.
Ci`fkamj kfri idhcfrhti hs
tgiy hpprfh`gie tgi khofr puicdfs tgiy ghvi
ciim
`fmsaeirie irikfmahd ixtimsafms fl gi
jriht gfusis. Ugi ihrtgwfrns, rfhesaei sgramis
hme h dhrji hkfumt
fl
skhsgie pfttiry ik-
Hr`gifdfjasts tgamn tgas pa`tfjrhpg fl tgi kffm, h sthr hme
h
ghmepramt
riprisimt h supirmfvh
watmissie cy
tgi Hmhshza.
cieeie am tgi surlh`i tidd us tgiy wiri ratuhd
rfhes watg h sparatuhd hme khja`hd rhtgir tghm
h khtirahddy usilud lum tafm. Am hm`aimt takis
tgi Hmhshza khy ghvi jhtgirie lrfk hdd `fr
mirs fl tgi dhme tf thni phrt am `irikfmahd
prf`issafms hdfmjtgisi rfhes euramj spi`ala`
`fska` hdajmkimts. Ugiy hri rfhes tght dihe
mft fmdy amtf hmftgir taki cut hdsf amtf hm
amlamatidy hdtirie `fms`afusmiss. Ugi Ruicdf
Ameahm `fm`ipt
fl
fhes
as
quati eastam`t lrfk
tgi wistirm hs
htgrym
Jhcraid mftis? lfr
ixhkpdi, tgi Uiwh Ameahm wfre lfr rfhe
trhmsdhtis hs `ghmmid lfr tgi dali's crihtg.
At khy c i tght tgisi rfhes wiri ghmmids lfr
amvasacdi imirjais lfddfwamj tgi diy damis, fr
erhjfm
damis
h`rfss tgi dhme> `fmeuats fl
tiddura` imirjais tgi Hmhshza `fude mft fmdy
cut hdsf khmapudhti lfr tgiar lfrjfttim
purpfsis.
Hs
Jhcraid wratis,
Ydtakhtidy,
tgi
strhajgt rfhe thnis fmi ch`n tf tgi pdh`i fl
ikirjim`i. Ugus tgi strhajgt rfhe ci`fkis h
`ar`di, h smhni swhddfwamj ats
thad
lfr hdd
itirmaty.
Eispati tgisi hkhzamj h`gaivikimts, cy
tgi kaeedi fl gi 83tg `imtury @gh`f `hmyfm
whs sueeimdy eisirtie. Ats rfhes wiri ratuhddy
`dfsie hme tgi akpfrthmt `ghkcirs
fl
tgi
jriht gfusis wiri easkhmtdie hme curmie.
Ugi Mhvhof wgf hki tf tgi hrih dhtir hddie
tgi rfhes 'tummids' hme cidaivie tgik tf ci
ghumtie cy h kfmstir.
Silirim`is
8.
Sfhes
tf @imtir
Rdh`i
H @udturhd Htdhs fl
@gh`f @hmyfm hme tgi Hmhshza
cy
Nhtg`ym
Jhcraid, Ofgmsfm Rucdasgamj @fkphmy, Cfudeir
@fdfrhef, 8118
3. Urhdd juaeis lrfk @gh`f @udturi Mhtafmhd Gas
tfra`hd Rhrn
0. Ugi
Sicartg
fl
Rhm--
Gaeeim Lh`is fltgiHkira-
`hm Ihrtg Pparat
cy Oak Crhmefm, Laricare Rriss,
Eumdhp, Addamfas, 8173
5. @gh`f -- @aty
f l
Kystirais Miw Kixa`f
Khjh-
zami, F`tfcir 81::
P. Kystirais
fltgi
Hm`aim`t
Hkira`hs --Ugi Miw
Zfrde Cilfri @fdukcus, Siheir's Eajist, 817 simsatavis
ghvi dfmj nmfwm tgas. Ftgir (mfm
idi`tra`hd) imirjy imtirs tgi systik
wga`g as kfri rheafma` tghm idi`tra
`hd.
prfh`gie watg eidacirhti prfjriss
wgim irtham eastamjuasgamj lh`ts sgfw
tgiar wfrn tf ghvi dattdi hssf`ahtafm
Ptfmi
whdd
Rirkhmimt
khjmits
Ugi idi`tra`hddy hkpdalaie fut
puts fl khjmita` pa`nups hri tgi
`fad-khmulh`turie rispfmsis tf tgi
prisim`iflh prakhry jrfume h`tav
aty (wga`g A ghvi strfmj rihsfms
tf
cidaivi as rhya` am ghrh`tir). Imtir
amj tgi saeis flkhjmits, tgas rhya`
imirjy as kihsurie hs kfeudhtafms
am tgi ritgira` ldfw
fl
gi khjmita`
watg kiri idi`tra`aty.
Zght A lke sf akprissavi hme
eastam`t as tgi lh`t tght su`g h lrii
sthmeamj
kh
jmita` hrrhy `fude `fm
tamufusdy ri`iavi tfmhd sajmhds lrfk
tgi jrfume. Ptuccdilaide, Kurjhs,
Uisth, hme Sfjirs ghe efmi tgi shki
ci l
fri us. Ugi eari`tafmhdaty
fl
tgi
systik whs lurtgir prffl tght tgi hr
rhmjikimt whs taie tf jifdfjy? ri
spfmeamj watg jrfume imirjais hdfmi.
Kyri`iavirwfrnie cist wgim hdajmie
watg h jrfume rhy-dami (wga`g A ghe
efwsie hme usie lfr mukirfus ftgir ixpira
kimts tgrfujg tgi yihrs). Kr. Ugirfux ri
`freie tgi shki names fllkeamjs watg jrfume
rhy-damis. H``freamj tf tgi fmvimtafmhd hmhdy
sas, tgi khjmita` pa`nup hrrhy as sf gajgdy
ameu`tavi tght at `hmmft ci ri`iavamj rheaf
sajmhds hcfvi tgi hueaf rhmji. Ugi khjmits
usie am tgi pa`nup hri mft lirratis. Zght tgim
as tgi sfur`i
fl
tgi hueaf divids wi ri`iavi6
Ugi rhttdamj ("gida`fptir") hme tgrfccamj
sfumes (ri`iavie hme ri`freie wgim tgi gu
khm cfey hpprfh`gis tgi `fad) hri mft rheaf
sajmhds. Ugisi rhttdamj sfumes fmdy hppihr
wgim davamj frjhmasks hri shkpdie.
laide.
@iddhr ldffr
Ugi usi fl tgi
pa`nup
`fad
(gidax) kust ci `hriluddy `fkpri
gimeie (mft lrfk tgi idi`tra`hd cut)
lrfk tgi rheafma` vaiwpfamt. Ugi
miie tf trhmsdhti prakhry rhy im
irjy amtf "idi`tra` hme idi`tra`hd"
pftimtahds as hm ikchrrhssamj ak
phssi lfr vathdasts. Zi hri siinamj
miwir names
fl
ixpiraim`i watg dav-
Lrii sthmeamj khjmita` pa`nup
(vaiw
lh`amj
amtf jrfu
me
-rhy)
hcfut \rad imirjy.
Gfdeamj tgi pa`nup tf ky cfey (hdfmj tgi
virta`hd
hxas
wga`g fmmi`ts lh`i, tgrfht, gihrt,
tgfrhx .. ) A gihre tgi erhkhta` hppihrhm`i fl
viry strfmj ''gfwdirs''. Ugisi gfwdirskfeu
dhtie viry ku`g watg cfey pfsatafm am ridhtafm
watg tgi jrfume rhy-dami. Hm heeatafmhd vhrah
tafm hppihrie wgim tgi prissuri (watg wga`g
tgi amsudhtie fad whs gide) am prfxakaty watg
tgi cfey whs hdtirie? h prakat avi hura` tumamj
ki`ghmask whs rihdazie. Ugas sajmhturi whs
eallirimt am ats `fmtimt fl fvirtfmis wgim
`fkphrie watg tgi sajmhturi thnim lrfk tgi
lrii-sthmeamj `fad.
amj sajmhds wgadi usamj ats idi`tra`hd saei
illi`ts Fur satuhtafm hm ci hkidafrhtiewatg
tgiprfpir nmfwdieji hme eisajms wga`g kust
`fki tf usi tgi eari`t rhya` imirjy hdfmi.
Zgadi tgisi systiks
' 'dffn
' ' amh`tavi tgiy
h`tuhddy hri fpirhtamj am kfeis wga`g ix`iie
tgi freamhry gukhm hcadaty tf pir`iavi. H
sakpdi ixhkpdiflprffl s tghttgiumhkpdalaie
pa`nup hppihrs
eihe
wgim ixtirmhddy
fc-
sirvie tgrfujg tgi simsis, yit at as viry
h`tavi
Ugiri hri tgfsi pirsfms wgf eari`tdy
simsi tgi prakhry imirjy hme wfrn watg ats
pfwir watg spi`ahd mfm-pfwirie hpphrhtus.
Rhji 82,
Mfvikcir Ei`ikcir 8113 Ofurmhd
fl
freirdh
m
Sisihr`g
-
8/12/2019 Journal of Borderland Research - Vol XLVIII, No 6,
November-December 1992
13/32
Urii rfft prfci
Hm
issimtahd futput fl khjmits wga`g A ghvi
eis`racie idsiwgiri hri tgi cdh`n rhys (wga`g
hri `fddakhtie ht tgi saeis
fl
pirkhmimt khj
mits). Ugisi cdh`n rhys pirkihti fur wfrde ht
tgi kfst lumehkimthd divids fl ixpiraim`i.
Ugiy hri rispfmsacdi lfr tgi mukirfus ftgir
imirjita` khmalisthtafms wga`g wi aeimtaly
tgrfujgfut tgi imvarfmkimt.
UFMI-PAJMHUYSIP
FL
RDHMUP
A ghvi h cidail tght hdd khtirahd tgamjs
sghri vhrafus eijriis hme risfmhm`is flPph`i
@fms`afusmiss. Ih`g khtirahd hdsf pirkutis
tgas `fms`afusmiss am spi`ala` whys. Ugiri
ghvi ciim eastamjuasgie ameavaeuhds wgfsi
wfrn amea`htis tght ivim kithds hme stfmis hri
hwhri
(@. Cfsi). Ftgirs ghvi hdsf sgfwm
tght su`g khtirahds ikhmhti pi`udahr fvir
tfmis wgfsi `fmtimt -- siiks amtiddajimt (2.
Raxdiy). Uisdh ripihtiedy sthtie tght ihrtg
sajmhds hme pdhmithry sajmhds wiri akcuie
watg ' 'hm amtiddajim`i''.
@rata`s rivadie gas dhaks lrfk iviry h`h
eika` eari`tafm> sthtamj tght pudshtamj sajmhds
wiri mft hkpdi ivaeim`i fl amtiddajimt trhms
kassafms hkfmj tgi pdhmits. Uisdh `hdkdy
ikpghsazie tghttgi usi
fl
mtirpdhmithry
f r s i
@fei whs mft tght tf wga`g gi whs rilirramj?
tgi "amtidd ajim`i" whs akpda`at am tgi fvir
tfmis ri`iavie hme ixpiraim`ie Pu`g
symristgisa` sajmhds (su`g ikphtga`hddy h`tavi
sajmhds)wfudedhtirciusie
cy U
. J Gairfmy
kus, S. Erfwm, hme J. Z. ei dh Zhrr tf
rijastir dali-lfrk riheamjs fm ftgir pdhmits,
thni rheafma` pgftfjrhpgs fl spi`ala` frjhms
hme systiks, hme `ghrji dajgt-cihks watg
tgfujgt-lfrks. Mfmi
fl
gisi imirjita` khma
listhtafms rijastir fm amirtahd kitirs> ciamj
tgi ixpiraimtahd imirjais
fl
tgi umavirsi
tgrfujg wga`g kihmamj as trhmsh`tie tf us .
Kihsuramj systiks `hm rispfme tf
prissuris .. cut `hmmft shvfr kihmamjs fr ri
spfme tf tght amgirimt prisim`i wga`g javis us
kihmamj. ~ i m a m j
hme `fms`afusmiss
hri itirmhddy he
kaxie hme hri ri
`iavie cy simsatavi
simtaimt ciamjs
hdfmi
.
Ugirilfri
tgiri as h vhst judl
citwiim
tgi
amirtahdast hme tgi
vathdast.
Hrtast,
ri-
sihr`gir, hme `fd
dihjui Eum`hm
Dhurai, sghrie siv
irhd
ixhkpdis
wgiri tgi sfumes fl
h davamj vami wiri
trhmsdhtie tgrfujg
spi`ahd simsamj hpphrhtus (eisajmie cy
Crhesghw). A whs lfrtumhti imfujg tf gihr
tgisi sajmhds fmi majgt dhst wamtir. Ugisi
sfumes wiri sf vacrhmt, pudshtamj, hme tgradd
amj tght A httikptie h sakadhr ixpirakimt am
freir tf sghri tgi ri`freie sfumes.
Kr
Dhurai
kimtafmie am mukirfus amsthm`is tgi strfmj
`fmmi`tafms citwiim tgi sfumes hme kusa`hd
`fkpfsatafms watg wga`g A ghvi ciim am
vfdvie.
A usi h viry sakpdi hrrhmjikimt tf stuey
trii sfumes. Ugas amvfdvis eravamj h viry tgam
arfm rfe h sgfrt easthm`i amtf tgi shmey sfad
surrfumeamj tgi rffts
fl
hmy trii. Ugi ri`fre
amjs A khei usie h thdd Dameim trii. A whs
hkhzie ht tgi mukirfus risudts. Ugi sueeim
trhmsaimts ri`iavie tgrfujg trii-prfcis hri
trudy wfmeirlud. Fmi lames tgi pirsastimt
' 'rhttdi'' fl
tgi trii-sajmhds h viry amtrajuamj
lihturi? kisshjis
fl
umnmfwm hme prakatavi
dhmjuhji. Ugiri hri sueeim hme pfwirlud cursts
wga`g `fki tgrfujg tgi trii hs hsykkitra`
umeudhtafms? dani `hs`heis hme hvhdhm`gis.
Ugfujg `y`da` hme hpprfxakhtidy rijudhr,
tgiri as mf df`n-dani rgytgk watg tgisi tgrfc
camj pudsis
fl
dali. H tgfrfujgdy lhs`amhtamj
h``fumt
fl
hmftgir su`g ri`freamj systik
usie watg pdhmts khy ci stueaie am tgi lddk
Ugi
Pi`rit Dali
flRdhmts
(R. Ufkpnams).
Ugi sfumes ri`freie `frrfcfrhti fur `dhaks.
Ugiri hri viry sajmala`hmt fvirtfmis
prisimt wgim shkpdamj triis. Ugi hkhzamj
tgamj as tght trii sfumes risikcdi sajmhds
thnim lrfk h puri (asfdhtie) hrcfm rfe.
m
gas
ri`freamj A watmissie tgi khsnamj fltgi arfm
prfci sajmhd cy tgi
`hrcfm
sajmhd
fl
tgi
trii Zgim `fkphramj tgi ri`freie sfume
fl
trii rffts watg tgfsi khei watg puri hrcfm A
whs hstfumeie
tf
lke h mihrdy fkpditi kht`g.
Ugi akpfrthmt lh`t tf rihdazi giri as tght tgi
prfci whs mft hrcfm> tgi prfci whs arfm. Ugi
arfm tfmi-sajmhturi whs fvirsghefwie cy tgi
`hrcfm prisim`i
fl
gi trii hme tgi ivaeim`i as
hueacdi.
m
heeatafm tgi trii `hrcfm hme tgi puri
`hrcfm (tgfujg viry mihrdy sakadhr) hri mft hm
ixh`t kht`g? tgiy hri asftfma` Ugas akpdais
tgi prisim`i fl miw rheafma` idikimts.
Pu`g khsnamj, sghefwamj, hme umixpi`tie
tfmhd hppihrhm`i as ixpdhamie tgrfujg rhea
fma` hekaxturi hme pirkuthtafm? tgi hurri
fl
arfm hme hrcfm cdime tf prfeu`i (rheafma`hddy
eas`irmie) miw trhmsaimt idikimts. Zi kust
dihrm kfri hcfut rheafma` pirkuthtafms hme
gfw tgiy eallir lrfk tgi (amirtahd) lfrkhtafm
fl `gika`hd `fkpfddg`ts.
Ugi kfst amtrajuamj lihturi
fl
sajmhds
fcthamie tgrfujg davamj frjhmasks as tgi erh
khta` hppihrhm`i
fl
pfwirlud "gida`fpti r"
rhttdis
am
tgi dfwir pat`gie rijafm. Ugisi
pimitrhtamj rhttdis hri hdwhys prisimt wgim
shkpdamj davamj frjhmasks. Ugiy hri prisimt
am tgi \ata` ri`freamjs fl Kr Ugirfux.
Pueeim hirahd imirjita` curstirs hri
eiti`tie wgim shkpdamj triis. Ugisi curstirs
hri gihre tgrfujg shkpdis khei watg tgi
gukhm cfey (tgfujg ht dfwir pfwir divids).
Ziri tgisi
curstirs
tgi risudt
fl
hirahd
idi`tra`hd eas`ghrjis
fl
rii crhm`gis amtf tgi
surrfumeamj har tgiy wfude `fki tgrfujg tgi
gihesit$ hs hm ivir-sghrpimamj " c
uzz
wga`g
lkhdazis amtf h
smhp .
Ugiy
ef
mft.
Ugi viry issim`i
fl
h sucsthm`i siiks tf
ci tgi viry name fl sfume at wadd ikhmht
i
Pfumes ikhmhtamj lrfk trii-rffts hri sflt
am tgiar ikphtga` h`tavatais. Fmi simsis spfm
thmifus ''ix`ursafms
fl
`fms`afusmiss
wgadi
dastimamj tf tgisi trii sfumes. Ugisi sime fur
tgfujgts amtf sueeim ameitirkamhti pfrtafms
fl sph`i? tgi viry tgamj wi jimirhddy lii d
wgim dffnamj up tgrfujg triis. Ugi rhya`
`fkkumafm
fl
triis watg easthmt rih`gis am
futir sph`i ghs
ciim
amvistajhtie cy ftgir
ix`iddimt risihr`girs (l.
J
Gairfmykus, J
Dhwrim`i,
C
Rhymi).
UGI UGSFCCAMJ
JSFYME
Hueacdi umeudhtafms
fl
pfwir sgfws gfw
tgi jrfume-jimirhtfr surjis fmsthmtdy am triis
hme pdhmts. Ugi tgrfkca` mhturi
fl
gisi strhmji
imirjais f``urs tgrfujgfut tgi ri`freamjs
fl
Kr Ugirfux hme ky fwm> amea`htamj tgi
davamj pftimtahd f ltgi jrfume atsidl. Ugi tgrfc
camj dali-pftimtahd pirkihtis tgi tfmi-sajmh
turis
fl
curaie khtirahds (kithds, kamirhds,
tucis, pdhmts). m tgisi ri`freamjs tgiri hri
ipasfeis wgiri tgi \.Y. kitirs fm tgi pdhy
ch`n systik wadd tgrfc watg hpphrimtdy mf
hueacdi `ghmji fr eallirim`i. @irtham ftgir
rgytgka`hd `fkpfmimts f``ur tff rhpaedy lfr
tgi iyi fr tgi ihr tf eas`irm tgik. Ugas as
wgiri tgi eahjmfsta` tffd
fl
thpi khmapudh
tafm imtirs tgi pa`turi? sdfwamj efwm tgi
shkpdi rivihds sajmala`hmt hme surprasamj miw
fvirtfmi lihturis.
Ofurmhd
f
freirdhme Sisihr`g Mfvikcir Ei`ikfir
:113
Rhji
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8/12/2019 Journal of Borderland Research - Vol XLVIII, No 6,
November-December 1992
14/32
Kithd rfe
am
jrfume
Dihe wari
fm
`imtrhd
`fri
IDIKIMUHD JSFYME SFEP
Mihr irtham rheafma` eiva`is fmi simsis
hm amhueacdi prissuri illi`t fm tgi ihrs. Ugas
khy fltim ci h``fkphmaie cy hm ixtrikidy
gajg pat`gie sfumes
am tgi gihe . Zgim
rheafma` eiva`is hri jrfumeie tgisi rhyf
ritgira`
illi`ts hri imfrkfusdy ikpfwirie?
wi ri`iavi tgisi sfumes (hdciat ht gajgir pat`g
rhmjis) eari`tdy tgrfujg fur cfeais watgfut
miie lfr tgi hueaf trhmsdhtfrs.
H sajmala`hmt pfrtafm flky ixpirakimthd
situps watg jrfume rfes wiri `fmeu`tie tgi
shki wiin am Hprad. Ugisi wiri eravim amtf
vhrafus pfrtafms fl tgi dhme surrfumeamj ky
gfki? am ehrn-jriim spfts
fl
gi (kfast) dhwm,
(fm sivirhd fppfsati saeisfl gi prfpirty) hme
amtf
ery
jrfume hs widd. Cftg sgfrt hme dfmj
waris wiri usie hs dihe damis. Miatgir sgfrt fr
dfmj dihe-damis rivihdie hmy hppri`ahcdy hd
tiramj illi`t fm tgi am`fkamj sajmhds hs rijas
tirie. Si`freamjs wiri khei watg kfmfpfdhr
`fmmi`tafm? samjdi-wari ri`freamjs tgrfujg
tgi `imtrhd dami fl gi hcdi. A ghvi thnim `hri
tf asfdhti tgisi prfcis lrfk hdd ftgir mihrcy
amlduim`is. Ugas rikhrnhcdi lihturi whs eas
`fvirie? tght kfmfpfdhr `fmmi`tafm sulla`is
am rijastiramj tgi jrfume tfmis. Ugi cist ix
hkpdi fl sgaideie hme asfdhtie ri`freamjs as
lf
ume am Ugirfux's risihr`girs. Hdd
fl
gas
ri
`freamjs wiri khei kadis lrfk df`hd
pfwir amis.
A utadazie ht dihst 5 eastam`t pdh`is hrfume
ky
prfpirty lfr tgisi amvistajhtafms. Hdd tgi
jrfume rfes (wgitgir arfm fr hrcfm) wiri
fl
aeimta`hd eahkitir hme pimitrhtafm. Rdhtis wiri
ih`g (kutuhddy) tgi shki (7 am. x 8 am.). A usie
sivirhd kithd fri hme kamirhd shkpdis am
freir tf hssiss tgi ridhtavi eallirim`is ci
twiimpuri idikimts hme tgiar fris. A hdsf usie
hm freamhry vh`uuk tuci (suppfsiedy h rhea
fma`
''amsudhtfr'')
hme h pyrix tist tuci prfci
wga`g whs laddie watg Km2
3
pfweir. Rrfcis
wiri eravim amtf jrfume tf hcfut < am`gis
fl
eiptg? h kamakhd hrrhmjikimt.
A cijhm watg hm arfm jrfume-rfe sit up
hme prfjrissie tgrfujg h sirais
fl
ftgir kh
tirahds. Ugas arfm rfe whs eravim amtf h viry
vathdazie si`tafm fldhwm. Ugas si tafm fldhwm
whs kfri ehrn jriim tghm hmy ftgir pai`i fl
tgi dhwm. A `fmsaeirie tght tgi pfssacdi rhea
fma` h`tavaty giri wfude ci lhr jrihtir tg m am
ery
sfad. Ugi hssf`ahtafm fl arfm watg tgi
gukhm frjhmask as hm umeasputie lh t? arfm as
h risfmhm`i tgrfujg wga`g davamj imirjy as
`fkkuma`htamj tgrfujgfut tgi umavirsi, ats
sghrpdy stamjamj ikhmhtafms eas`ghrji davamj
imirjy, pdhmts hri ehrn jriim hme amtimsidy
vacrhmt wgim jrfwamj mihr arfm lim`is, cdffe
as ispi`ahddy ra`g am arfm.
Ugi tfmi-sajmhturi fl tgi arfm rfe whs
surprasamjdy' kithdd a`' ' tgfujg wihn> ghvamj
h prfdala` hssfrtkimt
fl
gajg akph`t tfmis
wga`g wiri rikamas`imt fl tgi khjmita`
pa`nup. Ugi dh`n
fl
pfwir am tgi arfm rfe
eashppfamtie ki ht larst> tgamnamj at tf ci tgi
kfst pfwirlud hura` ri`iavir. At whs mft tgi
gukhmdy pftimt crika` (cdffe) risfmhm`i fl
arfm wga`g prfvie tf privhad watg rispi`t tf
pfwir. Pu`ghm umsuspi`tie prisim`i flsfume
(am ihrtgie khtirahds) as h miw rivfdutafm am
rheafma` s`aim`i? h trui crihntgrfujg am fur
umeirsthmeamj fl ihrtg imirjais.
A lfddfwie tgi arfm shkpdi watg h `hrcfm
rfe. @hrcfm as tgi niy dali-risfmhm`i. Ugi
kfst pfwirlud tfmi-sajmhturi A ghvi yit ri
`freie `hki tgrfujg asfdhtie `hrcfm rfes.
Ugi whrcdamj hme tgrfccamj fvirtfmis
fl
`hr
cfm as sf stranamjdy eallirimt tght A ghe tf
rieu`i tgi `ghmmid httimuhtfr hme tfmi `fm
trfds sajmala`hmtdy. Ugas hmfkhdfus amtimsaty
fl jrfumeie `hrcfm hs h sajmhd sfur`i `hmmft
ci hssissie tgrfujg fmvimtafmhd kihms? hr
cfm
as suppfsie
tf ci tgi wihnir
`fmeu`tfr .. gi diss idi`trfdyta`hddy rih`tavi
am sfad.
Ugi simshtafm wgim dastimamj tf tgi `hr
cfm rfes (am vhrafus fmlajurhtafms) as mivir
watgfut surprasis. Kfst sajmala`hmt as tgi lh`t
tght arfm (tgi cittir "idi`tra`hd `fmeu`tfr")
efis mft yaide h strfmjir sajmhd tghm tgi `hr
cfm rfe (h suppfsiedy
pffr
idi`tra`hd `fm
eu`tfr''). @hrcfm jrihtdy ix`iies tgi sajmhd
strimjtg fl arfm am cftg pfwir hme fvirtfmi
`fmtimt.
Ftgir kithds wiri hdsf curaiehmesfumeie
(sadvir, zam`, fppir). Ih`g prfeu`iehm hkhz
amjdy eallirimt tfmi-sajmhturi. Dastim tf tgi
fvirtfmis ht tgi viry gajgist pfrtafms
fl
yfur
hueaf rhmji. Ugiywadd
ehm`i
hme whrcdiam
spi`ala` phttirms citwiim yfur gihesits. QFY
KYPU YPI GIHEPIUP fr tgi fvirtfmis
wadd mft ci su``issluddy hppri`ahtie. Ugfujg
prisimt am pdhych`ns tgrfujg dfuespihnirs
tgisi fvirtfmis hri sajmala`hmtdy kfealaie cy
rffk eakimsafms hme ftgir (sthrtdamj) lih-
turis fl tgi jif-rheafma` imvarfmkimt. Ugi)
`fmsiquimtdy khy mft su``issluddy ci
gihr`
am tgiar ludd pfwir. m heeatafm, tgi fvirtfmi
ixi`uti "pghsi-swiips"
(fl
hm hmfkhdfru
mhturi) wga`g `hmmft gihre ix`ipt tgrfujd
gihepgfmis.
Ih`g kithd easpdhys h spi`ala` name
f
fvirtfmi
' 'ehm`i''.
Kithd prfcis yaide 3
''kithdda`'' hueaf sajmhd ghrh`tirasta`
fltgia?O
trui issim`i.
Ugi sadvir tist tffn hevhmthji
fl
h jdfra
fusdy ludd kffm. A cidaivie tght sfki sajmala
`hmt frrispfm-8dim`iwfude ci eas`fviriewatdO
tgas hrrhmjikimt> hme whs eutaluddy riwhreie
Pucsiquimt tists khei euramj ftgir
dum`u
pghsis prfvie tf rivihd tgi urafus hcsim`i
fd
tgi gajg pat`gie
ehrtamj
fvirtfmis
wga`g
wiri viry privhdimt euramj tgi ludd kffm. @hm
at ci tght tgi pdihsamj tfmis wga`g ikhmhti
lrfk `irtham kithds (sadvir, jfde, pdhtamuk,
araeauk, phddheauk, it`.) h`tuhddy httrh`t
gu-
khm `urafsaty hme amtirist6 @fude at ci tght
tgisi tfmis hri tgi ikhmhtafms wga`g
wi
pir`iavi amwhredy (amsimshti pir`iptafm) prf
eu`amj pfssissavi eisaris6 @fude rheafma`
tfmis khni tgisi phrta`udhr kithds ''vhdu
hcdi''6
Qfu khy dastim tf tgisi fm tgi hssitti
tf .
yfur fwm shtaslh`tafm watg gihepgfmis.
Padvir ghe tgi kfst pdihsamj fvirtfmi whrcdi
flhdd tgi kithds A shkpdie> ciamj h rgytgka`hd
umeudhtafm wga`g lhs`amhtis tgi kame.
KAMISHD UFMIP
Ugi mixt ixpirakimts tistie tgi tfmi
sajmhturis
fl
kamirhd shkpdis? hkitgyst,
spgridirati, pyrati, jhdimh. Ugi kamirhd fris
(tgfujg prfcie amtf tgi shki gfdi euramj
tgi
viry shki gfur) ih`g tffn taki tf rih`g tgiar
khxakuk vfduki. Ih`g ivimtuhddy jhvi tgiar
`ghrh`tirasta` tfmi-sajmhturis watg `fmsthm`y
hme rijudhraty. A lfume tght tgi ri`freamjs
khei watg kamirhd shkpdis jrihtdy risikcdis
tgi tfmis rijastirie cy Ka`ghid Ugirfux
am
...
Kamirhd
prfci
@hdalfrmah. Kamirhds siik (watgfut quistafm)
tf ci tgi cist trhmseu`irs
fl
tgisi spi`ala`
kithdda` ''`rh`ndamj, `rasgamj, hme pamjamj''
sfumes. Ugisi kamirhds hri am tumi watg h viry
eastam`t risfmhm`i wga`g kithds hme frjhma`
khtirahds ef mft ridihsi.
Ugi kithdda` smhps hme
pamjamj
chr-
Rhji 83,
Mfvikcir Ei`ikcir 8113 Ofurmhd fl freirdhme
isihr`g
-
8/12/2019 Journal of Borderland Research - Vol XLVIII, No 6,
November-December 1992
15/32
rhjis h`tuhddy siik tf
ci
ivaeim`i flh strhmji
mhturhd rheafh`tavaty (J. Di Cfm)> wgfsi is
sim`i as vathdasta` rhtgir tghm amirtahdasta`.
Ugiar jrheuhd surjamj hme pudshtamj mhturi
khy gidp `dhralQ sthtikimts khei cy U. G.
Kfrhy (jirkhmauk khtirahds) am Ythg. Ugi
imirjy gihre am tgi
pamjs
hme
pfmjs
ri
`freie cy K. Ugirfux as imfrkfus imfujg tf
`husi h risfmhmt ramj am gas hpphrhtus. Ugas as
`dihrdy gihre
fm
tgi `hssitti. A
cidaivi at tf ci tgi risudt fl risf
mhm`is illi`tie watgam tgi sika
`fmeu`tfrs flgas ri`freamj hpph
rhtus? h rihd damn watg tgi kystira
fus eafei fl Kfrhy.
Jhdimh ghs
hm
fvirtfmi ehm`i
wga`g cfum`is ch`n hme lfrtg am
lhardy sghrp phttirms. A tgfujgt A
whs ht larst ei`iavie amtf gihramj
tgisi illi`ts .. umtad A sdfwie tgik
efwm tf Q spiie. Ugi 3-mfti
whrcdi whs stadd tgiri Ugi strhmj-
ist tgamj f``urrie wgim A fmtamuie tf prf`iss
tght shkpdi ht ivir sdfw spiies? tgi viry shki
fvirtfmis wiri yit tgiri .. whrcdamj ch`n hme
lfrtg am tgiar frajamhd pat`gis Pu`g khamti
mhm`i flpat`g am spati flspiie ghmji tidds fl
sfki ''sid l-rajgt amj'' prf`iss tgrfujg wga`g
pirsastim`i
fl
eimtaty as khamthamie tgrfujg
fut tgi sph`i
fl
h khtirahd. Zgadi wi khy
spihn vfdukis fm tgi ivaeim`i fl `rysthddf
jrhpga` ikhmhtafms virsus tgi
''amirtahd hsg''
flkhttir, wi sgfude eari`t fur kames tfwhre
tgi ti`gmfdfja`hd akpda`htafms
fl
su`g h pgi
mfkimfm. A ghe ei`apgirie tgas hmfkhdy watg
sfki su``iss> siiamj tght tgrfujg at tgiri whs
jriht prfkasi hme vhst pfssacadaty lfr tgi
ixtrh`tafm flimirjy lrfk tgi jrfume.
Ugi fvirtfmis siik tf rist
Ugrfujg tgas sfumeamj A rihdazie tgi pfssacad
aty fl usamj tgas hueaf kitgfe tf aeimtalQ
khtirahds. Ugi rikhrnhcdi idfpta` eiti`tfr fl
Er U.
J
Gairfmykus usie rilrh`tadi dajgt
dani imirjais tf aeimtalQ ih`g idikimt hme
khtirahd javim gak.
Hkitgyst (h jdhss) whs pdh`ie watg tgi
`rysthd-pfamts efwm amtf tgi jrfume (chsi up).
Ugi strfmj hme eiip vafdit hurh fl hkitgyst
Hkitgyst prfci
whs akkieahtidy simsie am pdhyamj tgi thpi
ch`n Zght A ghvi hdsf lfume as tght ih`g
khtirahd trhmseu`is pfwirlud amsimshti imir
jais wga`g hri rivihdie tf us hs tgi quhdatais
hssf`ahtie watg tgi khtirahd euramj pdhych`n.
Ugi `fdfr, kffe, liid hme simsi fl
hkitgyst whs strfmjdy rheahtie lrfk tgi gihe
sit? hm ikphtga` trhmskassafm
fl
ixtrhfrea
mhry pirkihtafms. A lidt tgisi simshtafms lrfk
tgi tfp fl tgi gihe hme efwm (h`rfss) tgi
lh`i... phrta`udhrdy hrfume tgi mhshd hrih. Ugi
tfmi-sajmhturi
fl
hkitgyst `fmthams h spi`ahd
fvirtfmi whrcdir wga`g fs`addhtis hrfume h
tra-tfmi.
Ugi kamirhds siik tf ci khei lfr tgi
upfm tgipihnsflftgirtfmis. Ugisi
fvirtfmis raei fm tgi ftgir imirjais
tf h sit phttirm. Ugi tfmi-pihns eas
`ghrji tgi fvirtfmis amtf sph`i spfm
thmifusdy. Ugisi tfmhd pihns `hm ci
urjie tf eas`ghrji tgiar ''fvirtfmi
sfmj'' wgim wi im umi spi`ala` risf
mhm`is lfr ih`g khtirahd. Am ftgir
\h`uuk tuci prfci
wfres, tgi tfthd fvirtfmi-futput
fl
ih`g khtirahd `hm
ci
khei tf ldfw
amtf tgi risfmhmt wamefws spi`ala` tf
hmy khtirahd. Imirjais wga`g `fm-
tracuti tf tgi ridihsi flfvirtfmis hm ci urjie
amtf spi`ala`hddy tumie
wamefws
LSFK
UGI SI@IA\AMJ IME. Ugiri hri khtirahds
wga`g `hm prfeu`i prfdala` hkfumts
fl
su`g
imirjy lrfk tgi umavirshd tfmi-sajmhturi.
Ugi spgridirati (zam` fri) shkpdi strfmjdy
risikcdie tgi fvirtfmi ehm`i fl gi puri zam`
pdhti. (asftfma` khtirahds ghvi surprasamj fvir
tfmi lihturis wga`g amea`hti hmftgir name
fl
pirafea` thcdi). Ugisi fvirtfmis eae mft umeu
dhti
am
h rhpae khmmir hs eae tgi jhdimh.
jrfume"? tgiri as h kystirafus purpfsi lfr
tgik tf ci wgiri wi larst lke tgik. Ugiy
lum`tafm am tgi jrfume systik hme sgfude ci
ri-amvistajhtie am satu. Sikfvamj tgisi `fk
pfmimt khtirahds
im khssi
lrfk tgi ihrtg
ghs lrajgtlud `fmsiquim`is umdiss `fumtir
h`tie. Ugiar lum`tafm lfr gukhmaty's miies
siiks amistakhcdy vhst. Uf rihdazi tght kithd
dfeis fpirhti hs fkpfmimts fl h vhst vathdas
ta` ar`ua try watgam tgi jrfume (lum`tafmamj fm
cighdl
fl
fur fms`afusmiss) siiks dfsist tf
tgi trutg. Rirghps tgisi khtirahds (fm`i ghv
amj ciim thnim lrfk tgia r phrimt jrfume) ghvi
imtirie hm "gystira `hd pghsi wga`griquaris
ri-curahd
am
freir lfr ri-h`tavhtafm tf thni
pdh`i. Rirghps tgas as phrt fl tgi dimjtgy
prf`iss wga`g tgiy riquari cilfri ridihsamj
tgiar tfthd tfmi-sajmhturi. A ghvi fcsirvie tght
kamirhds yaide tgiar imirjita` futputs fmdy
watg taki. Ugirilfri
at
khy ci wasi tf hddfw
shkpdis tf
sfhn
am tgi jrfume
lfr gfurs. Zgf nmfws wght miw
spi`ais flsfumekhytgim ikirji6
Ugitem
sajmhturi lfume watg
ih`g fri whs hs sajmala`hmt hme
hstfumeamj hs hdd tgi ftgir sfumes
ri`iavie. A eae mft ixpi`t tght
kam-
irhds wfude yaide su`g
hm
imfr
kfus hkfumt fl sfumes. Ih`g fl
tgi kamirhd fri shkpdis prfvie tf
javi erhkhta`
prffl
ght khtirahds
fl vhrafus `fkpfsatafms h`tuhddy
prfeu`i `ghrh`tirasta` tfmi-sajmh-
turis. Jhdimh hme pyrati prfvie tf
ci
viry
' 'gft''
tfmi sfur`is. Ugi spgridirati shkpdi
ghe sdajgtdy eallirimt quhdatais tghm tgi puri
zam` pdhti watg wga`g A hdsf prfcie tgi jrfume
ihrdair> tgfujg cftg hri asftfma`hddy ridhtie.
Ugi
k ~ g y s t
`rysthd whs h jffe dhrji shkpdi
wga`g prfeu`ie h surprasamjdy' h`tavi'' sfume?
umusuhd lfr h khtirah d wga`g as jdhssy. Hpphr
imtdy, tgi jrfume pfwir ghs ats fwm cighv
afrhd hspi`ts wga`g
wi
hri fmdy cijammamj tf
eas`fvir. Jdhss hme ftgir idi`tra`hd amsudhtfrs
hri ihsady pirkihtie
cy
jrfume-pfwir.
\ @YYK
UYCIP
Ugas.ix`atamj stuey sf paquie ky amtirist
tght A whs die tf t ry sivirhd ftgir prfci
lfrks. A lkhddy cijhm
hm
ixfta` sirais
fl tists wga`g amvfdvie sfki umusuhd
''prfci rfes''?
amvirtie vh`uuk tucis,
pyrix tist tucis laddie watg `gika`hd
pfweirs (khmjhmisi eafxaei), h `hr
cfm rfe wrhppie watg wari, jrfups fl
`hrcfm rfes am sirais.
At
whs tgrfujg
tgas vhraity fl shkpdis tght A khei
sivirhd `frfddhry eas`fvirais fl kirat.
Lfr tgi vh`uuk tuci (hs prfci shkpdi)
A fmmi`tie hdd tgi prfmjs tfjitgir watg
- tgi samjdi dihe-am wari> curyamj tgi
tuci. A dilt
Q
am`g citwiim tgi sfad hme
tgi chnidati chsi. Ugasp rfci(wa riesaei"up' ')
whs pdh`ie am h si`tafm
fl
jrfume wga`g dhy
hkfmj tgi dfvidaist triis fm fur prfpirty>
eari`tdy hkae tgi kfast ehrn jriim dhwm. Ugi
sfumes sf prfeu`iewiri hcsfdutidy hkhzamj.
Ugiy hri viry sthrn sfumeamj> ghvamj hm am-
timsi eraddamj typi
fl
cuzz.
@hriluddy eraie cilfri akpdhmthtafm, ih`g
vh`uuk tuci A tistie prfeu`ie h samjdi jrfup
fl
(sakadhr) tfmi-sajmhturis. Ugi ameaspims
hcdi jrfume siiks tf
i
sukkfmamj us tf-
Ofurmhd f freirdhme Sisihr`g
Mfvikcir-Ei`ikcir 8113
Rhji 0
-
8/12/2019 Journal of Borderland Research - Vol XLVIII, No 6,
November-December 1992
16/32
whre jrihtir eikfmstrhtafms
fl
trui pfwir.
Ugi prisim`i
fl
vh`uuk whs hdwhys `fmsae
irie eitrakimthd tf tgi hurh. Cftg (jdhssy)
imvidfpis wfrnie sf pfwirluddy tght A tgim
`fude shy watgfut efuct tght tgisi ri`iavie
imirjais wiri mft ht
hdd
"idi`tra` fr idi`tra
`hd''
am tgiar prakhry khmalisthtafm. Zght
name
fl timsafm
imtirs jdhss watg su`g
ihsi6 Ixpirakimts khei watg sgfrtamj tgi
idivhtie shkpdis tf jrfume prfvie tght tgisi
imirjais fude mft ghvi illi`tie tgi risudthmt
tfmi-sajmhturis fl tgi jdhssy imvidfpis wiri
tgiy idi`trfsthta` fr idi`trfeymhka` am mhturi.
Ugi jrfume-imirjy as h pirkihtamj prisim`i,
riquaramj cfey `fmth`t cilfri h rih`tafm `hm
cuade tf khxakuk. Ugi risudts `husie ki tf
tgamn fl
ixpirakimts pirlfrkie
cy
U. G.
Kfrhy> wgfsi jrfume-pfamtamj (dhrji jirkh
mauk eafei) tucis wiri `hphcdi fl imtumamj
vfa`ie sajmhds tgrfujg jriht easthm`is. A whs
amlfrkie tgrfujg h spi`ahd sfur`i tght tgisi
tucis ghe tf
lh`i
tgi jrfume" am freir lfr
tgik tf wfrn.
Am
heeatafm tgiri as h phtimt
fl
eari`tafmhd vh`uuk tucis wga`g
L.
K`@uddfujg ph,timtie tf h``fkpdasg h sakadhr
khrvid). Ugi kihms wgiricy fmi `hm dhtir-
hddy, virta`hddy, hme dfmjatueamhddy
s`hm
jrfume pfwir-pfamts rijhrediss fl easthm`i,
rikhams (lfr ki) fmi
fl
tgi kfst kystirafus
eikfmstrhtafms fl jrfume rhy `fmmi`tavaty.
Cy su`g kihms wi khy ci hcdi tf df`hti
ameavaeuhds hme tgi frjhma` ikhmhtafms fl
gukhm h`tavatais. Hpphrimtdy mf dfss
fl
pfwir
as ivir rijastirie am tgi jrfume? at as h sidl
jimirhtavi pfwir.
@GIKA@HD UFMIP
Khmjhmisi eafxaei whs tistie am h pyrix
tuci. Zgim usie
am `fkcamhtafm (watg pfw
eirie arfm hme `hrcfm)
Km 2
3
pfweir prfvis
tf ci h wfmeirlud rheafma` ''sfltimamj hjimt ''
lfr ixpiraim`amjrheafma` imirjais. Ugi usi
fl
arfmpdhtis hdfmi prfeu`is h
ghre
hme pham
luddy twamjamj rispfmsi upfm tgi gukhm
frjhmask. Ugi heeatafm fl pfweirie `hrcfm
(`ghr`fhd) gidps am tgi hcadaty fl ieu`amj tgas
phamlud stamj
fl
tgi arfm. Cut (cy lhr) at as
khmjhmisi eafxaei wga`g sf
skfftgs
tgi
rheafma` rih`tafms tght A ghvi usie at ivir sam`i
eas`fviramj ats wfmeirlud `ghrh`tirasta`s. A
ghvi fkpfumeie h spi`ahd kaxturi hme ghvi
usie tgas ix`dusavidy am ky stueais.
Uist tuci
prfci
Ugas pfweirie kaxturi (iquhd prfpfr
tafmsflLi,@,hmeKm23pfweirs .. tgfrfujgdy
amtirkaxie) imhcdis tgi muddala`htafm
fl
sghrp
spanis
fl imirjy lrfk ghrkamj us euramj
pirsfmhd ' 'lusafms''watg rheafma` ikhmhtafms.
UgiKm2
3
pfweir jhvi h tfmi-sajmhturi wga`g
whs eastam`tdy puri hme ' 'skfftg'' sfumeamj.
Ugiri wiri mf rappdis, spanis, fr sghrp kithd
da` sfumes am tgas shkpdi. Hkfmj tgi eassf
mhmt fvirtfmi ehm`is fl kithds hme kamirhds,
tgi Km 2
3
rikhamie sflt, skfftg, hme ghr
kfma`.
Uf ci `fmtamuie am tgi mixt assui
Ugiri as h pfwir dffsi
am
tgi ihrtg hm`aimt hme frivir
miw Mf
fmi khy
risast At as tgi viry Shy wga`g javis Eas`fviry Fur ixpirakimts
ghvi hm
hak>
tght as tf rivihd hme ridihsi tgas Shy f Eas`fviry
IHSUG UFMIP cy Jirry \hssadhtfs hme Ka`ghid Ugirfux as hm
hueaf
ixpiraim`i wga`g thnis tgi dastimir fm
hm
am`rieacdi hevimturi tgrfujg tgi
`urafus sfumes fl tgi ihrtg hme amtf tgi viry rihdk fl vathd
Uiddura`
imirjais.
Fm
saei fmi, Jirry \ hssadhtfs eikfmstrhtis tght eallirimt
sucsthm`is
curaie am tgi ihrtg ghvi eallirimt tfmi sajmhturis. Ugi stranamj
ghrkfma`
eallirim`is ri`freie citwiim sucsthm`is su`g hs Arfm, @fppir,
_am`,
Padvir, Jhdimh, Ppgridirati, Hkitgyst,
Ryrati,
am`dueamj tgi tfmis
fl
vh`uuk tucis hme khjmita` pa`nups wgim pdh`ie am tgi jrfume,
prfvaeis
us watg h``issacdi vasafm amtf tgi ftgirwasi umnmfwm
suctirrhmihm ihrtg.
Fm
saei twf, Ka`ghid Ugirfux eikfmstrhtis -- tgrfujg tgi usi fl
h
eapfdhr jrfume rfe systik -- tght tgi ihr tg as hdavi watg vathd
`urrimts
fl
imirjy. Ramjs hme Rfps pdus tgieikfmstrhtafmfltgi \ata`rfhr
`hm
ci
gihre hdfmj watg tgi rikhrnhcdi ri`freamj fl wf ihrtgquhni
ivimts
Hltir tgi amatahtfry ixpiraim`i flgihramj tgisi sfumes, mf fmi
wadd ci
hcdi tf eimy tgi ixastim`i fl gi vathd imirjais umdihsgie lrfk
tgi ihrtg.
IHSUG UFMIP cy Jirry \hssadhtfs hme Ka`ghid Ugirfux
#@2227, 12 kamutis, hueaf `hssitti, prfjrhk mftis
...................... $1.19
Pime freirs tf Cfreirdhmes, R.
2.
Cfx 531, Jhrcirvaddi, @H 19953
Rdihsi am`duei $3.:9 p&g. @hdalfrmah risaeimts hee
: 5%
shdis thx.
@ghrji yfur freir
tf
\APMKHPUIS@HSE
cy
`hddamj
:2:-17
-
8/12/2019 Journal of Borderland Research - Vol XLVIII, No 6,
November-December 1992
17/32
HPUSFMFKA@HD @FSSIDHUAFMP
LFYME AM @SFR LFSKHUAFMP
@fditti K. Efwidd, M. E.
Am tgas phpir A wfude dani tf amtrfeu`i
sfki pfssacdi hstrfmfka`hd frridhtafms A ghvi
lfume watgam ky khtgikhta`hd hmhdysas
fl
Imjdhme's @rfp Lfrkhtafms, hme `dfsi watg
sfki pirsfmhd tgfujgts.
Am ky privafus hrta`di
Pfki
Lameamjs
fm @rfp @ar`di Lfrkhtafms, (pucdasgie am
tgi
Ofurmhd f freirdhme Sisihr`g
Oudy
(3,8
-
8/12/2019 Journal of Borderland Research - Vol XLVIII, No 6,
November-December 1992
18/32
A
Laj. 3
hrcury hsei
hs suviyie cy O Dhmjrasg
87d.'
:'+85'< ?f38'
gi
wfude oust efwsi fut tgi prfcdik
hme ats sfdutafm gaksidl. Gi hme Pihm wimt up
amtf gas rffk, fpimie tgi h``ukudhtfr hme
stippie amsaei. Ehvae jft fut gas pimeuduk
hme sthttie hsnamj quistafms. Mf khttir wght
Ehvae h7nie, tgi pimeuduk wfude fmdy swamj
am h `fumtir-`df`nwasi eari`tafm. Hltir 9
kamutis fl gas, cftg Ehvae hme Pihm ci`hki
lrajgtimie. Ugi pimeuduk whs tfthddy
umri-
spfmsavi, hme miatgir fl tgik ghe ivir im
`fumtirie tgas cilfri. Ugiy erfppie ch`n hme
ei`aeie tf dffn ht
ky
dittir hjham.
Ky lrrst ri`fkkimehtafm whs tf lke tgi
pirakitir
fl
gi hlli`tie hrih. A ghe sujjistie
tght at khy ci sfki easthm`i lrfk tgi h``uku
dhtfr. Ugiy ivimtuhddy lfume tgi pirakitir fl
tgi frhmur laide ciamj suppfrtie cy tgas fr
jfmi h``ukudhtfr fvir 832 yhres hwhy Ht
tgas pfamt,
am
sgf`n hme tirrfr, tgiy sit up h
chsi fl fpirhtafms tf `dihm up tgi prfcdik
lrfk fvir h cdf`n hme h ghdl hwhy lrfk tgi
gfusi. Cy tgas taki, tgiy nmiw tgiy wiri am
why fvir tgiar gihes, sf tgiy ei`aeie tf
lfddfw ky amstru`tafms.
At kust ci ealla`udt lfr tgi hvirhji riheir
tf fkprigime, cut tgi hrih hlli`tie cy siviri
EFS hme frhmur lrfk tgas h``ukudhtfr whs
8
/
7
tg
fl h kadi am eahkitir. Uf `fkpfume tgi
prfcdik, a t whs df`htie am h risaeimtahd hrih.
Khmy ammf`imt pifpdi wiri ixpfsie tf h
eihedy amlduim`i lfr kfmtgs euramj tgas am`a
eimt.
Ugi lrrst tgamj tf ef whs tf cramj efwm tgi
gajg divids fl frhmur `ghrji am tgi h``ukudh
tfr wgadi dakatamj pirsfmhd ixpfsuri tf tgas
eihedy imirjy. Pam`i frjfmi imirjy as riheady
hcsfrcie
cy
whtir, tgi prf`ieuri tgiy usie
whs hs lfddfws. (Niip am kame, tghtwieaemft
nmfw hcfut tgi @fpim Sheahtafm Si`talair ht
Ofurmhd
f
freirdhme Sisihr`g
Mfvikcir-Ei`ikcir 8113
Rhji
1
-
8/12/2019 Journal of Borderland Research - Vol XLVIII, No 6,
November-December 1992
22/32
tgas taki.) Fmi pirsfm ht h takiwhs tf rum amtf
tgi h``ukudhtfr watg h cu`nit flwhtir hme h
spfmji, ramsi efwm fmi amsaei whdd fl tgi
h``ukudhtfr watg whtir wgadi wihramj ruccir
jdfvis, rum ch`n fut hme thni h 89 kamuti
sgfwir.
8cas
prf`ieuri whs ripihtie lfr ih`g
amsaei whdd, ldffr hme `iadamj. Hltir tgas whs
efmi, fvir 12% fl gi mfxafus imirjy whs am
tgi < cu`nits flwhtir. @fkprissie har lrfk
h s`uch
thmn
whs cuccdie tgrfujg tgi whtir
umtad tgi EFS whs dihrie hme tgim tgi whtir
whs pfurie fmtf sfki gihdtgy pdhmts. Hltir
tgas, tgih``wmudhtfrwhsrhpaedy eashssikcdie.
Ugi frjhma` khtirahds hme tgi lrhki wiri
curmie. Ugi sgiit kithd whs `ut
up
amtf sax
am`g squhris hme curaie twf liit umeirjrfume
am tgi wffes watg khrnamjs fm
tgi
`fmthamir
amea`htamj ixtriki ehmjir lrfk rheafh`tavi
khtirahds. Hltir tgi h``ukudhtfr whs jfmi,
tgiy sit fut tf `dihr tgiksidvis
fltgimfxafus
imirjais. Ehvae lfume tght h jriht eihd fl gi
EFS hme frhmur ghe dfejie am tgi tista`dis
hme
am
tgi cdffe. Gfkifphtga` rheahtafm
rikieais, yfja` crihtgamj ixir`asis hme ri
pihtie khsturchtafm dihrietgisi imirjy risa
euis fut fl giar cfeais. Gfkifphtga` rheah
tafm rikieais wiri rheafma`hddy crfhe`hst tf
tgi wgfdi hrih umtad tgi miajgcfrgffe whs
`dihr.
Zatgam h sgfrt pirafe, Pihm's fee cdffe
ei`fkpfsamj `fmeatafm `dihrie up hme
cy
Khr`g fl 81:7, tgi frhmur ikirjim`y fm
Khua whs fvir. Rhud
whs
h
cat
mfmpdusieht tgi
eistru`tafm
flgas
h``ukudhtfr am gas hcsim`i.
Uf tgas ehy, A'k mft suri
gi
umeirstffewgy at
whs mi`isshry. Pihm whs rhpaedy eividfpamj
diunikah hme wfude ghvi eaie watgam < kfmtgs
A surkasi) almftgamj ghe
ciim
efmi. Ufehy,
h Pph`i@rhltir fr @fpim Sheahtafm Si`talair
`fude dihr tgi wgfdi kiss fut am h liw gfurs,
cut watgfut tgisi tffds, tgi satuhtafmwhs viry
ehmjirfus.
Hmftgir, skhddir am`aeimtghppimie hcfut
sax kfmtgs dhtir h ghdl kadi lrfk wgiri A
davie. H lraime fl ky jardlraime ghe cijum
mfta`amj tght sgi lidt viry umihsy jfamj mihr
gir
ka`rfwhvifvim. At ghe jfttim tf tgi pfamt
tght sgi mf dfmjir danie tf usi at. Gir rih`tafm
whs
puridy ikftafmhd> sgi sakpdy eriheie
jfamj mihrat hme sgi eae mft nmfw wgy. Zgim
A gihre hcfut tgas, A tfde
gir
tght A umeirstffe
wght gir prfcdik whs hme rihssurie gir tght
sgi whs mft `rhzy Ht tgi shki taki, gir
guschme eaem't mfta`i hmytgamj eallirimt fr
umusuhd hrfume tgi fvim.
Ugi mixt ehy A wimt efwm tf gir gfusi
watg ky @fpim Sheahtafm Si`talair. Puri
imfujg, gir ka`rfwhvi fvim whs pfasfmie
watg
frhmur. A eitirkamie tgascy h liw sakpdi
tists. Larst, A traie tf put ky gihe amsaei tgi
fvim hltir A khei suri at whs umpdujj
ie
. A whs
`fmlrfmtie watg hm akkieahti prissuri gihe
h`gi. A puddie
ky
gihe fut hme tgi giheh`gi
amsthmtdy wimt hwhy. Mixt, A put ky ghme
amsaei tgi fvim hme watgam 9 si`fmes, hm fee
tamjdamj liidamj whs ivaeimt. Zgim A puddie
ky
ghme fut, gfwivir, tgas wiare tamjdamj
liidamj `hki watg at hme `dumj tf ky ghme.
Ugi frhmur lidt stu`n tf ky ghme dani h jduiy
imirjy risaeui. Zhsgamj ky ghmes umeir
rummamj whtir eae mft fkpditidy rikfvi tgas
iirai liidamj. A put tgi Sheahtafm Si`talair am
tgi fvim hme rhm at lfr hcfut 02 kamutis.
Zgim at whs efmi, hdd tgi frhmur whs `dihrie.
Ruttamj
ky
gihe fr ghme amsaei tgi fvim tgas
taki prfeu`iemf umusuhd simshtafms ht hdd. H
kfmtg dhtir A wimt ch`n hmeri-tistie tgi fvim
hme
at
whs stadd dihr
fl
frhmur. Ugi frhmur tght
ghe ciim `dihrie lrfk tgas ka`rfwhvi fvim
ghe mft ciim prfeu`ie cy ats mfrkhd fpirh
tafm. At kust ghvi pa`nie
up
tgi frhmur lrfk
hm ixtirmhd sfur`i. (Rrfchcdy tgi shki sfur`i
tght pfasfmie ky h``ukudhtfrs.)
A ghvi hdsf im`fumtirie dfw jrhei frhmur
`fmeatafms tght ghe cuadt up tf ehmjirfus
divids am ftgir freamhry gfusigfde hppdahm`is.
Fmi lddamj `hcamit, lfr amsthm`i, whs sulla
`aimtdy pfasfmie watg frhmur tf prfeu`i mfm
spi`ala` hmxaity hme spdattamj giheh`gis lfr ats
ciwadeirie fwmir. Hdd fl tgisi sykptfks
vhmasgie hme mivir riturmie hltir usamj tgi
Sheahtafm Si`talair. Ugas ladamj `hcamit ghe
ci`fki pfasfmie watg frhmur wgim h rheafh`
tavi skfni eiti`tfr ghe ciim dilt sattamj fm at
lfr h liw ehys cilfri at whs amsthddie.
At as akpfrthmt tf umeirsthme tght hmy
kithd im`dfsuri hm, umeir tgi rajgt ar`uk
sthm`is, cighvi dani hm frjfmi h``ukudhtfr.
Ladamj hcamits, fvims, ka`rfwhvi fvims, kithd
`ffnai
hrs
hme ftgir kithd im`dfsuris hm hme
ef quati fltim h``ukudhti frjfmi imirjy
ht
eimsatais hcfvi tgi htkfspgira` mfrk. Ugas as
lirtadi jrfume lfr mfxafus imirjais tf jhtgir,
sthjmhti hme listir. Rirafea` ixpfsuri tf
tgisi imirjy laides as h siviri striss fm h
pirsfm's gihdtg tght ivimtuhddy hppihrs hs tgi
crihnefwm fl tgi wihnist systik.
Am
satuh
tafms su`g hs tgas, ih`g pirsfm's sykptfks hri
eallirimt hme tgiri hppihrs tf ci mf `fkkfm
`fmmi`tafm. Ugi `fkkfm `husi fl frhmur
ixpfsuri as mivir suspi tie. Hdsf, tgi pris
im`i
fl
frhmur khsns ftgir sykptfks hme as
umeiti`thcdi cy rheaistgita`, rheafma`, fr hmy
ftgir kiea`hd kihms? Fmdy pirafea` usi fl
eiva`is dani tgi @fpim Sheahtafm Si`talair fr
tgi Pph`i@rhltir `hm niip hm hrih dihr fltgi
prfcdiks prisimtie cy frhmur.
A gfpi tgisi gfrrfr stfrais sirvi hs h whni
up hdd tf fur riheirsgap.
Zi
davi am h wfrde
tghtghsixpiraim`ie gumeries flhtfka` cfkc
ixpdfsafms. Ugisi mu`dihr eitfmhtafms ghvi
dh`ie tgi imvarfmkimt watg caddafms fl jrhks
fl rheafh`tavi idikimts. Fm tfp fl tght,
kaddafms flrheafh`tavi skfni eiti`tfrs ghvi
ciim amsthddie am cuadeamjs tght wi lriquimt.
Ixpfsuri tf dfw divids fl frhmur as, lfr kfst
flus, hdkfst h ehady f``urrim`i.
Giri hri h liw tgamjs yfu hm ef tf dakat
yfur ixpfsuri tf frhmur. Larst, alyfu fwm hmy
skfni eiti`tfrs, sii
al
giy fmtham rheafh
tavi khtirahds. l giy ef,
at
as dastie fm h dhci8
fm tgi cfttfk. Ysuhddy, tgisi skfni eiti`
tfrs hri fl gi afmazhtafm typi hme fmtham
.7 tf 8.2 ka`rf`ad{ais fl Hkira`auk, idikimt
19. Al yfu fwm fmi fl tgisi, jit rae fl at
(shlidy) hme ripdh`i at watg h skfni eiti`tfr
tght fpirhtis fm
tgi'
pgftf-idi`tr a`'' kitgfe.
LarsZirt
khnis cftg typis, sf khni suri yfu
hri cuyamj tgi rajgt ripdh`ikimt. Pi`fme,
`fmsaeircuyamj hm hppdahm`i tght dihrs frhmur,
dani tgi @fpim Sheahtafm Si`talair fr tgi
Pph`i@rhltir. Ugare, yfu
`hm
dfccy yfur
jfvirmkimt flla`ahds tf stfp tgi mu`dihr
(cfkc) tistamj prfjrhk hme sgut efwm hdd
mu`dihr risihr`g lh`adatais. Lfurtg, ef mft cuy
fr iht arrheahtie lffes hs tgiy `fmtham h saj
mala`hmt risaeui fl frhmur. Dhst, mivir trhvid
watgam A 2 kadis flhm fpirhtamj mu`dihr pfwir
sthtafm hme eilkatidy
efm't
thni tgi juaeie
tfur. (Hme
al
yfu hri am`damie, wfrn tf jit
tgik hdd sgut efwm. Hdsf, hvfae ciamj
sth
tafmie fm fr vasatamj mu`dihr pfwirie suckh
ramis, har`rhlt `hrrairs, wihpfms eipfts, it`.
it`. it` .... )
Am
`dfsamj, A wfude
oust
dani tf
tghmn
iviryfmi wgf rispfmeie tf tgi larst hrta`di
hcfut frhmur. Khmy fl yfu hri cuadeamj tgi
@fpim Sheahtafm Si`talair, ghvi cfujgt h
Pph`i@rhltir,
fr
hri usamj tgi dihramj prf`i
euri lfr tgi PI-9. Lfr gukhmaty tf survavi tgi
jdfchd frhmur ikirjim`y,
wi
wadd miie hm
hrky fl pifpdi watg tgas ti`gmfdfjy `fm
sthmtdy dihramj tgiar fwm df`hdaty. ghmn yfu
lfr vfdumtiiramj lfr tgas sh`rie sirva`i tf tgi
Dali Lfr`i. H spi`ahd tghmns jfis tf Dutai
Dhrsim lfr pramt amj tgi fkpditi frhmur dihr
amj prf`ieuri lfr tgi PI-9 am gir Pipt/F`t
miwsdittir tf PI-9 usirs. ghmns lfr jittamj
tgi wfre fut
Zidd, 8113 ghs ciim hm hkhzamj yihr lfr
gajg quhdaty amlfrkhtafm. A ixpi`t 8110 tf ci
ivim cittir. Ymtad tgim, ghvi h ghppy gfdaehy
sihsfmhme am
spatiflhdd tgi sparhdamj khemiss
am tgas wfrde, ci kamelud
fl
hdd wi ghvi tf ci
tghmnlud lfr.
Rrh`ta`i hme
yfu
khy su`iie
am umcidaiv-
amj h dft f ummi`isshrady umcidaivhcdi
stull Hltir tght yfu
wadd
ghvi
h
pdh`i tf
put
sfki rihd
nmfwdieji hcfut rihd lh`ts
Sa`ghre P
Pghvir
hji
32, Mfvikcir Ei`ikcir 8113 Ofurmhd
f
freirdhme Sisihr`g
-
8/12/2019 Journal of Borderland Research - Vol XLVIII, No 6,
November-December 1992
23/32
a //? G
8
S d ~ P I H S @ l
U U D l ~ P Ld6FHO d ~ F S O O I S D H M E P
HM@AIMU HKISA@H
O. E. Chdewam, 87:3 Zatg addustrhtafms.
Hm hkhzamjdy d ihrvaiw
fl
Hkira`h's vhstdy hm`aimt
gastfry. Zgf wiri tgi kfume-cuadeirs6 Hmtaquaty
fl
tgi Suams> Kixa`f @imtrhd Hkira`h> Hm`aimt
Hkira`hm Gastfry> Ugi Hzti` @avadazhtafm> Hm`aimt
Riru> Riruvahm Hm`aimt Gastfry> Ugi Mfrtgkim am
Hkira`h> Ugi Zidsg am Hkira`h> Hmtaquatais
fl
gi
Rh`ala` Asdhmes> Ei`apgiramj tgi Ams`raptafms, it`.
#C281:, 311pp, ameix, sparhds .......................$82.92
UGI @FKAMJ
SH@I
Dfre Iewhre Cudwir Dyttfm
Ugi stfry
fl
gi kystirafus amvasacdi imirjy nmfwm
hs \ rad. At ghs
ciim
fcsirvie cy hm hcdi rata` tghtcy
lhr tgi gajgist usi
fl
gi supirmhturhd am la`tafm as tgi
ivfdutafm
fl
gukhm quhdatais umeir ixtrhfreamhry
`ar`uksthm`is. Giri, Dfre Dyttfm ghs pfstudhtie tgi
amlamati ixtimsafm
fl
lfr`i. Gfw wfude tgi sf`ahd
pfdaty fl h mhtafm ci hlli`tie cy tgi eas`fviry fl h
lfr`i sf sakpdi tght hmy `gade `hm ikpdfy at, sf
pfwirlud tght at `hm, dani h ldhsg fl dajgtmamj, rime
kfumthams fr eistrfy hrkais, fr,
al
eallirimtdy ik
pdfyie, rimfvhti dali hme rikfvi easihsi6 Pu`g as tgi
\rad lfr i pfssissie
cy
tgi @fkamj Sh`i hme at hdd
thnis pdh`i eiip watgam tgi suctirrhmihm `hvirms
fl
tgi ihrtg. Hmyfmi amtiristie am tgi pfssacadatais
fl
'lrii imirjy' wadd fctham h vhdae jdakpsi ht
oust
wght
wfude trudy ghppim tf us
al
wi wiri tf umdihsg su`g
ti`gmfdfjy am tgas prisimt hji. H "kust
rihe"
#C232 \rad am Frjhma`
Dali> Ki`ghmask fl\ ad> \ rad am Rgysa`hd Khmalisth
tafm> Urhmslfrkhtafm fl\rad> \rad am Lffe hme
Zhtir>
Am
Har hme Crihtg> Pi`rit fl\rad Hcsfrptafm> Hppda
`htafm fl\rad Rfwir> @fmsirvamj \rad-Rfwir> Rsy-
`ga` Rghsifl\ ad.#C2322, 830pp, sparhds. ........$9.22
HM@AIMU PUFMI @SFPPIP FL IMJDHME
Hdlrie Sakkir, 87:9.
dddustrhtie watg :9 wffe-`uts. Dhys fut tgi jifkit
ra` pdhms
fl
khmy stfmi `rfssis, pdh`ikimt,hmtaquhr
ahm mftis, gastfra`hd kikfrhmeh, hme s`rhps flcafj
rhpgy lriidy cdimeie watg tgi tixt. H `urafus amsajgt
amtf h dattdi nmfwm hm`aimt kystiry.
#C2817, 891pp, sparhds ....................................
$:.92
HD@GIKQ
SIEAP@F\ISIE
H. @f`grhm.
Urh`is tgi gastfry
fl
Hd`giky? Cijammamjs
fl
Hd
`giky> Ugi Ptfry
fl
Ma`gfdhs Ldhkid> Si`fres fl
Chsad \hdimtami> Rhrh`idsus> Hd`giky am tgi Pax
tiimtg hme Pivimtiimtg @imturais> Ugi @fkti ei
Phamt Jirkham> Ugi Piie
fl
Kithds> Ugi Pparat
fl
Kir`ury> Ugi Xuamtissim`i am Ehady Dali> Ugi Kiea
`ami lrfk Kithds, Rrh`ta`hd> 'Hurius' fr tgi Jfdeim
Urh`thti hme tgi Cffn
fl
Sividhtafm
fl
Girkis.
#C2819, 897pp ..............................................
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IHSUG
IMISJAIP
Xuist
fr
tgi Gaeeim Rfwir
fl
gi Rdhmit
Pirji
Nhgada
Namj.
Hm`aimt `avadazhtafms, umeirstffe hme usie umsiim
lfr`is, wga`g tgi hut gfr `hdds \rad, lfr gihdamj hme
kfvamj khssavi stfmis.
Am
kfri ri`imt takis, ri
sihr`girs su`g hs Kiskir, Sia`gimch`g, hme Sia`g
wfrnie watg
"khjmitask", "Fe",
hme "Frjfmi,"
wga`g Namj hrjuis hri tgi shki hs \rad. Ugi cffn
eithads ixpirakimts Namj hme ftgirs pirlfrkie `fm
larkamj tgi wfrn fl tgisi kim hme javis eari`tafms
lfr riheirs tf ixpirakimt lfr tgiksidvis. Ryrhkae
Imirjy> \avhxas -- tgi gihdamj illi`t fl sthmeamj fm
hm hxas dami watg
yfur
pdh`i
fl
cartg> Sheafma`s>
Jifkhm`y- Ugi hm`aimt hrt
fl
pdh`amj stru`turis am
h dhmes`hpi hme lurmasgamjs am h rffk h``freamj tf
imirjy pram`apdis> Luturi prfspi`ts -- Gfpis lfr
usamj \rad tf hae amgihdamj, hjra`udturi, hme pfddutafm
`fmtrfd.
CF
811, 392pp, Addus,phpirfh`n ..................... $83.22
Pime freirs
tf
Cfreirdhmes, R. 2 Cfx 531, Jhrcirvaddi, @H 19953
Rdihsi am`duei $3.:9 p&g lfr Ast cffn.
$8
ih`g heeatafmhd. @hdalfrmah risaeimts hee
: ~ %
shdis
thx.
@ghrji
yfur
freir tf \APH/KHPUIS@HSE cy `hddamj :2:-17
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8/12/2019 Journal of Borderland Research - Vol XLVIII, No 6,
November-December 1992
24/32
hri @ga eiva is hme mftgamj kfri at as mf
wfmeir
tght
tgas `fmmi`tafm `hki hcfut.
Mfr as at hmy wfmeir tght tgi jfvirmkimt
s`aimtasts wgf traie 'rivirsi-imjamiiramj''
ky iquapkimt lrfk ky vaeifthpis, `fude
mft
lajuri
fut
gfw
tgi
eiva`is wfrn,
hltir
tgiy ghe `dhmeistamidy lhcra`htie eupda
`htis.
Am tgi sukkir fl
8118 CPSL
kikcir
Jifrji Zuu fl Pamjhpfri hme kysidl, ghe
h `fmtrh`t watg tgi jfvirmkimt
fl
tgi Kh
dhysahm Pthti
fl
Kidhnh, tf imjamiir rham.
CPSL s Ritir Dameikhmm hme A wiri quhr
tirie amatahddy am
Kidhnh's
Simhasshm`i
Gftid, tgi `aty s
l kist.
Zi `fmeu`tie fur
larst fpirhtafms lrfk ats rffl, wga`g
whs `duttirie, `rhkpie hme dfheie
watg che @ga . Ugiri whs mf
eari` t vaiw
fl
tgi rijafm
lrfk tgi
rffl
ht
hdd. Eispati tgisi
erhw-
wihtgir imjamiiramj sati A ghvi ivir usie.
Euramj majgt gfurs, at whs pfssacdi tf im
trham
dhrji hkfumts
fl
@ga amtf akpdfsavi
vfrta`is. Fm hcfut sivim f``hsafms, kamah
turi
typgffms swipt tgrfujg tgi rijafm am
Oudy hme
Hujust-- hdwhys am tgi ihrdy
gfurs
fl
tgi kfrmamj. Uriis wiri sfkitakis
uprfftie
hme
gurdie lfr cdf`ns, phrnamj
dfts wiri turmie amtf dhnis, hme spi`th`udhr
dajgtamj easpdhys watg eihlimamj tgumeir
h``fkphmaie tgisi imjamiirie systiks. Ugi
larst su`g kama-typgffm wri`nie
fur
fwm
chsi. A hk quati suri tght fpirhtafms `fude
mft ghvi ciim hmywgiri
mihr
hs illi`tavi
ghe tgiy ciim umeirthnim watgfut tgi Limj
fvirrudi gas fwm si`uraty
sthll hme
hekat
tgi kieah tf fur `fmlaeimtahd fpirhtamj
chsi
am
fur hcsim`i. Fur hcadaty tf fpirhti
am pih`ihmesi`uraty whs tgiricy eistrfyie.
Ugi wame `urrimts
hme rham
eastracu
tafms
hrfume
tght
cuadeamj eikfmstrhtie
tgi
rikhrnhcdi
`fmsiquim`is
fl
Limj Pgua
am eisajmamj h
kfeirm stru`turi.
Rfwirlud
ldhsgdajgts sgfwie tght rham gattamj gi
cuadeamj eravim cy strfmj wames, `urvie
jrh`iluddy upwhres
hme
phssie gajg fvir
tgi cuadeamj t.1p
8
dani h `fkkir`ahd lfum
tham. Ritir
hme
A lfume hstfmasgamj `ur
rimts-- umridhtie tf wame eari`tafm-- imvid-.
fpamj tgi cuadeamj
am
h mitwfrn fl har
strihks. Ugi wgfdi ixpiraim`i fl
fpirhtamjkfeikwihtgirimjamiir
amj
jihr
am h Limj Pgua cuadeamj whs
umlfrjitthcdi.
Ka`ghid's
hrta` di hdsf crfh`gis
ch`ns, wi khei gihvy rhams fm
prfoi`t sthrt-up
hme
ghe Pthti wh
tir
rhtafmamj nycfsgie watgam h
wiin. Zi mivirtgidiss miieie h
ZHEY? ~ ' " ? . . ? ? f ur`. tgi quistafm
fl
tgi @ga pfwir fl
. - - - - . . . . , . - . . - - - . - - , - - - - . . . . . - -
~ l t . O K . T U ~ ~ ' - ; ? ? ? ? ? ? ? M Z ~ . , ; - ? . . . - ?
? - ? ? - ; > - hutfkfcadis, tgi imvidfpi
fl
@ga
miw sati.
Zatg
Jifrji Zuu's amil
lhcdi hae, wi `fm`dueie hm hjrii
kimt
watg tgi
mihrcy
Ikpirfr
Gftid, tgi tfp tgrii ldffrs fl wga`g
ghe mivir ciim `fkpditie. Ugi
rffl g0e h vartuhddy
umfcstru`tie
0 r giheamj lfr h fms aeirhcdi easthm`i.
Ugas @ga efis mft
sii
`fm`riti
whdds,
hme
`hm akph`t tgi hura` im
vidfpi
fl
pirsfms am tgi @ga dami fl
a - - ' - f ? ? - - - - + - - + - - + - - - - U - ~ r - - V V
> > ' : - ~ - - - U - - - - - d ~ hpprfh`g, rijhrediss
fl
mtirvimamj
fm tgi
Ohdhm
Hceuddhg,
hme
umdani
. r - - - - - r - . . . . . . - - - - + - . . . . . > . >
= o ~
whdds. H cusamiss flla`i df`htie hdfmj
tght
dami `fude ameiie lame ats ik
pdfyiis fm`imt rhtamj fmdy watg eal
la`udty, eui tf `fmsthmt chttiramj
watg ph`nits fl hr @ga.
ftgir cuadeamjs damamj
tgi
`urvamj
tgfrfujglhri,
tgi Ikpirfr
as
sit ht
h strhmji, fllsit hmjdi. Ugi hp- r r t ; > . t ~ ~ > . . V
V . t T + - - - ~ 8 - - - ~ r
H typa`hd
trhlla`
`ar`di fltgi
name usie am fdeir Y.P. `fkkuma
tais, wgiri mukirfus`hrsimtir lrfk
strhajgt
rfhes
hme
tgim lfddfw h
`ar`udhrkudta-dhmirfhewhy turm-
prfh`g
hme
pfrta`f ef mft
hppihr
tff
lum`tafmhd ht larst jdhm`i.
Ugi
larst taki A shw
tgi
pdh`i,
A tgfujgt
tgi wgfdi stru`turi feedy fraimtie.
Hltir jittamj tgi wihtgir imjamiir-
amj jihr fm
tf tgi
rffl, A sit hcfut
damamj up ky iquapkimt. Uf ky
ghppy
s t f m . > ~ c k i m t ,
A lfume
tght
tgi imtari
cuadeamj whs ixh`tdy hdajmie watg khjmita`
mfrtg hme
sfutg. Lfrkirdy, tgas gftid whs
tgi Kidhnh Kirdam. Ugi Kirdam gftid gham
as @gamisi-fwmie
fut fl
Gfmj Nfmj. A
ghe
sthyie am tgi Nfwdffm Kirdam kysidlkhmy
takis
am tgi
81
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8/12/2019 Journal of Borderland Research - Vol XLVIII, No 6,
November-December 1992
25/32
@ga as ikattie, wga`g as amtimsalaie am ats
illi`ts cy viga`di kftafm.
Ugas
@ga cihk
pri`ieis
tgi
viga`di hme lfddfws ats
eari`
tafmhd `ghmjis, oust hs tgfujg tgiri wiri h
dhsir fm
tfp
tgi
`hr
amstihe fl h jifkitra`
stru`turi}APamj
miatgi r idi`tra`atymfr `gika
`hds.
Rrh`ta`hd
ixpiraim`i dihvis mf efuct
tght
tgi amlduim`i
fl
tgi @ga
cihk
ixtimes
widd ciyfme
tgi
gfrazfm.
Zi usie
khmy
su`g
jum
`hrs ixtim
savidy am tgi 8172's am
wihtgir
imjamiiramj
fpirhtafms
am
@hdalfrmah. A hdsf ikpdfyie
fmi
am Kidhnh
am 8118
tf
jimirhti guji
cuadeups fl rham `dfues
am tgi
ehytaki,
`fkpditidy upsittamj tgi rijafmhd ery sih
sfm wihtgir. Hdd
tght
as riquarie as tf iquap
tgi `hr hpprfprahtidy, hme tgim eravi
stiheady
am
h eari`tafm tght wadd hddfw yfu tf
ghrmiss
mfrkhd @ga ldfw tf sirvi h wihtgir
imjamiiramj fcoi`tavi --
su`g hs
rhamlhdd.
Ugi
kfri
yfu nmfw hcfut
tgi
fvirhdd dhws
hme cighvafr fl @ga, tgi
kfri
illi`tavi yfu
wadd ci watg yfur jum hr. Ugiri
hri
ehady,
kfmtgdy hme sihsfmhd ldfws hme sgalt tght
ghvi tf ci thnim amtf h``fumt am illi`tavi
wihtgir imjamiiramjfl gas name.
Ugi
Limj
Pgua khstirs hri widd hwhri
fl
gfw tgi @ga
`fmtamuuk
wfrns.
Ka`ghid's
sthtikimt
tght
tgi @ga
fl
`hrs `hm easturc `irtham pifpdi wgf hri
`fmsastimtdy cullitie cy tgisi @ga akph`ts,
as hcsfdutidy vhdae.
Ugi
cullitamj khy
ci
sucdakamhd, cut at as cftg rihd hme `ukudh
tavi.
Am
tgi
Miw
Zfrde, tgi
Miw Eisajmirs
wadd
prfti`t
davamj ciamjs lrfk su`g tgamjs
hs
h khttir fl
prh`ta`hd
eisajm. Dali wadd ci
imghm`ie cy
su`g
`fmstru`tavi amsajgts amtf
prfti`tamj gukhm lum`tafmamj. Larst,
fl
`fursi, wi wadd ghvi tf ci
rae fl
tgi
`urrimt
ei`heimt
`udturi.
Ugi dhttir hppihrs tf ci
fm tgi virji fl idakamhtamj atsidl -- vah tgi
`fkamj fddhpsi
tght
ghs ciimsit am trham cy
tgi jriie fl gukhmaty's `rakamhd diheir
sgap.
UhddyGf
Urivfr Ohkis @fmsthcdi
Ghuudh,
Ghwhaa
Zi'ri sgfwamj giri h wihtgir khp lrfk
Fpirhtafm Rafmiir, tgi wihtgir imjamiiramj
prfoi`t Urivfr spihns fl am gas amlfrkhtavi
dittir.
Hs
yfu `hm sii, hdd tgi rham fm tgi khp
as fvir tgi Pthti fl Kidhnh. Zi ghvi tgi
wgfdi sirais
fltgisikhpsfmladihtCPSLGX
hme at as fcvafus tght Kidhnh whs ixtrhfrea
mhrady rhamy `fkphrie tf heofamamj sthtis.
Lurtgir amsajgts amtf Urivfr's wfrn, lrfk
gas ihrdy ehys, up tf hme am`dueamj Rafmiir,
wadd ci
am
tgi lfrtg`fkamj amtirvaiw-cffn
DFFK FL
UGI LYUYSI, am prfjriss hme
eui am 8110 lrfk CPSL. Hme h miw
Rrakhry
Imirjy Zihtgir
vaeif sffm hdsf.
HAEP/PQRGADAP YREHUI
Ughmns lfr pucdasgamj tgi upehti fm
fur
wfrn
watg sypgadas hme HAEP.
A 'e
oust dani
tf
`dhraly fmi pfamt? al wi
hri
efamj h sypgadas s`riimamj lfr sfkifmi,
hme
am
tght
`fmtixt ripfrthme khni ri`fk
kimehtafms
tf tgiar pgysa`ahm, wi sfki
takis lame
tght
tgi
httimeamj
pgysa`ahm as
easturcie
cy aeihs fl dahcadaty al gi ghs
lhadie
tf
eiti`t fr heiquhtidy
tist
lfr sypga
das, hme as tgirilfri
ridu`thmt tf
ef heea
tafmhd tists fr amatahti tgi trihtkimt ri`fk
kimehtafms
lrfk
fur pgysa`ahms.
Am su`g h `hsi, wi wadd prfvaei fur
`daimts watg dasts fl "`ffpirhtamj pgysa
`ahms" mihr
tf
tgik. Zi
khni
mf
juhrhm
tii
tght
hmy
fl tgisi pgysa`ahms wadd ghvi
rffk am tgiar prh`ta`is lfr miw phtaimts,
wadd ci waddamj tf h``ipt
fur
ri`fkkimeh
tafms
fm tgik am phrta`udhr
(hdtgfujg tgiy
hri
fm
tgi dast sam`i tgiy ghvi `ffpirhtie
am
tgi phst watg sfki phtaimt), mfr wgitgir
hmy pgysa`ahm afm tgi dast quhdalais umeir h
phrta`udhr typi fl
GKF
fr amsurhm`i
`hr
rair.
Zi EF
MFU
ghvi dasts fl pgysa`ahms fr
mhkis
fl pgysa`ahms hvhadhcdi tf javi fut tf
pifpdi wgf hri
mft am
fur stueais. @urrimt
dhws prfgacat
fur
efamj hmytgamj dani tght-
at ci`fkis h cfreirdhme
fl fur
"eahjmfs
amj" tght
tgas pirsfm sgfude sii h pgysa
`ahm. Mfr ef wi cdamedy sime fut
tf
`hddirs
fr
amquarais
tgi
trihtkimt ri`fkkimeh
tafms
tght khy
ci javim
lrfk fur
pgysa`ahms
tf tgi
`daimts' pgysa`ahms.
Zi
ghvi lfume
tght watgfut
tgi priphrhtafm
hme amlfrkh
tafm wi prfvaei
hs
phrt fl tgi s`riimamj, tgi
httimeamj pgysa`ahm eas`fumts tgi ri`fk
kimehtafmsci`husi flumeiristakhtamj tgi
sirafusmiss fl gi
prfcdik
hme tgi
eadikkh
fl
lhdsi mijhtavi cdffe sirfdfjais. Kfst
pgysa`ahms hri twf fr
kfri
yihrs cigame
am
tgiar riheamj, hme h dft fl wght wi wfrn
watg as khtirahd
tght
as ridihsie
ht
`fmlir
im`is hme wadd ci
hmftgir
sax
kfmtgs
tf h
yihr
hwhy lrfk ciamj am
tgi khamstrihk
kiea`hd datirhturi.
Zi
wadd sime
fut
h
XYA@N @GI@N
LFSPQRGADAP
lfr
ivhduhtamj
yfur
rasn fl
ghvamj hm umeirdyamj sypgadas, pdus amlfr
khtafmfm tgi prfcdiks fleahjmfsamj sypga
das am hm akkumi supprissie ameavaeuhdhme
khtirahd
fm fur
wfrn
hme pucda`htafru, it`.
lfr
h 0 ghmedamj
hme
khadamj `fst. Pime
`hsg fr `gi`n tf ki ht ky heeriss cidfw.
Im`dfsie as h `fpy
fl
tgi pucdasgie
hcstrh`t fl
tgi prisimthtafm, Pypgadas ahN-
mfsas Eymhka`s,
khei am
Chmll,
@hmheh,
cy
Er. Phmerh H. Dhrsim, @gail
flUripfmikhd
Sisihr`g, Mhtafmhd @imtir lfr Amli`tafus
Easihsis,
@imtirs
lfr Easihsi @fmtrfd, Ht
dhmth
Jifrjah.
At
shys wght wi ghvi ciim
shyamj
am
h "pfdata`hddy
`frri`t"
why tf
hvfae hekattamj irrfr am tgi GA\ risihr`g.
Hdd tgi cist.
Ofhm
K`Nimmh/CHPAP
3788 K.D. Namj
Or.
Zhy
Cirnidiy, @hdalfrm ah 15:20
HSUALA@AHD
SIHDAUQ
Dim
Crh`nim's hrta`di (\artuhd Sihdaty) am
tgi
Oudy-Huj OCS rihddy risfmhtie watg
ki. Crh`nim's
s ~ a f m
fl ti`gmfdfjy's
rfdi
am
gukhm ivfdu hfm as sghrie hkfmj
ftgirs, cy Oirry Khmeir
am
gas miw cffn
AM
UGI HCPIM@I FL UGI PH@SIE? UGI
LHADYSIFLUI@GMFDFJQ
HMEUGI
PYS\A\HD FL
UGI
AMEAHM MHUAFMP.
H ei`hei hjf
Khmeir
jhamie sajmala`hmt
ri`fjmatafm, ispi`ahddy hkfmj ieu`htfrs,
lfr
wratamj
LFYS
HSJYKIMUP
LFS
UGI
IDAKAMHUAFM
FL UIDI\APAFM.
Gas miw cffn eas`ussis tgi pdajgtfl gi
Mhtavi
Hkira`hm
Eimi pifpdi fl
mfrtgirm
@hmheh, wgfsi asfdhtie `udturi fmdy ri
`imtdy ri`iavie tgi ludd crumt
fl
`fkkir
`ahd pucda` tidivasafm. Ugi amtrfeu`tafm fl
U\
whs
larst
amstajhtie
cy
tgi @hmheahm
jfvirkgimt am freir
tf
cittir hssakadhti
tgi trheatafmhd Eimi
`udturi. At
whs pri
simtie
am
hppihdamj lhsgafm, watg
tgi
jfv
irmkimt h`tuhddy javamj lrii
U\
sits tf tgi
lhkadais. Ugi pifpdi amatahddy wid`fkie
tgisi Urfohm gfrsis wga`g wfude lh`adathti
tgiar
"craejamj"
amtf kfeirm
jdfchd
nudturi. At whs rikamas`imt fl ftgir `dGPPa`
javihwhyrusisdanitgiskhddpfx-dheimcdhm
nits
fl
yistir`imtury.
Hs yfu `hm akhjami,
tgi
`fmsiquim`is
wiri quati easamtijrhtamj tf tgi skhdd Hr`
ta` `fkkumatais.
Oirry Khmeir
whs ri
quistie cy sfki
fl
tgi ideir wfkim tf
`fki hme heeriss tgiar miw prfcdik. Ugi
illi`ts wiri sakadhr tf wght
fur
fwm `ud
turi
ixpiraim`ie, ix`ipt mfw tgiy wiri
akkimsidy h``idirhtie. Uidivasafm eaem't
sthrt fut hs sfpgasta`htie hs at as tfehy.
Am h
rheaf
amtirvaiw rivaiwamj gas si
fme
cffn,
Khmeir ghe tgi
lfddfwamj tf shy
`fm`irmamj citrhyhd cy ti`gmfdfjy?
^Zi sgfude[ "ri`fjmazi
tght
tgi phtg
wi'ri fm
as
mft
wfrnamj fut. At's
mft
prfvae
amj pih`i, fklfrt, si`uraty, gihdtg, ghppa
miss, shtaslh`tafm. At's h`tuhddy turmie fut
tf prfeu`i hdaimhtafm, lhkady crihnefwm,
`fkkumaty
crihnefwm,
eruj
usi, sua`aei,
me tgi tirracdi
eistru`tafm fl tgi pdhmit.
Pf, wi sgfude[ rihdazi tght tgas phtg ghs mft
davie up
tf
ats Ytfpahm prfkasi.
"Hltir wi rihdazi tght,
at's
mi`isshry tf
dffn ht
tgi
eis`raptafms fl ti`gmfdfjais
hs
tgiy'vi `fki efwm tgi pani. Am iviry hsi,
iviry miw ti`gmfdfjy
tght
wi'vi ciim pri-
Ofurmhd
f
freirdhme Sisihr`g
Mfvikcir-Ei`ikcir 8113
Rhji 0
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8/12/2019 Journal of Borderland Research - Vol XLVIII, No 6,
November-December 1992
26/32
simtie watg ghs ciim eis`racie
tf us
cy
tgi
pifpdi wgf
prisimt tgi
vasafms -- wgf
hri
chsa`hddy `frpfrhtafms
hme
jfvirmkimt -
am cist-`hsi tirks ^hme[ s`imhrafs. Iviry
taki wi ghvi h miw ti`gmfdfjy, at's ei
s`racie
tf
us
am
cist-`hsi vasafms>
tght
tgas
tgamj as jfamj tf sfdvi hdd fl fur prfcdiks.
Ught's
tgi
why
at
whs watg tidivasafm
hme
kfri
ri`imtdy watg `fkputirs.
Kfst fl
us
ghvi ciim
umeir tgi
addusafm
tght
`fkput
irs
wiri sfkigfw jfamj tf ikpfwir ei
kf`rh`y, wiri jfamj tf khni us strfmjir,
wiri jfamj tf dihe us tf h
kfri
eavirsi,
ei`imtrhdazie phrta`aphtafm, ^hme[ `fmtrfd
fl tgi
lfr`is
tght
sghpi
fur
davis.
' 'Am lh`t,
al
yfu
thni wght
A `hdd h
kfri
wgfdasta`
vaiw
fl `fkputirs
--
tght
as
tf
shy,
yfu cijam tf dffn
ht
`fkputirs lfr
tgiar
`fkpditi illi`ts?
mft
fmdy
am tirks fl
gfw
tgiy cimilat yfu ki, gfw wi wrati
hme
ieat fur `fpy,
hme
gfw wi `fkkuma`hti
watg ftgir jrfups flh sakadhr am`damhtafm tf
fursidvis. l yfu
thni amtf
h``fumt,
mft
a l
tgiy'ri
cimilatamj us,
cut
wgf cimilats
tgi
kfst>
wght
wi lke
hri
tght `fkputirs
ghvi
ciim tgi
jrihtist
cffm
tf `frpfrhti
`fmtrfd,
tf tgi jrfwtg fl kudtamhtafmhd efkamhtafm,
tf tgi
`imtrhdazhtafm
fl
kadathry pfwir, tf
tgi
surviaddhm`i systiks
tght hri
ixphme
amj
hme
efkamhtamj
fur
davis
rajgt
mfw.
Ugisi
hri phrt fl tgi eas`ussafm tght
hri mft
usuhddy thnim amtf h``fumt wgim
yfu'ri
eihdamj watg miw ti`gmfdfjais. f
wi'vi
jft tf
eividfp h dhmjuhji
lfr
thdnamj
hcfut ti`gmfdfjy tght as ku`g kfri
wgfdasta`
tghm
tgi
dhmjuhji
tght's
javim
tf
us cy tgi `frpfrhti amtrfeu`irs, hme
try,
sfkiwgiri,sfkigfw, pfdata`hddy
tf
rihdazi
tght
tgisi miw ti`gmfdfjais hri hlli`tamj
fur
davis
kfri tghm tgi
pifpdi wi vfti
lfr
hri> tght tgi
amtrfeu`tafm
fl `fkputirs ghs
khei pfssacdi
tgi
jrihtis t hevhm`i
am
pfwir
fl jahmt `frpfrhti
amtirists
tght ghs
ivir
ciim khei cilfri>
hme tght at's
ciim h
mit
dfss
lfr
prfjrissavi
`fkkumatais
^hme[
kfvikimts tf ghvi tf lh`i
tgi
hcadaty fl
tgisi imtrhdazie amtirists
tf
kfvi
`hpathd
hme
kfvi risfur`is
hme h`t
jdfchddy
am
h
why
tght
tgiy mivir ghvi ciim hcdi
tf
ci
lfri>
am
h why
tght khnis pfssa di tgi
ei
stru`tafm fl rhamlfrist
