UvIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS

Judul: STUDY ON COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION OF WASTE IN

KOTA SAMARAHAN

SESI PENGAJIAN : 2005/2006

Saya, KHAIRUL KHUZAIMAH BINTI ABDUL RAHIM (HURUF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. 2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat

salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membanguankan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan. 4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat

salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 5. ** Sila tandakan (ý) di kotak yang berkenaan.

SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yand berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).

TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).

TIDAK TERHAD

11

ýý , /fl

ahkan oleh

0 (TAND'ATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDAT

Alamat tetap_ No. 109 Jalan Astana ,

Lrg 4 Petra Jaya 93050 Kuching, Sarawak.

en GAN PENYELIA)

En. Jethro Henry Adam Nama Penyelia

Tarikh: I -? "5 oG Tarikh: 06

CATATAN * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi ljazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda ** Jika tesis ini SULIT dan TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi

berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT dan TERHAD.

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The following Final Year Project Report:

Title : Study on Collection and Transportation of Waste in Kota Samarahan

Name : Khairul Khuzaimah Binti Abdul Rahim

Matric No. : 8419

Has been read and approved by:

rar/ oc EN. JETHRO HENRY ADAM Date

Supervisor

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STUDY ON COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION OF WASTE IN KOTA SAMARAHAN

KHAIRUL KHUZAIMAH BINTI ABDUL RAHIM

This project is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours

(Civil Engineering)

Faculty of Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

2006

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"Dedicated to my beloved family... "

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AKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah the Gracious and Merciful. First of all, the author would

like to express deepest gratitude to her supervisor, Mr. Jethro Henry Adam, for his

guidance, advice and encouragement thus completing this report. The author would

also like to give special thanks to Mr. Stephen Chong Chung Kin and Mr. Nawi Bin

Haji Som from MDS along with Mr. Mason Barau and Ms Janet J. Balong from

Trinekens (Sarawak) Sdn. Bhd. for their cooperation in providing some important

data and information necessary for this report. Without their cooperation the author

wouldn't be able to complete her report. Not forgetting lots of gratitude and thanks to

her parents and brothers for their endless supports and encouragement. Last but not

least, special acknowledgement to the author's friends who has shared concern, point

of views while completing this report. Thank you all.

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ABSTRACT

Activities associated with waste management system displays an array of

problems, including low collection coverage on average due to the inaccessibility by

vehicles of some areas, irregular collection services, inadequate equipment used for

waste collection, crude open dumping and burning without air and water pollution

control, inadequate legal provisions and resources constraints. This report presents

the study of the current method of collection and transportation of domestic waste in

Kota Samarahan and recommendations to improve the current system. As a

comparison to the former matter, the current method of collection and transportation

of domestic waste in Kuching is also collected and analyzed. Before interviews are

conducted at MDS and Trienekens, questionnaires (Appendix 1) are given to the

person responsible at both organizations to give them a brief idea of this study.

However, survey was done by distributing questionnaires (Appendix 2) to residents of

Kpg. Tanjung Bundong and Kpg. Muara Tuang. The current method of collection and

transportation of domestic waste in Kota Samarahan is using the curbside system.

The residents have to provide there own waste containers and the waste collected is

hauled directly to the disposal site at Kpg. Plaie using compactor trucks. Kota

Samarahan does not have any transfer stations for waste materials. Thus, the data

obtained from this study are analyzed and recommendations are given to improve the

current method of collection and transportation of waste in Kota Samarahan.

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ABSTRAK

Pelbagai masalah timbul semasa menjalankan aktiviti yang berkaitan dengan

pengurusan bahan sisa pepejal. Antaranya ialah servis kutipan bahan sisa pepejal

yang kurang kerap. Laporan ini membentangkan tentang kaedah terkini yang

digunakan untuk proses pengutipan dan pengangkutan bahan sisa pepejal domestik di

Kota Samarahan serta cadangan bagi memperbaiki kaedah terbabit. Sebagai

perbandingan, kaedah proses pengutipan dan pengangkutan bahan sisa pepejal

domestic di Kuching juga turut dikutip dan dianalisis. Bagi menerangkan serba

sedikit latar belakang kajian ini, borang soal selidik (Lampiran 1) telah diserahkan

kepada pegawai yang bertanggungjawab di MDS dan Trienekens sebelum wawancara

terhadap mereka dijalankan. Survei pula dijalankan di Kpg. Tanjung Bundong dan

Kpg. Muara Tuang dengan mengedarkan borang soal selidik (Lampiran 2) kepada

penduduk setempat. Kaedah pengutipan dan pengangkutan sisa pepejal domestik di

Kota Samarahan ialah dengan menggunakan sistem dari rumah ke rumah disamping

perlu menyediakan tong sampah mereka sendiri. Bahan sisa pepejal yang telah

dikutip akan diangkut terus ke tapak pembuangan sampah yang terletak di Kpg. Plaie

menggunakan lori. Kota samarahan tidak mempunyai sebarang stesen persinggahan

untuk bahan sisa pepejal. Oleh itu, data yang diperolehi akan dianalisis dan beberapa

cadangan bagi memperbaiki kaedah terkini pengutipan dan pengangkutan bahan sisa

pepejal di Kota Samarahan turut disertakan.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENT

APPROVAL LETTER

APPROVAL SHEET

TITLE PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF ABREVIATIONS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

1.2 Collection and Transportation of Waste

1.3 Objective

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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE RIVIEW

2.1 General 9

2.2 Functional Elements of a Solid Waste Management System 10

2.2.1 Solid Waste Generation 11

2.2.2 Waste Handling, Separation and Storage at Site 14

2.2.2.1 Waste Handling and Separation at Site 14

2.2.2.2 Storage at Site

2.2.3 Collection

2.2.4 Processing of Solid Waste

2.2.5 Transfer and Transport

2.2.6 Disposal

2.3 Municipal Solid Waste Collection

2.3.1 Methods of Collection

2.3.2 Collection Vehicle Routing

2.3.3 Types of Containers

2.4 Municipal Solid Waste Transportation

2.4.1 Transfer Stations and Transportations

2.4.2 Types of Truck

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 General

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3.2 Data Collection

3.3 Importance of Data Collection

3.4 Method of Data Collection

CHAPTER 4 DATA, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

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41

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4.1 General 43

4.2 Case Study 43

4.3 Majlis Daerah Samarahan (MDS) - Samarahan District Council 44

4.3.1 MDS Service Areas 46

4.3.2 Waste Handling, Separation and Storage at Site 47

4.3.3 MDS Method of Collection 50

4.3.4 Transfer and Transport 53

4.4 Trienekens Sarawak Sdn. Bhd 55

4.4.1 Trienekens Sarawak Sdn. Bhd Service Areas 56

4.4.2 Waste Handling, Separation and Storage At Site 57

4.4.3 Trienekens Sarawak Sdn. Bhd Method of Collection 60

4.4.4 Transfer and Transport 62

4.5 The Association between MDS & Trienekens Sarawak Sdn. Bhd 64

4.6 Factors Affecting Costs of Waste Collection and Transportation 69

System

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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion 71

5.1.1 The Current Method of Collection and Transportation Of 71

Waste in Kota Samarahan

5.1.2 Method Of Improving The Current Method Of 73

Collection and Transportation Of Waste In

Kota Samarahan

5.2 Recommendations 74

REFERENCES 76

APPENDIXES

Appendix 1 Questionnaire given to MDS and Trienekens

Appendix 2 Questionnaire distributed to the residents at Kpg. Tanjung

Bundong and Kpg. Muara Tuang

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE

1.1 Functional Elements of a Solid Waste Management 3

System

1.2 Five Phases of Municipal Solid Waste Collection 7

2.1 Materials Flow and The Generation of Solid Waste in 13

a Technological Society

2.2 Five phases of municipal solid waste collection 23

2.3 One-person Crew 26

2.4 Two-person Crew 27

2.5 Three-person Crew 28

2.6 Simplified Solid Waste Collection Route 30

2.7 Several Typical Transfer Stations 33

2.8 Complex facilities 34

2.9 Typical Semitrailer Used to Transport Waste 35

2.10 Automated 37

2.11 Semi-automated

2.12 Rear Loading (traditional)

2.13 Rear Loading (retrofitted)

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37

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4.1 Majlis Daerah Samarahan 44

4.2 MDS Public Health Department Organisation Chart 45

4.3 Plastic waste containers 48

4.4 Waste handling at site by the residents of Kpg. 49

Tanjung Bundong and Kpg. Muara Tuang

4.5 Three-person crew for two collection service areas 51

done by MDS itself

4.6 Kpg. Tanjung Bundong and Kpg. Muara Tuang 53

residents' level of satisfaction on the MDS waste

collection current service

4.7 Compactor Truck 54

4.8 Rear loading (traditional) 55

4.9 The Depot of Trienekens Sarawak Sdn. Bhd 55

4.10 Wheel bin 58

4.11 Four-person crews for each trip to Trienekens service 61

areas

4.12 Tri-axle Compactor Truck 63

4.13 Rear loading (retrofitted) 64

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

2.1 Sources of solid wastes within a community

2.2 Persons responsible for an auxiliary equipment used

in the handling and separation of solid waste at the

source

4.1 List of Private Companies

4.2 The similarities and differences between MDS and

Trienekens

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LIST OF ABREVIATIONS

ISWMS - Integrated Solid Waste Management

JAB - Joseph Andrew Phang Bernard Enterprise

kg/day - Kilograms per day

km - Kilometers

km2 - Kilometers square

Kpg. - Kampung

L- Liters

MDS - Majlis Daerah Samarahan (Samarahan District Council)

mi - Miles

Trienekens - Trienekens (Sarawak) Sdn. Bhd.

%- Percent

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

The management of waste materials has become a global issue.

Urbanization and economic development in the developing countries is

becoming an acute problem as it leads to larger quantities of waste materials

requiring management in these countries.

The practice of solid waste management is basically the removal and

disposal of unwanted waste materials by addressing the technical,

environmental, administrative, economic, and political problems (Shah Kanti

L., 2000). Once all of these related problems are resolved, then perhaps the

cycle of waste management can run smoothly.

Solid waste management is very important for our society as it involves

human and animal activities. A certain target needs to be achieve to allow

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these activities to sustain with time. The targets of solid waste management

are based on four basic criteria:

i. Protection of public health and environment

ii. Waste reduction

iii. Promotion of integrated solid waste management

iv. Formalization of organizational arrangements and responsibilities

(Tchobanoglous et al, 2002)

Similar to other developing countries, Malaysia is facing an increase of

the generation of waste and problems related with the disposal of waste. The

waste management in Malaysia displays an array of problems, including low

collection coverage on average due to the inaccessibility by vehicles of some

areas, irregular collection services, inadequate equipment used for waste

collection, crude open dumping and burning without air and water pollution

control, inadequate legal provisions and resources constraints.

There are a number of different activities which are associated with

waste management system. Each of these activities carries out a specific

purpose in a sequence of actions. These activities are the six functional

elements of a solid waste management system (Figure 1.1). In any case, four

of these functional elements such as solid waste generation, waste handling

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separation and storage at site, collection as well as disposal are considered to

be important for any satisfactory management of municipal solid waste.

Solid waste generation

ý Waste handling separation and storage at site

T Collection

T

Transfer and transport

1

Disposal

Separation, processing, and transformation of solid waste

Figure 1.1: Functional elements of a solid waste management system

(Shah Kanti L., 2000)

The first functional element of a solid waste management system is the

solid waste generation. Solid wastes generated at the source are rejected

materials which considered having no value.

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The second functional element is waste handling separation and storage

at site. The former are the proceedings that take place before placing waste in

storage containers for collection. While the later is the storage of waste

materials at the site after being separated into several different components.

Collection is considered as the third functional element of a solid waste

management system. This comprises the collection of waste materials and

emptying the containers into a suitable truck for storage and transport to the

disposal site.

Next, the fourth functional element is separation, processing, and

transformation of solid waste. These processes happen mainly in locations

other than where the source is generated.

Transfer and transport is the fifth functional element. The former is the

transfer of waste materials from a smaller collection vehicle to larger transport

vehicle. Subsequently, these waste materials are transported to processing and

disposal sites.

The final functional element is disposal. Generally, waste materials are

disposed by landfilling which is intended to maintain the public health as well

as the environment.

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1.2 Collection And Transportation Of Waste

This report will be focusing on the method of collection and

transportation of domestic waste in Kota Samarahan. Typically, a critical part

of any solid management program is the collection of commingled

(unseparated) and separated (recyclables) solid waste (Tchobanoglous G. &

Kreith F, 2002). The fast growing development of suburbs all over the country

has further complicated the collection task.

The collection systems of solid waste materials are managed in various

ways to provide generators with services. Generally, solid wastes comprise

domestic (residential), commercial, institutional, construction and demolition,

municipal services, treatment plant sites, industrial, and agricultural

(Tchobanoglous G. & Kreith F, 2002). Management of these solid wastes can

be done by private or public entities.

The phrase collection consists of not only the collection of solid wastes

from the various sources, but also the transportation of these wastes to the

location where the contents of the collection vehicles are emptied and the

unloading of the collection vehicle. Solid waste collection comprises both the

provision of a service and the careful selection of suitable technologies. An

agreement between waste generators and the waste collector or collection

agency is done to set the service characteristic. But, the selection of

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technology to be used for collection is done by the waste collection contractor

or agency.

The pieces that make up solid waste are spread all over the place and the

function of the collector is to accumulate this material together into one

container. By means of only a few trifling exceptions, the collection of solid

waste is done by men and women who travel through a town in trucks and

then ride with the truck to a site at which the truck is emptied. The site may be

a dumping site (landfill) or a transitional stopover where the refuse is moved

from the small truck into trailers, larger vans, barges, or railway cars for long-

distance transport (Vesilind et al, 2002).

Solid waste materials are produced at the source on a rather continuous

basis. On the other hand, collection comes about on an irregular basis which is

once or twice a week or conceivably on a daily basis, depending on the

amount produced at a particular site. For that reason, it is essential to provide

on-site storage for the waste materials until it is collected. The on-site storage

and collection are separate operations but must be closely regulated. Three

important factors in determining the most efficient collection system are type,

size and location of containers.

Single-family houses located in suburb regions such as Kota Samarahan

presents the most expensive unit cost situation for solid waste collection. The

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amount of solid waste produced is low and it is extended over a large area.

Therefore, the process of collection and transportation of these solid waste

materials will acquire a significant amount of time. The extended amount of

time needed will cause an increase in the cost for the whole process.

The process of solid waste materials collection is a multiphase process,

which can be divided into five phases (Figure 1.2) namely:

Phase 1: House to can

Phase 2: Can to truck

Phase 3: Truck from house to house

Phase 4: Truck routing

Phase 5: Truck to disposal

House Ca n

Truck

i y

House to can

0

Can to truck

O ý

I

ý

Truck from house to house

Truck routing

DIsposc 1 or transfer

aa

Truck to disposal

Figure 1.2: Five phases of municipal solid waste collection. (Vesilind et al,

2002)

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1.3 Objective

Prior to producing this report, several objectives is recognized which is

trust to manage domestic waste satisfactorily. The core objectives are to

understand the current method used in the collection and transportation of

domestic waste in Kota Samarahan and to recommend ways which can

contribute to the improvement of the current system which is involve in order

to preserve public health.

Besides that, waste managers (public service or private companies) will

find a better approach for improving the environmental quality. Finally at the

same time, producers of waste will be able to understand how their actions

can influence the operation of the waste management systems.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 General

Nowadays, the pattern of waste being generated is spread all across the

country. The overall quantity of waste multiplied causing the organization of

services for collection becomes more difficult. Even though these problems

have always existed to a certain extent, they have now grown to be even more

crucial. This is most likely due to the high costs of fuel, labor and equipments

needed for the whole operations of services.

Management of collections system for solid waste materials can be

operated by private or public entities. Both of these private and public entities

have an important role in providing collection services. Every one of them has

their own advantages towards the public.

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