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Julia Douetil, IOE, University of London Accelerated Progress Reading Age 3 months later 6 months later At entry 4yrs 10 m At discont 6yrs 7 m 6yrs 10 m 7 yrs 1 m At referral 5 yrs 7 m 5 yr 10 m 6 yrs 1 m UK National Monitoring:
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Julia Douetil, IOE, University of London, UKJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London, UK
THE REAL COST OF THE REAL COST OF LITERACY FAILURELITERACY FAILURE
Julia DouJulia DouëëtiltilUniversity of LondonUniversity of London
Institute of EducationInstitute of Education
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
TimeTime groupgroup No.No. BookBookLevelLevel
WriWriVocabVocab
ReadinReading Ageg Age
SeptSept RRRR 8686 1.01.0 6.26.2 4y104y10mm
CompComp 187187 0.60.6 5.85.8 4y104y10mm
JulyJuly RRRR 8686 15.215.2 45.245.2 6y 6y 7m7m
CompComp 167167 4.14.1 2020 5y 5y 5m5m
www.everychildareader.org
Study of 41 London schools:2006
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
Accelerated ProgressAccelerated ProgressReading Reading AgeAge
3 months3 monthslaterlater
6 months6 monthslaterlater
At entryAt entry 4yrs 10 4yrs 10 mm
At At discontdiscont
6yrs 7 m6yrs 7 m 6yrs 10 6yrs 10 mm
7 yrs 1 m7 yrs 1 m
At At referralreferral
5 yrs 7 m5 yrs 7 m 5 yr 10 5 yr 10 mm
6 yrs 1 m6 yrs 1 m
UK National Monitoring: www.readingrecovery.org.uk
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
Reading Recovery cost per Reading Recovery cost per childchild
UK UK £2,000 – 2,500 (KPMG 2006) ($4K £2,000 – 2,500 (KPMG 2006) ($4K
US)US) US US
$2,362 (Assad & Condon, 1996) $2,362 (Assad & Condon, 1996) $6,319 (Livonia Public Schools, $6,319 (Livonia Public Schools,
1997)1997) $2,438 (Nashville Public schools, $2,438 (Nashville Public schools,
1999)1999) $3,480 (Gomez-Bellenge, 2002) $3,480 (Gomez-Bellenge, 2002)
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
2 adults + 2 children under 12
2 weeks
2 room apartment
Self catering
Includes flights (short haul)
Early booking discount £376
Cost £2,432
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
Santa's DelightItinerary: One Day Tour
Activities Included:Husky Sledding, Snowmobile, Reindeer Driving, Arctic Circle Ceremony, Lunch
Prices Adult £99Child £379
One Day Tour2 adults +2 children
£1,556
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
Beautiful Vera Wang strapless, silk, A-line ivory gown,
featuring silk banding detail, lace-up back and train with
hidden bustle
Size: 10/12
Original Price: £5,100.00
Sale Price: £1,500.00
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Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
Sylva and Hurry, Early intervention Sylva and Hurry, Early intervention in Children with Reading in Children with Reading
Difficulties, 1995Difficulties, 1995 The cost of Reading Recovery was The cost of Reading Recovery was
substantially more in the short term, substantially more in the short term, but then so was the progress.but then so was the progress.
Much of the ongoing expense Much of the ongoing expense associated with Reading Recovery ... associated with Reading Recovery ... is probably an essential aspect of any is probably an essential aspect of any well run special needs section.well run special needs section.
...it would be mistaken to assume that ...it would be mistaken to assume that children eligible for Reading Recovery children eligible for Reading Recovery are otherwise inexpensive to educate.are otherwise inexpensive to educate.
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
Metropolitan Nashville Metropolitan Nashville Public Schools 1998 -99Public Schools 1998 -99
InterventioInterventionn
AnnuaAnnuall
costcost
Average Average years in years in programprogram
Total Total program program
timetime
Total Total cost per cost per studentstudent
RetentionRetention $5,336$5,336 1 year1 year 1,2601,260 $5,336$5,336
Special Special EducationEducation
$4,232$4,232****
6 years*6 years* 1,5121,512 $25,392*$25,392*
Reading Reading RecoveryRecovery
$2,438$2,438 20 20 weeksweeks
5050 $2,438$2,438
* Cited from ERS Spectrum, vol 10, no.1 ** calculated by Sp Ed Dept, MPNS
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
RRCNARRCNAInterventioIntervention / n / supplemensupplementt
Additional Additional per pupil per pupil cost for one cost for one year year
Average Average time in time in programmeprogramme
Total per-Total per-pupil cost pupil cost for five for five yearsyears
RetentionRetention $9,500$9,500 1 year1 year $9,500$9,500Title 1Title 1 $2,000$2,000 5 years5 years $10,000$10,000Special Special EducationEducation
$4,500 $4,500 + $1,000 + $1,000 initial initial evaluationevaluation
5 years5 years $23,000$23,000
Reading Reading RecoveryRecovery
$3,480$3,480 12 to 20 12 to 20 weeksweeks
$3,480$3,480
Schmitt et al, 2005, Changing Futures, pg 223, RRCNA
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
Coopers and Lybrand Coopers and Lybrand 19941994
• New York City full time special education students cost $23,598 .
• Classroom based services $5,059
Pinnell, 1995, Reading Recovery: Review of research
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
Assad and Condon, 1996, Fall River, Assad and Condon, 1996, Fall River, MassachusettsMassachusetts
“Although the net savings figure of a two-year Reading Recovery implementation is impressive, the dollar amount does not translate directly into a reduction in our school department spending. Rather, it is an estimate of the resources that will not be needed for teaching basic literacy skills in the long term, thereby allowing funds to be shifted to meet other more important needs.”
Total cost: Total cost: Other Other interventionsinterventions
Total cost:Total cost:Reading Reading RecoveryRecovery
Net SavingsNet Savings
$1,746,145$1,746,145 $483,271$483,271 $1,262,874$1,262,874
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
$3 investment saves $5$3 investment saves $5 A study by the Massachusetts A study by the Massachusetts
State Legislature reported that State Legislature reported that every $3 invested in Reading every $3 invested in Reading Recovery saved $5 in other Recovery saved $5 in other costs. (Moriarty. 1997)costs. (Moriarty. 1997)
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of London, UKJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London, UK
It Doesn’t Get Any It Doesn’t Get Any BetterBetter
J. Bynner and S. Parsons, 1997, J. Bynner and S. Parsons, 1997, The Basic Skills Agency, LondonThe Basic Skills Agency, London
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
It Doesn’t Get Any BetterIt Doesn’t Get Any Better More likely to be in low paid jobs, More likely to be in low paid jobs,
unemployed or dependent upon state unemployed or dependent upon state benefits.benefits.
Less likely to have had promotion or Less likely to have had promotion or work based training.work based training.
More likely to be in poor health.More likely to be in poor health. Less likely to be involved in community Less likely to be involved in community
groups or vote in elections.groups or vote in elections.
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
No QualificationsNo QualificationsMenMen WomeWome
nnVery low literacyVery low literacy 46%46% 45%45%Low literacy Low literacy 11%11% 17%17%Average LiteracyAverage Literacy 10%10% 8%8%Good LiteracyGood Literacy 4%4% 1%1%
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
Low WageLow Wage
MenMen(<£200)(<£200)
WomenWomen(<£150)(<£150)
Very low & low Very low & low literacyliteracy
42%42% 53%53%
Average literacyAverage literacy 35%35% 43%43%
Good literacyGood literacy 24%24% 39%39%
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
Men unemployed / sickMen unemployed / sick
Very low literacyVery low literacy 23%23%
Low literacyLow literacy 17%17%
Average literacyAverage literacy 4%4%
Good literacyGood literacy 4%4%
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
Views and outlook Views and outlook (men)(men)
Very Very lowlow
LowLow AveragAveragee
GoodGood
Satisfied with Satisfied with life so farlife so far
50%50% 76%76% 75%75% 78%78%
Never get Never get what want what want from lifefrom life
41%41% 24%24% 24%24% 18%18%
No control No control over events in over events in lifelife
23%23% 18%18% 11%11% 8%8%
Have to be Have to be careful who to careful who to trusttrust
45%45% 38%38% 31%31% 23%23%
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
Views and outlook Views and outlook (women)(women)
Very Very lowlow
LowLow AverageAverage GoodGood
Satisfied with Satisfied with life so farlife so far
45%45% 66%66% 77%77% 76%76%
Never get Never get what want what want from lifefrom life
37%37% 26%26% 15%15% 14%14%
No control No control over events in over events in lifelife
10%10% 11%11% 8%8% 7%7%
Have to be Have to be careful who to careful who to trusttrust
40%40% 20%20% 23%23% 22%22%
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
‘‘Depressed’ on the Malaise Depressed’ on the Malaise InventoryInventory
0
5
1015
20
25
30
3540
men women
very low
lowaverage
good
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of London, UKJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London, UK
Basic Skills and CrimeBasic Skills and CrimeS. Parsons, 2002, S. Parsons, 2002,
The Basic Skills Agency, LondonThe Basic Skills Agency, London
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
Basic Skills and CrimeBasic Skills and Crime One in two prisoners have difficulties One in two prisoners have difficulties
reading.reading. The link appears to be worsening.The link appears to be worsening. Even allowing for social disadvantage, Even allowing for social disadvantage,
poverty, disruptive family environment, poverty, disruptive family environment, poor education experiences and early poor education experiences and early signs of emotional and behaviour signs of emotional and behaviour problems... there was link between problems... there was link between poor literacy and the number of times a poor literacy and the number of times a man had been questioned by the police man had been questioned by the police or arrested.or arrested.
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
Education, equity and social Education, equity and social cohesioncohesion
““Creating a more cohesive society Creating a more cohesive society is likely to require policies that is likely to require policies that are designed to increase equality are designed to increase equality through narrowing the through narrowing the educational gap.”educational gap.”
Green, Preston & Ricardo, 2003Green, Preston & Ricardo, 2003
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of London, UKJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London, UK
Wider Benefits of Learning Wider Benefits of Learning ResearchResearch
Quantitative Estimates of the Social Quantitative Estimates of the Social Benefits of Learning, 1: Crime, Benefits of Learning, 1: Crime,
1999, Leon Feinstein1999, Leon Feinstein
www.ioe.ac.uk www.ioe.ac.uk Centre for Wider Benefits of LearningCentre for Wider Benefits of Learning
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
Wider Benefits of Learning Wider Benefits of Learning ResearchResearch
10% rise in pay of low paid reduces 10% rise in pay of low paid reduces overall property crime by 0.7 – 1.0 overall property crime by 0.7 – 1.0 saving £1.3 - 1.8 billion per yearsaving £1.3 - 1.8 billion per year
1% increase in population with 1% increase in population with basic academic qualification gives basic academic qualification gives predicted benefit on property predicted benefit on property crime of £10- £320Mcrime of £10- £320M
Effects of increase below O Level Effects of increase below O Level are trivialare trivial
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
The benefits to employers of The benefits to employers of raising workforce basic skill raising workforce basic skill
levels: a review of the levels: a review of the literatureliterature
2003, Ananiadou, Jenkins and Wolf, 2003, Ananiadou, Jenkins and Wolf,
University of London Institute of Education.University of London Institute of Education.
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
Average cost of poor basic Average cost of poor basic skillsskills
per co employing 51 or moreper co employing 51 or moreCustomer orders cancelled because of Customer orders cancelled because of errors, problems or misunderstandings.errors, problems or misunderstandings.
£27,600£27,600
Customer orders despatched or Customer orders despatched or produced incorrectlyproduced incorrectly
£74,600£74,600
Customers lost per year because of Customers lost per year because of errors , problems or misunderstandingserrors , problems or misunderstandings
£26,200£26,200
Members of staff whose main task is to Members of staff whose main task is to check and approve the work of others.check and approve the work of others.
£28,330£28,330
Employees needing to be recruited Employees needing to be recruited externally.externally.
£8,800£8,800
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
Total cost of poor literacy Total cost of poor literacy per company per year = per company per year =
£165,530£165,530
ALBSU 1993ALBSU 1993
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
The Long Term Costs of The Long Term Costs of Literacy Difficulties: KPMG Literacy Difficulties: KPMG
Foundation, 2006Foundation, 2006www.everychildareader.org.ukwww.everychildareader.org.uk
The total cost to the public purse to The total cost to the public purse to age 37 arising from failure to learn to age 37 arising from failure to learn to read in primary school years are read in primary school years are estimated at between £44,785 and estimated at between £44,785 and £53,098 per capita.£53,098 per capita.
The cost of providing Reading The cost of providing Reading Recovery … is approximately £2,389 Recovery … is approximately £2,389 per pupil.per pupil.
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
The Long Term Costs of The Long Term Costs of Literacy Difficulties: KPMG Literacy Difficulties: KPMG
Foundation, 2006Foundation, 2006 We estimate the savings that would be We estimate the savings that would be
made to the age of 37 as a result of made to the age of 37 as a result of providing RR intervention at the age of providing RR intervention at the age of six to the 38,700 pupils per year who six to the 38,700 pupils per year who currently leave primary school with currently leave primary school with very low literacy skills as between very low literacy skills as between £1,369,198,078 and £1,623,374,471.£1,369,198,078 and £1,623,374,471.
These estimates are conservative.These estimates are conservative.
www.everychildareader.org.ukwww.everychildareader.org.uk
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of LondonJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London
Reading Recovery – a luxury we can’t afford, or a necessity we can’t afford to do without?
Julia Douetil, IOE, University of London, UKJulia Douetil, IOE, University of London, UK
““If we ensure that If we ensure that America’s children America’s children
succeed in life, they will succeed in life, they will ensure that America ensure that America
succeeds in the world.”succeeds in the world.”
President George W. Bush, 31President George W. Bush, 31stst January January 20062006
