FINAL REPORT . .

. “ - o f 0 2 ‘

Rheology Testing of FernaId K-65 Waste Residue Slurry

000002

FINAL REPORT

Rheology Testing of. Fernald K-65 Waste Residue Slurry

8 I

40700-RP=0006

RaEOLOGY TESTING OF FERNALD K-65 WASTE RESIDUE SLURRY 1

%- 81 02, Frrn

%. -

Principal Investigator

MA. Ebadian, Ph.D. .

' Florida International University Hemispheric Center for Environmental Technology

Miami, F133 174

Florida International University Collaborator

F. Mao, Ph.D. . Hemispheric Center for Environmental Technology

Florida International University Miami, F133 174

October 21,1998

Prepared for

Flour Daniel Femald Femald Environmental Management Project

P.O. Box 538704 Cincinnati, OH 45253-8704

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

1.

. - 8 1 02- i . *.. DISCLAIMER 'h .

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe upon privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendations, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United Shtes government or any agency thereof.

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HCET-T002-0.4402 Rev. 0

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- ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This project was sponsored by Fluor Daniel Fernald (FDF). The project team members at Florida International University’s Hemispheric Center for Environmental Technology (FW-HCET) include Dr. M.A. Ebadian, principal investigator; Dr. F. Mao, program manager; Mr. Rongchang Xin, project manager; Mr. Stan Solomon, chemist for particle and chemical analysis; Mr. Ruben Lopez, project engineer, Dr. S.K. Dua, radiation safety officer. Three other members provide engineering support: h e r Awwad, Walter Conklin, and Richard Burton. Stan Vallidum did much radioactivity monitoring and decontamination work. The technical and management direction in this project fiom Rod Hiestand, John Smets, Joyce Leslie, Vernon Pierce, Rod Gimpel, John Roberts, Doug Daniel, and Bob May is greatly appreciated.

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.. I1 H C ET Fins/ Report

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev . 0

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................................. v ... LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................................... i ................ VU

NOMENCLATURE .......................................................................................................................................................... ix Greek ................................................................................................................................................ ix Subscript ............................................................................................................................................... ix

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................ ................................................................................................................ x

1 . 0 NIRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 2.0 EXPERIMENTAL. METHODS. SYSTEM, AND INSTRUMENTATION ................................................................ 2

. Temperature Control ............................................................................................................................... 2 Viscosity Measurement .............................................................. : ................................................. ......... 2

. . 2.1 Physical Property Measurement ........................................................................................................................ 2

. .

Density Measurement .............................................................................................................................. 3 pH-meter ................................................................................................................................................. 3

2.2 Particle Size Analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 3

Measurement Metho& .............................. ................... ...A ..................................................................... 4 Particle Counter4?inciple of Operation .............................................................................................. 3

2;3 Pressure Drop Testing Loops ............................................................................................................................ 6 2.4 LOOP Test Procedures ........................................................................................................................................ 8 2.5 Pressure Drop Data Reduction Method ............................................................................................................. 9

. .

3 . 0 K-65 MA'lTR.lAL CHARACTERIZATION AND PRESSURE DROP RESULTS ................................................. 1 1 3.1 Physical Property Data .............................................................. ; ..................................................................... 11

3.2 Particle Size Analysis Results ......................................................................................................................... 12 Sample 1 . 5% K-65 Unpwnped Slurry Without Bentonite Sample 2 . 25% K-65 UnpumpedSlurry Without Bentonite .................................................................. 14 Sample 3 . 5% K-65 Pumped Slurry With 5% Bentonite Sample 4 . 5% K-65 Pumped Slurry with 10% Bentonite Sample 5 . 25% K-65 Pumped Slurry with 5% Bentonite

.................................................................... 13

14 15 15

........... ............................................................ i ...................................................................... ......................................................................

Sample 6 . 25% K45 PwnpedSlwy with 10% Bentonite .................................................................... 15 3.3 Slurry Particle Settling Data ........................................................................................................................... 16 3.4 Pressure Drop Results and Correlation ........................................................................................................... 25

Temperature Effect ................................................................................................................................ 25 . . Concentration E f fa t ............................................ .......................................................................... i ...... 26

Orientatbn Eff& : 26 Correlation 26

4.0 SURROGATE DEVELOPMENT 28

................................................. ................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................

.. ............................................................................................................................ 4.1 Smogate Formula ..................................... 1 .................................................................................................... 28 4.2 Physical Property Data ....................................................... : ............................................................................. 29 4.3 Particle Size Analysis Results ..................................................... 1 .................................................................. 32

Sample 7 . 5% Smogate UnpumpedSlurry Without Bentonite ........................................................... 32 Sample 8 . 5% Surrogate Pumpedslurry without Bentonite ................................................................. 33 Sample 9 . 25% surrogate ~npwnpedSluny without Bentonite .......................................................... 33

... HCET Final Report 0 0.0006 111

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t

Sample I O . 25% Surrogate Pumped Slurry without Bentonite

Sample 12 . 25% Surrogate Unpumped S l w y with 5% Bentonite ....................................................... 34

i ' - 8102 i . i.33 Sample I I . 5% Surrogate Unpumped Sluny with 5% Bentonite ......................................................... 34 Sample I1 . 5% Smogate PumpeciSluny with 5% Bentonite ............................................................. 34

Sample 12 . 25% Surrogate PwnpedSluny with 5% Bentonite ........................................................... 34 Effects of Pumping on Particle Size ...................................................................................................... 34

4.4 Surrogate Slurry Particle Settling Data ........................................................................................................... 36

............... ...........................................

4 5 Pressure Drop Results and Comparison .......................................................................................................... 50 5 0 . &l.DlAl'TON SAFETY 1. -51

5.1 Radioactive Materials License ............................................................... : ......................................... .; ............. 5 1

5.3 Radiation Laboratory Safety Features ............................................................................................................. 51 5.4 ExpoSUre Contml .................................................................................................................................. 1 ......... 52 5.5 Access Control ...................... ......................................................................................................................... 52

. .................................. ..................................................................................................... ...

5.2 Training ...................;,...................................................................................................................................... 51

5.6 Receipt and Storage of Radioactive Materials ....................................................... ; ........................................ 53 5.7 Loading OfRadioactive Material ..................................................................................................................... 53

. . 5.8' Transfer of Radioactive Material from Glove Box ................................................................................. 1 ....... 54 5.9 Transfer of Other Radioactive Material from Glove Box ............................................................ ; .................. 54 5.10 Repackaging Radioactive Material.and Shipment ........................................................................................ 54

6.1 Conclt&ons ..................................................................................................................................................... 55 7.0 ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................... : .......... '. ..... : .................................... 56

7.1 Accomplishments ............................................................................................................................................ 56 7.2 Recommendati~ ns ............................................................................................................................................ 56

8.0 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................................ 58

6.0 QUALI'TY'ASSURANCE ................................................................................. i ........................................................ 55

. APPENDIX A . Loop Calibration Data

APPENDIX B . hessure Drop Loop Test Raw Data

APPENDIX C . Friction Gradient and Bend Resistance

APPENDIX D . Pressure Drop dimensionless Results

APPENDIX E . Loop Test Data Reduction Program Source Code A P P W I X F . Figures Referenced in this Final Report ' .

.

. iv HC ET Final Report

HCET-TO02-0dn02 Rev. 0

LIST OF FIGURES .a ~ 8 1 0 2 '* !

Figures referenced in this report appear in Appendix F. Figures A-I through A-IO are incorporated in Appendix A.

FIGURE 2.3.1

FIGURE 2.3.2

F I G n 2.3.3

FIGURE 3.1.1

FIGURE 3.12

FIGURE 3.2.1

FIGURE 3.2.2

FIGURE 32.3

FIGURE 3.2.4

FIGURE 3.2.5

FIGURE 3.2.6

FIGURE 3.2.7

FIGURE 3.2.8

FIGURE 3.2.9

FIGURE 32.10

FIGURE 3.2.11

FIGURE 3.3.1

FIGURE 3 -3.2

FIGURE 3.3.3

FIGURE 3.3.4

FIGURE 3.3.5

FIGURE 3.3.6

FIGURE 3.3.7

FIGURE 3.3.8

FIGURE 3.3.9

FIGURE 3.3.10

FIGURE 3.4.1

FIGURE 3.42

FIGURE 3.4.3

Diagram of Pressure Drop Test Loops

Test System for Silo Material Sluny

Test System for Surrogate Shury

Viscosity Versus K-65 Concentration For K-65 Slurries with and without Bentonite

Viscosity Versus K-65 Concentration for K-65 Slurries with and without Bentonite

5% Unpumped K-65 Slurry without Bentonite Supernatant of Settled MateriaI, at 10 Mm Depth, Undiluted

5% Unpumped K-65 Sluny without Bentonite Supernatant of Settled Material, at 60 Mm Depth, Undiluted

5% Unpumped K-65 Slurry Without Bentonite - Sample at Top of Solid Settled Material, Undiluted

25% Unpumped K-65 Slurry without Bentonite Supernatant of Settled Material, at 10 Mm Depth, Undiluted

25% Unpumped K-65 Slurry without Bentonite - Sample at Top of Solid Settled Material, Undiluted 5% Pumped K-65 With 5% Bentonite Supernatant of Settled Sample, at 10 Mm Depth, Undiluted.

I

5% Pumped K-65 With 5% Bentonite - Settled Sample, at Top of Residue, Undiluted

5% Pumped K-65 With 5% Bentonite - Settled Sample, at Full Depth, Diluted 1 :625

5% Pumped K-65 With 10% Bentonite - Settled Sample, at Full Depth, Diluted 1:625

25% Pumped K-65 With 5% Bentonite - Settled Sample, at Full Depth, Diluted 1 :625

25% Pumped K-65 With 10% Bentonite - Settled Sample, at Full Depth, Diluted 1:625

K65-5-T Incremental and Total Settling Distances

K65-5-5-T Incremental and Total Settling Distances

K65-25-F Incremental and Total Settling Distances

K65-25-T Incremental and Total Settling Distances

K65-25-5-T Incremental and Total Settling Distances

K65-35-T Incremental and Total Settling Distances

K65-40-F Incremental and Total Settling Distances

K65-40-T Incremental and Total Settling Distances

K65-5-F Incremental and Total Settling Distances

Pressure Gradient Variation in the Settling Test of 5% K-65 and 10% Bentonite Slurry

Pressure Gradient of 25% K-65 Slurry in Horizontal Test Section

Pressure Gradient of 25% K-65 Slurry with 5% Bentonite in Horizontal Test Section

Pressure Drop Across the Bend of 25% K-65 Slurry oo~no8

HC ET Final Report V

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0 !

FIGURE 3.4.4 Pressure Drop Across the Bend of 25% K-65 Sluny with 5% Bento&-.- 8 1 0 2 FIGURE 3.4.5 Concentration Effect on Pressure Gradient of K-65 Slurry without Bentonite in Horizontal Test

Section

FIGURE 3.4.6 Concentration Effect on Pressure Gradient ofK-65 Sluny with 5% Bentonite in Horizontal Test Section

FIGURE 3.4.7 Concentration Effect on Pressure Drop Across the Bend of K-65 Slurry without Bentonite

FIGURE 3.4.8 Concentration Effect on Pressure Drop Across the Bend of K-65 Sluny with 5% Bentonite

FIGURE 3.4.9 Bentonite Concentration Effect on Pressure Gradient of 5% K-65 Slurry in Horizontal Test Section

FIGURE 3.4.10 Flow Orientation Effect on Pressure Gradient of 25% K-65 Slurry without Bentonite

f

FIGURE 3.4.1 1

FIGURE 3.4.12

FIGURE 3.4.13

FIGURE 3.4.14

FIGURE 4.2.1

FIGURE 42.2

FIGURE 4.2.3

FIGURE 4.2.4

FIGURE 4.2.5

FIGURE 4.3.1

FIGURE 4.3.2

FIGURE 4.3.3

FIGURE 4.3.4

FIGURE 4.3.5

FIGURE 4.3.6

Flow Orientation Effect on Pressure Gradient of 25% K-65 Sluny with 5% Bentonite

Comparison of Experimental Data and Prediction For K - 6 5 Sluny without Bentonite

Experimental Results and Correlation of Friction Factor in Str@&t Section

Experimental Results and Correlation of Resistance Factor of the Bend

Density and Solid Concentration Relationship of Surrogate #1

Density and Solid Concentration Relationship of Surrogate #2

Concentration Effect on Fresh Surrogate 1 Viscosity at Room Temperature

Concentration Effect on Fresh Surrogate 2 Viscosity at Room Temperature

Concentration Effect on Fresh Surrogate 2 + Bentonite Viscosity at Room Temperature

5% Unpumped Surrogate without Bentonite-supernatant of Settled Material, at 10 Mm Depth

5% Unpumped Surrogate-Supernatant of Settled Material, at 60 Mm Depth

5% Unpumped Surrogate-Supernatant of Diluted Red Settled Layer, 1:625 Dilution 30 Mm Depth

5% Unpumped Surrogate-Supernatant of Diluted Black Settled Layer, 1:625 Dilution

5% Pumped Surrogate-Supematant of Settled Material, at 10 Mm Depth

5% Pumped Surrogate-Sample at Top of Red Settled Material, Undiluted

FIGURE 4.3.7 25% Unpumped Surrogate without 3entonite-Supernatant of Settled Material, at 10 Mm Depth

FIGURE 4.3.8 25% Unpumped Surrogate-Sample at Top of Red Settled Material, Undiluted

FIGURE 4.3.9 25% Pumped Surrogate without Bentonite-Supernatant Of Settled Material, at 10 Mm Depth

FIGURE 4.3.10 25% Pumped Surrogate-Sample at Top of Red Settled Material, Undiluted

FIGURE 4.3.1 1 5% Unpumped Surrogate with 5% Bentonite-Supematant of Settled Material, at 10 Mm Depth, Diluted 1:25

FIGURE 4.3.12 5% Pumped Surrogate with 5% Bentonite-Supernatant of Settled Material, at 10 Mm Depth, Diluted 125

FIGURE 4.3.13 25% Unpumped Surrogate with 5% Bentonite-Supernatant of Settled Material, at 10 Mm Depth, Diluted 1:625

FIGURE 4.3.14 25% Pumped surrogate with 5% Bentonite - Supernatant of Settled Material, at 10 Mm Depth, Diluted 1:625

FIGURE 4.4.1 SURRl-5-F Incremental and Total Settling Distances

FIGURE 4.42 SURRl-5-T Incremental and Total Settling Distances

k

i

-=-

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HCET-T002D4-002 Rev. 0

FIGURE 4.4.3

FIGURE 4.4.4

FIGURE 4.4.5

FIGURE 4.4.6

FIGURE 4.4.7

FIGURE 4.4.8

FIGURE 4.4.9

SURRl-25-F Incremental and Total Settling Distances

SURR1-25-T Incremental and Total Settling Distances

SURRl-40-F Incremental and Total Settling Distances

SURRI-40-T Incremental and Total Settling Distances

SURR2-5-F Incremental and Total Settling Distances

SURR2-25-F Incremental and Total Settling Distances

SURR2-40-F Incremental and Total Settling Distances

L - %- 81 0 2 . A

FIGURE 4.4.10

FIGURE 4.4.1 1

FIGURE 4.4.12

FIGURE 4.4.13

FIGURE 4.4.14

FIGURE 4.4. I5

FIGURE 4.5.1

FIGURE 4.5.2

FIGURE A-1.

FIGURE A-2.

FIGURE A-3.

FIGURE A-4.

FIGURE A-5.

FIGURE A-6.

FIGURE A-7.

FIGURE A-8.

FIGURE A-9.

FIGURE A- 1 0.

SURR2-5-5-F Incremental and Total Settling Distances

SURR2-25-5-F Incremental and ‘Total Settling Distances

SURR2-40-5-F Incremental and Total Settling Distances

SURR2-5-5-T Incremental and Total Settling Distances

SURR2-25-5-T Incremental and Total Settling Distances

SURR2-40-5-T Incremental and Total Settling Distances

Comparison of Pressure Gradients of 25% Slurries of K-65 and Surrogate #2 without Bentonite

Comparison of Pressure Gradients of 25% Slurries of K-65 and Surrogate #2 with 5% Bentonite

Pressure Drop Results of VerticaUBend Section of Calibration Tests

Pressure Drop Results of Vertical Section of Calibration Tests

Pressure Drop Results of Horizontal Section of Calibration Tests

Pressure Drop Results of HorizontaliBend Section of Calibration Tests

Reynolds Number and Friction Factor Correlation of Cali’braton Test Data .

Correlation Between Hot Loop and Cold Loop Caliiration Data

Temperature Effect on the Pressure Drop of VerticaVBend Sections

Temperature Effect on the Pressure Drop of Vertical Section

Temperature Effect on the Pressure Drop of HorizontaVBend Sections

Temperature Effect on the Pressure Drop of Horizontal Section

00~010 H C ET Find Report vii

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev . 0

LIST OF TABLES ' + - a i 0 2

TABLE 2.1.1

TABLE 2.1.2

TABLE 2.2.1

TABLE 2.3.1

TABLE 3.1.1

TABLE 3.2.1

' TABLE 3.3.1

TABLE 3.3.2

TABLE 3.4.1

TABLE 4.1.1

TABLE 4.1.2

TABLE 4.1.3

TABLE 4.2.1

TABLE 4.3.1

TABLE 4.3.2

TABLE 4.3.3

f ? TABLE 4.4.1

TABLE 4.4.2

TABLE 4.4.3

TABLE A- 1

TABLE A-2

TABLE B- 1

TABLE B-2

TABLE C-1

TABLE C-2

TABLE D-1

TABLE D-2

Viscometer calibration by Ivhufacturex (NIST) Viscosity at 2506; 103 cP; Spindle No:Ll ......... 2

Viscometer Calibration by HCET (Temperature 25°C) .................................................................... 3

Fluor Daniel Femald Particle Size Estimation of K-65 Silo Material ................................................ 5 Measurement U n c e h t i e s ............................................................................................................... 8

Physical Properties of K-65 and Bentonite Sluiries ........................................................................ 11

Settling Distances and Settling Velocities for .K -65' Samples ......................................................... 18

Weight Ratio of Settled Solids to Total Solids in K-65 Samples .................................................... 21

Silo Material Slurry Compositions .................................................................................................. 25

Formula of Surrogate #I and #2 (Wt % dry) .................................................................................. . . .

Soil Information .............................................................................................................................. 28

Particle Size Data of Sand and Soil in the Surrogate ...................................................................... 29

Surrogate Slurry Physical Properties ............................................... ; ............................................... 30

Surrogate Samples Tested for Particle Size Distribution ................................................................ 32

Effect of Pumping on the Particle Size Distribution of Supernatant Liquid of Surrogate ............... 35

Effect of Pumping on the Particle Size Distriiution of Settled Material of Surrogate .................... 35

Fernald Surrogate #1 Settling Distances and Settling Velocities .................................................... 35

Fernald Surrogate #2 Settling Distahces and Settling Velocities ................................................. 3 7 .

Weight Ratio of Settled Solids to Total Solids in.Surrogates ........................................................ 40

Water flow calibration data ......................................................................................................... A-2

Friction fac& and comparison with a correlation ...................................................................... A-6

Pressure Drop Test Data of Silo Material ..................................................................................... B-3

Pressure Drop Test Data of Surrogates- ....................................................................................... B.11

Dimensional Results Data of Silo Material Pressure Drop Tests .................................................. C-1

Dimensional Results Data of Supgate Pressure Drop Tests ....................................................... C-7

Dimensionless Result Data of Silo Material Pressure Drop Tests ........................ ; ...................... D-1

Radioactive K-65 Samples Tested for Particle Size Distriiution .................................................... 13

28

. .

Dimensionless Result Data of Surrogate Pressure Drop Tests ..................................................... D-6

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HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0 I

-- - - NOMENCLATURE 1-8 I 0 3

C D dp/dl

F f

K 1 P Re

T U

V

Greek AP

P

P &

concentration

tube diameter

pressure gradient

flow rate

friction factor

resistance factor

test section length

pressure

Reynolds number

temperature

flow velocity

velocity

pressure drop

density

dynamic viscosity

tube wall roughness

Subscript

b bend

d downward

e effective

h horizontal S straight section

U upward

b

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HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0 I I--- 8 1 0 2

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i

The project was initiated based on “Statement of Work for Rheology Testing of Waste Residue S l ~ n y ” provided by Fluor Daniel Femald PDF) through Clark Atlanta University, Agent. According to this statement, a Project Specific Plan (PSP) was prepared by the Hemispheric Center for Enyironmental Technology at Florida International University and approved by FDF. The projecthas been conducted according to the PSP and was started in September 1997.

In accordance with the PSP, the main objective of the project was to develop rhelogical and hydraulic data for the K-65 materials using a radioactive test loop and to develop a surrogate foimulation that would duplicate the rhelogical and physical attributes of the K-65 materials as nearly as practical. The tests of the attributes included pressure drop measurement, physical property measurement, settling behavior determination, and particle size characterization.

Since radioactive material was involved, the test loop for K-65 material slurries was built in a glove box constructed in an enclosed radioactive laboratory. Another test loop, the cold loop identical to the hot loop, was built in a regular laboratory for surrogate testing and development. After completion of loop c0nstructi04 instrumentation, water flow calibration tests were conducted. The calibration results were analyzed and compared to the data published in industrial handbook These tests demonstrated that both loops have satisfactory measurement and control performances that mimic each other in data results.

The first series of test conducted the pressure drop measurements of K-65 slurries under the i specified operating conditions of: rr

Slurry temperature: 4,25, and 40 C”

Slurry compositions: 5,25, and 40 wt % of K-65 materials without Bentonite.

5,25, and 40 wt % of K-65 materials with 5 wt % Bentonite

5,25, and 40 wt % of K-65 materials with 10 wt% Bentonite

Slurry flow velocity: 2,4, and 8 feet per second.

During the testing, the pressure drops of the slurry across four test sections of the loop were measured. These included upward vertical test section with bend, downward vertical test section, horizontal test section, and horizontal test section with bend. The absolute pressure at the exit of the slurry pump and that at the entrance of the slurry tank were also measured. The pressure drops along the four test sections were plotted and correlated as a function of the slurry velocity. The friction factor was calculated from the measured pressure drops and correlated as a function of calculated Reynolds number.

Upon completion of the hot loop testing, the physical properties of K-65 material sluny were ‘ measured under the three-temperature points with Merent solids concentrations. These

properties included pH, density, and viscosity. The density and the viscosity of the slurry were plotted and correlated as a function of solids concentration at each temperature level. The settling behaviors such as settling distance, settling velocity, and the weight ratio of settled solids to the total slurry were measured, calculated, and plotted as function of settling b e . Particle size

HCET Final Report X

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

8 1 0 2 results were also acquired for most of the slurry samples and the results were illustrated by the - , ~

particle size distribution curves. I

Based on the K-65 material testing and measurement results, and the K-65. compositions, a proper physical surrogate formulation for the K-65 material was developed through several testing-modification tiies. The surrogate slurries were prepared based on the formulation and tested in the cold loop and the pressure drops were measured under the same operation conditions as above mentioned for the K-65 materials. The physical properties, settling behaviors, and particle size analysis were then performed for the yrogate evaluation and comparison with the K-65 materials. The developed surrogate proved to have fairly consistent pressure drops and physical properties with the K-65 material under identical operating conditions.

From the experimental measurement and the mathematical correlation, some of the major conclusions can be summarized as follows:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

The physical surrogate can be used as a substitute for K-6Srsilo material for testing and demonstration under the operating conditions used in this study.

The regressed pressure gradient or friction factor correlation can be used to predict the flow resistance in the flow velocity range. The following pressure gradient correlation is recommended for prediction of pressure drop in straight section of the pipeline.

- dP = (0.07945 + 0.2736C,”89 + 0.1347C~’48)~1.65 /d’35 dl

The minimum transporting velocity ranges from 0.5-1.5 Ws depending on the concentration. Based on the 1-inch tube testing and settling tests, the ideal slurry condition for pipeline transportation is 25% K-65 silo material and 5% bentonite in the velocity range from 4 ft/s to 8 ft/s. The settling behavior of the sluny can be identified with three settling layers: clear supernate, cloud suspension, and settled phase. The interfaces between these layers have been detected and the settling distances have been measured. The bentonite in the slurry can slow down the particle settling velocity and reduce the weight ratio of the settled solid to the total sluny. No supemate and cloud layers could be observed when10 wt% bentonite was present in the K-65 and surrogate slurries.

For K-65 material, the particle size analysis indicates that the particles in supernatant are in the range of 2-15 pm without bentonite and 2-10 pm with 5% bentonite. The particles in top of the settled phase can be as large as 25 pm for lower concentration and 40 pm for higher concentration. Therefore, the bentonite did help the K-65 settling. This was supported by the observation in the settling tests. For surrogate slurry, similar particle size distribution was found.

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HCET-T002-04402 Rev. 0

I - 4 n n - - - 1.0 INTRODUCTION .- - 3 U l V L

This project was conducted according to the Project Specific Plan (PSP) prepared by the Hemispheric Center for Environmental Technology at Florida International University (FIU- HCET) and approved by Fluor Daniel Fernald (FDF).

Fluor Daniel Fernald PDF) is a former production site of the Department of Energy (DOE) that extracted uranium fiom uranium QRS and concentrates and produced metallic uranium for the DOE defense program. During its operating period, thousands of cubic meters of residue material, designated as K-65 materials, were accumulated and stored at this site. The K-65 materials are classified as by-products. After site production activities were ended, a bentonite clay layer was added over the residues to reduce the emission of radon. The FDF is considering characterizing this material and pumping it to a treatment facility. Therefore, the rheological and hydraulic properties of these waste slurries are important in the development of mixing and transfer systems.

The objective of this project is to acquire the rheological and hydraulic data for slurries of K-65 materials combined with bentonite clay. The information will be used as technical reference for designing slurry retrieval, transfer, and processing systems.

In accordance with the PSP , the following tasks have been accomplished:

Physical properties of K-65 materials and surrogate slurries, including density, pH, and viscosity, have been measured at different temperature levels and percentages of bentonite contents. The characterization of hot material and surrogate slurries was performed to acquire data on particle size distribution and settling behaviors. Pressure drops in different loop components were measured for K-65 materials and surrogate slurries.

Two loops for pressure drop testing were established. I A physical surrogate formula for K-65 materials was developed. ,F

c)c)c)c)zs

1 HCET nna/ Report

2.0 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS, SYSTEM, AND INSTRUMENTATION 1 I

' Speed (RPM) YO Torque

10 16.18

20 33.84

30 50.87

50 85.56

2.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTY MEASUREMENT

Viscosity (cP) 98

101

102

102.6

Temperature Control Property measurements were taken at three temperatures (4OC, 25OC, and 4OoC) to cover the possible actual operating temperature range. To reach the high temperature of 4OoC, an isothermal water bath was used. A heater around the bath wall controls the bath temperature to a maximum of 1 OOOC. A sample bottle is then immersed in the bath and heated to a previously set temperature. .The bath temperature can be directly read on the attached equipment panel, but the bath temperature is not the same as the temperature inside the sample bottle. Therefore, to take a temperature reading for the sample, a thermometer had to be inserted into the sample to about the middle of the sample bottle while the bottle was submerged in the bath. Samples were well mixed prior to each temperature measurement. To reach the row temperature of 4OC, the isothermal bath was filled with ice water. M e r an initial cooling time With occasional stirring, the samples were cooled to the desired temperature.

Viscosity Measurement A rheometer Model RI-1-L (Serial No: 6292) from Rheology International Shannon Ltd. was used to measure slurry viscosity. This viscometer rotates a sensing element in a fluid and measures the torque necessary to overcome the viscous resistance to the induced movement. This is done by driving the element., called a spindle, through a beryllium copper spring via a pivot point assembly. This torque is then converted into viscosity units and displayed on the viscometer panel. The manufacturer has calibrated the viscometer using viscosity standards traceable to the National Institute of Standards & Technology (NLST). These calibration results are listed in Table 2.1.1.

The viscometer was also calibrated at the FIU-HCET with different viscosities using viscosity standards provided by Cambridge Applied Systems, hc., and the Cannon Instrument Company. The calibration data for spindles No. 1,2,3, and 4 are shown in Table 2.1.2.

0c)c)c)IG HCET Final Report 2

I I 1 4 100 s-2000 67.15

Density Measurement Two methods were used for determining the density of the IC-65 samples. The first method consisted of weighing each sample and calculating the density for the lcnown sample volume. The second method was to use a set of hydrometers provided by Fisher Scientific for determining the densities of those samples with low solids concentration and solids settling that would not affect the measurements. This method worked well for homogenous liquid samples such as those taken from the slurry tank after several hours of mixing and running through the loop. The first method of weighing, measuring volume, and calculating density was used for all samples of the surrogates.

5817 ~

pH-meter A Corning pH-meter (electrode type) was used for sample pH analysis. Before one set of samples was measured, the pH-meter was calibrated using standard solutions in pH range 4 to 10. Once the samples were conditioned to the desired temperature, the pH electrode was introduced directly into the sample bottle. The pH of the solution was displayed on the instrument panel; the temperature of the solution was also displayed.

2.2 PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS

Particle Counter--Principle of Operation

To evaluate the size and distribution of particles in K-65 materials from Fernald Silos 1 and 2, determinations were carried out using a HIAC/ROYCO Model 9703 particle counter, manufactured by the HIACROYCO division of Pacific Scientific in Silver Springs, Maryland. The instrument was fitted with an HRD-400 laser sensor capable of determining particles in the 2pm to 400pm size range. t

c ..--

HC ET Final Report 3

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0 ? - . 8 1 0 2

The particle counter functions by drawing a suspension of particles in a &i<d fl’uid-through an opening upon which a laser beam is impinged. As particles pass the beam, the laser is blocked to an extent corresponding to the size of the particle. The amount of light passing the particle is sensed by a detector and translated by the counter into the size of the particle doing the blocking. As each particle passes the laser, it is both sized and counted. Thus, the particle counter produces an indication of the number of particles of each size that are present in a sample.

The instrument can also be fitted with sensors that cover specific particle size ranges. The liquid suspension is drawn through an immersed probe and into the sensor by an automated syringe; therefore, the volume of liquid drawn can be varied by the instrumental controls. Typically, for this work 3ml were used. The depth of the probe can also be controlled by the instrument. The sample positions indicate strictly the point at which the sample was taken and do not necessarily reflect the overall particle distribution of the liquid above or below that point It is possible that a portion of the 3-ml sample derives from above or below the position taken; however, the relatively low flow rate at which the sample is drawn into the instrument should minimize any disturbance of the liquid around the probe tip. The sample can be sfirred magnetically during the determination.

The software associated with the particle counter is capable of presenting the data in several formats. The raw data is produced in tabular form based on the size of the particle, the number of counts of each size, the cumulative size, and the cumulative number of counts. The particle size range of the instrument, 2-400pmY can be divided into as many channels as desired by the operator. In this case 128 channels were selected, which provide 128 separate particle size ranges to be determined. Since the particle sizes are spaced logarithmically, they are not divided equally. Therefore, the cumulative size represents the sum of all size differentials beginning with the lower end of the particle range, i.e., 2 .00p. The cumulative count is the sum of all counts for all sizes measured.

In addition, the particle counter software can present the collected data graphically. Because of the large volume of tabular results and for convenience of interpretation, graphical results are being included in this report. The tabular results, however, are available for examination.

By using various descriptions, the software can report the data in tabular reports organized by population distribution, volume distribution, surface distribution, particle concentration, population summary, volume summary, and as volume-weighted data Similar formats are also available graphically. The graphical results submitted here are those that define the percentage of particles greater than a given size. This data should provide the most meaningful information for evaluation of the surrogates and the K-65 materials.

Measurement Methods The particle counter was provided with a manufacturer-supplied calibration curve for the sensor, covering a particle size range from 2 p to 4 0 0 p . Calibration was carried out according to ASTM F658-87 87 with monosized latex spheres traceable to NIST. Samples were tested at flow rates of 6omVmin, corresponding to the flow rate used during calibration.

The size range choice of 2 p to 400 p was based on information received from Fluor Daniel Fernald indicating that the K-65 materials showed a particle distribution after sieving as presented in Table 2.2.1.

HCET-T002-OM02 Rev. 0

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Table 2.2.1 Fluor Daniel Fernald Particle Size Estimation of K-65 Silo Material

c

To develop a systematic method for measuring particle size distribution, the non-radioactive surrogate samples were run before the radioactive ones. This was done so that any technical problems in carrying out the determination could be resolved before handling radioactive material. Initially, it was hoped that a sample could be run while being thoroughly stirred so that all particle sizes present could be measured at once. When this was tried, however, the sensor channel through which the particles passed became clogged due to the presence of either particles greater than 400pm or an agglomeration of smaller particles. Because of the clogging, the samples were allowed to settle for a prolonged period, during which time some samples separated into several layers indicative of particle sizes. These layers were typically comprised of a supematant liquid and one or more layers of solid.

Measurement was carried out by placing 50 ml of a sample in a 25 mm x 95 mm vial. After allowing the sample to settle for one to two days, the height of the sample in the vial was marked off in 10 mm increments, and each height was given a position number. The top of the sample was designated position 0, and the subsequent position numbers increased downward. The vial was then placed on the instrument stage and the instrument probe lowered to each position. For a 3-ml sample size, counting was activated using the instrument sohare , and the particle size distribution at each level was recorded.

In all cases the samples were tested either after being fleshly made in sample bottles or after being pumped from the slurry tank. This was done in order to determine whether there was any deterioration in particle size because of the pumping and mixing process. Certain tank samples were not available as freshly made since they had been used in the preparation of subsequent concentrations without being removed from the loop.

L

Fifty milliliters of each sample were received in 25 mm x 95 mm vials as described previously. Upon settling for approximately 24 hours, in addition to those samples without bentonite, only the samples containing 5% solids + 5% bentonite and 25% solids with 5% bentonite exhibited any separation of the solid from the liquid. The supernatant liquid from the sample with 5% solids and 5% bentonite was able to be evaluated for particle size distribution; however, the . .

- - supernatant for the 25% solids with 5% bentonite, because of its extremely small volume, could

H C ET nna/ Report 5

HCET-TOO2-04-002 Rev. 0

p-- 8 1 0 2 not be nm. Likewise, since no supernatant separated out in the remaining samples, 1~ was not possible to run a particle size distribution directly on them.

To determine the particle size profile of those samples that did not separate, each was diluted 1:25 with water. Each of the diluted samples, in turn, was diluted a second time 1:25, producing samples with an overall dilution of 1:625 from the on@. Under these conditions the samples were analyzed using the particle counter with the probe at the lowest depth into the suspension, presumably where the largest particles would be found. All samples could now be analyzed, with the exception of one containing 40% solids and 5% bentonite that continued to block the sensor channel even after dilution.

2.3 PRESSURE DROP TESTING LOOPS Two pipeline and testing systems have been built for the rheological and flow resistance tests of K-65 and its surrogate slurries. One of the main purposes of these tests is to verify the consistency of the rheological and pressure drop characteristics between K-65 and the prepared surrogates. The first system used to test slurries containing K-65 radioactive material was built inside a glove box. A second identical system was used to test the surrogate slurry.-These two systems were designed and built to meet the following requirements:

The system can measure flow resistance of K-65 and its surrogate slurry flowing in different pipeline system components, which include horizontal and vertical straight pipe and 90- degree bends.

I

The system can measure different flow velocities ranging from 2 to 8 ftjs without plugging and merent temperature levels ranging from 4Oto 4OoC.

The system’s pressure transmitters and connection lines must be capable of handling a slurry flow with up to 40% solids.

The system’s pump station must be capable of pumping dense sand slurry of up to 40% solids for three months and longer.

l

0

0

0 The data acquisition system should be able to collect a l l sensor readings automatically and store them in a data file for further analysis.

All measurement sensors must meet all testing condition requirements and signal ranges with adequate accuracy and stability.

A diagram of the loop is shown in Figure 2.3.1. Photographs of the two systems are shown in Figures 2.3.2 and 2.3.3. Each system is formed by two subsystems: the pipeline flow system and the instrumentation and data acquisition system. The pipeline system includes slurry reservoir tank, pump station, heat exchanger, straight vertical section (77.5in), straight horizontal section (77.5in), vertical section with bend, horizontal section with bend, and flow control valves. The bend radius is 5 times the tube diameter.

Slurry was loaded and mixed in the slurry reservoir tank. A mixer was installed on top of the reservoir tank to keep the slurry mixed during testing. A rotary screw pump was used to pump the slurry through the loop. Two ball valves were installed at both sides of the pump to isolate the pump for maintenance and repair. A double tube heat exchanger was used to control the

~1)T)C)c)ZO H C ET Final Report 6

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0 7 8.1 0 2 temperature of the slurry. The slurry flows through the inner tube and the cooian~ nows mough the annular passage between the inner tube and outer tube. The coolant temperature was controlled by a chiller that operated in the temperature range of -1OOC to 5OoC. A pressure transducer measured the static pressure at the pump outlet. The slurry flowed in sequence through the upward vertical test section with bend, the downward vertical section, the horizontal test section, and the horizontal test section with bend. Then the slurry flowed back to the slurry reservoir tank A flow meter was installed upstream from the horizontal test section to measure the slurry flow rate. One differential pressure transducer with remote diagram seal system 'was installed for each test section. The two legs of the differential transducer were connected to both ends of the corresponding test section. Another pressure transducer was used at the end of the loop to measure the static pressure. The slurry temperatures at both ends of the heat exchanger were measured using two E-type thermocouples. In the cooling loop between heat exchanger and chiller, two thermocouples were used to measure the temperatures of the coolant at the inlet and outlet of the heat exchanger. The coolant flow rate was measured by a turbine flow meter with an accuracy of &OS%. All the signals from the thermocouples, flow--meters, pressure transducers, and differential pressure transducers were read by a National Instrument LabVIEW Data

P

. Acquisition system.

..-

,I

i

At the beginning of the testing, a TuTHlLL HD PROCESS PUMP with rotary positive displacement, circumferential piston design, and heavy-duty construction was installed. It failed to work for the slurry flow. The details of the pump failure analysis were providedin a separate report. A screw type MOYNO 1000 series pump was selected and installed. The new pump worked well and lasted about 400 running hours with little performance reduction in the hot loop for K-65 and bentonite slurry flow. The same type of pump used in the cold loop for surrogate sluny flow experienced a significant performance decrease after running about 500 hours. The maximum pump flow rate decreased from 20 GPM to 12 GPM.

The slurry and coolant temperatures were measured by E-type thermocouples, with accuracy of +OS%. Two pressure transducers, the EPO-W41-25OP and EPO-W41-1O0Py with upper limits of 100 psi and 250 psi, respectively, were used. The accuracy level is f l % of full-scale output. The differential transducers for pressure drop measurement are ROSEMOUNT DP1151 series transducers. The mode 1199 diagram seal system was chosen for the slurry application. In each loop, two 1 151DP4S transducers were used for the vertical and horizontal straight test sections, and two 1151DP5S transducers were used for vertical and horizontal straight and bend sections. The accuracy of the transducers is +0.25% of the calibrated span (150 I n H 2 0 ) . The stability was Itr0.25% of URL (Upper Range Limit, 150 I n H 2 0 for 1151DP4S and 750 for 1151DPSS) for six months. The accuracy of the mass flow meter measuring the slurry flow rate was &0.25% of rate.

Consequently, the uncertainties of the calculated Reynolds number and friction factor are 52.5% and &3.8%, respectively. The main parameter uncertainties are summarized in Table 2.3.1.

HC ET Final Report 7

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0 -

. - Table 2.3.1

Measurement Uncertainties

weighting and volume measuring

I 2.4 LOOP TEST PROCEDURES For each concentration, the whole test process includes loading water and solids, mixing and conditioning, controlling temperature, and collecting data. The quantity of water and solids can be determined from the total weight of slurry needed and concentration of each solid ingredient. The procedures for performing the tests are described below.

1. Load water in the amount required into reservoir tank 2. Start pump and mixer to keep loop running and begin to run data acquisition system to

monitor and record the meter readings. .

3. Load the solids into the reservoir tank while the loop is running.

4. Start the chiller; set the temperature, and keep the loop running until the slurry is well mixed and the temperature is stabilized at the required level. The loop status should be monitored by the data acquisition system.

5. Set the flow rate to the required value; wait 2-5 minutes. Then change the file name in the data acquisition program and run the program to collect the data into the file. Repeat this step to run all flow rates from high to low.

6. Repeat steps 4-5 for a l l three temperatures.

7. Run timing or settling tests, ifrequired.

8. After M h i n g all cases, add more solids to change the concentration or discharge the system for the new slurry testing.

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f- 8 1 0 2 I

2.5 PRESSURE DROP DATA REDUCTION METHOD 3 - f

For the slurry pressure drop tests, initial readings of the pressure transmitters were set to zero when the loop was filled with water. The gravity heads have to be added or deducted from the initial readings for the vertical upflow and down-flow test sections. The data reduction process is conducted using the SI units. AU readings were converted to the SI units at beginning of the reduction process. The following calculations are based on the assumptions that the flows are in steady state, the flows are well developed, and there is no phase separation in the flows.

The pressure gradient is calculated for the straight horizontal test section.

Then the pressure'drop across the bend is calculated by subtracting the pressure drop of .the straight portion fiom the total pressure drop of the horizontal test section with bend.

A P b = A P h -4 1, h

The pressure drop in the straight vertical upward flow section can be determined by subtracting the pressure drop across a bend fiom the total pressure drop of the vertical test section with bend.

The data are presented in the form of pressure gradient versus flow velocity. The results are also presented in dimensionless form. Based on the pressure drop testing data and the measured physical properties, the flow Reynolds number and friction factor are calculated. The Reynolds number and fiction factor are defined as

h. 3

(MIL)d f =

where u is the average flow velocity; d is the inner diameter of the tube; L denotes the length of the test section; AP is the pressure drop across the test section; p symbolizes the slurry density; and p is the dynamic viscosity of the slurry calculated based on the measured data.

The pressure drop across the bend is presented in the form of resistance factor versus Reynolds number. The resistance factor can be defined as I

i The density and viscosity of slurry is conelated with the concentration of hot material or surrogate, the concentration of bentonite, and slurry temperature. _.

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HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

c - 7 ' 8 1 0 2 ' a - p = f (Cby CS, T) t

Water flow calibration tests were conducted for the cold loop and the hot loop. The calibration results showed a great consistency between the present data and the prediction by a common correlation [2]:

- 0.25 2

f =

The roughness of the tube is selected as 0.001mm for a commercial stainless steel tube.

Based on the measurement data, the pressure drop data for differeni test sections are presented in two ways. First, the relationship of the pressure drop gradient versus flow velocity was analyzed and presented for all test cases in the hot loop and the cold loop. The test results are also presented in dimensionless form as the relationship of friction factor versus slurry flow Reynolds number so they might be used in extrapolations for different tested conditions. Moreover, some correlations were provided. It should be noted that there is a high risk of underestimation when test data from a smaller tube diameter is used to predict those for a larger tube diameter, especially for the solid-liquid, two-phase sluny flow, where the phase separation exists. The

project. suggested correlations can be used only with the physical property data as measured in this I

. .. ...

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. ? - , 8.1 o 2 3.0 K-65 MATERIAL

CHARACTERIZATION AND PRESSURE DROP RESULTS ' 3

-

3.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTY DATA The K-65 samples were prepared either in a bottle as fresh samples or taken from the test loop as pumped samples. All the measured properties for K-65 and bentonite slurries are listed in Table 3.i.i.

Table 3.1.1 Physical Properties of K-65 and Bentonite Slurries

Sample

Name

K65-5-T

K65-25-P

K65-25-F

' K65-35-P

K65-35-T

K65-40-T

K65-40-F

K65-5-5-T

K65-25-5-T

K65-40-5-T

K65-5-10-T

K65-25-10-T

- 4OC

1 .oo 1.12

-

** *** 1.17

1.25 **

1.04

121

1.75

128

1.49 -

Density, g/cm'

. 25°C

1.01

1.10

1.11+

1.06

1.17

1.23

1.29+

1.04

1.20

1.72

1.30

1.53

These values are approximates because samp

- 40°C

1 .oo 1.11

-

** *** 1.16

122 **

1.04

1.18

1.71

1.32

.I .54

;either

PH

- 4°C

8.78

7.69

-

** 7.87

7.95

7.82 **

8.29

8.20

8.22

8.42

8.07

re not -

- 25OC

8.92

7.93

7.35

7.83

7.89

7.68

7.65

7.41

7.82

7.89

8.36

7.89

- - 40°C

8.97

7.27

-

** 7.70

7.68

7.40 **

7.59

7.62

7.76

8.24

7.91

lough or settled to

Viscosity CP -

4OC

3

9

-

** *** 16

71 ** 11

100

668

246

273

ast(F

25°C

2.5

8 - **

*** 17

108 ** 16

104

577

25 5

334

sh).

- 40°C

2.4

11.5

7

** *** 21

115 **

17.7

199

558

258

371 - , .

. ._ . . . . . . - . . . .

Numbers in parentheses indicate spindle numbex and speed 0. ** Freshly prepared samples do not give good viscosity and density readings since they settle fast *** Sample quantity was not enough for viscosity and density determination.

.

Sample Naming: K65: K-65 slurry; 25,35,40: Slurry concentration in wt %; 5 or 10: Bentonite concentration in wt %; P: Sample taken fiom packing leak; F: Sample prepared before running experiment (Fresh); T: Sample taken from slurry tank The measured results indicate that the temperature effect on the K-65 slurries is not sigTllficant for the test conditions. Therefore, the general function was developed for density estimation.

p, = 9OOC: + 230 C, + 997.9 , 4OoC 2 T 2 4OC, 0.10 2 cb when 0.25 2 &> 0.05, and 0.05 2 Cbwhen cs= 0.40

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1 The correlation and the measurement data are shown in Figure 3.1.1.

pe is slurry effective density with the unit of Kg/m3; Ct is the concentration of total solids including K-65 and bentonite. In the equation, 0.25 means 25% solid in slurry. The density could also be calculated with the unit of Ib/ft3 by multiplying these coefficients in the above equation by 0.0625.

The viscosity of the K-65 and bentonite slurries was correlated. The following equations are suggested.

Without bentonite:

pe = 1 .2065e9': , T = 25'C, 0.40 2 C, 20.05

With 5% bentonite:

pe = 8.266e"24Cs T = 25'C, 0.40 2 C, 2 0.05 I

Figure 3.1.2 shows the measurement data and correlations. The viscosity Unit is cP. The K-65 concentration C, takes decimal number 0.25 (25%). The viscosity is an exponential function of K-65 hot material concentration. These two correlations are for room temperature around 25OC. The dependence of the viscosity on temperature can be positive or negative for Merent slurry conditions. It has to be analyzed individually. The viscosities for the 10% bentonite slurries are very high, and few data are available to make a conelation.

No variation patterns of the pH values of the K-65 slurry samples can be observed from the measured data The pH values range from 7.2 to 9 for a l l samples. I

3.2 PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS RESULTS The samples of K-65 radioactive material that were tested for particle size distribution are catalogued below in Table 3.2.1. The Figure numbers refer to the specific particle size distribution curve for the sample, as it appears in the report. Although presented here first, the K- 65 samples were run after the surrogate samples had been ru~l to develop the methodology. Those concentrations not shown were not run because they couldn't flow in the instrument.

O)c)c)c)26 H C ET Final Report 12

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Sample #

- - 9 1 0 2

Description. Figure # K-65 Solid Bentonite Content Content

- Table 3.2.1 Radioactive K-65 Samples Tested for Particle Size Distributi!on

3.2.2

3.2.3

5% 0

5% 0

1 ltopofsupematant

3.2.5

3 2.6

top of settled material

25% 0

5% 5%

1 ;I of supernatant

top of settled material

top of supernatant

top of settled material ~

3.2.8

3 2.9

I;osdmateria~ ~ ~

solid material

~~~ ~

5% 5%

5% 10%

3.2.1 1 5%' I 0

5

6

solidmaterial 3.2.10 25% 5% Yes yes, 1:625

solid material 3.2.11 25% 10% Yes yes, 1 :625

3.2.4 I 25% I 0

32.7 I 5% I 5%

Pumped Diluted I no I no I

yes, 1:625

yes, 1:625

The curves presented indicate the results after subtraction of a water background count. In all cases the background count was so low compared to the sample count that it was insignificant and would not have needed to be applied. However, it was canied through in the reporting process.

Among the samples tested, only samples 1,2,3, and 4 showed any settling that produced enough supernatant liquid to m on the particle counter. Sample 6 also underwent some settling; however, the supernatant volume was not sufficient to be analyzed directly. In those cases where the Supernatant was not adequately present, the samples were diluted with particle-free water and analyzed.

In order to compare the relative particle sizes of the various K-65 samples; the data were presented as a plot of the population percentage greater for each size. As a reference, the size of the particle whose population was greater than 50% was arbitrarily taken as indicative of the sample.

>)

Sample I. 5% K-65 Unpumped Slurry Without Bentonite

Top of Supernatant. Figure 3.2.1 shows the results of the particle size measurement on the supematant unpumped K-65 slurry material without bentonite. The particles measured lie in the range of 2 p to approximately 1 5 p Figure 3.2.3 shows the results taken at the top of the settled solid material. This profile appears quite similar to the supernatant taken close to the top of the precipitate. The range of sizes lies between 2 p n to 7 p with 50% of them greater than 3.2p.m. The narrowness of this range indicates the homogeneity of the settled layer in the K-65 material. Surprisingly, there is a lack of large particles to be found in the material. An attempt to sample the settled layer at a slightly deeper point resulted in blockage of the sensor.

,

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HC ET Final Report . 13

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Bottom of Supernatant. Only a slight variation in the particle - s R&ki i t i on of the supernatant i with the-depth of sampling was evident, as shown by Figure 3.2.2 where the supematant was taken 60mm below that for Figure 3.2.1. In Figure 3.2.1, 50% of the particles were greater than 3.5pm, while in Figure 3.2.2,50% were greater than 3pm. The latter curve is steeper at the lower 6Omm depth (closer to the settled precipitate) indicating a narrower range of sizes. Examination of the actual cumulative counts show that Sample l(Tab1e 3.2.1) taken away from the settled material had a total count of 19285 and that taken closer (Sample 2, Table 3.2.1) had 42232 total counts as might be expected. In Figure 3.2.1, tabular results indicated that only 78 counts were higher than 1 5 ~ while in the lower sample, 18 counts were higher than 15pm, reflecting the narrower range of counts exhibited there.

Top of SettZed Material, Undiluted In contrast to the sunogate material, very little change is observed in the particle size distribution. An attempt, however, to sample at a slightly deeper point into the settled solid resulted in blockage of the sensor. The +um particle size shown in Figure 3.2.3 was approximately 7pm in keeping with the supernatant taken near the top of the settled material shown in Figure 3.2.2. The steepness of the curve is also similar to that of Sample 2 (Table 3.2. l), indicating the narrower particle size range.

f

Sample 2.25% K-65 Unpumped Slurry Without Bentonite

Supernatant Material, Undiluted. Figure 3.2.4 shows the particle size distribution of the 25% solids K-65 material without added bentonite. Although the range of particle sizes is similar to those shown for the 5% material in Figure 3.2.1, i.e., 2pm to 1 5 p , there seems to be more larger particles present, indicated in the bulge of the curve between 2 p to 4 pm. Here also 50% of the particles are greater than 4 . 6 ~ ~ compared to 50% greater than 3.5pm in the 5% solids material. This sample was homogeneous throughout the supernatant layer, as indicated by testing the supernatant at different depths.

1

Top of Settled Material, Undiluted. At the Surface of the settled solid, the particle sizes increased as shown in Figure 3.2.5, a clear increase in particle size was evident with 50% of the particles 18pm or greater. The overall range of particle sizes also increased over that of the 5% material. It is possible that the higher solids concentration did not allow the solid to separate as much. This might have implications in the fact that the pressure drop characteristics of the 25% material were higher than the conesponding 5%. Further attempts to measure the settled material at a deeper position were unsuccessful because the sensor clogged.

. Sample 3.5% K-65 Pumped Slurry with 5% Bentonite

Supernatant Material, Undiluted Figure 3.2.6 indicates the particle size distribution in the . supernatant liquid of the previously pumped, undiluted K-65 sample with 5% solids and 5% bentonite (5%+5%). This sample showed almost identical particle characteristics as that of the 5% supernatant without bentonite, which had been taken close to the settled material, as shown in Figure 3.2.2. The steepness of the curve indicated the narrow particle size range of 2 p to l o p . This sample was only one of a few with added bentonite that demonstrated any settling. At that, the volume of supernatant was very low. The other concentration where supernatant

I

HCET Final Report 14

12 Rev. 0

material was present was the 25% solids with added 5% bentonite. Here the volume was so low that it could not be determjned directly.

Top of Settled Material, Undiluted; The settled material from the 5% solids K-65 with 5% added bentonite showed the results illustrated in Figure 3.2.7. The size range of 2 p to 20pm was most similar in shape to that of the 25% unpumped K-65 without added bentonite. Here the steepness was not as great as that of the 25% material, indicating the wider size range. In addition, 50% of the particles were greater than 6 S p , compared to a corresponding value of less than 3 p in the supernatant.

->

Solid Material, Diluted 1:625. Figure 3.2.8 shows the particle size results after diluting 1 ml of the on@ sample to 625 mi. The results were taken after shaking the diluted solution and sampling as close to the bottom of the vial as possible. The results demonstrate a particle size range of 2 p to 25pm with 50% of the particles 9pm or greater. This is a much higher value than the corresponding result of 3 . 3 ~ obtained on the undiluted sample at the t9p of the settled residue. This value may represent a profile of the largest particles present in this sample, since no blockage of the sensor occurred.

Sample 4. 5% K-65 Pumped Slurry with 10% Bentonite Solid Material, Diluted 1:625. Figure 3.2.9 shows the result obtained after diluting this sample 1 :625 and taking a reading after shaking, close to the bottom of the vial. The profile is similar to that obtained for the 5%+5% (Figure 3.2.8) material, indicating that the chief contributing factor to the particle size may be the solid content rather than the bentonite. !

Sample 5. 25% K-65 Pumped Slurry with 5% Bentonite

Solid Material, Diluted 1:625. As shown in Figure 3.2.10, similar results to those shown for the undiluted material sampled at the top of the settled residue were obtained. Thus, a particle size range of 2pm to 4 0 p is exhibited. That the 50% size is greater than for the 25%+5% sample in Figure 3.2.5 is consistent with the solid content contributing to the profile to a larger extent than does the bentonite.

Sample 6.25% K-65 Pumped Slurry with 10% Bentonite Solid Material, Diluted 1:625. Again Figure 3.2.11 shows a similar profile of the 25% solids sample with 10% bentonite to the same sample containing only 5% bentonite (Figure 3.2.10). The particle size range is 2pm to 40 with 50% of the particles greater than 13pm. Again, this is in keeping with the solid content dictating the particle size distribution to a greater extent than

, does the bentonite content.

H c ET Final Report 15

HCET-T002-04402 Rev. 0 = - . . - . 81 0 2' . - ' 3.3 SLURRY PARTICLE SETTLING DATA The particle-settling phenomenon has been observed and measured in settling bottles. The settling velocity was determined by examining the movement of the settled interface along with the settling time. Figure 3.3 defines the settling portions and distances in the settling bottle, and the equation was used to calculate the settling velocity:

-1

H = Total sample height HI = Height of clear layer H2 = Height of cloudy layer H3 = Settled layer

Settling Velocity = Hu/Settling Time Hit= Hi + H2

Figure 3.3. Diagram of settling distances.

The measured settling distances, the ratios of the distances to the total sample height, and the calculated settling velocities defined in the above diagram and equation are shown in Table 3.3.1. The ratio of settled solids to total solids in the K-65 samples has been estimated based on an equation described in section 4.4. Because the W2 and p2 in the equation were not able to be measured for the K-65 samples, their values for surrogate #2 under the same concentration have been used in the estimation. The estimated results are shown in Table 3.3.2. The settling distances, including the total distance over al l settling time and the incremental distance over the settling periods between two recorded times, have been plotted in Figures 3.3.1 to 3.3.9.

J H C E T ~ i n a l ~ e p o r t 16

! Rev.0 7 8 1 0 2 . * '

+Settling Velocity, cm/h

.

Settling Velocity, cdmin

0.00 8.50 4.25 2.80 2.10 1.68 1.40 1.20 '

1.05 0.53 0.35 0.26 0.18

0.00 8.70 4.30 2.83 2.13 1.70 1.42 1.21 1.06 0.53 0.35 0.27 0.18

0.000 0.142 0.071 0.047 .

0.035 0.028 0.023 0.020 0.018 0.009 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.000 0.145 0.072 0.047 0.035 0.028 0.024 0.020 0.018 0.009 0.006 0.004 0.003

Table 3.3.1 Settling Distances and Settling Velocities for K-65 Samples -

WH

0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10

0.04 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07

0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 -

Sample *H,,cm *H2,cm *H3,cm *H,cm / I / *'lH I H2/H

Time, h

0 1 - 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 16 24 32 48 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 16 24 32 48 0 1 2 3 4 5

K65-5-F 0.00 0.00 8.40 8.40 8.40 8.40 8.40 8.40 8.40 8.40 8.40 8.40

8.50 8.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.80 0.80 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90

9.30 9.30 9.30 9.30 9.30 9.30 9.30 9.30 9.30 9.30 9.30 9.30

0.00 0.91 0:oo 0.91 0.90 0.00 0.90 0.00 0.90 0.00 0.90 0.00 0.90 0.00 0.90 0.00 0.90 0.00 0.90 0.00 0.90 0.00 0.90 0.00

K65-5-T 0.70 1 .oo 1 .oo 1.30 1.50 1.80 2.00 2.00 2.50 3.50 .

4.00 5.00

8.00 7.60 7.50 7.20 7.00 6.70 6.50 6.50 6.00 5.00 4.50 3.50

0.40 0.50 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60

9.10 9.10 9.10 9.10 9.10 9.10 9.10 9-10 9.10 9.10 9.10 9.10

0.08 .0.88 0.11 0.84 0.11 0.82 0.14 0.79 0.16 0.77 0.20 0.74 0.22 0.71 0.22 0.71 027 0.66 0.38 0.55 0.44 0.49 0.55 0.38

0.00 10.30 5.10 3.40 2.55 2.04

0.000 0.172 0.085 0.057 0.043 .0.034

K65-5-5-T 0.40 0.60 0.60 0.80 0.80

9.90 9.60 9.60 9.40 9.40

. 0.10 020 020 020 0.20

10.40 10.40 10.40 10.40 10.40

H C ET Final Reporf 17

-- ' 8 1 0 2 HCET-T002-04-002 Rev.0 L ..

' a 1

Sample

K65-25-F

k'.

K65-25-T

Table 3.3.1 . Settling Distances and Seffling Velocities for K-65 Samples (continued)

Time, h

6 7 8 16 24 48 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 16 24 32 48 0 1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 16 24 32 48

- *HI, cm

0.80 0.80 0.90 1 S O 2.00 2.80

3.50 3.50 3.50 4.00 4.10 4.10 4.30 4.30 4.30 4.30

2.00 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.00 320 3.40 3.60 3.60 3.70 3.70

- *HI, cm

- 9.30 9.30 9.20 8.40 7.70 6.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

,o.oo 0.00

- *H3, cm

0.30 0.30 0.30 0.50 0.70 1.60

4.50 4.50 4.50 4.00 3.90 3.90 3.70 3.70 3.70 3.70 3.70

5.00 4.60 4.40 420 4.00 4.00 3.80 3.60 3.40 3.40 3.30 3.30 .

- *H, cm

- 10.40 10.40 10.40 10.40 10.40 10.40 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00

- Elm

- 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.14 0.19 027

0.44 0.44 0.44 0.50 0.51 0.5 1 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54

0.29 0.34 0.37 0.40 0.43 0.43 0.46 0.49 0.5 1 0.51 0.53 0.53

- Hzm

- 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.8 1 0.74 0.58

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 . 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

- WH

- 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.15

.OS6 0.56 0.56 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46

0.71 0.66 0.63 0.60 0.57 0.57 0.54 0.5 1 0.49 0.49 0.47 0.47 -

+Settling Velocity, cmh

1.68 1.44 1'.26 0.62 0.40 0.18 0.00 3.00 1.75 1.17 0.88 0.80 0.68 0.59 0.54 0.27 0.18 0.13 0.09 0.00 2.00 I .20 0.87 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.46 0.43 0.23 0.15 0.12 0.08

Settling Velocity, c d m i n

0.028 0.024 0.02 1 0.010, 0.007 0.003 0.000 0.050 0.029 0.019 0.015 0.013 0.01 1 0.010 0.009 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.00 1

0.000 0.033 0.020 0.014 0.012 0.010 0.008 0.008 0.007 0.004. 0.003 0.002 0.001

. .

c)c)T)c)32 H C ET Find Report 18

EP- 8 1 0 2 ' Table 3.3.1 '

Settling Distances and Settling Velocities for K-65 Samples (continued)

Sample Time, h *Hl,cm

% 3

1 2.00 2 2.70 3 2.90 4 3.40 5 3.50 6 3.50

1.

*H2,cm *H3,cm *H,cm H,/H I l l

0.00 7.70 0.00 7.60 0.00 7.60 0.00 7.50 0.00 6.10 0.00 6.00 0.00 5.80 0.00 5.70

0.00

- HdH

0.97 0.94 0.86 0.84 0.71 0.62 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.53 0.44

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

- H a

0.03 0.06 0.14 0.16 0.29 0.38 0.38 0.41 0.42 0.45 0.51

0.98 0.94 0192 0.81 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.64 0.63 0.61 0.60

0.79 0.72 0.69 0.64 0.63 0.63

+ Seffling Velocity, cmh

0.00 7.60 3.65 2.23 1.60 1.10 0.80 0.69 0.58 0.28 0.18 0.08 0.00 0.20 0.30 0.27 0.45

0.36 0.32 0.27 0.25 0.21 0.15 0.12 0.08 0.00 2.00 1.35 0.97 0.85 0.70 0.58

Settling Velocity, cm/min

0.000 0.127 0.061 0.037 0.027 0.018 0.013

. 0.011 0.010 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.000 0.003 0.005 0.004 0.008 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.00 1 0.000 0.033 0.023 0.016 0.014 0.012 0.010

HCET Final Report 19

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

Sample

K65-40-T

Time, h

7 8 16 24 32 48 0 1 2 3 4

' 5 6 7 8 16 24 32 48

Table 3.3.1 - s-- 8 1 0 2 1

Settling Distances and Settling Velocities for K-65 Samples (continuea, - --

*HI, cm

3.70 3.80 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00

0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.80 0.90 0.90 1.00 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30

TI,, crn

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -

*H3, cm

- 5.80 5.70 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50

5.50 5.40 5.30 520 5.20 5.10 5-10 5.00 4.70 4.70 4.70 4.70

"H, cm

9.50 9.50 9.50 950 9.50 9.50 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00

H4-H

- 0.39 0.40 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42

0.08 0.10 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.15 0.17 022 0.22 0.22 0.22 -

* Please see Sample Bottle Diagram for HI. Hz, H3. H', and H identification.

+ Settlmg velocity was calculated using the following equation: H'frime = (H1+ H2)ll7me

NOTE: The following samples showed no settling a! all times: K65-S-lO-T, K65;25-10-T, K6540-5-T Sample Naming:

K65- :

K65-5- :

K65-5-5- :

K65-5-5-T:

K65-5-5-F 1.

Femald K-65.

Fimt number means W?. of K65 used

Second number means wt%. of btntonitc added.

T means sample taken from slurry tank

F means sample freshly prepand.

- HZB

- 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -

- HJH

- 0.6 1 0.60 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58

0.92 0.90 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.85 0.85 0.83 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 -

+Settling Velocity, cmh

0.53 0.48 0.25 0.17 0.13 0.08 0.00 0.50 0.30 0.23 0.20 0.16 0.15 0.13 0.13 . -.

0.08 0.05 0.04 0.03

Settling Velocity, crn/min

0.009 0.008 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.000

. 0.008 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.0005

i

00)T)034 HCET Final Report 20

9ev. 0 - .-- ---e 1 * n*n =- 8.1 0 2 i

Table 3.3.2 Weight Ratio of Settled Solids to Total Solids in K-65 Samples

Sample

K65-5-F

K65-5-T

K65-5-5-T

Time, h

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

16

24

32

48

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

16

24

32

48

0

1

2

3

4

*wm, %

0.00

87.00

87.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

0.00

87.81

88.42

88.58

89.03

8934

89.79

90.10

90.10

90.86

92.38

93.15

94.67

0.00

45.43 .

47.19

47.19

48.34

H C ET ,%a/ Report 21

~ r ~ - ~ n n 7 - 0 4 - 0 0 2 Rev. 0

*- 8.1 0 2 C . . .

Table 3.3.2 r-

Weight Ratio of Settled Solids to Total Solids in K-65 Samples-jcontinued)

Sample

K65-25-F

K65-25-T

Time, h 5

6

7

8

16

24

48

0

1

. 2 3

4.

5 6 7

8

16 24 32

48

0

1

2

8

16

24

32

48

*wJw, Yo

48.34

48.91

48.91

49.49

53.51

57.52

66.7 1

0.00

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

100.00 100.00 100.00

0.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

. ' 100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

i

22 HCET Final Report

3 p Table 3.3.2 Weight Ratio of Settled Solids to Total Solids in K-65 Samples'(c0ntinued)

Sample

K65-25-5-T

K65-35-T

K65-40-F

Time, h

0

1 2

3

4

5 6 7 8 16 24

48 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

16 24 32 48 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

*wn, %

0.00 67.52 68.51 71.19 71.86 76.21 79.23 79.23 80.23 '

81.24 82.24 85.26

0.00

100.00

100.00 100.00 100.00

100.00 100.00

100.00 100.00

100.00 100.00

100.00

100.00

0.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

fj430037 23 H C ET Final Report

2 Rev.0

I Table 3.3.2 Weight Ratio of Settled Solids to Total Solids in K-65 Samples (continued)

Sample

K65-40-T

Time, h

16

24

32

48

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

16

24

32

48

* Weight Ratio of Settled Solids to Total Solids

*wm, %

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

0.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

One interesting phenomenon was observed. After the 5% and 25% K-65 slurry with 5% bentonite was pumped in the loop and allowed to settle several hours, there was a clear liquid layer on the top. This phenomenon may suggest that there is some interaction between the K-65 and bentonite bounding certain chemical compounds in the K-65 materials after pumping, heating, and cooling processes. This point is also consistent with the viscosity and pressure drop data

Pipeline settling tests have been done for the K-65 material slurries. In these tests, the flow was set to maximum velocity; then the pump hquency was reduced systematically wtil the flow rate reading reached zero. The pressure gradient variation versus flow velocity was plotted and analyzed. Figure 3.3.10 shows the pressure gradient variation in the settling test of 5% K-65 and 10% bentonite slurry.

In some settling cases, the deviation among the pressure gradients of vertical and horizontal sections increased in the low flow velocity range. It may indicate that the particle settling in the sluny (or phase separation) exists. A rough estimation of the minimum transporting velocity is in the range of 0.5-1.5 ftls depending on the concentration. From experience and observation during the testing, a small amount of bentonite (5%) helps to suspend the particles in the slurry and reduce the minimum transporting velocity without high pressure drop increase.

I

no0038 H C ET Report 24

HCET-1002-04-002 Rev. 0

I 3.4 PRESSURE DROP RESULTS AND CORRELATION - 81-02 The pressure drop tests have been done for K-65 material slurries with and &&out bentonite. When bentonite was required in the slurry, it was directly and slowly added into the well-mixed K-65 materials and water accompanied by mixing. The added amounts were calculated based on the specified concentration. The residue slurry composition and case sequence are shown in Table 3.4.1.

Slurry Date Water kg K-65 kg

5%K-65 2/12 18.256 1.21 (0.8)

25%K-65 416 18.304 8.358 (0.8)

35% K-65 417 18.304 - 0.489 8.358 - 0.223 + 5.954

=17.815 = 14.089 (0.8)

40% K-65 418 17.815 - 0.49 14.089 - 0.389 + 6.446

= 17.324 =20.146 (0.8)

5%-K 4/21 15.71 2.46 (0.40)

5%-B 25%-K 4/22 15.71 - 0.4108 2.46 (0.4) - 0.064 (0.4) +

7.052 (0.8) 5%-B 40%-K 4/23 15.30 - 0.4178 2.396 (0.4) + 7.052 (0.8) - 5%-B 0.152 (1.0) + 6.512 (0.8)

5%-K 17.95 1.34 (0.8)

1 O%B

7.666 10.838 (0.4) + 0.666 (0.8)

K-65 material has 20% moisture. Dry K-65 density 2.7 kg/l, the water

Bentonite kg K-65 YO Bentonite YO 0 4.97 0

0 25.08 0 .

0 35.33 0

0 43.01 0

0.952 5.15 4.98

25.33 5.03 0.952- 0.025M.384

1.311- 36.12 4.91 0.030+0.304

2.15 kg 5% 10%

2.13 22.8 10%

density 1.0 k g l

K = K-65 material, B = BentoGrout”” material

The surrogate slurry pressure drop and comparison to the liot material slurry data are discussed in the surrogate development section. Au the hot loop pressure drop data and dimensionless results are attached in Appendix A and Appendix B, respectively. In this section, the temperature, orientation, and concentration effects on the pressure gradient are discussed. The dimensionless results are then presented, and some correlations are suggested.

Temperature Effect In general, as the temperature increases, the pressure gradient or bend resistance decreases as shown on Figures 3.4.1-3.4.4. It is well known that the water Viscosity decreases with

1

-

n o o o q H C ET Final Report 25

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0 7 - 8 1 0 2 I

I temperature increase. It is the main reason for this phenomenon. The reverse eftect occurs at the low velocity and high solid concentration, as the case of ~ 2 . 0 ft/s for the 25% K-65 and 5% bentonite slurry (Figure 3.4.2). When the velocity is low for very high solid concentration, the particle interaction influences the friction flow resistance. The interaction becomes stronger as the temperature becomes higher. However, the temperature effects on either case are small compared with the velocity variation effect.

Concentration Effect The slurries with different concentrations of silo material and bentonite were tested. The effects of both silo material concentration and bentonite concentration on the pressure drop are examined here. The pressure gradients versus flow velocity in the horizontal test section at different silo material concentrations are plotted in Figure 3.4.5 without bentonite and Figure 3.4.6 with bentonite. Figure 3.4.7 and Figure 3.4.8 show the pressure drop across the bend for the corresponding cases; the pressure gradient and bend resistance jrmease as the silo material concentration increases.

In Figure 3.4.5 and Figure 3.4.6, when the solid concentration is low, the pressure gradient has a power-law relationship with flow velocity - straight line in dual-log graphic (less than 35% silo material without bentonite, or 5% silo material with 5% bentonite), or only at high velocity range (4 ft/s to 10 ft/s for 25% silo material with 5% bentonite). In the non-power-law range, even a slight drop of pump head can cause a dramatic drop of flow rate or plugging. Therefore, it is suggested that the pipeline should be running in the power-law range. For example, for the 25% silo material slurry with 5% 'bentonite, the loop should run at least 4 Ws. For higher concentrations the critical velocity would be higher, in other words, a higher pump head.

The bentonite concentration influences the flow resistance in the same way. The pressure gradient curves of different bentonite concentrations for the 5% silo material slurry are shown in Figure 3.4.9. However, the bentonite concentration has more sensitive effect than silo material concentration.

Orientation Effect The pipeline orientation effect on the flow resistance can be observed from Figure 3.4.10 and Figure 3.4.11. At high flow velocity, the pressure gradients are the same for horizontal, downward vertical, and upward vertical sections. At low velocity, the difference arises. The differences come from the fact that the flow is not homogeneous any more. The phase separation may happen in the vertical sections. More details about phase distribution need specific experimental investigation.

Correlation Pressure gradient correlations

When the solid concentration is low, the pressure gradient has a power-law relationship with flow velocity. The power-law range is recommended for pipeline system running condition. Efforts were made to regress a general correlation between pressure gradient and flow velocity. The following correlation was obtained.

- dP = (0.07945 + 0 2736 C t1.389 + 0.1347 C ~ . 4 ' ' a )U 000040 26

dl H C ET Final Report

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

I The equation was correlated in the following test condition. -.

c b = 0, 0.25 2 Ck2 0.05, 10 2 U 2 2; and 0.40 2: ck> 0.25, 10 2 U 24

cb=o.o~,c~=o.o~, 102U22; andC1,=0.25, 1 0 2 ~ 2 4

where, dp/d has the unit of InH20/4 the velocity takes the unit of Ws. Cb and Ck are the concentration of bentonite and K-65 material in decimal number, respectively.

In the power-law range, the f = f(Re) relationship should exist for different pipe diameters. Therefore, the pressure gradient for the larger tube diameter can be predicted using the following modified equation.

- dP = (0.07945 + 0.2736Ck1389 + 0.1347Cy'4B)~'"5 /d"' dl

d takes the unit of Inch. The power-law range for a larger diameter tube may be different fiom a one-inch tube.

The comparison between experimental data and prediction fiom the correlation is shown'in Figure 3.4.12.

k P

Friction factor and resistance factor The following fiiction factor and bend resistance factor correlations are proposed for prediction. I

f = 144.4 Re*-'.856 K=236.85Re*-'"* Re* I 1 0 0

K=0.8186Re*-0*'24 100 <Re* < 2 . 0 ~ 1 0 ~ -0.0432 f = O.O355Re*

The proposed equations are regressed based on the experimental data of K-65 and bentonite slurries in the following range:

0.05 < c, < 0.40, 0.0 < cb < 0.05

and 0.05 < CS < 0.25, 0.0 < cb < 0.10

The testing data points and the correlations are shown in Figures 3.4.13 and 3.4.14 for comparison.

HC ET Final Report 27

4.0 SURROGATE DEVELOPMENT

- Materials Surrogate #1 (wt.”/. ) Surrogate #2 (wt.”/)

Sand 40 44.5

soil 40 44.5

HCET-T002-06002 Rev. 0

7; 8.1 0 2

Brand

Manufacture

?

VitaGreea

VitaGreen Inc., Florida

4.4 SURROGATE FORMULAS

Physical surrogates were developed to simulate the rheological and hydraulic properties of the K-65 materials. Testing was conducted in the cold loop which is identical to the hot loop. Two surrogate formulations have been developed and tested in the cold loop. Table 4.1.1 shows the composition of each surrogate. The sand and the soil were provided by a local vendor. The sand is a fine construction sand The soil is a topsoil manufactured by VitaGreen Inc. The soil compositions of sand, peat, and suspended materials have been identified by washing, drying, and weighmg. The identified results and other information are shown in Table 4.1.2. Based on the particle size information provided by FDF, the sand and the soil have been ground and sieved into particles with the size distribution shown in Table 4.1.3.

Composition

Weight (gram)

Wt. %

Sand Peat Suspension

151.5 29.44 19

15.7 14.7 9.6

I I Diatomaceous Earth I l l 1 5

on0042 HC ET Fins/ Report 28

Rev. 0

Particle S i z e Sand (wt YO)

I m m 10

Mash # 60 18

Mash # 80 27

Mash#>80 45

Soil (wt Yo)

10

18

27

45 . .

Surrogate #1 was initially prepared and tested in the cold loop. The pressure drop measurements of this surrogate were compared to those obtained from the hot loop using K-65 materials. The results are consistent when the surrogate concentration is in the rqnge from 5% to 2590 without and with 5% bentonite. As the bentonite concentration was increased to 10% for the 5% surrogate slurry, the cold loop was plugged, which was not observed in the hot loop under the same condition. The chemicals CaCO3 and MgCO3 presenting in surrogate #1 are assumed to interact with the bentonite to cause the plugging. Based on this consideration, surrogate #2 has been developed and tested without these two chemicals. The pressure measurements with surrogate #2 are also consistent with that of K-65 materials when the bentonite concentration in the surrogate is 5 % with 5, 25, and 40 % surrogates. Additionally, the pressure drop of the surrogate #2 mixture of-5% sunogate with 10% bentonite is consistent with that of the K-65 materials.

After the pressure drop data were compared between the surrogates ahd the K-65 materials, the physical properties of the surrogates, such as pH, density, viscosity, particle size distribution, settled solids percentage, and settling behaviors, have also been measured and compared to those of the K-65 materials. The measurements of the settling behaviors have been described in section 3.3; that is, the settling phases have been defined as three portions of clear layer, cloudy layer, and settled layer. The comparison of the pressure drops and the physical properties of the surrogate with those of the K-65 materials indicates that surrogate #2 has the consistent pressure. drops and similarity of the properties under the testing range, and it could be recommended as a good substitute for the K-65 materials.

4.2 PHYSICAL PROPERN DATA The physical properties of surrogates such as pH, density, settling velocity, and viscosity have been measured at three temperatures.of 4, 25, and 40°C for both surrogate #1 and #2. The measurement methods and instruments used for these properties are the same as those used for the K-65 materials. These measured property data are shown in Table 4.2.1.

'-. moo43 29 HCET Final Report

HCFT-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

t

Sample Name

S 1-5-F** S 1-5-T S 1 -5-5-F S 1-5-5-T S 1-5-10-F S 1-51 0-T S2-5-F S2-5-5-F S2-5-5-T 52-51 0-T

S 1 -25-F S 1-25-T S 1-25-5-F S 1-25-5-T S 1-25- 10-F S 1-25- 1 0-T S2-25-F S2-25-5-F S2-25-5-T S2-25-10-F S2-25-10-T S 1 -40-F S 1-40-T S2-40-F S240-5-F S2-40-5-T

density

Table 4.2.1 ?- 81 0 2

-7

reading:

Surrogate Slurry Physical Properties

Density, g/cmJ

I"c - 1.04 0.99 1.05 1.05 1.12

1.00 1.04 1.02 1.05

1.16 1.09 i 2 7 1.29 1.29 1.25 1.16 1.19 1.16 1.27 1.23 128 1.25 1.31 134 1.28

1.i2

-

v"c - 1.03 0.99 1.05 1.04 1.11 1.12 1-01 1.03 1.02 1.06

1.13 1.08 127 1.26 128 1.23 1.15 1.18 1.14 1.25 1.19 1.27 125 1.31 132 1.26

-

-

- 40°C 1.02 0.98 1.02 1.02 1.15 1.13 0.97 1.06 1.03 1.05 1.14 1.07 1.25 1.27 1.27 1.24 1.16 1.16 1.15 1.24 1.18 1.25 1.26 1.29 1.33 1.27

-

-

PH - 4OC 8.83 8.79 8.27 8.62 8.86 8.86 7.52' 8.53 8.54 8.66

8.93 8.88 8.66 8.66 8.87 8.38 7.80 7.63 7.57 7.69 7.80 8.82 8.66 7.77 7.71 7.80

-

-

- * * Freshly prepared samples do not give good viscosity ax Sample Naming S2: Fernald Surrogate without MgCQ and CaCQ. S 1 : Femald Surrogate with MgC03 and CaCO3. 25,35,40: Slurry concentration in wt??. 5: Bentonite concentration in wt??. F Sample prepared before running experiment (fresh). T Sample taken from sluny tank

- 25°C 8.79 8.58 8.83 8.72 9.04 8.82 7.46 8.49 8.43 833

8.52 8.55 9.06. 9.00 8.65 8.36 7.29 7.85 7.73 7.33 7.5 8.30 8.14 7.39 7.15 733

-

-

- 40°C 8.63 8.48 8.47 8.32 8.82 8.69 7.28 832 8.25 8.24

8.30 8.33 8.41 8.47 8.58 8.4

7.08 7.12 7.23 7.09 7.4 8.04 7.89 7.09 7.07

7

-

-

- ..

Viscosity, CP . - 4°C 1.7 1.9 14.2 8.6 41 1 42 1 1.5 12.5 10.7 312

10.1 10

76.1 91.4 1664 1496 10

72.8 86

1263 1214 21.9 22.7 23.5 904 745

-

-

m

- 25°C 2.1 3 -3 14.4 10.4 481 516 1.9 13.3 11.3 315

12.4 10.8 78.7 97.3 1689 1596 10.7 75.5 91.1 1387 1237 24.5 25.6 26.6 1002 790

-

-

lsettle

- 40°C 1.8 2.3 15.6 12.4 514 575 2

14.4 11.9 378

13.6 12;6 83.7 107

1793 163 1 10.8 83.5 98.4 1428 1351 26.1 27.9 27.4 1047 840

-

-

- st.

I

c)T)l)044! H C E T ~ i n a l ~ e p o r t 30

u-=--rnn?-n~-no2 Rev. 0

I--

7- 8 1 0 2 The density measurements show that the temperature does not haveai important effect on the results in the experimental range, but the solids concentration does for both surrogates. The effects are reflected in Figures 4.2.1 and 4.2.2. The relationships of the density and the total solids concentration of surrogate and bentonite have been correlated by the following equations:

Surrogate # 1:

?

p, = 2225.7C: + 29.147Ct + 992.92

Sunogate # 2:

p, = 3 1 O.02Ct2 + 599.4Ct + 971.1

4OoC 2 T 2 4OC, 0.10 2 Cb when 0.25 2 & 2 0.05, and 0.05 2 cb When C, = 0.40

pc is sluny effective density with the unit of Kg/m3; Ct is the concentration of total solids including surrogate solids and bentonite. In the equation, 0.25 m e w 25% solid in the sluny. The density could also be calculated with the unit of lb/@ by multiplying these coefficients in the above equation by 0.0625.

The temperature effect on the surrogate viscosity was observed for most of the measurements in the range of 4 to 40°C. The results showed that the sluny viscosity increased as the temperature went up. This is opposite to the regular fluids such as water and other homogeneous solutions whose viscosity decreases when the temperature increases. The special viscosity behavior for the surrogate slurries could be caused by the interactions of the surrogate chemicals and the bentonite. The interactions could be enhanced when the temperature is higher. The solids concentration effect on the viscosity has been observed for a l l samples at each temperature level. The viscosity dramatically increases with the solids concentration, especially when the bentonite is presented in the slurries. The dependencies of the viscosity on the solids concentration including bentonite have been shown in Figures 4.2.3 and 4.2.5. The relationships between the viscosity and the solids concentration have been correlated by the following equations for the cases with or without bentonite.

Surrogate # 1 :

a

qe = 1.6348e7.’2Cj

Surrogate # 2:

7;1, = 1383e7-60Ci

Surrogate # 2 (with 5% bentonite): 12.1SW II, = 32047e

The viscosity unit is cP. The surrogate concentration C, and the total concentration Ct including bentonite take decimal number 0.25 (25%). The viscosity is an exponential function of the solids concentration. The viscosity for surrogate l’with bentonite was not correlated because there are only two data points available. These two correlations are made for room temperature around 25OC.

H C ET Final Report 31

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

11

12

- -l 4.3 PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS RESULTS *. 2

The samples of surrogates that were tested for particle size distribution are summarized below in Table 4.3.1.

top of supematant 4.3.11 5% 5 no yes, 1:625

top of supernatant 4.3.12 5% 5 yes yes, 1:625

top of supernatant 4.3.13 25% 5 no yes, 1:625

top of supernatant 4.3.14 25% 5 Yes yes, 1:625

Sample 7. 5% Surrogate Unpumped Slurry Without Bentonite Top and Bottom of Supernatant, Undiluted Figure 4.3.1 indicates the distribution of particles in the supematant liquid of the surrogate, comprised of 5% solids without added bentonite. Figure 4.3.2 representing increasing depth of sampling on the supernatant illustrates that there is essentially no change on the particle size distribution throughout the supernatant portion. Thus, in this area, the particle size distribution is homogeneous.

Top of Red Layer Material, Diluted 1-625. An attempt to measure the particle sizes in the red layer which separated out below the supernatant was unsuccessful in that blockage of the sensor channel occurred. Addition of 25ml of water to this layer also resulted in blockage during attempts to measure it. Further dilution of I d of this suspension with 25ml of water, corresponding to an overall dilution of 1:625, followed by measurement of the supernatant was successful. These results are shown in Figure 4.3.3 taken at a depth of position 3 (approximately

c)c)I)c)46;

t

32 HC ET Final Report

I

30mm below the top surface of the liquid). Clearly, there is an increaed chTofTarZr particles, with 50% of the particles larger than 7pm, as compared to 50% of the particles larger than 3pm in the original supematant. At a deeper depth (position 6, not shown) no change in particle characteristics was observed.

-l

Top of Black Luyer Material, Diluted 1:625. Below the red layer discussed above, a thin black layer was observed. This layer was diluted 1:625 and the particle size distribution measured. Figure 4.3.4 shows the results of this measurement Here there is a si@cant increase in particle size with approximately 50% of the particles being greater than 1 l p . A second reading taken slightly deeper into this layer afforded an even greater particle size profile.

Sample 8. 5% Surrogate Pumped Slurry without Bentonite Top of Supernatant, Undiluted. Figure 4.3.5 shows the results obtained upon measuring the supematant liquid on a 5% surrogate without bentonite, which had been previously pumped in the loop. Additional measurement at other depth positions (not shown) indicated the same homogeneity experienced with the unpumped sample. Of interest is the relative increased number of particles in the 6pm to 2 0 p range. One would have expected a decrease because of pumping. One does observe a slight increase in smaller particles compared to the unpumped material with slightly greater than 3pm particles accounting for 50% of the population, while somewhat less than 3pm particles for the same percentage in the pumped sample.

Top of Red Settled Material, Undiluted. Figure 4.3.6 shows the particle characteristics for a sample taken just at the top of the red layer, in an undiluted mode. Here 50% of the particles are larger than llpm corresponding to the same large size increase as was observed with the unpumped sample.

1

Sample 9. 25% Surrogate Unpumped Slurry without Bentonite Top of Supernatant, Undiluted. Figure 4i3.7 shows the results of particle count testing on supernatant liquid of the 25% solids surrogate material before pumping and without bentonite. These results m e r somewhat fiom the fresh 5% material, with 50% of the particles being greater than 4pm, compared to 50% greater than 3pm in the 5%. Homogeneity in the supernatant was again observed in this case (other depth positions not shown).

Top of Red Settled Layer, Undiluted. Figure 4.3.8 shows the results obtained upon sampling at the top of the red layer. A marked inmase in particle size is indicated as expected, with it being somewhat greater than that observed in the 5% case.

Sample I O . 25% Surrogate Pumped Slurry without Bentonite Top of Supernatant] Undiluted and Top of Red Settled Layer, Undiluted. Figure 4.3.9 shows the particle size distribution in the supernatant liquid for 25% solid surrogate that had been pumped. Very little change is observed from the unpumped material (Figure 4.3.7) or from the 5% unpumped material (Figure 4.3.1). Again homogeneity was observed at other depths throughout the supernatant layer. Sampling at the top of the red layer produced the expected increase in i

i - 8 1 0 2. . HCET-T002-04-002 R e v . 0 I

- particle size as shown in Figure 4.3.10. Here approximately 50% ?i€ the particles were greater . .

1 than 1 7 p . This represents very Iittle change fiom the unpumped material (Figure 4.3.8).

Sample 11. 5% Surrogate Unpumped Slurry with 5% Bentonite Top of Supernatant, DiZuted 1:25. Figure 4.3.11 shows the particle size distribution of the supernatant layer of 5% unpumped surrogate. This sample needed to be diluted 1:25 in order to obtain a reading. Comparison to Figure 4.3.1 of the corresponding material without bentonite indicates a slightly increased particle size population in the sample containing the bentonite. It was not possible to obtain a measurement of the separated solid fraction, because blockage of the instrument occurred

Sample 1 I. 5% Surrogate Pumped Slurry with 5% Bentonite Top of Supernatant, DiZuted 1:25. Similar measurement of the pumped material to that of the unpumped produced the results shown in Figure 4.3.12. Again 1:25 dilution of the sample was required to take the mewement. Again a slight increase in particle size is evident compared to the unpumped material (Figure 4.3.11) with 50% of the particles greater than 7 p being observed as compared to 50% greater than 5 p in the unpumped sample. This increase seems to be consistent with the previous data reported.

Sample 12. 25% Surrogate Unpumped Slurry with 5% Bentonite Top of Supernatant, DiZuted 1,625. Figure 4.3.13 shows the findings on the supernatant particle size distribution of the unpumped 25% solids surrogate with 5% bentonite added. The measurement required a 1:625 dilution in order to obtain a reading fiom the particle counter. This material showed a relatively high particle count with 50% of the particles greater than 7pm.

1

Sample 12. 25% Surrogate Pumped Slurry with 5% Bentonite Top of Supernatant, DiZuted 1:625. The corresponding pumped material at a 1:625 dilution is shown 'in Figure 4.3.14. In this case, very little change is observed fiom the unpunped surrogate (Figure 4.3.13).

Effects of Pumping on Particle Size The effects of pumping on the particle size are summarized in Table 4.3.2 and Table 4.3.3 for supematant and settled material, respectively. The data may suggest that the pumping process breaks down some of the particles into d e r sizes.

000048

HCET Final Report 34

HCET-TO02-WOZ Rev. 0

F--- 8 1 . 0 2 ;

Concentration SolidKoncentration

Bentonite

5%+0%

25o/a+o%

5%+5%

25%+5%

- 1 Table 4.3.2 ' -. Effect of Pumping on the Particle Size Distribution of Supernatant Liquid of Surrogate

I Supernatant Liquid after Settling I Unpumped Pumped

Particle Size Size of Particles With Particle Size of Particles With Range, pm Greater than 50% Size Range, Greater than 50%

Population, pm Pm Population, pm

2 - 8 3.1 2 - 30 3.2

2 - 1 1 3.9 2 - 20 4.0

2 - 10 4.8 2 - 15 6.0

2 - 30 6.8 2 - 32 7.2

Unpumped

Concentration Particle Size Size of Particles With

Bentonite Population, pm SolidKoncentration Range, pm Greater than 50%

5o/(rto% 2 - 2 0 7.5

25o/aH)% 2 - 40 16

Pumped

Size Rang$, Greater than 50% Particle Size of Particles With

Pm Population, pm

2 - 4 5 13.0

2 - 4 1 17.0

The data gathered for the particle count distribution of both the K-65 material and the surrogate indicate that pronounced effects are produced due to the solid concentration. Examination of Tables 4.3.2 and 4.3.3 indicates a general increase in mean particle size with increasing solids concentration. This is particularly evident in'the case of the surrogate settled material in Table 4.3.3 where the particle size having greater than 50% population more than doubles in going from 5% solids to 25% solids 7 . 5 ~ to 1 6 p This finding follows the increase in pressure drop measurements with increasing solids. Bentonite also increases the mean particle size with increasing concentration and likewise increases the pressure drops. It is possible that hydration effects will produce some agglomeration to account for this.

It appears that pumping does not have as great an effect on particle size as had been expected. In general, the particle size range and the particle sizes with greater than 50% population did not

c)f)T)c)49 35 H C ET final Report

-. 8 IHY) 2' ev. 0

change much except for the case of 5%+5% supernatant and the 5%+0% Zttlgd material where i they went from 4.8p.m to 6.0pm and 7 . 5 ~ to 13.0pm, respectively.

It appears that the particle size distribution is dependent on both the solids content and the bentonite content of the K-65 based upon the particle size profiles which give a greater than 50% population. The results are consistent with increased pressure drop observation both with increasing bentonite concentrations and with increasing solids concentration. The effect of the bentonite on the particle size characteristics may be due to agglomeration due to hydration. This may be verified by further work on particle size characteristics on bentonite itself.

4.4 SURROGATE SLURRY PARTICLE SETTLING DATA The surrogate slurry settling behavior has been recorded and measured using the same procedures as those used for the K-65 materials. The samples were prepared or collected in a 40Oml sample bottle. The height and the diameter of the bottle are 5 and 2.75 inch. At time equal to zero, the slurry samples were well mixed and placed on a stationary bench for settling. Pictures were taken at different times until the solid phase in the slurry was totally settled. The distances defined in section 3.3 were measured at different times. The settling velocity is calculated by the same equation described in section 3.3. The measured settling distances, the ratios of the distances to the sample height, and the calculated settling velocity are shown in Table 4.4.1 for surrogate number 1 and 4.4.2 for surrogate number 2. Additionally, the total settled distance and the incremental settled distance along with settling time have been plotted in Figures 4.4.1 to 4.4.15.

Sample

S-1-5-F

Table 4.4.1 Fernald Surrogate #I Settling Distances and Settling Velocities

Time, h

0 1

2

3 4

5

6

7 8

16

24

0.60

0.60

1 S O 1.70 1.80 1.80

1.80

1.90 3 .OO 3.00

8.00

8.00 7.10

6.90 6.80

6.80

6.80 6.70

5.60

5.60

0.80 0.80

0.80 0.80 0.80 .

0.80

0.80.

0.80

0.80

0.80

- VI, cm

- 9.40 9.40

9.40 9.40

9.40 9.40

9.40.

9.40 9.40

9.40

9.40

rn

0.06

0.06 0.16

0.18 0.19 0.19

0.19 020

0.32

0.32 -

- B2B

0.85

0.85 0.76

0.73 0.72 0.72

0.72

0.71

0.60

0.60 -

m

0.09

0.09

0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.09 -

+Settling Velocity,

cmh

0.00

8.60

4.30 2.87

. 2.15 1.72 1.43

1.23 1.08

0.54

0.36

J

Settling Velocity, cm/min

. 0.00

0.14

0.07 0.05

0.04

0.03 0.02

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.0 1

H C ET Final Repoe 36

- - %:I 0 2 j Rev. 0

Sample

SuRR1-5-1

SuRR1-25-T

!

Table 4.4.1 ' I Femald Surrogate #1 Settling Distances and Settling Velocities (continued)

Time, h

48

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

16

24

48

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

16

24

48

0

1

2

- 3.50

0.70

1.00

1.20

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

0.70

0.80

1.00

1.30

1.50

1.50

1.70

2.50

2.70

3.10

0.50

0.50

- 5.10

8.70

830

8.10

8.00

7.90

7.80

7.80

7.30

6.80

6.30

6.50

6.30

5.50

5.10

4.90

4.90

4.70

3.60

3.30

3.00

8.10

8.50

- 0.80

0.60

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

2.40

2.50

3.10

3.20

3.20

3.20

3.20

3.50

3.60

3.60

1.00

0.60

*H, cm

- 9.40

10.00

10.00

10.00

10.00.

10.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

9.60

9.60

9.60

9.60

9.60

9.60

9.60

9.60

9.60

9.60

9.60

9.70

9.60

9.60

9.60

8[1/8

- 0.37

0.07

0.10

0.12

0.13

0.14

0.15

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.07

0.08

0.10

0.14

0.16

0.16

0.18

0.26

0.28

0.32

0.05

0.05 -

rn - 0.54

0.87

0.83

0.81

0.80

0.79

0.78

0.78

0.73

0.68

0.63

0.68

0.66

0.57

0.53

0.51

0.5 1

0.49

0.38

0.34

0.3 1

0.84

0.89 -

m - 0.09

0.06

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.25

0.26

0.32

0.33

0.33

0.33

0.33

0.36

0.38

0.37

0.10

0.06

+Settling V e I o c i ty ,

C d i l

0.18

0.00

9.40

4.70

3.10

233

1.86

1.55

1.33

1.16

0.58

0.39

0.19

0.00

7.50

3.60

2.37

I .63

1.28

1.07

0.91

0.80

0.38

025

0.13

0.00

8.60

4.50

Settling Velocity, cmJmin

0.003

0.00

0.16

0.08

0.05

0.04

. 0.03

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.003

0.00

0.13

0.06

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.0 1

0.004

0.002

0.00

0.14

0.08

( -KWWl HCET Final Report 37

8 1 0 2 HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

- - 1 L. Table 4.4.1

Fernald Surrogate #1 Settling Distances and Settling Velocities (continued) ~~ ~

Sample Time, h

3 4 5 6 7 8 16 24 48 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 16 24 48 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 16

‘HI, cm

0.90 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.20

130 1.50 2.00 2.50

0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.20 1.20 1.30 3.20 3.20

0.00 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 2.60

7.20 6.80 6.80 6.50

’ 6.50 630 5.10 4.60 4.10

4.40 3.70 3 .OO 2.80 2.60 2.60 2.50 0.00 0.00 0.00

6.70 6.20 6.00 5.70 5.70 5.50 5.50 5.50 2.90 -

’Hk cm

1.50 1.80 1.80 1.90 1.90 2.00 3.00 3.00 3.00

3.90 4.50 5.10 5.20 5.20 5.20 5.20 5.80 5.80 5.80

230 2.60 2.80

-3.10 3.10 330 330 330 3.50

*H, cm

9.60 9.60 9.60 9.60 9.60 9.60 9.60 9.60 9.60 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9,oo 9.00 9.00 9.00

31m

0.09 0.10 0.10 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.16 0.21 0.26

0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.36 0.36 0.36

0.00 0.02

0.02 0.02 0.02

0.02 0.02 0.02 0.29 -

0.75 0.71 0.71 0.68 0.68 0.66 0.53 0.48 0.43

0.49 0.41 0.33 0.3 1 0129 0.29 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.74 0.69 0.67 0.63 0.63 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.32 -

0.16 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.21 031 0.31 0.31

0.43 0.50 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.64 0.64 0.64

0.26 0.29 0.31 0.34 034 0.37 037 037 039 -

+Settling Velocity,

c m h

2.70 1.95 1.56 1.28 1.10 0.95 0.41 0.28 0.14 0.00 6.50 2.55 1 S O 0.98 0.76 0.63 0.54 0.48 0.20 .

0.13 0.07 0.00 6.70 3.20 2.07 1.48 1.18 0.95 0.81 0.71 0.34

Settling Velocity, c d m i n

0.05

0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.005 0.002 0.00 0.11 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.0 1 0.01 1 0.01 0.0 1 0.003 0.002 .

0.001 0.00 0.11 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01

HC ET Final Report 38

HCFT-T002-04-002 Rev. 0 8 1 0 2 . I

Sample Time, h *HI, cm *H2, cm *H3, cm *H, cm HIM H2/H HJH *Settling Settling Velocity, Velocity,

C X d h c d m i n

24 2.60 2.70 3.70 9.00 0.29 0.30 0.41 0.22 0.004

48 2.60 2.70 3.70 9.00 0.29 030 0.41 0.11 0.002

Please see Sample Bottle D i m for HI, Hz, &,,a, and H identification in Section 33.

+ S d i g velocity was calculated using the following equation: H'Aime = (H1+ H2yTime

Sample Naming:

SURlU :

suRR1-5- :

suRR1-5-T

SURR1-5-F

Femald Surrogate with MgCG and CaCa.

First number means wt%. of solid mix used

T means sample taken from slurry tank.

F means sample freshly prepared

c

n)C)c)os3 HCET Final Report 39

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

Sample

SURR2-5-F

SURR2-25-F

SURR2-40-F

- 8 1 0 2 - . - Table 4.4.2

Fernald Surrogate #2 Settling Distances and Settling Velocities

Time, h

0

1 2

3 4

5

6 7

8 16

24

48

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

16

24

48

0

1

2

. 3

4

5 6

*HI, cm

0.60

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.00

1 .oo 1 .oo 1.50

2.00

2.50

030

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.90

1.00

1.50

0.2

0.3 0.4

0.4

0.5

0.6

- *H2, cm

8.80 8.50

8.40

8.30

8.30

8.30

8.30

7.80 7.30 6.80

6.60

6.00

5.60

5.40

5.30

5.30

5.30

4.80

4.50

4.00

520 4.90

4.40

4.40 4.30

420

G

0.70

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80 0.80

0.80 0.80 0.80

1.80

230

2.60

2.70

2.70

2.70

2.70

3.00

3.20

3.20

4.10

4.3 0

4.70 4.70

4.70

4.70

- 'H, cn

- 10.10

10.10

10.10

10.10

10.10

10.10

10.10

10.10

10.10

10.10

10.10

10.10

8.70

8.70

8.70

8.70

8.70

8.70

8.70

8.70

8.70

8.70

8.70

8.70

9.50 9.50

9.50

9.50

9.50 9.50

9.50

-

-

-

B1/L

0.06 0.08

0.09

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.15

0.20 0.25

0.03

D.05

D.06

D.07

D.08

D.08

D.08

D.10

D.11

D.17

3.02

3.03

3.04

3.04

3.05 3.06 -

'Settling Velocity,

C d b

0.00

9.40

4.70

3.10

2.33

1.86

1.55

1.33

1.16

0.58

0.39 0.19

0.00'

7.30

3.45

2.13

153

1.20

1.00

0.86

0.75

0.36

0.23

0.11

0.00

5.40

2.60 - 1.60 1.20

0.96

0.80

'i

Settling Velocity, cm/min

0.00

0.16 0.08 0.05

0.04

0.03

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.003

0.00

0.12 I

0.06

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.004

0.002

0.00

0.09

0.04 0.03

0.02

0.02

0.0 1

c)C)c)os4 H C ET Final Report 40

$- 8.1 0 2 12 Rev. 0

Sample

SURR2-5-5-F

SURR2-255-F

Table 4.4.2 -. 9

Femald Surrogate #2 Settling Distances and Settling Velocities (continued)

Time, h

7

8

16

24

48

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

16

24

48

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

16

24

48

0

1

2

- 0.6

0.6

0.7

0.8

. 0.9

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 0

0 0

0

0 0

0

0

0

- *HI, cm

- 4.20

420

3.90

3.30

. 3.20

9.40

9.40

9.40

9.40

9.40

9.40

9.40

930

930

9.30

7.50

7.50

7.30

7.30

7.30

7.30

7.30

7.30

7.10

7.10

5.50

5.20

9gz

- 4.70

4.70

4.90

5.40

5.40

0.20

0.20

0.20

030

0.20

0.20

0.20

030

0.30

030

1 .oo 1.00

120

120

1.20

1.20

120

120

1.40

1.40

1.50

1.80 -

'H,cm

- 9.50

9.50

9.50

9.50

9.50

9.60

9.60

9.60

9.60

9.60

9.60

9.60

9.60

9.60

9.60

9.60

9.60

8.50

8.50

8.50

8-50

8.50

8.50

8.50

-

8.50

8.50

8.50

8.50

8.50

7.00

7.00

7.00 -

cII/B

- 0.06

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00 0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00 0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00 -

El;,/a

- 0.44

0.44

0.41

0.35

0.34

0.98

0.98

0.98

0.98

0.98

0.98

0.98

0.97

0.97

0.97

0.88

0.88

0.86

0.86

0.86

0.86

0.86

0.86

0.84

0.84

0.79

0.74

m - 0.49

0.49

0.52

0.57

0.57

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.12

0.12

0.14

0.14

0.14

0.14

0.14

0.14

0.16

0.16

0.21

0.26 -

+Settling Velocity,

C U l l h

0.69

0.60

0.29

0.17

0.09

0.00

9.50

4.70

3.13

2.35

1.88

1.57

1.34

1.18

0.58

0.39

0.19

0.00

7.70

3.75

2.50

1.83

1.46

1.22

1.04

0.91

0.46

0.30

0.15

0.00

5.50

2.60

Settling Velocity, c d m i n

0.01

0.01

0.00

0.003

0.001

0.00

0.16

0.08

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.003

0.00

0.13

0.06

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.005

0.002

0.00

0.09

0.04

H C ET Final Report 41

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

- 8 1 0 2

Sample

SURR2-5-IT

SURR2-25-5-T

I

- Table 4.4.2 'L . s

Femald Surrogate #2 Settling Distances and Settling Velocities (continued) 1

Time, h

3

4

5

6

7

8

16

24

48

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

16

24

48

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

16

24

- *HI, cm

- 0

0

0

0

0

0

0

, o 0

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00 -

7

*H2, cm

- 5.20

4.90

4.80

4.70

4.70

4.70

4.60

. 4.50

430

9.70

9.70

9.70

9.70

9.70

9.70

9.70

9.60

9.50

9.50

9.00

8.90

8.90

8.90

8.90

8.90

.8.90

8.90

8.80

8.60 -

- 1.80

2.10

230

230

230

230

2.40

2.50

2.80

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

020

0.30

0.30

0.80

0.90

0.90

0.90

090

0.90

0.90

0.90

1.00

1.20

- *& cn

- 7.00

7.00

7.00

7.00

7.00

7.00

7.00

7.00

7.00

9.80

9.80

9.80

9.80

9.80

9.80

9.80

9.80

9.80

9.80

9.80

9.80

9.80

9.80

9.80

9.80

9.80

9.80

9.80

9.80

9.80

9.80

9.80 -

HI/E

- 0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

D.00

D.00

D.00

D.00

D.00

D.00

D.00

D.00

D.00

D.00

D.00

D.00

0.00

0.00 -

a - 0.74

0.70

0.69

0.67

0.67

0.67

0.66

0.64

0.60

0.99

0.99

0.99

0.99

0.99

0.99

0.99

0.98

0.97

0.97

0.92

0.91

0.91

0.91

0.91

0.91

0.91

0.91

0.90

0.88 -

- Ha

- 0.26

030

031

033

033

033

034

036

0.40

0.01

0.01

0.0 1

0.0 1

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.03

0.08

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.10

0.12 -

'Settling Velocity,

Cm/h

1.73

1.23

0.96

0.78

0.67

0.59

0.29

0.19

0.09

0.00

9.70

4.85

3.23

2.43

1.94

1.62

1.39

1.21

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00

9.00

4.45

2.97

2.23

1.78

1.48

1.27

1.11

0.55

0.36

Settling Velocity, cm/min

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.005

0.003

0.001

0.00

0.16

0.08

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.03

0.02 .

0.02

0.01 .

)

0.0 1

0.003

0.00

0.15

0.07

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

HCET Fins/ Repod 42

P HCE

- 8 1 0 2

Sample

lm- Table 4.4.2 . - .

Fernald Surrogate #2 Settling Distances and Settling Velocities (iontinued)

SURR2-40-5-T

Time, h

48

0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

16

24

48

- *H1, cm

- 0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00 7

- *H2, cm

- 8.40

520

5.20

4.80

4.60

4.00

3.70

3.60

3.40

3.30

3.30

3.20 -

- kH3, cm

1.40

3.80

3.80

420

4.40

5.00

5.30

5.40

5.60

5.70

5.70

5.80

- %, cm

- 9.80.

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00 -

HI/R

- 0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00 0.00

0.00

0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 -

.Y Please see Sample Bottle Diagram for HI, H,, & H', and H identification in Section 33 .

+ Settling velocity was calculated usingthe following equation: RRime = (Hl+ =)Rime

NOTE: The following samples showed no d i n g at dl times: SuRRZs-lO-T, SURRZ-25-10-T.

Sample Naming:

S U R R 2 :

SURRZ5- :

Femald Smgate without MgCO, and CaCO,.

Fnst number means Wph. of solid mix used.

SURR2-5-T :

SURR2-5-F :

T means sample taken from slurry tank.

F means sample h h l y prepared.

- 0.86

0.58

0.58

0.53

0.51

0.44

0.41

0.40

0.38

0.37

0.3.7

0.36 -

rn - 0.14

0.42

0.42

0.47

0.49

0.56

0.59

0.60

0.62

0.63

0.63

0.64 -

'Settling Velocity,

cmh

0.18

0.00

520

2.60

1.60

1.15

0.80

0.62

0.5 1

0.43

0.21

0.14

0.07

1. 0

Settling Velocity, cmhin

0.003

0.00

0.09

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.0 1

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.003

0.002

0.001

0I)T)n!57

H C E T ~ i n a l ~ e p o r t 43

8 1 0 2 HCET-TO02-dd002 Rev. 0 I

. The weight ratio of solids in the settled phase to the total solids in the s q i e could be calculated j by the following equation:

W3/W = (Total solids - Solids in suspension) I Total solids

= (vpw - V2p2W2) I v p w

= 1 - v2N) (Pz/P) (w2w

= 1- (H2m ( P 2 m (w2w

where W3 = weight percentage of solids in settled phase, wt.%

V = sample volume

P = sample density

W

V2

p2

= solids concentration of sample, wt.%

= volume of suspension layer

= density of suspension layer

W2 H and H2 are the sample height and the settling distance as defined in section 3.3.

The solids concentration, W2, and the density, p2, of the suspension layer were determined by sampling, drying, and weighing of 10 ml sample taken from the middle height of the suspension

solids in the sample can be accurately calculated. The Wz and p2 were not able to be measured during the settling because sampling from the bottle would affect the settling behavior. To estimate the ratio at each settling time point, the final p2 and W2 could be approximated for each time point. Based on this approximation, the weight ratio has been estimated at each settling time using the above equation. The estimated results are shown in Table 4.4.3.

= solids concentration of suspension layer, wt.%

layer after 48 hours settling. Using the data at this point, the ratio of sepled solids to the total i

44 H C ET Final Report

+ 8 1 0 2 HCET-T002-04-002 Rev.0

- * . i

-. Table 4.4.3 Weight Ratio of Settled Solids to TotaI'SoIids in Surrogates

Sample

SURR1-5-F

SURRl-5-T

SURR1-25-F

Time, h

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

. 8

16

24

48

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

16

24

48

*wm, Yo

0.00

95.04

95.04

95.60

95.72

95.79

95.79

95.79

95.85

96.53

96.53

96.84

0.00

87.68

87.82

88.38

88.66

88.80

88.94

89.08

89.08

89.78

90.48

91.18 0.00

99.49

99.5 1

99.53

99.60

99.62

99.63

99.63

H C ET Final Report 45

HCET-TO02-M-On7 Rev. 0

F- 8 1 0 2 f Table 4.4.3

Weight Ratio of Settled Solids to Total Solids in Surrogates @&tinueU) Sample

SIJRRl-25-T

SURRl-40-F

SURRl-40-T

Time, h

8

16

24

48 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

16

24

48 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

16

24

48

0

1

2

3

4

,

*wJw, %

99.64

99.73

99.75

99.78 0.00

9835

98.43 ,

98.60

. 98.68

98.68

98.74

98.74

98.78

99-01

99.11

99.21 0.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

0.00

95.49

95.83

95.96

96.16

i

46 HC ET Final Report

- 8 1 0 2

Sample

SURR2-5-F

SURR2-25-F

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0 i

Table 4.4.3

Time, h

5

6

7

8

16

24

48

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

16

24

48

0

1

*wm, Yo

96.16

9630

96.30

9630

98.05

98.18

98.18

0.00

87.66

87.80

88.22

88.36

88.50

88.50

88.50

88.50

89.19

89.88

90.57

0.00

96.78

96.97

97.24

97.43

97.52

97.56

97.56

97.56

. 97.79

97.93

98.16

. 8

16

24

48

HC ET Final Report 47

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

8 1 0 2 .,- Table 4.4.3 Weight Ratio of Settled Solids to Total Solids in Surrogates (continuea)

.. Sample

SURR2-40-F

SURR2-5-5-F

SURR2-25-5-F

Time, h

0

1

2

3 4 5

6 7

8 16

24 48

0

1

2

3

4 5

6 7

8

16 24

48

0

*wm, %

0.00

99.58 99.6 1

99.65 ' 99.65

99.65 99.66

99.66 , 99.66

99.69

99.73

99.74

0.00

36.55

37.22

37.22

37.22

37.22

37.22

37.22

37.22

37.89

37.89

37.89

0.00

63.1 1 64.07

64.07

65.03

65.03

65.03 65.03

65.03

00)C)cbG2

!

48 HC ET Final Report

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0 !

- 8 1 0 2 Table 4.4.3

Weight Ratio of Settled Solids to Total Solids in Surrogates (continued)

Sample

SURR240-5-F

SURR2-5-5-T

SURF22-25-5-T

Time, h 16

24

48 ~

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

16

24

48

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

16

24

' 48

0

1

2

3

4

5

*wm, Yo

65.03

65.98

65.98

0.00

70.71

7231

7231

73.91

74.44

74.97

74.97

74.97

75.50

76.04

77.63

0.00

43 -54

43.54

43.54

43.54

43.54

43.54

43.54

43.54

43.6 1

44.12

44.12

0.00

69.18

69.51

69.51

69.51

69.51

f0g3

49 H C ET Final Report

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

Table 4.4.3 Weight Ratio of Settled Solids to Total Solids in Surrogates (eontinued)

Sample

SURR2-40-5-T

Time, h

6

7

8

16

24

48

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

16

24

48

* Weight Ratio of Settled Solids to Total Solids

*wm, %

69.51

69.51

69.51

69.85

70.52

71.19

0.00

69.54

. 69.54

71.88

73.05

76.57

78.32

78.91

80.08

80.67

80.67

8 1.25

4.5 PRESSURE DROP RESULTS AND COMPARISON

The surrogate slurry pressure drop and comparison to the hot material slurry data were discussed in the surrogate development section. The pressure gradient and bend resistance data versus velocity are listed in Appendix D, and the calculated fiction factor versus. Reynolds number data are listed in Appendix E. The purpose of developing surrogate is to find a substitute for silo material for testing and demonstration without involving radiation. To examine the consistency of flow resistance between silo and surrogate slurries, the pressure drop results are compared in this section.

Figure 4.5.1 and 4.5.2 show the comparison of 25% slurries of silo material and surrogate #2 without and with 5% bentonite, respectively, in the horizontal test section and at about 2OoC temperature. The comparison indicates that the pressure gradient of surrogate #2 is very close to that of silo material.

-

i

j

0000G4

50 HCET Final Report

HCET-T002-04002 Rev. 0

8 1 0 2 I

5.0 RADIATION SAFETY C P 5.1 RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS LICENSE

The Hemispheric Center for 'Environmental Technology (HCET) at Florida International University (FrU) has set up facilities to perform the investigation of the rheological properties of K-65 residue slurries fi-om Silos 1 and 2 at the United States Department of Energy, Fernald site, Cincinnati, OH. A radioactive material license (#2846-1) was obtained from the Bureau of Radiation Control, Department of Health, State of Florida, for carrying out studies in the radiological laboratories at the Center of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Florida International University. The license covers radioactive materials and quantities needed for the rheological studies.

5.2 TRAINING

All personnel working in the Radiological Laboratory were trained in radiation safety. Some of the persons were also trained in the Department of Transportation regulations. The Radiation Safety Associates and International Union of Operating Engineers conducted these training courses.

5.3 RADIATION LABORATORY SAFETY FEATURES

The radiological laboratory at FIU-HCET is designed to handle radioactive materials in solutiodsluny form or as sealed sources. The K-65 materids contain Uranium (238, 235/236, 234), Thorium (232, 230, 228), Radium-226, and their decay products. Radon-222 and Thoron- 220 are gaseous decay products of Ra-226 and Ra-224, respectively, and may d i f i e to the working environment, if not properly contained. Radon reaches the activity level of Radium-226 in three weeks, whereas thoron attains equilibrium with Ra-224 in 10 minutes. The short-lived decay products of Radon-222 attain activity of Radon-222 in three hours. .Thoron decay products reach activity level of Th-228 in three weeks. Radon, thoron, and their short-lived decay products are of concern for both internal (inhalation) and external exposure (gamma radiation). To mitigate both internal and external exposures, all operations on the radioactive slurry were carried out in the glove box. The rheology loop was installed in the glove box. The glove box was at a lower pressure than the laboratory. The air from the loop and the glove box was exhausted through activated charcoal filtration systems. The rheology loop filtration prevents the buildup of radon, thoron, and their decay products in the loop. These radioactive species were trapped in the activated charcoal filtration system of the loop. The charcoal fil-tion system and slurry tank were shielded with three inches of lead to minimize gamma ray exposures. The air from these systems, as well as from the laboratory, passes through high-efficiency particulate air filters (HEPA) and an activated charcoal filter before releasing to the environment. Air flowing from the laboratory, fume hood, glove box, and loop passed through once. The exhaust system

The lab floor is lined with linoleum for easy decontamination. The radioactive material storage is fabricated fi-om interlocking 3-inch-thick lead brick walls of 5fi 8in height. This area is ventilated through an activated charcoal bed to minimize release of radon and thoron into

l

.

was run constantly.

1

HCET Final Report 51

.t- - - - .

8 1 0 2 --- Rev. 0

1 laboratory air. A sink is available in the radioactive materials laboratoiy.-This sink is connected ! to the facility drain system, which is connected directly to the municipal drain system.

K-65 material shipped to the laboratory was contained in a S-gdon can, which was placed in a 10-gallon drum. The 10-gallon dnun was inside a 30-gallon drum, which has an O-ring to prevent radon escape from the material. The 3(rgallon and 1 0-gallon drums were opened inside a tent to access the s-gdon can. The tent air was exhausted through a portable activated charcoal filtration system to prevent radon release into the laboratory.

The laboratory area is declared and posted radioactive; no food or drinks are allowed in the area, and necessary radiation signs are posted.

5.4 EXPOSURE CONTROL All personnel working in the laboratory were issued Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLDs), and adequate dose records were maintained. These were changed quarterly. Persons working on the rheology loop were issued extremity TLDs, which were changed monthly. The maximum whole body exposure received by any person was 10 mrem. The maximum extremity dose was 110 mem.

Radiation surveys and wipe checks were done weekly. Surveys were performed at the end of each day when radioactive materials are used. General background in the laboratory is 60 pR/h.

Assessment of inhalation exposures was done by collecting air samples and measuring radon and radon progeny concentration. The average radon and radon progeny concentrations were nearly 2.5 p C f i and 1 mWLM.

TLDs and Electret Ionization Chambers @ICs) were used for measuring radiation exposures outside the laboratory at the fence. TLDs were not yet processed. The EIC measurements show background radiation levels of 8-10 pRh, which increased to 19 pRh due to radioactive materials in the lab.

I

5.5 ACCESS CONTROL The radioactive materials laboratory is housed within a security fence constructed in the OperationdUtility Building 102, Room 108 at the Center for Applied Science and Engineering, 10555 W. Flagler St., Mi&, Florida 33174. The compound at W. Flagler St. is gated and under 24-hour security by contract personnel. This room is a concrete block construction building, configured as a high-bay measuring 80 ft x 40 ft x 20 ft with one, lockable garage door as an entrance. The floors are of concrete; a wire securiw fence with one 4 ft wide entrance is constructed as a 25 ft x 25 ft perimeter. Controlled access to the radioactive materials laboratory is provided by the following methods:

Site security by contract personnel with backup response by FIU campus police

Limited keyed access to Room 108, authorized project personnel only.

Limited keyed access to radioactive materials laboratory security perimeter; authorized, supervised access for named radioactive materials laboratory users and maintenance staff only.

0I)T)C)S;G

52 HC ET Final Report

I

, - 'L . HCET-T00244-002 Rev. 0

Limited keyed access to radioactive materials la 8 oratory % y &&dk& and supervised, c trained staffonly. 'U

A telephone and monitored dam.

5.6 RECEIPT AND STORAGE OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

The radioactive materials were shipped from Femald, OH via FedEx and received at the Radiation Laboratory situated in room number 108, building 102, of the Center for Engineering and Applied Sciences (CEAS) by the CEAS Radiation Safety Officer. There were five 30-gdon containers. Inside.each 30-gdon container there was a 10-gallon container, which, in turn, contained a 5-gdon can. The radioactive material was inside the 5-gdon can. The space between the container drum and between drums was filled with vermiculites. A total of 88 pounds of K-65 material was received from FDF. The drums were surveyed and stored in the shielded radioactive storage area prior to studies.

c

5.7 LOADING OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL 1.

,.) 2.

3.

4.

5.

6. 7 .

8.

Two persons and a health physicist were present to handle the drum. One person was suited in approved personnel protective equipment (PPE). The other wore a lab coat and hand gloves. Dust masks were used for this work. Respirators and other safety equipment were available in a cabinet for use in the unlikely event of a spill. The drum was handled by the person dressed in PPE. The other person provided assistance, if needed. The health physicist measured radiation fields.

Using the drum hand-truck, the 30-gallon drum was moved fiom the radioactive material storage area and brought close to the glove box. It was placed in a small tent, and the portable activated charcoal filtration was started. The bolt of the drum was removed, and the drum top cap was opened. The accumulated radon was exhausted through the charcoal beds for two minutes. The 10-gallon drum empty was taken out, and the 30-gdon drum was moved out. The 10-gallon drum was opened to access 5-gdon can, and radon was exhausted through portable filtration system.

The person in lab coat opened the upper outer air-lock door of the glove box. The suited person lifted the 5-gdon can (diameter 12 inch, height 13.25 inch) by hand and placed it on a polyethylene-covered stool. The health physicist collected wipe samples from the can, measured the radiation field, and kept record of the survey. The suited person then quickly transferred the can into the upper air-lock of the glove box All operations on the can were carried out by keeping it as far fiom the person's body as possible.

The person in a lab coat closed the upper outer air-lock door of the glove box.

The can was moved on rollers to the inner door of the air-lock.

The inner door of the air-lock was opened, the can was moved into the glove box on rollers, and the inner door of the air-lock closed.

The desired quantity of material was transferred to the slurry tank, and its record was maintained. Record of material used for sample preparation was also maintained.

53 HC ET Find Report

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0 - . -”- . . 8 1 0 2

1

I

1 5.8 TRANSFER OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL FROM GLOVE BOX 1. The 5-gallon can was weighed when it was transferred into the glove box. It was re-weighed

before it was transferred out and the new weight recorded.

2. The upper-level inner air-lock door was opened.

3. By means of rollers, the 5-gdon can was moved from the glove box into the upper level of the glove box air-lock

4. The upper-level inner air-lock door of the glove box was closed The outer surface of the can was cleaned by wiping with tissue paper. The can was surveyed for contamination and radiation field and sealed in a polyethylene bag and tagged.

- -

5. One person donned in PPE moved out the 5-gallon and placed it in 10-gallon tank, which in turn was placed in 30-gallon drum. This operation was performed in a ventilated tent. The 30-gdon drum was then transferred to the radioactive material storage area.

5.9 TRANSFER OF OTHER RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL FROM GLOVE BOX

The procedure for transfer of other radioactive materials was the same as that for the 5-gallon can. They were first cleaned inside the glove box, transferred from the convenient upperllower section of glove box, surveyed and stored in the radioactive material storage area in the radiation lab.

5.1 0 REPACKAGING RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL AND SHIPMENT

After testing the rheological properties of silo materials, the radioactive materials as well as wastes will be shipped back to Fernald in containers and concentrations as approved by the FDF waste management representative and as per the current DOT regulations. The cans and the drum will be surveyed prior to leaving FIU-HCET, and details will be shipped along with the drum to FDF. The Bureau of Radiation Control, Department of Health for the state of Florida will be notified at least 48 hours in advance of any radioactive material shipment.

54 H C ET Final Report

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

3 6.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE

! 7 - 8 1 0 2 . I

An uncontrolled copy of the FIU-HCET Qual~ty Assurance Program Manual was transmitted to Fluor Daniel Femald (FDF) with the Project Specific Plan (PSP) prior to start of project work. Both documents were approved by FDF on February 12, 1998, per Letter No. C: PS (CA/ACO):98-0128. Provisions in the PSP identified Quality Assurance/Quahty Control requirements specified in the FDF Statement of Work to a s m e the quality and reliability of the rheology project data collected and analyzed.

Project records and weekly teleconference minutes with FDF describe how these requirements have been integrated and implemented. Calculations used in determining sluny density, settling times, physical property measurements, viscosity, pressure drops, and flow rates were measured using calibrated instruments. Calibration records performed at FTU-HCET are a part of project records. Repeat testing was done on a random basis to determine validity of data, and results were within control limits. Verification of calculation accuracy, precision, representativeness, and completeness was completed in-house with customer concurrence as documented in the weekly teleconference minutes.

This h a l report contains or references project documentation, including calibration records, that vef ies the quality of data collected and methods of analysis. Electronic calculations were performed using FORTRAN software, and results are maintained on a Microsoft Excel database. Laboratory notebooks contain calculations used in determining ratios of bentonite to slurry and to the surrogates. Particle and chemical analyses performed in the analytical laboratory were performed using standard laboratory solutions and methods as described in this report. Documentation of the methods and results are recorded in the analytical laboratory notebook. Photocopies of laboratory notebook pages relating to this project are made for inclusion in the project records.

'#

6.1 CONCLUSIONS

The intent of Quality Assurance requirements specified in the FDF Statement of Work has been documented and supports the quality of technical data for its intended use as presented in this report.

000n,c3 HCET Final Report 55

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0 - 8 1 0 2 !

I

I 7.0 ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS - !

This project started September 1, 1997. During the course of the project, a l l tasks defined in the work statement and PSP have been conducted. The main accomplishments are summarized as follows:

7.1 ACCOMPLISHMENTS

1. Two hydraulic testing pipeline systems for the silo material and surrogate testing were

2. The physical properties of the silo material slurries and surrogate slurries were measured.

3. Particle size analysis was performed for the silo material slurries and surrogate slurries.

4. The settling behaviors of silo material slurries and surrogate slnrries were observed, and the

5. The pressure drop across different straight tube test sections and bends was measured. A'set

designed and built

settling velocity was measured for the stationary samples.

of correlations was regressed.

7.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

From the results and discussion., the following points are recommended:

1. Surrogate #2 can be used as a substitute for K-65 silo material for testing and demonstration \

under the operating conditions used in this study.

2. When pumping the K-65 silo material slurry, the pipeline should be run in power-law range to avoid plugging. For 1-inch pipeline, the power-law range can be presented as

c b = 0,0.25 2 ckzO.05, 10 2 U 2 2; and 0.40 2 ck> 0.25, 10 2 U 2 4

c b = 0.05, c k = 0.05, 10 2 U 2 2; and c k = 0.25, 10 2 U 5 4

3. The regressed pressure gradient or fiiction factor correlations can be used to predict the flow resistance in the power-law range. The following pressure w e n t correlation is recommended for prediction of pressure drop in straight section of the pipeline.

2 = (0.07945 + 0.2736C,"" + 0.1347C~48)u'"5 /d13' dl

which can only be used in the power-law range. If used for larger diameter pipeline calculations, the correlation runs high risks of underestimation.

4. The minimum transporting velocity ranges fiom 0.5-1.5 ft/s depending on the concentration. However, the optimal transporting is in the upper range of power-law range. Based on the 1- inch tube testing and settling tests, the ideal slurry condition for pipeline transportation is 25% K-65 silo material and 5% bentonite in the velocity range fiom 4 ft/s to 8 Ws.

5. For K-65 material, the particle size analysis indicates that the particles in supernatant are in the range of 2-15 pm without bentonite and 2-10 pm with 5% bentonite. The particles in top

O O N l 7 0 56 H C E T ~ i n a / ~ e p o r t

HCET-T002-04402 Rev. 0

- 8 1 0 2 I

of the settled phase can be as large as 25 pm for lower concentration ah w pm ror nigher concentration. Therefore, the bentonite did help the K-65 settling. % was supported by the observation in the settling tests. For surrogate slurry, similar particle size distribution was found.

6. The settling behavior of the slurry has been defined with three settling layers: clear supernate, cloud suspension, and settled phase. The interfaces between these layers have been detected by a hydrometer, and the settling distances have been measured using a ruler. The bentonite in the slurry can slow down the particle settling velocity and reduce the weight ratio of the settled solid to the total slurry. No supernate and cloud layers could be observed when 10 wt % bentonite was present in the K-65 and surrogate slurries. To improve the accuracy of the measurement in future work, a density gradient meter is recommended to detect the location of the interfaces.

7 . To venfy the validation of the correlations for a larger diameter pipeline, large-scale testing is needed. The pressure drop across the valve, enlargement section, and contraction section can provide more data that are useful for pipeline design.

8. Some further analysis is needed to idenw the composition of the particles and solid concentration in supernatant, especially for the sluny with bentonite. This kind of information can clanfy the function of bentonite in the settling and transporting processes. The interaction between bentonite and K-65 material can be studied chemically to explain the settling phenomena

9. The study of phase separation or plugging behaviors in complex loop components such as reducers, the pump chamber, and valves may be needed to identify the most probable location of plugging in the pipeline system.

a

8

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

8.0 REFERENCES 7- 8;l 0 2 -

1. M.A. Ebadian, Rheology Testing of Fernald Waste Residual Slurry for the Femald Environmental Management Project-Project Specific Plan, Hemispheric Center for Environmental Technology, September 1997.

2. Robert L. Mott, Appled fluid Mechanics, 4' Edition, Macmillan Publishing Company, 1994.

3. M.A. Ebadian, Lessons Learned from Pump Selection for Slurry Transportation in Pipeline, Hemispheric Center for Environmental Techology, 1998.

oon072 HCET Final Report 58

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

c- 8 1 0 2 .. APPENDIX A

LOOP CALIBRATION DATA

- 8 1 0 2 HCET-T002-06002 Rev. 0

Case AP1 in H20 I

Nine cases were conducted for each test loop, at d e e temperature lev&&.d %th three velocities. The results are presented and evaluated in the three sections that follow. f

AF'2 in H20 AP3 in H20 AP4 in H20

DIMENSIONAL DATA Following the data deduction procedures, after the averaging and zero-flow correction, the original results are summarized in Table A-1 .

2fVs

4ft/s

8 ft/s

2 fVs 4 fVs 8Ws

2Ws

4ft/s

8 ftl~

Hot Cold D% Hot Cold D% Hot

2.70 2.92 7.44 2.10 2.10 0.00 2.21

9.10 9.69 6.06 720 7.19 -0.08 7.19

30.66 32.13 4.57 24.07 23.89 -0.74 23.74

2.43 2.93 17.06 1.88 1.93 2.59 1.95

8.11 8.99 9.79 6.35 6.42 1.09 6.35

27.7 29.6 6.42 21.69 21.71 0.09 21.49

2.08 2.27 8.37 1.78 1.7 -4.71 1.8

7.17 7.59 5.53 5.78 5.65 -2.30 5.77

25.08 26.17 4.17 19.77 19.32 -233 19.84

:old 6.83"C

Hot 6.72OC

Cold: 20°C

Hot: 23.3"C

Cold: 45°C

Hot: 46°C

7.02

23.37

1.91

6.28

21.22

1.66

5.49

18.86

-2.42 7.32

-1.58 24.72

-2.09 1.91

-1.11 6.49

-1.27 22.31

-8.43 1.42

-5.10 5.75

-5.20 20.29

7.34

24.63

l.95

6.59

22.57

1.73

5.8

20.23

0.27

-0.37

2.05

1.52

1.15

17.92

0.86

-0.30

All the data are shown in'Figures A-1 to A 4 for verticalhend, straight vertical, straight horizontal, and horizontavbend sections, respectively.

I

J

35

30

25

r 20

15

- 10 5

0

5 0

I

-

-

- 0 Hot, 40c

- AHot, 200C

- 'Hot, 4OoC

fl Cold, 4oC

XCold, 200C

OCold 400C 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , , , ,

-;- 8.1 0 2 HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

I c

'L.

0 5 10 15 20

Flowrate, GPM

Figure A-1. Pressure drop results of verticalbend section of calibration tests.

30

25 & iii 20 3

5

Figure A-2. Pressure drop results of vertical section of calibration tests.

HCET F/n8/ Report A-3.

HCET-TOM-04-002 Rev. 0

25

20

15

10

5

-. 8 1 0 2

0 " " ' " " ' " " " ' " ' 0 5 10 15 20

Flowrate, GPM

Figure A-3. Pressure drop results of horizontal section of calibration tests.

25

0 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '. ' ' ' '

' 0 5 10 15 20

Flowrate, GPM

Figure A-4. Pressure drop results of horizontakend section of calibration tests.

i

HCET ~ n a / ~ e p o r t A 4

I '32 Rev.0 -I-- -mnc) n r n

=- 8.1 0 2 , From the results, it can be seen that most of the readings for the same norfPlaTcases or rhe cold loop and hot loop are consistent with less .than 10% deviation, exceit two points at the lowest flow rates. It has to be pointed out that the flow rate and temperature are not exactly the same values. So, the dimensionless presentation of the results is shown in the next section.

-1

DIMENSIONLESS RESULTS For further analysis of the experimental results, eliminating the temperature and flow rate effects, the fiction factors and the corresponding Reynolds numbers were calculated for all the test cases. The results are shown in Table A-2a and A-2b and Figure A-5, and the correlation developed by Swamee & Jain, 1976, is presented in the figure for comparison. From Figure A-5, it can be seen that most of the experimental points are very close to the correlation line with the deviations less than 10% (except one case of the verticaVbend test section at Reynolds number of 13790).

Careful examination shows that there is a system error of the differential transmitter used in the verticavbend test section of the cold loop. However, it is in the transmitter error limit. This system error may be reduced by carefully calibrating that transmitter. Overall, the experimental results are fairly consistent with the correlation developed by Swamee and Jain, 1976. This indicates that both the cold loop and hot loop and measurement system can conduct the slurry pressure drop tests with accuracy and consistency.

The fiiction factor results for the vertical/bend and horizontaVbend are on the same line of correlation. It means that the bends have little influence on the flow resistance. This is consistent with the suggestion fiom the textbook, which says that the curvature of the bend causes little extra loss for single-phase flow when the curvature ratio is larger than 3. ("he curvature ratio in this study was 5.8 for both hot and cold loops.)

'5 '?.

-4-

4x1 O-'

c,

1 o-2 10' . Re 1 os

o Horizontal-Cold Loop A H-BendHot Loop A Horizontal-Hot LOOP e V-Bend-Cold Loop n Vertical-Cold LOOP V-Bend-Hot Loop x Vertical-Hot Loop - Swamee 8 Jain (1976) + H-BenbColdLoop

Figure A-5. Reynolds number and friction factor correlation of calibration test data.

c)o)c)o77 HCE'f HndRepOrt A-5

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

* 8 1 0 2

Re H-Bend- D% H-Bend- D% V-Bend- D% Cold Hot Loop Cold Loop Loop

9703 0.03 112 -

9820 0.03219 3.14 0.03414 9.388

13790 0.02867 0.5964 0.0343 20.351

0.60683

9

14460 0.02778 -13144

19610 0.02677 2.7245

I Table A-2a. Friction factors and comparison with a correlation for loops without

V-Bend- Hot Loop

0.03 15 1

0.0282

0.0265 1

-0.86234

D%

0.63877

0.17762

1.7268

-1.9538

1.9186

Swamee & Jain

0.03 13 1

0.03 121

0.0285

0.02815

0.02606

5.7234

>ends

7 & Jain

0.03131

0.03 121

0.0285

0.02815

0.02606

0.02602

0.0252 1

0.025 16

0.02399

0.02375

0.02205

0.02204

0.02 147

0.02145

0.02052

0.02034

0.01 864

0.0 1847

- 1.0947

0;86167

0.18631

-1.4749

-0.80472

Table A-2b. Friction factors and comparison with a correlation for loops with bends

HCEJ nnai/lepmt A-6

. ..

3

f

Re

19710

22430

F Rev. 0

" - 8 1 0 2 Table A-2b.

Friction factors and comparison with a correlation for loops with bends (continued)

H-Bend-. D% Cold Loop

0.02698 3.6895

0.02546 0.9916 6

V-Bend- Cold Loop

0.0284

0.02656

0.02641

0.02358

0.02258

D% V-Bend- Hot Loop

9.1468

5.355

0.02442

10.088

0.0237 1

0.02239

6.9873

0.02107

5.2681

Hot Loop =-F D%

' -2.9412

- .

0.1 6 842

1.5419

-1.8631

7- Swamee & Jain 0.02602

0.02521

0.02516

0.02399

0.02375

0.02205

0.02204

0.02147

0.02145

0.0252 0:1589 7 27550

28770

39700

39780

44730

44900

54990

57290

87180

91260

0.0243 1.2922

0.02267 2.8584

0.02164 0.8857 9

0.02074 1.0721

0.01894 2.5447

-

0.02378

0.02264

0.02 123

0.1263 1

2.6757

- 1.1178

0.02043

0.01881

CONSISTENCE OF COLD AND HOT LOOPS

From the discussion above, it can be concluded that the two loops are satisfactory and thus have a good consistency. The pressure drop data are plotted in Figure A-6 in the form of cold loop data versus hot loop data for the same nominal conditions. A good straight-line correlation with a slope of 1.0137 was obtained, and the correlation coefficient is 0.9986, very close to 1. This means that the two loops are satisfactory in performance and identical to each other. They can be used to verify the consistency of the rheological and pressure drop characteristics between the K- 65 and the prepared surrogates.

0.02168 5.653 0.02052

0.4424 0.02022 0.02034

0.9120 0.01 853 0.0 1864

0.01953 5.739 0.0 1847

8 0.58997

2 0.59013

HCET-TW2-04-002 Rev. 0

DP- = I .0137DPm - 0.01 31

Correlation coefficient 0.998602

- - t

35.00

30.00 -

25.00 -

? T 20.00

5 15.00

- - - 0 0 0 A - 0

10.00 - Note: The dam were not corrected for the effects of the differences of temperature and flow rate in two loops. But it gives a direct picture of the amsistance of the two loop performance. The &Re graph is the best place to examine the results.

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00

Hot Loop (InHa)

Figure A-6. Correlation between hot loop and cold loop calibration data.

TEMPERATUREDEPENDENCE

The pressure drop is temperature/viscosity dependent. The influence of the temperature on the pressure drop of water flow was analyzed. Figures A-7 - A-10 show the pressure drops across the test sections versus temperature. As the temperature increases, the viscosity of water decreases, thus the pressure drop decreases. However, all the data at different temperature levels are well correlated in the dimensionless correlations, as was seen previously.

HCET nna/ ~eport A-8

HCET-TOM-04-002 Rev. 0

2 i 15

% ,

10

5 .

0 '

" - 8 1 0 2

.

L-

.

Figure A-7. Temperature effect on the pressure drop of verticalbend sections.

25

20 I \

Figure A-8. Temperature effect on the pressure drop of vertical section.

HCET nna/ Report A-9

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

0 0 S 10 I S 20 25 30 3S 40 45 50

T (oc)

Figure A-9. Temperature effect on the pressure drop of horizontalhend sections.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

f (oc)

Figure A-10. Temperature effect on the pressure drop of horizontal section.

HCET-TO0244402 Rev. 0 I

Con c I u d i n g Rem arks - B - - 8 1 0 2 J

Based on the analysis and discussions presented, the following conclusions can be drawn:

The performance of these two loops is satisfactory for the pressure drop measurement. The deviations from the correlation in the handbook are less than 10%.

0 The two loops are consistent with each other. A good straight line correlation with a slope of 1.0137 was obtained for correlation of the cold loop data versus hot loop data, and the correlation coefficient is 0.9986, very close to 1.

The bends in the current loop have little effect on the pressure drop in the pipelines for water flow. As the temperature increases, the pressure drop decreases across the test sections. This effect can be well correlated when the dimensionless variables are used.

0

0

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

I -- 8 1 0 2 APPENDIX B

. . . . .

PRESSURE DROP LOOP TEST RAW DATA

8 1 0 2

0

N 0

* 0

4

x d . 0 X

0 - in' IC 0

Q)

fn fn P)

L a

.. i;:

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v) d

4

d

14: 0

ut I- d

2 c(

d

9

s 9

0

00

d

v)

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x m

u! W v)

e I

W m m o! c(

VI m CI Y 4

t5 IB

d

v) m

0

m

- m W

2 00 U d

2 W

I-

m

m

?

00 d 00

2

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N a:

v) m v! 0

m

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d

N 3 2 2 9 00

N

I- v) d

W r!

2 bo

W 9

d \o 0

W W o\

2

f m N o\

W 14: 2 m 14: CI 9 W o\ - 2 FI

N N d

N 2

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m N

9

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0

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m 0 W

~

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f m 7

8

8

N N 0

f

00 N N - - w v) x N 0 0 v! e I

W \o m v! d

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m

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d

v) N

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v) 0 9 4

m v) N

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o\ x 00 00 CI v! 2 N 0 d c? W N

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d 0 0

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2 m

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53 4

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I-

0 m

8

8 d 2

d 9 d

W W W

0 r!

W 0 d 9 d I

W W 52 e

d

m d

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z

N

N N d

N

o\

5= v! CI

N

d 2 a: c(

N

v) W 0 f

W I- 0 - 0

m CI v) x f 9 4

d I- N u! m

00 I- CI

2

VI

2 2

00 Q\ 0

0 ?

2 W ? m

Iz 2 G c(

N

W W d

N

N N

2

m Y m N

o\ o\ v) - m N

d 2 d

~

I- N

2 m m o! VI

d

s 9 4

z v)

P

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c!

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2

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2

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2

I-

0

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m

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N

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d I- o\

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09

2 9 4

W 00 In u! 4

o\ Ch v)

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d d

9 0

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d

f d

d

e d

0

d 2 e W 00

0 v)

c?

bo

m d

x 4

d

W W d

d

W d o\ m

I- W I-

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10 v!

I- o\ N

d

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u!

a: b,

m m u! N

0

H

N

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0 N

m c?

I- W x d

2 N

CI N

W

d

W rt

P4 CI d

d

N 00 W

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2.

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

! 8 1 0 2 APPENDIX C - . I

FRICTION GRADIENT AND BEND RESISTANCE

I P

HCFf-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

Table C-1 Dimensional Results Data of Silo Material Pressure Drop Tests-' - 8 1 0 2

Case

i% K-65

!5% K-65

5% K-65

T 'C 621E-00 2.08Ei-00 322E-01 3.39E-01 3.80E-01

7.36E-00 4.08E-00 1.14Ei-00 1.18EM0 1.30Ei-00 5.73E-01

6.52E-00 8.09E-00 3.87Ei-00 3.96Ei-00 4.35Ei-00 3.26E+OO

2.72E-01 1.99E-00 2.45E-01 3.00E-01 3.35E-01 1.61E-01

2.69E-01 4.14EMO 9.87E-01 1.05E4-00 1.18Ei-00 9.29E-01

2.59Ei-01 7.98E-00 3.32Ei-00 3.41E-00 3.78Ei-00 3.15EMO

2.32E-01 2.00E-00 2.53E-01 2.71E-01 3.48E-01

229E-01 4.10Ei-00 9.87E-01 1.05E-00 1.15Ei-00 6.96E-01

2.23E-01 7.99E-00 3.33Ei-00 3.43E-00 3.74EM0 2.98EMO

4.22E-01 2.03E-00 2.49E-01 2.70E-01 3.21E-01 7.98E-02

4.29Ei-01 3.99E-00 8.8lE-01 9.13E-01 1.03Ei-00 6.56E-01

427E-01 7.97EMO 3.11Ei-00 3.17Ei-00 3.49Ei-00 2.66E+OO

3.77E4-01 2.04E-00 3.67E-01 2.73E-01 4.70E-01

3.79E-01 3,95E+OO 1.05Ei-00 1.12E4-00 1.24Ei-00 1.45Ei-00

3.69Ei-01 7.89E4-00 3.75Ei-00 4.13Ei-00 3.98EMO 3.68Ei-00

1.92Ei-01 1.97E-00 3.19E-01 3.44E-0 1 7.66E-0 1

1.96E-01 4.06E-00 1.24EMO 1.32Ei-00 1.38Ei-00 1.58EMC

1.94E-01 6.14E-00 2.51E+OO 2.73Ei-00 2.76Ei-00 2.83E-00

2.06Ei-01 7.79Ei-00 3.96Ei-00 4.50Ei-00 4.12Ei-00 3.93EMC

2.00Ei-01 9.89Ei-00 5.75Ei-00 6.64Ei-00 5.85EMO 6.07E+OC

8.15E-00 1.94E-00 3.81E-01 3.66E-0 1 7.10E-0 1

922E-00 4.14E-00 1.48Ei-00 1.85EMO 1.38Ei-00 1.64EMC

9.47Ei-00 7.82E-00 4.34E4-00 4.73E4-00 4.62EMO 3.9OEHC

9.77E-00 l.OlE+Ol 6.52Ei-00 7.49Ei-00 6.65EMO 7.25EMC

4.10E-01 2.03E-00 4.75E-01 7.34E-02 5.37E-01

4.1 lEi-01 3.92Ei-00 1.29Ei-00 l.lOE-00 1.42ENC

4.08E-01 7.92Ei-00 3.88Ei-00 4.3 1E4-00 4.00EMO 3.73EMC

1.96Ei-01 2.12Ei-00 5.9OE-01 2.71E-01 7.38E-01

1.96Ei-01 3.81Ei-00 139Ei-00 1.17Ei-00 1.57EMC

1.97Ei-01 5.67Ei-00 2.71Ei-00 3.02Ei-00 2.77EMO 2.79EMC

2.03E-01 8.09Ei-00 4.37Ei-00 5.34EMO 4.23Et-00 5.10E+O(

2.04E4-01 9.60E-00 6.19Ei-00 6.82Ei-00 6.43Et-00 6.46ENC

Table C-1 - Dimensional Results Data of Silo Material Pressure Drop Tests (continued) i

T "C V f#S dp/dl-h dp/dl-d dp/dl-u DP InHz0

9.29€+00 2.06EMO 833B-01 6.19B-02 1.30E-01

9.63E+00 3.90€+00 1.66EMO 1.92€+00 1.38EMO 1.76E+00

9.76E+00 5.80EMO 2.88E4-00 3.23300 2.85Ei-00 2.94E+OO

9.71€+00 7.47EMO 4.72Ei-00 5.37EHO 4.75E+00 4.61Ei-00

1.10€+01 9.93EMO 6.83EM0 7.54E+00 7.08€+00 7.27E+OO

4.14€+01 2.01EMO 9.54E-01 1.21E-01 4.86E-01

4.15€+01. 3.89EMO 1.52€+00 9.17E-01 1.64EMO

4.13€+01 6.30Ei-00 3.04€+00 3.40€+00 3.06E+00 3.30€+00

3.92€+01 8.16Ei-00 4.66Ei-00 5.02EMO 4.90€+00 4.75E+00

4.07E+01 l.OlE+Ol 6.59Ei-00 7.1 1E+00 6.95€+00 7.61E+00

2.09€+01 2.03EMO 9.94B-01 4.07E-01 4.14E-01

1.95E+01 4.21€+00 1.95€+00 1.80€+00 2.19E+00

1.91EMl 6.06EMO 3.19€+00 3.21E+OO 3.47E+00 3.28E-f-00

2.01E-l-01 7.45EMO 4.81Ei-00 4.88€+00 5.12Ei-00 4.50€+00

2.12E4-01 9.64EMO 6.78E+00 6.98€+00 7.42E+OO 6.98E+00

8.42€+00 2.07EMO 1.03Ei-00 6.60E-01 3.33E-01

8.49€+00 3.90EM0 1.73EMO 1.93€+00 2.16E+OO

9.04EHO 6.11€+00 3.38€+00 3.16E+00 3.89€+00 3.3OE+OO

9.70€+00 7.73E+00 5.34EMO 5.39E+OO 5.96E+00 5.56E+00

1.01€+01 9.49EMO 7.41Ei-00 7.65E+OO 820€+00 8.12E+OO

8.80EMO 2.04E+00 3.14E-01 1.97E-01 5.84E-01 3.63E-01

8.76E+00 4.04€+00 123EMO 1.15E+OO 1.51E+OO 4.15E-01

8.71Ei-00 6.02Ei-00 2.48€+00 2.47Ei-00 2.94Ei-00 1.79€+00

9.13€+00 7.98EMO 4.08EMO 4.1 1E+00 4.74Ei-00 3.33EtOO

9.25E+00 9.87EHO 5.97EMO 6.07E+00 6.82E+00 5.34E+OO

1.99EMl 2.11EMO 4.03E-01 2.11E-01 5.45E-01 -2.35E-01

1.99E-I-01 3.96EMO 1.12€+00 1.05E+00 1.31€+00 1.72E-01

1.99EMl 6.03€+00 235EMO 2.33Ei-00 2.69Ei-00 1.41E+00

2.02Ei-01 8.1 1EMO 3.86EOO 4.00E+00 4.39€+00 3.63E+OO

2.05Ei-01 1.00€+01 5.67E+00 5.87E+OO 6.39Bi-00 5.42E+OO

4.00€+01 2.05€+00 3.64E-01 1.81E-01 3.16E-01 3.28B-01

4.03€+01 3.96€+00 1.00€+00 9.94B-01 1.02€+00 6.54E-01

4.05E+O1 5.94EMO 2.10€+00 2.10E+00 2.20€+00 I.OIE+00

4.06€+01 8.16€+00 3.61E+00 3.74E+00 3.88€+00 2.40€+00

c)

Case

3% K-65

*

;

c1 o m 3

% K-65

%B

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0 i

-. T OC VWS dp/dl-h dp1dl-d dp/dl-u DPInHZO

4.06E+O1 l.OOE+Ol 52OE+OO 5.44Ei-00 5.63E+OO 4.34EMO

1.13E+O1 2.01EMO 8.54E-01 7.68E-01 8.85E-01

1.07EH1 4.07E+OO 1.54EMO 1.44E-toO 1.68E+OO 1.84E+00

1.04E+O1 6.18E+OO 335E+OO 3.34E+OO 3.56EMO 2.73E+00

l.O3E+Ol 8.14Ei-00 5.45EkO 5.64E+00 5.68E+OO 4.26E+00

1.04E+O1 1.02E+O1 7.93E+00 8.44E+OO 8.44E+OO 7.78Ei-00

1.96E+Ol 2.04E+OO 8.97E-01 5.8 1 E-0 1 5.34E-0 1

1.93E-f-O 1 3.97EMO 1.52E+O0 1.46E+OO 1.47E+OO 1.73E+O0

1.97E+O1 6.03E4-00 3.07EMO 3.19E+OO 3.14E+OO 2.43E+00

2.04E+O1 7.89E+OO 4.93E+00 5.3OE+OO 5.1 1E+OO 4.48E+00

2.02E+O 1 9.94EMO 727E+OO 7.74E+OO 7.78E+O0 7.26E+00

3.65E+Ol 1.91E+OO 1.00EWO 3.83E-01 9.95E-01

3.66EGll 3.99E+00 1.47E+00 1.52E4-00 8.29E-01 1.49E+00

3.64E+O1 6.02EMO 2.72E+00 3.16E+OO 2.28E+00 2.25E+00

3.60E+01 7.87EMO 4.41E+00 4.96E+OO 4.27E+OO 3.73EMO

3.53E+O1 9.91EM0 6.65EMO 722EMO 6.83E+OO 6.23E+OO

8.67E+OO 1.99E+00 2.9OE+OO 2.46E4-00 3.20Ei-00 3.10E+00

1.05E+O1 3.95E+OO 3.68EMO 3.27E+00 4.1 1EMO 3.74Et00

1.14E+01 5.86E+OO 4.76E+OO 5.90Ei-00 4.94E+OO 4.01EMO

1.17EMl 8.13E+OO 6.51E+OO 7.23E+00 7.11Ei-00 9.51E+00

1.20E+O1 928E+OO 8.31E+00 8.24E+OO 8.71Ei-00 1.02E+O1

2.21EMl 2.1OE+OO 2.53E+OO 2.61EMO 2.79EOO 3.11E+00

2.30Ei-01 3.93E+OO 3.20E+00 2.79Ei-00 3.41E+OO 2.94E+OO

2.32E+Ol 5.75E+00 4.13E+00 3.78E+OO 4.41E+OO 3.3OE+OO

2.33EM1 8.12E+OO 6.19EMO 5.59E+00 6.56Ei-00 6.18E+OO

2.32Ei-01 9.13E+OO 8.43E+OO 7.94E+OO 8.96E+OO 8.43Ei-00

4.00E+01 1.92E+OO 3.08E+OO 3.72E+00 320E+OO 3.39E+00

4.03E+01 3.86E+OO 3.52E+OO 3.86E+OO 3.44E+OO 3.64E+OO

4.05E+01 5.92E+OO 4.36E+OO 4.84E+OO 4.20E+00 3.9OE+OO

4.05E+O1 825E-i-00 529E+00 5.67E+OO 5.3OE+OO 5.28E+00

4.03Ei-01 9.72E+OO 8.13EMO 7.76E+OO 8.19E+O0 7.1OE+OO

1.07E+O1 1.97E+OO 4.55E+00 4.53E+O0 4.80E+00 4.18EM0

1.22E+O1 4.0OEHlO 5.56Ei-00 5.50EMO 5.85E+00 5.05EM0

1.3 1E+O1 5.88E+00 6.67E+OO 6.67E+00 7.22EMO 5.26E+OO

'F

a00m4

. .. )

?

I

Table C-1 , - 8 1 0 2 Dimension.al Results Data of Silo Material Pressure Drop Tests (conkl-u,-

Case

25% K-65

5% B . .

. .

;6% K-65

i% B

6% K-65

%B fter 72 hr

HCT ?V. 0

CaSe T 'C V ft/S dp/dl-b dp/dl-d dp/dl-u DP InHz0

1.33Ei-01 7.36Ei-00 7.83EMO 7.5 1Ei-00 8.40Ei-00 4.95Ei-00

2.14Ei-01 1.97Ei-00 4.23Ei-00 4.94Ei-00 4.20EM0 3.91Ei-00

225Ei-01 4.05Ei-00 5.11EMO 5.26Ei-00 5.06Ei-00 . 4.43Ei-00

2.32Ei-01 5.98Ei-00 6.13Ei-00 6.64Ei-00 6.30Ei-00 4.77Ei-00

2.35Ei-01 8.02EW 7.49EMO 7.12EMO 7.70Ei-00 4.12Ei-00

4.03Ei-01 2.00Ei-00 5.1 lEi-00 5.96Ei-00 4.94Ei-00 4.50Ei-00

4.07Ei-01 3.93Ei-00 5.58Ei-00 6.40Ei-00 5.38EMO 4.91E+00

4.08Ei-01 6.00Ei-00 6.33Ei-00 7.33Ei-00 6.22Ei-00 5.75Ei-00

4.06Ei-01 8.11Ei-00 7.59Ei-00 8.03Ei-00 7.51Ei-00 4.30Ei-00

6% K-65 2.49Ei-01 1.89EMO 4.72EM0 5.60Ei-00 4.66Ei-00 3.96E+OO

%B 2.57Ei-01 3.97Ei-00 5.54Ei-00 6.51Ei-00 5.38Ei-00 4.86Ei-00

€ter 90 br 2.61E-r-01 5.98Ei-00 6.68Ei-00 7.76Ei-00 6.66Ei-00 4,74E+00

2.6OEi-01 7.44Ei-00 7.79Ei-00 8.01Ei-00 7.78Ei-00 4.2OE+OO

% K-65 8.52Ei-00 1.98Ei-00 7.05E-01 6.79E-01 7.63E-01 6.97E-01

0% B 8.55Ei-00 4.01Ei-00 1.26Ei-00 1.29Ei-00 1.46Ei-00 2.05Ei-00

9.37Ei-00 6.09Ei-00 2.96Ei-00 2.85Ei-00 3.1 1Ei-00 2.12Ei-00

1.06E+OI 7.63Ei-00 4.29Ei-00 4.33IWO 4.5OE+OO 322Ei-00

2.04Ei-01 1.99Ei-00 5.98E-01 6.29E-01 6.35E-01 8.42E-01

2.03Ei-01 4.01Ei-00 1.25Ei-00 1.25Ei-00 1.32Ei-00 1.45E+00

2.02Ei-01 6.04Ei-00 2.75EM0 2.72Ei-00 2.82Ei-00 1.76E+00

2.08E+O1 8.14Ei-00 4.42EMO 4.69Ei-00 4.58Ei-00 3.70Ei-00

3.83EMl 2.07EMO 5.94E-01 6.79E-01 5.08E-01 6.87E-01

3.85Ei-01 4.03Ei-00 1.15Ei-00 1.26Ei-00 1.03Ei-00 1.07Ei-00

3.87Ei-01 5.91EMO 2.32Ei-00 2.46Ei-00 2.21Ei-00 1.29Ei-00

3.91Ei-01 8.04EMO 3.23EMO 4.51E+OO 2.59Ei-00 2.67Ei-00

3.98Ei-01 9.53Ei-00 4.59EMO 6.42E+OO 3.79Ei-00 4.03E+00

i% K-65 9.32Ei-00 2.01E+0O3 1.47E-r-00 1.41E+00 1.48Ei-00 1.53Ei-00

1% B 9.50Ei-00 3.96Ei-00 2.1 lEi-00 2.00EMO 2.16Ei-00 1.47Ei-00

9.70Ei-00 5.92Ei-00 3.14Ei-00 3.08Ei-00 3.47Ei-00 3.64Ei-00

1.04Ei-01 6.82Ei-00 4.32Ei-00 4.23Ei-00 4.62Ei-00 3.69E+OO

2.18Ei-01 2.09Ei-00 1.09Ei-00 1.21Ei-00 8.98E-01 1.32E+OO

2.18EM1 3.91Ei-00 1.49E-r-00 1.56E+OO 1.36Ei-00 9.99E-01

2.17Ei-01 6.30EMO 2.97EMO 3.07Ei-00 3.05Ei-00 2.52Ei-00

2.22Ei-01 7.75Ei-00 4.72Ei-00 4.88Ei-00 4.96Ei-00 3.23E+00

i Table GI c 8102-

Dimensional Results Data of Silo Material Pressure Drop Tests (2bntinued)

-

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0 !

Case

I 'k. -j 81 0 2

T 'C V ft/~ dp/dl-h dp/dld dp/dl-u DP IuHZO

4.03Ei-01 2.05Ei-00 1.44Ei-00 1.49Ei-00 121Ei-00 1.26EMO

4.06Ei-01 4.03Ei-00 1.82EMO 1.86EMO 1.50EMO 1.44Ei-00

4.08Ei-01 6.19Ei-00 3.02Ei-00 3.03EMO 2.88EM0 2.47Ei-00

4.10Ei-01 7.91Ei-00 4.49Ei-00 4.67Ei-00 4.46EMO 3.43Ei-00

2.10Ei-01 7.70E-03 2.42Ei-00 1.31Ei-00 1.19EMO 2.01Ei-00

2.10Ei-01 l.2lE-01 2.53E+OO 1.65EMO 1.77EMO 1.95Ei-00

2.11E-101 3.16E-01 2.61E+00 2.11Ei-00 2.09Ei-00 2.17Ei-00

2.15Ei-01 8.40E-01 2.99Ei-00 2.71EM0 3.09EMO 1.80Ei-00

224Ei-01 1.81EMO 3.29Ei-00 3.04Ei-00 3.58EMO 2.26Ei-00

2.35Ei-01 3.97Ei-00 3.84Ei-00 3.73Ei-00 4.10EM0 3.15EMO

2.43EM1 6.01EMO 4.72Ei-00 4.52Ei-00 5.09EMO 2.88EM0

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

T "C V f t / S dpldl-h dp/dl-d dp/dl-u DP InHz0

1.1 1EM1 2.04Ei-00 2.93E-01 2.70E-01 4.53E-01 2.53E-01

1.16EM1 4.05EM0 1.07EMO 1.05EM0 1.33Ei-00 9.1s-01

12OEM1 6.07EMO 2.22E-1-00 2.18EMO 2.63EM0 1.85Ei-00

122Ei-01 8.09EM0 3.70EMO 3.66Ei-00 4.30EMO 3.26Ei-00

1.19EM1 1.01EM1 5.46EMO 5.45Ei-00 6.29EMO 4:88EMO

1.99EM1 2.03EMO 3.03E-01 2.71E-01 4.07E-01 1.45E-01

2.02EM1 4.04Ei-00 l.OlE+OO 1.OOEMO 122Ei-00 8.36E-01

2.01Ei-01 6.05E4-00 2.07EMO 2.07Ei-00 2.44E+00 1.75E.r-00

2.03EM1 8.04EMO 3.44EMO 3.44EMO 4.02Ei-00 2.99EMO

2.06EM1 1.01Ei-01 5.12EMO 5.12EMO 5.89EMO 4.52E.r-00

4.08EMl 2.04EM0 3.11E-01 3.31E-01 2.51E-01

4.13Ei-01 3.98EM0 8.47E-01 9.18E-01 9.90E-01 5.16E-01

4.16EM1 5.95EM0 1.80EMO 1.85Ei-00 2.04EMO 1.22E+00

4.14EM1 7.93Ei-00 3.05EMO 3.10Ei-00 3.36EMO 2.39E.r-00

4.1 1EM1 9.91EM0 4.44EMO 4.63Ei-00 4.82EMO 3.53Ei-00

6.97EMO 2.04EMO 4.3 1E-01 1.54E+OO 4.33E-02

7.77EMO 4.04EMO 1.30EM0 2.43EMO 3.52E-01 9.61E-01

8.36Ei-00 6.06EMO 2.63EMO 3.66E+OO 1.96EMO 1.92EMO

8.69EMO 8.08EMO 425EMO 5.30Ei-00 3.82Ei-00 3.65E.r-00

7.90E-i-00 1.OOEM1 6.19EM0 7.1 lE+OO 6.25EMO 5.96E+00

1.95EM1 2.04EMO

2.00EM1 4.02EMO 1.2OE+OO 2.29EM0 2.41E-01 7.82E-01

2.00EM1 6.04EMO 2.37EMO 3.43EMO 1.66EMO 1.72EM0

2.03EM1 8.05E+00 3.87EMO 4.73Ei-00 3.62EM0 3.49E+00

2.05EM1 9.98EMO 5.69Ei-00 6.07EMO 6.07EMO 5.37EMO

5.02E-02 1.87EMl 1.99EMO 4.08E-01 1.38EM0

1.91EM1 4.00EMO 1.20E+00 2.26EMO 3.13E-01 8.52E-01

1.98EM1 6.04EMO 2.47EMO 3.34EMO 1.95EMO 2.07E+OO

2.05EMl 7.86EMO 3.88EMO 4.33EMO 3.95EM0 3.31E+00

2.17Ei-01 9.57EMO 5.35EMO 5.71EMO 5.77EMO 4.95EMO

3.91EM1 2.16EMO 3.55E-01 1.55EM0

3.94EM1 3.99EMO 1.05EMO 2.23EM0 6.08E-01

3.95EM1 5.97EMO 2.04EM0 3.21EMO 1.24EM0 1.69E.r-00

3.94EM1 7.95EN0 3.43EM0 4.27EMO 3.10EM0 3.13E+00

I

I ?

Table C-2 > , - 8 ,102 ... Dimensional Results Data of Surrogate Pressure Drop ;Tests j

Surrogate concentration

5% Surrogate #I

!5% Surrogate #1

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

I -- 8102 Table C-2

Dimensional Results Data of Surrogate Pressure Drop Tests (contineem

Surrogate concentration

40% Surrogate #1

5% Surrogate #1

5% Bentonite

15% Surrogate #1

i% Bentonite

L.

T 'C V WS dp/dl-h dp/dl-d dp/dl-u DP Id320

3.89Ei-01 9.82EMO 4.99Ei-00 5.32Ei-00 5.36Ei-00 5.08Ei-00

6.50Ei-00 2.20EMO 1.04Ei-00 3.33Ei-00

7.01EM0 4.01Ei-00 2.01Ei-00 3.33Ei-00 9.68E-01 1.74EM0

8.05Ei-00 5.99EMO 3.87Ei-00 4.79Ei-00 3.34EMO 3.57E+00

8.69EM0 8.17EMO 5.58EMO 8.08Ei-00 4.09EMO 5.00EMO

8.82Ei-00 9.8EMO 7.75Ei-00 1.03Ei-01 6.59Ei-00 7.97EMO

1.97EM1 1.9OEMO 9.07E-01 3.33Ei-00

1.97EM1 4.02EMO 1.72Ei-00 3.33E-eOO 3.32E-01 1.78EMO

1.99Ei-01 5.98Ei-00 3.40Ei-00 4.50Ei-00 2.61Ei-00 2.97E+OO

1.97EM1 8.47EMO 4.95E+00 6.40Ei-00 4.1 1Ei-00 4.64Ei-00

1.99EMl 1.02Ei-01 6.63Ei-00 8.I3Ei-00 5.97Ei-00 6.65EMO

4.12EM1 2.04EMO 6.28E-01 3.33Ei-00

4.16E+01 3.96EMO 1.48EM0 3.33Ei-00 2.60E-02 1.21EMO

4.16Ei-01 5.92Ei-00 2.80Ei-00 3.88E+00 1.9OEMO 2.43E+00

4.12Ei-01 7.82EMO 4.31Ei-00 5.57Ei-00 3.50Ei-00 3.99E+00

3.89Ei-01 9.82Ei-00 6.10Ei-00 7.41Ei-00 5.53Ei-00 6.28EM0

7.62Ei-00 1.91Ei-00 3.87E-01 3.37E-01 4.11E-01 9.48E-02

5.90Ei-00 4.07Ei-00 1.35E+OO 1.32EMO 1.49Ei-00 9.66E-01

5.88Ei-00 6.08EMO 2.66Ei-00 2.66Ei-00 3.OOE+OO 2.29E+00

6.38EMO 7.97EMO 4.20Ei-00 4.23E4-00 4.79Ei-00 3.93E+00

6.90Ei-00 9.23EMO 5.42EMO 5.45Ei-00 6.18E+OO 5.10Ei-00

2.31EM1 1.96E+OO 3.63E-01 3.60E-01 3.52E-01 2.10E-01

228Ei-01 4.00Ei-00 1.14Ei-00 1.17Ei-00 125Ei-00 9.72E-01

225Ei-01 6.1EMO 2.38EMO 2.40Ei-00 2.67Ei-00 2.10EM0

2.15Ei-01 8.08EM0 3.79Ei-00 3.82EM0 4.24EMO 2.98Ei-00

2.05Ei-01 9.9OEi-00 5.34Ei-00 5.48Ei-00 6.02EMO 4.81E+00

4.IlEi-01 2.07EMO 4.18E-01 3.96E-01 3.26E-01

4.18Ei-01 3.98EMO 1.12EM0 1.13Ei-00 1.12Ei-00 2.87E-01

4.24Ei-01 6.08Ei-00 2.20Ei-00 2.25Ei-00 2.38Ei-00 1.47Ei-00

4.30Ei-01 7.99EMO 3.48EMO 3.56Ei-00 3.84Ei-00 2.85Ei-00

4.34Ei-01 1.01EM1 5.21EMO 5.31Ei-00 5.84Ei-00 4.57EM0

5.63Ei-00 1.92Ei-00 1.94EMO 220Ei-00 1.27Ei-00 1.6OEMO

6.24EMO 4.05EMO 2.58Ei-00 2.90Ei-00 2.24Ei-00 1.78EM0

7.88EiOO 628EiOO 4.08Ei-00 4.48EM0 4.33EM0 5.67EM0

I Table C-2 -1 - I 8102 .

Dimensional Results Data of Surrogate Pressure Drop Tests (continued)

7.1 lEi-00 1.99Ei-00 6.44Ei-00 6.10Ei-00 7.35Ei-00 4.39E+00

8.36Ei-00 3.98Ei-00 8.06Ei-00 7.69Ei-00 9.31Ei-00 7.18E+00

9.28Ei-00 6.04Ei-00 9.71Ei-00 9.43Ei-00 1.14Ei-01 9.88E+00

9.88Ei-00 7.91Ei-00 1.09Ei-01 1.07Ei-01 1.32Ei-01 1.19E+OI

8.88Ei-00 8.43E+00 1.13Ei-01 1.12Ei-01 1.4OE+Ol 1.29E+01

4.14Ei-01 2.02Ei-00 9.13E+00 9.64Ei-00 9.58Ei-00 6.71E+00

4.03Ei-01 3.94Ei-00 9.81Ei-00 9.98Ei-00 1.11Ei-01 8.81Ei-00

3.88Ei-01 6.01Ei-00 1.1OEi-01 1.1OEi-01 1.25Ei-01 1.04E+O1

4.30Ei-01 8.05Ei-00 1.20Ei-01 1.22Ei-01 1.41Ei-01 1.31Ei-01

3.47Ei-01 9.88Ei-00 122Ei-01 1.23Ei-01 1.46Ei-01 1.39E+01

2.03Ei-01 1.97Ei-00 5.42Ei-00 5.03Ei-00 6.37Ei-00 4.64Ei-00

2.05Ei-01 3.89Ei-00 6.36Ei-00 5.85Ei-00 7.50Ei-00 5.63Ei-00

2.00Ei-01 6.03Ei-00 7.56Ei-00 7.17Ei-00 9.13Ei-00 7.96E+00

2.09Ei-01 8.00Ei-00 8.11Ei-00 7.93Ei-00 1.01Ei-01 8.72Ei-00

2.13Ei-01 9.61Ei-00 9.52Ei-00 8.96Ei-00 1.17Ei-01 l.lOE.I-01

1.93Ei-01 1.95Ei-00 3.63E-01 3.03E-01 3.63E-01

1.98Ei-01 4.04Ei-00 1.07Ei-00 1.02Ei-00 1.21Ei-00 1.91E-01

2.04Ei-01 6.08Ei-00 2.15Ei-00 2.10Ei-00 2.46Ei-00 1.17Ei-00

2.12Ei-0 1 6.78Ei-00 2.60Ei-00 2.54Ei-00 2.97Ei-00 1.52Ei-00

2.47Ei-01 1.99Ei-00 3.27E-01 1.71Ei-00

2.46E+01 4.02Ei-00 1.09Ei-00 2.39Ei-00 5.17E-0 1

2.43Ei-01 5.96Ei-00 2.19Ei-00 3.27Ei-00 1.43Ei-00 1.48Ei-00

Surrogate concentration

.

jJ/o Surrogate #1

IO% Bentonite

% Surrogate #2

.5% Surrogate #2

7.54Ei-00

1.95Ei-01

1.98Ei-01

1.99Ei-01

2.01E4-01

1.98Ei-01 .

4.09Ei-01

4.1 3E+O 1

4.06Ei-01

4.13E4-0 1

4.00Ei-01

8.37Ei-00

2.07Ei-00

4.1 1Ei-00

6.13Ei-00

8.12Ei-00

9.33Ei-00

2.01Ei-00

4.00Ei-00

6.27Ei-00

8.16Ei-00

1.02Ei-0 1

7.06E+OO

1.93Ei-00

2.30Ei-00

3.64Ei-00

6.25Ei-00

7.89Ei-00

2.23Ei-00

2.55Ei-00

3.3 E M 0

5.69Ei-00

8.26Ei-00

7.60Ei-00

2.44Ei-00

2.90Ei-00

4.08Ei-00

6.75Ei-00

8.53Ei-00

2.80Ei-00

3.01Ei-00

3.63Ei-00

6.OOE+OO

8.65EHO

7.11Ei-00

1.27Ei-00

1.8 1Ei-00

3.49Ei-00

6.24Ei-00

7.97Ei-00

1.8 1Ei-00

2.28Ei-00

3 25E+00

5.80Ei-00

8 A5Ei-00

T OC V ftfs dp/dl-h dp/dl-d dp/dl-u DP InH20

7.30Ei-00 8.04Ei-00 6.55Ei-00 7.08Ei-00 6.58Ei-00 6.65Ei-00

6.95Ei-00

1.66E+00

1.75Ei-00

4.35Ei-00

5.63Ei-00

6.97Ei-00

1.49Ei-00

2.67Ei-00

3.6 1E+00

5.26Ei-00

7.4 1EM0

i

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0 I --

8 1 0 2 - 1 Table C-2 'L.

Dimensional Results Data of Surrogate Pressure Drop Tests (continued)

Surrogate concentration

40% Surrogate #2

5% surrogate #2

5% Bentonite

25.% Surrogate #2

5% Bentonite

10% surrogate #2

5% Bentonite

i% Surrogate #2

10% Bentonite

T 'C V WS dpldl-h dpldl-d dpldl-u DP InH20

2.47E+01 6.89E+00 2.80E+00 3.76EMO 225E+00 2.07EMC

1.97E+01 1.94EMO 4.32E-0 1 2.46E+00

2.01E+01 4.02EMO 1.42E+00 2.70E+00 1.47E-01 7.37E-01

2.04E+01 6.01E+00 2.72E+00 3.42E+00 2.18Ei-00 2.24E+OC

2.02E+01 6.63E+00 3.16EMO 3.94E-I-00 2.68Ei-00 2.56E+0C

3.57E+01 2.03E+00 4.38E-01 4.98E-01 3.35E-01 -5.75E-02

3.63E+01 4.03E+00 1.35E-cOO 1.42EMO 1.33Ei-00 6.74E-01

3.72E+01 5.97E+00 2.59E+00 2.69EMO 2.74E+OO 1.87E+0C

3.79EMl 7.69E+00 4.02E+00 4.1 1E+00 4.36E+00 2.93E+OC

7.58EOO 1.99E+0O 7.68E-01 2.16EMO 3.95E-0 1

7.80E+00 3.95E+00 1.73E+00 2.99E+00 6.41E-01

3.96EMO

4.98E-01

1.65E+00

3.14E+00

3.90E+00

4.13E-0 1

1.42E+00

2.96E+00

4.05E+00

2.14E+00

3.06E+OO

4.15E+00

1.98Ei-00

2.82E+00

4.37E+00

2.98E+00

4.31E-01

2.32€+00

3.19E+00

9.58E-02

1.83E+00

3.06EMO . 1.49E+00

3.1 6E+OO 4.92E+00

1.20E+00

2.70E-r-00

4.90E+00

3.08E+OC

6.0 1E-0 1

1.96E+00

2.77E+00

'1.14E-01

8.03E-0 1

1.96E+00

3.04E+00

2.2 8E+00

3.23E+00

3.5 IE+00

2.15E+00

3.31E+00

4.36Ei-00

HCET-1002-0e002 Rev. 0 I

-ma 7- - 8 1 0 2 Table C-2

Dimensional Results Data of Surrogate Pressure Drop Tests (continukuj

Surrogate concentration

5% surrogate #2

)% Bentonite 9.52Ei-oO

1.03Ei-o 1

1.04Ei-ol

2.2 1 Ei-o 1

2.25Ei-01

2.26Ei-01

2.25Ei-01

4.26E+O1

4.26EMl

4.14Ei-o 1

4.01Ei-ol

4.00E+00

6.01Ei-oO

6.42Et-00

2.00Ei-oO

4.OOEi-oO

6.01EMO

8.01E+00

2.OOEi-oO

4.OOEi-oO

6.01Ei-oO

8.01Ei-oO

7.79Ei-oO

1.04Ei-o 1

1.14Ei-o 1

2.57Ei-oO

3.3 1 EM0

4.98Ei-00

7.39Ei-oO

3.65Ei-00

5.53E+OO

7.69Ei-00

9.83E+O0

9.43Ei-oO

122Ei-o 1

1.31E4-01

4.23Ei-oO

5.14Ei-oO

6.47Ei-00

8.45Ei-oO

5.19Ei-00

7.52Ei-oO

9.58E+OO

1.12EM 1

7.44Ei-00

1.07E+O 1

1.17E+O1

1 .36Ei-o0

2.46E+00

4.1 OE+OO

6.74Ei-oO

2.42E+00

4.51E+00

6.84E+O0

9.15E+00

T "C V ft/s dp/dl-h dp/dl-d dp/dl-u DP InHz0

2.02Ei-ol 622EMO 3.60Ei-oO 3.72EMO 4.13EHO 1.05Ei-00

2.09E+01 6.95E+00 4.35Ei-oO 4.94Ei-oO 5.26EMO 3.93E+OO

4.11E-eO1 1.97EMO 2.42Ei-00 2.61Ei-oO 2.25Ei-oO 1.26EMO

4.ilE-tOl 4.2OEi-oO 328E+OO 3.61Ei-oO 3.54Ei-00 2.95E+00

4.08Ei-ol 6.04Ei-oO 4.42Ei-oO 4.92Ei-oO 5.14Ei-oO 4.35E+OO

4.02E-l-01 7.52E4-00 5.58Ei-oO 6.01Ei-oO 6.55E+00 3.41EH0

9.06Ei-oO 2.00Ei-oO 4.86Ei-oO 6.40Ei-oO 3.88E+00 2.34EMO

6.29E+OO

9.61E+OO

9.74EMO

8.78E-0 1

3.25E+00

2.08EMO

5.03E+00

1 .O 1EMO

3.24EM0

5.1 7E+O0

6.49EMO

I

APPENDIX D

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

I

'L. ",- 8 1 0 2

PRESSURE DROP DIMENSIONLESS RESULTS

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

Table D-1 Dimensionless Result Data of Silo Material Pressure Drop Tests

---, 81 0 2 Case

iYh-K-65

5% K-65

5% K-65

T Re f-horizontal f-downward f-upward K-bend

621EMO 4.77EM3 2.84E-02 3.00E-02 3.36E-02 7.36EMO 6.52Ei-00 2.72EM1 2.69EM1 2.59EM I 2.32Ei-01 2.29EM 1 2.23Ei-01 4.22EM 1 4.29EM 1 4.27EM1

9.49EM3 1.87EW 5.39EM3 1.12EM4 2.15EW 529Ei-03 1.09EM4 2.1 1E+O4 5.60EM3 1.1 OEM4 2.19E4-04

2.61E-02 225E-02 2.35E-02 2.19E-02 1.99E-02 2.42E-02 224E-02 1.99E-02 2.29E-02 2.1 1 E-02 1.86E-02

2.71E-02 2.30E-02 2.8%-02 2.34E-02 2.04E-02 2.59E-02 2.38E-02 2.05E-02 2.48E-02 2.19E-02 1.90E-02

2.9%-02 2.53302 3.21E-02 2.63E-02 2.26E-02 3.33302 2.60E-02 2.24E-02 2.95E-02 2.47E-02 2.09E-02

1.82E-0 I 2.64E-03 2.14E-0 1 2.88E-0 1 2.62E-03

2.20E-01 2.47E-01 1.02E-01 2.19E-01 2.22E-0 I

3.77EM1 1.40Ei-03 3.07E-02 2.28E-02 5.47E-01 3.79EM1 2.72E+03 2.3 3E-02 2.48E-02 2.76E-02 4.45E-03 3.69Ei-01 5.56EM3 2.09E-02 2.30E-02 2.22E-02 2.85E-01 1.92EM1 1.92E4-03 2.85E-02 3.07E-02 9.52E-01 1.96EM1 3.96E4-03 2.60E-02 2.78E-02 2.90E-02’ 4.61E-01 1.94Ei-01 5.99E.03 2.3OE-02 2.50E-02 2.53E-02 3.61E-01 2.06Ei-01 7.55EM3 2.26E-02 2.56E-02 2.35E-02 3.12E-01 2.00EM1 9.62EM3 2.04E-02 2.35E-02 2.07E-02 2.99E-03 8.15EMO 1.74E4-03 3.52E-02 3.38E-02 9.1 3E-0 1 9.22EMO 3.78EM3 2.99E-02 3.74E-02 2.80E-02 4.62E-01 9.47Ei-00 7.17EM3 2.45E-02 2.68E-02 2.62E-02 3.08E-01 9.77EMO 9.3 1E+03 2.21E-02 2.54E-02 2.25E-02 3.42E-01 4.10EM1 7.53Bi-02 3.73E-02 5.76E-03 5.86E-01 4.11Ei-01 1.45EM3 2.72E-02 2.3 1E-02 4.15E-0 1 4.08EM1 2.95EM3 2.00E-02 2.22E-02 2.06E-02 2.68E-01 1.96EM1 1.04EM3 4.25E-02 1.96E-02 7.41E-01 1.96EM1 1.86EM3 3.1 OE-02 2.60E-02 4.86E-01 1.97Ei-01 2.77Ei-03 2.73E-02 3.04E-02 2.79E-02 3.91E-01 2.03Ei-01 3.93EM3 2.16E-02 2.64E-02 2.09E-02 3.51E-01 2.04EM1 4.66E4-03 2.17E-02 2.39E-02 2.26E-02 3.15E-01 9.29EMO 1.04EM3 6.33E-02 4.70E-03 1.38E-01 9.63EM0 1.96EM3 3 S2E-02 4.09E-02 2.94E-02 5.22E-01 9.76Ei-00 2.92EM3 2.77E-02 3.13E-02 2.74E-02 3.93E-01

9.71EM0 3.77E4-03 2.73E-02 3.1 1E-02 2.75E-02 3.71E-01

Table D-1

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0 1

- I : I = - 8 1 0 2 Dimensionless Result Data of Silo Material Pressure Drop Tests (continued)

Case

13% K-65

% K-65

%B

5% K-65

T Re f-horizontal f-downward f-upward K-bend

1.1OEi-01 5.01Ei-03 224E-02 2.47E-02 2.32E-02 3.32E-0 1

4.14Ei-01 1.47Ei-02 7.2 1E-02 9.17E-03 5.11E-01

4.15Ei-01 2.85Ei-02 3.06E-02 1.85E-02 4.59E-01

4.13EM1 4.61Ei-02 2.34E-02 2.61E-02 2.35E-02 3 S4E-0 1

3.92Ei-01 5.96Ei-02 2.13E-02 2.30E-02 2.24E-02 3.02E-01

4.07Ei-01 7.37E4-02 1.97E-02 2.13E-02 2.08E-02 3.17E-01

2.09Ei-01 1.65EM2 7.36E-02 3.01E-02 4.27E-01

1.95Ei-01 3.49Ei-02 3.3 !YE-02 3.09E-02 5.24E-0 1

1.91Ei-01 5.04Ei-02 2.65E-02 2.67E-02 2.88E-02 3.80E-01

2.01Ei-01 6.12Ei-02 2.64E-02 2.68E-02 2.81E-02 3.44E-01

2.12Ei-01 7.81Ei-02 222E-02 2.29E-02 2.43E-02 3.19E-0 1

4.71E-02 3.30E-01 8.42EMO 2.13Ei-02 7.37E-02 8.49Ei-00 4.01Ei-02 3.47E-02 3.86E-02 6.02E-01

9.04EMO 6.18Ei-02 2.76E-02 2.58E-02 3.18E-02 3.76E-01

9.70Ei-00 7.70Ei-02 2.72E-02 2.75E-02 3.04E-02 3.95E-01

1.01Ei-01 936Ei-02 2.51E-02 2.59E-02 2.78E-02 3.83E-01

8.80Ei-00 1.15Ei-03 2.81E-02 1.77E-02 5.23E-02 4.52E-01

8.76Ei-00

8.71Ei-00

9.13Ei-00

925EMO

1.99Ei-01

1.99Ei-0 1

1.99Ei-0 1

2.02Ei-01

2.05Ei-01

4.00Ei-01

4.03Ei-01

4.05Ei-0 1

4.06Ei-01

4.06Ei-01

2.28Ei-03

3.41Ei-03

4.47Ei-03

5.52Ei-03

9.64Ei-02

1.81Ei-03

2.76Ei-03

3.69Ei-03

4.54Ei-03

7.95Ei-02

1.54Ei-03

230Ei-03

3.16Ei-03

3.88Ei-03

2.8 1E-02

2.56E-02

2.39E-02

2.29E-02

3.39E-02

2.68E-02

2.41E-02

2.20E-02

2.1 1E-02

3.23E-02

2.3 8E-02

222E-02

2.02E-02

1.94E-02

2.64E-02

2.55E-02

2.4 1E-02

2.3 3E-02

1.78E-02

2.50E-02

2.3 9E-02

2.28E-02

2.19E-02

1.6 1E-02

237E-02

2.22E-02

2.1 OE-02

2.02E-02

3.45E-02

3.03E-02

2.78E-02

2.62E-02

4.58E-02

3.1 1E-02

2.76E-02

2.5OE-02

2.3 8E-02

2.8 OE-02

2.43E-02

2.3 3E-02

2.18E-02

2.1 OE-02

1.33E-01

2.57E-0 1

2.72E-0 1

2.85E-01

-2.75E-0 1

5.7 1 E-02

2.02E-01

2.88E-0 1

2.8 1E-0 I 4.05E-01

2.17E-0 I 1.49E-0 I 1.87E-0 I 2.25E-01

1.13Ei-01 1.83Ei-02 7.09E-02 6.37E-02 1.02Eio(

HCET-T00244-002 Rev. 0

Table D-1 Dimensionless Result Data of Silo Material Pressure Drop Tests (continued)

. .

Case

i%B .

6% K-65 %B

6% K-65 %B fter 72 hr

T Re f-horizontal f-downward f-upward K-bend

1.07Ei-01 3.67Ei-02 3.12E-02 2.9 1E-02 3.4 1E-02 5.17E-0 1

1.04Ei-0 1 1.03Ei-0 1

1.04Ei-0 1 1.96Ei-0 1 1.93Ei-01 1.97Ei-0 1

2.04Ei-01 2.02Ei-01 3.65Ei-0 1 3.66Ei-01 3.64Ei-0 1

3.60Ei-0 1 3.53Ei-0 1

5.55Ei-02 7.30Ei-02 9.17Em 1.77Ei-02 3.46Ei-02 5.20Ei-02 6.70Ei-02 8.49Ei-02 8.61Ei-01 1.79Ei-02 2.72Ei-02 3.62Ei-02 4.72Ei-02

2.94E-02 2.75E-02 2.55E-02 7.21E-02 3.23E-02 2.83E-02 2.65E-02 2.46E-02 9.19E-02 3.09E-02 2.51E-02 2.38E-02 2.27E-02

2.93 E-02 2.85E-02

'2.71E-02

3.1 1E-02 2.94E-02 2.85E-02 2.62E-02

3.2 1E-02 2.92E-02 2.68E-02 2.46E-02

3.12E-02 2.87E-02 2.71E-02 4.67E-02 3.13E-02 2.89E-02 2.75E-02 2.63E-02 3 S2E-02 1.75E-02 2.1 1E-02 - 2.3 1E-02 2.33E-02

3.33E-0 1 3.OOE-01 3.48E-0 I 5.98E-0 I 5.13E-0 I 3.12E-0 I 3.35E-01 3.42E-0 I 1.27EMC 4.3s-01 2.90E-0 1

2.8 1 E-0 1

2.96E-03

8.67Ei-00 2.57Ei-01 226E-01 1.92E-01 2.50E-01 3.37EMC

1.05Ei-01 5.17Ei-01 7.3 1E-02 6.48E-02 8.16E-02 1.03E+OC

1.14EM1 7.74Ei-01 4.29E-02 5.31E-02 4.44E-02 5.03E-01

1.17Ei-0 1 1.08Ei-02 3 .O5E-02 3.3 9E-02 3.33E-02 6.2 1E-0 1

1.20Ei-0 1 1.23Ei-02 2.99E-02 2.97E-02 3.13E-02 5.1 1E-01

2.21Ei-01 2.97Ei-01 1.78E-01 1.84E-01 1.97E-01 3.05EMC

2.30EM1 5.59Ei-01 6.40E-02 5.59E-02 6.82E-02 8.18E-01

2.32Ei-01 8.19Ei-01 3.86E-02 3 S4E-02 4.13E-02 4.30E-0 I

2.33Ei-01 1.16Ei-02 2.91E-02 2.62E-02 3.08E-02 4.04E-01

2.32Ei-01 1.3OEi-02 3.13E-02 2.95E-02 3.32E-02 4.36E-01

4.00Ei-01 2.85Ei-01 2.58E-01 3.12E-01 2.69E-01 3.97EMC

4.03Ei-01 5.73Ei-01 7.3 1E-02 8.01E-02 7.15E-02 1:05E+OC

4.05Ei-01 8.78Ei-01 3.85E-02 4.28E-02 3.71E-02 4.80E-01

4.05Ei-01 1.22E+O2 2.41E-02 2.58E-02 2.41E-02 3.35E-01

4.03Ei-01 1.44Ei-02 2.66E-02 2.54E-02 2.68E-02 3.24E-01

1.07Ei-01 2.59EM1 3.63E-0 1 3.62E-01 3.83E-01 4.65EMC

1.22Ei-01 5.31Ei-01 1.08E-01 1.06E-01 1.13E-01 1.36EMI

1.31Ei-01 7.86Ei-01 5.9 8E-02 5.97E-02 6.47E-02 6.56E-03

1.33Ei-01 9.85Ei-01 4.48E-02 4.29E-02 4.80E-02 3.94E-01

2.14Ei-01 2.77Ei-01 3.39E-0 1 3.96E-01 3.37E-01 4.37E+O(

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

Case T Re f-horizontal f-downward f-upward K-bend

2.25E4-01 5.74E4-01 9.65B02 9.93E-02 9.57E-02 1.17EMO

2.32E4-01 8.51E+01 5.3 1E-02 5.75E-02 5.45E-02 5.75E-01

2.35E4-01 1.14E+02 3.60E-02 3.42E-02 3.70E-02 2.76E-01

4.03E4-01 2.97E+01 3.96E-O 1 4.62E-01 3.83E-01 4.86EM0

4.07E4-01 5.82E4-01 1.12Fio 1 1.29E-01 1.08E-01 1.37EMO

4.08E4-01 8.90E4-01 5.44E-02 6.30E-02 5.35E-02 6.88E-0 1

4.06E4-01 1.20E4-02 3 S7E-02 3.78E-02 3.53B-02 2.82E-0 1

36% IC-65 2.49E4-01 2.71E4-01 4.0 8E-0 1 4.85E-01 4.03E-01 4.78EM0

5% B 2.57E4-01 5.71E4-01 ' 1.09E-01 1.28E-01 1.06E-01 1.33EMO

after 90 hr 2.61Ei-01 8.63E4-01 5.77E-02 6.71E-02 5.75E-02 5.70E-01

2.60E4-01 1.07E4-02 4.35E-02 4.48E-02 4.35E-02 3.27E-0 1

HCET-T002-W-002 Rev. 0

Table D-2 - ' 8 1 0 2

Slurry Concentration

i% surrogate #1

5% Surrogate #1

Dimensionless Result Data of Surrogate Pressure Drop TtTSts I

T Re f-horizontal f-downward f-upward K-bend

l.llEi-01 4.95Et-03 2.72E-02 2.5 1E-02 4.2 1E-02 3.276-0 1

1.16Ei-0 1 9.68Et-03 2.50E-02 2.46E-02 3.12E-02 2.99E-01

1.20Ei-01 1.43Ei-04 2.32E-02 2.28E-02 2.74E-02 2.69E-01

1.22Ei-01 1.9OEi-04 2.18E-02 2.15E-02 2.53E-02 2.67E-01

1.19Ei-01 2.39Ei-04 2.06E-02 2.06E-02 2.38E-02 2.57E-01

1.99Ei-01 4.15Et-03 2.82E-02 2.53E-02 3.79E-02 1.88E-0 1

2.02Ei-01 8.22Et-03 2.39E-02 2.36E-02 2.88E-02 2.75E-01

2.01Ei-01 1.23Ei-04 2.18E-02 2.17E-02 2.57E-02 2.57E-01

2.03Ei-01 1.64Ei-04 2.05E-02 2.05E-02 2.39E-02 2.48E-0 1

2.06Ei-01 2.04Ei-04 1.95E-02 1.95E-02 2.25E-02 2.40E-01

4.08Ei-01 6.15Ei-03 2.87E-02 3.06E-02 2.32E-02

.4.13E+Ol 1.24Ei-04 2.06E-02 2.24E-02 2.41E-02 1.75E-01

4.16Ei-01 1.88Ei-04 1.96E-02 2.01E-02 2.22E-02 1.85E-01

4.14Ei-01 2.48Ei-04 1.87E-02 1.90E-02 2.06E-02 2.04E-01

4.11Ei-01 3.04Ei-04 1.74E-02 1.82E-02 1.89E-02 1.93E-01

4.88E-02 6.97Ei-00 1.55Ei-03 3.49E-02 1.25E-0 1

7.77Et-00

8.36Ei-00

8.69Ei-00

7.90Ei-00

1.95Ei-0 1

2.00Ei-01

2.00Et-01

2.03Ei-01

2.05Et-01

1.87Ei-01

1.9 1Ei-0 1

1.98Et-0 1

2.05Ei-01

2.17Ei-0 1

3.9 1E+O 1

3.94Ei-01

3.07Et-03

4.59Ei-03

6.12Ei-03

7.60Ei-03

1.48Ei-03

2.92EH3

4.39Et-03

5.84Ei-03

7.23Ei-03

1.46Et-03

2.92Ei-03

4.40Ei-03

5.69Ei-03

6.88Ei-03

1.31Ei-03

2.41Ei-03

2.69E-02 5.03E-02 7.27E-03 2.77E-0 1

2.42E-02 3.37E-02 1.81E-02 2.46E-01

2.2OE-02 2.75E-02 1.98E-02 2.63E-01

2.0 8E-02 2.39B-02 2.10E-02 2.79E-01

3.8 8E-02

2.51E-02

2.20E-02

2.02E-02

1.93E-02

3.48E-02

2.54E-02

228E-02

2.12E-02

1.98E-02

2.58E-02

2.23E-02

1.35E-0 1

4.78E-02

3.18E-02

'2.4cns-02

2.06E-02

1.17E-01

4.78E-02

3.09E-02

2.37E-02

2.1 1E-02

1.13E-0 1

4.75E-02

5.03E-03

1 S4E-02

1.89E-02

2.06E-02

6.61E-03

1.80E-02

2.16E-02

2.13E-02

2.27E-01

2.22E-0 1

2.54E-01

2.546-0 1

5.96E-02

2.50E-0 1

2.67E-01

2.52E-01

2.55E-01

1.80E-0 1

HCET fi.a/Repwf D-6

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0 I

i

Table D-2 Dimensionless Result Data of Surrogate Pressure Drop Tests (continued)

' 8 1 0 2

Slurry Concentration

.O% Surrogate #1

T Re f-horizontal f-downward f-upward K-bend

3.95Ei-01 3.61Ei-03 1.94E-02 3.04E-02 1.18E-02 2.23E-01

3.94Ei-01 4.81Ei-03 1 .ME-02 2.28642 1.66E-02 2.33E-01

3.89Ei-01 5.97Ei-03 1.75E-02 1.86E-02 1.88E-02 2.48E-01

6.50Ei-00 8.65Ei-02 6.1 1E-02 1.95E-0 1

7.0 lEi-00 1.57Ei-03 3 S4E-02 5.86E-02 1.70E-02 4.266-01

8.05Ei-00 2.34Ei-03 3.05E-02 3.77E-02 2.63E-02 3.91E-01

8.69Ei-00 3.18Ei-03 2.36E-02 3.42E-02 1.74E-02 2.95E-01

8.82Ei-00 3.83Ei-03 2.25E-02 2.98E-02 1.91E-02 3.23E-0 1

1.97Ei-01 6.91Ei-02 7.15E-02 2.62E-01

1.97Ei-01 1.47Ei-03 3.02E-02 5.84E-02 5.82E-03 4.36E-01

1.99Ei-01 2.18Ei-03 2.69E-02 3.56E-02 2.06E-02 3.27E-01

1.97Ei-01 3.09Ei-03 1.95E-02 2.52E-02 1.62E-02 2.55E-01

1.99Ei-01 3.71Ei-03 1.8 1E-02 2.22E-02 1163E-02 2.53E-01

4.12Ei-01 6.57Ei-02 4.29E-02 2.27E-01

4.16Ei-0 1 1.28EM3 2.67E-02 6.02E-02 4.70E-04 3.04E-01

4.16Ei-01 1.91Ei-03 2.26E-02 3.13E-02 1.54E-02 2.74E-01

4.12Ei-01 2.52Ei-03 2.00E-02 2.58E-02 1.62E-02 2.57E-01

3.89Ei-01 3.21Ei-03 1.79E-02 2.17E-02 1.62E-02 2.57E-01

7.62Ei-00 1.47Ei-03 4.02E-02 3.51E-02 4.27E-02 1.37E-01

5.90Ei-00 3.16Ei-03 3.08E-02 3.01E-02 3.40E-02 3.07E-01

2.72E-02 3.08E-02 3.26E-01 5.88Ei-00 4.73Ei-03 2.73 E-02

6.38Ei-00 6.17Ei-03 2.5OE-02 2.52E-02 2.86E-02 3.26E-01

6.90Ei-00 7.12Ei-03 2.41E-02 2.42E-02 2.75E-02 3.16E-01

2.31Ei-01 1.31Ei-03 3 S6E-02 3.53E-02 3.45E-02 2.87E-01

228Ei-01 2.67Ei-03 2.7OE-02 2.76E-02 2.96E-02 3.21E-01

2.25Ei-01 4.13Ei-03 2.37E-02 2.39E-02 2.66E-02 2.91E-01

2.15Ei-01 5.47Ei-03 2.19E-02 2.22E-02 2.46E-02 2.40E-01

2.05EM1 6.77EM3 . 2.06E-02 2.11E-02 2.32E-02 2.59E-01

4.11Ei-01 1.12Ei-03 3.69E-02 3.49E-02 2.87E-02 '

4.18Ei-01 2.13Ei-03 2.67E-02 2.69E-02 2.68E-02 9.54E-02

424Ei-01 3.24Ei-03 2.26E-02 2.30E-02 2.44E-02 2.09E-01

4.30Ei-01 , 422Ei-03 2.06E-02 2.11E-02 . 2.28E-02 2.35E-01

% Surrogate #1

% Bentonite

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

5- 8 '102 - Table D-2 - a I

Dimensionless Result Data of Surrogate Pressure Drop Tests (continued)

Sluny Concentration

!5% Surrogate #1

i% Bentonite

% Surrogate #1

% Bentonite

3/0 Surrogate #2

T Re f-horizontal f-downward f-upward K-bend

4.34E4-01 533E4-03 * 1.92E-02 1.96E-02 2.15E-02 2.35E-01

5.63E4-00 1.02E4-01 1.69E-01 1.92E-0 1 1.1 ~ E - O I 1.94~i-0a

624EMO

7.88E4-00

7.30E4-00

7.54E4-00

1.95EM1

1.98E4-01

1.99E4-0 1

2.0 1E4-0 1

1.98E4-01

4.09E4-01

4.13E4-01

4.06E4-01

4.13E4-01

4.00E4-01

2.15EM1

3.31E4-01

4.24E4-01

4.41E4-01

1.05E4-01

2.09E4-01

3.1 1E4-01

4.12E4-01

4.74E4-01

9.84E4-00

1.96E4-0 1

3.07E4-0 1

4.00E4-01

4.99E+01

5.03E-02

3 -3 1E-02

3.25E-02

3.23E-02

1.44E-0 1

4.36E-02

3.1 1E-02

3.04E-02

2.90E-02

1.77E-01

5.12E-02 .

2.75E-02

2.74E-02

2.5 6E-02

5.66E-02

3.63E-02

3.5 1E-02

3.48E-02 . .

1.82E-01

5.49E-02

3.48E-02

3.28E-02

3.14E-02

2.23E-01

6.03E-02

2.96E-02

2.8 9E-02

2.68E-02

4.36E-02

3.52E-02

3.26E-02

3.25E-02

9.42E-02

3.42E-02

2.98E-02

3.03E-02

2.93E-02

1.44E-0 1

4.58E-02

2.65E-02

2.79E-02

2.68E-02

4.84E-0 1

6.41E-0 1

4.5 9E-0 1

4.43E-0 1

1.72EMO

4.61E-01

5.17E-0 1

3.8 1E-0 1

3.57E-01

1.65E+00

7.45E-0 1

4.1 1E-01

3.52E-01

3.19E-0 1

7.llE4-00 .3.17E+O1 6.01E-01 5.69E-01 6.86E-01. 5.71EMO

8.36E4-00

9.28Ei-00

9.88E4-00

8.88E4-00

4.14E4-01

4.03E+01

3.88EMl

4.30E4-01

3.47E4-0 1

2.03Ei-01

2.05EM1

2.00E+01

2.09E4-01

2.13E4-01

627E4-01

9.44E4-01

123E4-02

132EO2

2.42E4-0 1

4.75E4-01

730EM1

9.53E4-01

124E4-02

2.71SE4-01

5.45E4-01

8.48E4-01

1.12E4-02

1.34E4-02

1.87E-0 1

9.79E-02

6.42E-02

5.85E-02

8.2 1 5 0 1

2.32E-01

1.12E-01

6.83E-02 ,

4.60E-02

5.15E-0 1

1 S5E-0 1

7.65E-02

4.65E-02

3.79E-02 .

1.79E-01

9.50E-02

6.3 1E-02

5.82E-02

8.67E-01

2.36E-01

1.12E-0 1

6.94E-02

4.62E-02

4.78E-01

1.42E-0 1

7.26E-02

4.55E-02

3.56E-02

2.16E-0 1

1.15E-01

7.78E-02

7.25E-02

8.61E-01

2.63E-01

1.27E-0 1

7.98E-02

5.5 1 E-02

6.05E-0 1

1.82E-0 1

9.25E-02

5 -8 1 E-02

4.66E-02

2.32EM0

1.39EM0

. 9.76E-01

9.33E-01

8.41EM0

2.90EM0

1.47EcOO

1.03EcOO

7.27E-01

6.13EMO

1.9 1 EM0

1.12EM0

6.97E-01

6.11E-01

1.93E4-01 7.09E4-03 3.66E-02 3.05E-02 3.66E-02

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

?I- 8 1 O 2 LG-,. - Table D-2 Dimensionless Result Data of Surrogate Pressure Drop Tests (continued)

Slurry Concentration

25% Surrogate #2

10% surrogate #2

i% Surrogate #2

i% Bentonite

15% Surrogate #2

1% .Bentonite

0% surrogate #2

% Bentonite

T Re f-horizontal f-downward f-upward K-bend

1.98Ei-01 1.46E+04 2.5 1E-02 2.41E-02 2.86E-02 6.25E-0;

2.04Ei-01 2.18E+04 2.24E-02 2.19E-02 2.55E-02 1.70E-0'

2.12EM1 2.42E+04 2.17E-02 2.12E-02 2.48E-02 1.77E-0'

2.47E-H)l 1.41E+03 2.79E-02 1.46E-0 1

2.46Ei-01 2.84Ei-03 228E-02 5.02E-02 1.5 1E-0 1

2.43EM1 423E+03 2 .O 8E-02 3.10E-02 1.36E-02 1.96E-01

2.47EMl 4.88Ei-03 2.00E-02 2.68E-02 1.60E-02 2.05E-01

1.97EMl 5.79Ei-02 3 S2E-02 2.0 1E-01

2.01EMl 1.19Ei-03 2.69E-02 5.12E-02 2.79E-03 l.94E-01

2.04E-t-01 1.78E+03 2.30E-02 2.9OE-02 1.85E-02 2.64E-01

2.02E-H)l 1.97E4-03 220E-02 2.74E-02 1.86E-02 2.48E-03

3.57E-H) 1 1.19EM3 3.98E-02 4.52E-02 3.04E-02

3.63Ei-01 2.37E+03 3.08E-02 3.25E-02 3.05E-02 2.15E-01

3.72E+O1 3.49E+03 2.7 1E-02 2.81E-02 2.87E-02 2.72E-03

3.79Ei-01 4.49E+03 2.53E-02 2.59E-02 2.75E-02 2.57E-0 1

7.58E+OO 1.8 1EM2 6.34E-02 1.78E-01 4.53 E-0 1

7.80EMO

8.08E-H)O

2.56EM1

2.59€+01

2.59E-H)l

2.55EM1

3.95E+01

3.96E-H) 1

3.96Ei-01

3.92E-H) 1

3.59EM2

5.49E+02

1 -78Ei-02

3.48E+02

5.15E+02

5.96Ei-02

1.66EM2

3.21Ei-02

4.87Ei-02

5.87Ei-02

3.6 1E-02

3.5 3 E-02

3.79E-02

3.27E-02

2.84E-02

2.65E-02

3.14E-02

2.87E-02

2.61E-02

2.46E-02

6.25E-02

4.60E-02

1.34E-0 1

5.8OE-02

3.82E-02

3.41E-02

1.47E-0 1

5.94E-02

3.9 1 E-02

3.37E-02

1.34E-02

2.66E-02

8.54E-03

2.1 OE-02

2.17E-02

1.94E-03

1.61E-02

1.86E-02

3.82E-0 I

1.66E-01

2.47E-0 1

2.62E-01

1.20E-0 1

2.26E-01

2.40E-0 1

2.57E-01

2.07E+O1 2.24Ei-01 1.56E-01 1.92E-01 . 1.08E-01' 2.32E-H)C

6.00E-02 6.00E-02 6.20E-02 8.85E-01

2.01E-101 6.33E-l-01 3.82E-02 3.75E-02 4.52E-02 4.49E-01

4 . 0 2 ~ ~ 1 2 . 2 4 ~ ~ 1 125E-0 1 1.66E-01 7.54E-02 1..89E+OC

4.04Ei-01 4.11Ei-01- 5.23E-02 5.90E-02 5.02E-02 8.57E-01

3.90E-H) 1 6.46Ei-0 1 3.33E-02 3.54E-02 3.73E-02 4.62E-01

. . 2.07E-H)l 4.32E-H) 1

..,. . . . . . .. .

. .

L --

Slurry Concentration

5% surrogate #2

10% Bentonite

T Re f-horizontal f-downward f-upward K-bend

1.8 IE-o 1 3 . i g ~ ~ a 8.59Ei-00 2.30Ei-01 1.99E-0 1 1.97E-0 1

9.51Ei-00 4.60EM1 7.93E-02 8.36E-02 8.82E-02 1.34EMO

9.09Ei-00 4.56Ei-01 1.75E-0 1 1.83E-01 1.70E701 9.87E-01

9.59Ei-00 9.44Ei-01 6.62E-02 6.91E-02 7.24E-02 6.38E-01

1.02Ei-01

1.09Ei-01

1.93Ei-01

1.94Ei-0 1

, 2.02Ei-01

2.09EM1

4.1 1Ei-01

4.1 1EH1

4.08EM1

4.02Ei-01

1.37Ei-02

1.57Ei-02

4.24Ei-0 1

924Ei-01

1.45Ei-02

1.6 1Ei-02

3.64Ei-O 1

7.76Ei-01

1.12Ei-02

1.4 1Ei-02

4.43E-02

3.84E-02

1 S5E-01

4.97E-02

3.36E-02

3.24E-02

2.26E-01

6.72E-02

4.37E-02

3.56E-02

4.64E-02

3.96E-02

1.68E-01

5.54E-02

3.47E-02

3.69E-02

2.43E-01

7.38E-02

4.86B-02

3.83E-02

5.1 OE-02 4.60E-0 1

4.43B-02 3.15E-01

1.40E-01 ’ 4.80E-01

5.46E-02 5.48E-01

3.85E-02 1.36E-01

3.93E-02 4.09E-01

2.1 OB-01 1.63E+00

7.24E-02 8.42E-0 1

5.08E-02 5.98E-0 1

4.18E-02 3.03E-01

3

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0 I

- a i 0 2 APPENDIX E

LOOP TEST DATA REDUCTION PROGRAM SOURCE CODE

12 Rev. 0

* ------- SLURRY FLOW DATADEDUCTION PROGRAM-HeterCg&eks Model------------*

*Inputs include temperature Tl-T5, slurry flow rate, coolant flow rate,

*pressure drops(DP 1-DP4), gage pressure at in and out of the loop(P1 ,P2)

*Outputs include Re, fiiction factors for horizontal straight, vertical

*straight, vertical bend, horizontal bend, and prediction of correlation for

*horizontal pipe. *

DIMENSION T1(120),T2( 120),T3( 120),T4( 120),T5( 120),SF( 120)

DIMENSION DP 1 (120),DP2( 120),DP3( 120),DP4( 120),CF( 120),P1(120)

DIMENSION RE( 120),FH( 120),FVD( 120),FW( 120),BK( 120),TM( 120)

DIMENSION V(120),HDP(120),VDPD(120),BDP(120), * vDPu(120)~(120) ,P2(120)

* * geometric data *

DATA BR,DT,PI,SL,HBL7VBL,VH1,VH2/0. 14,0.02189,3.14 15927J.9685,

* 1.9716,2.5431,2.2225,1.9685/ DATA HBLl ,HBL2,VBL17VBL2/1 .5113,0.2413,2.0828,0.2413/

DATA RWO,RHOS,CD/998.3454,2.7E+03,1 .O/ * * InputData .

* OPEN(7,FILE='c:\proj ect\rheology\progrmWm.DATt)

EAD(7,*) N,CS,CB DO 10 I=l,N

Em(7,*) T1~,T20,T3O7T40,T5O,DP1O,DP20,DP30, * DP40,SF0,CFO7P1(I)P2(f)

10 CONTINUE

* . Unit Conversion *

OPEN( 8 ,FILE='c:\proj ect\rheology\programWACTOR.DAT)

OPEN(9,FILE='c:\proj ect\rheology\progrm\GRADIENT.DAT') WM23

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

s DO 20 I=l,N ~O=(T2(IPT30)/2. DPl&DPl0*249.07 DP2(I)=DP20* 249.07 DP3&DP30*249.07 DP4O=DP40*249.07 PlO=Pl(I)*6901.12 P2(I)=P2(I)*6901.12 SFO=SF(I)* 6.3 09E-05 CFO=CFu)*6.309E-05

-- L 8 1 0 2

20 CONTINUE * * Reynolds Number and Friction Factor Calculation *

C=(CS+CB)/l 00 M O = ( 1.57938-0.0358386*20+3.85 1 19E-04*20**2-1.57828E-06

1 * *20**3)* 1 .E-06 *

DO 50 I=l,N RH0W=1001.98-0.11685*TM~-0.003244*TM(I)**2

* RHOM=997.9+23O*C+9OO*C* *2 * RHOM=992.92+29.147*C+2225.7*C* *2

RHOM=971.1+599.4*C+3 10.02*C**2 * RHOM=( 1.1 146+0.0 124*C)* 1 000

ANW=(1.5793 8-0.0358386*TMO+3.85 1 19E-04*TMO**2-1 S7828E-06 * *TM(I)**3)* 1 .E-06

PHI=RHOM*C/RHOS * ANM0=(3.1429-0.03 76*TM(I)+O.O005*TM0* *2)*ANWO*RWO/RHOM * ANM(I)=( 9.9709-0.273 9*TM(I)+O.0078 *TM(I)* *2) * N O * RWORHOM * ANM~(16.418-0.1288*TM~+O.0061 *TM(I)**2)*ANWO*RWO/RHOM * ANM(I)=(60.884+2.7709*TM(I)-O.O354*TM(I)**2)*ANWO*RWORHOM

t * ANM~(9.172+0.373*TM(I)-0.004*TM(I)**2)*ANWO*RWO/RHOM i

* ANM~=(116.3-4.7579*TM~+O.1706*TM(I)**2)*~O*RWO/RHOM c) c ) ~ g 7 4 L

HCm Rnd R e m E-3

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

* ~ ~ ~ ( 1 ) = ( 6 ~ 3 . 8 ~ - 6 . 8 o 3 ~ * ~ ~ o . o 8 ~ 2 * ~ ~ * * 2 ~ * ~ ~ w o * ~ w o ~ ~ 0 M ." - 8 1 0 2 . -1 * ANM(I)=(260.16+3.2577*TMO-O.O 122*TM(I)* *2)*ANWO*RWO/RHOM

* ANM(I)=(243.65+0.6127*TM(I)-0.0063 *TM(I)* *2)*ANWO*RWO/RHOM *--e- ---- *

* * * * * x'.

* *

ANM(I)=(1.263+0.174 1 *TMO-0.003 7*TM(I)* *2)*ANWO*RWO/RHOM ANM(IJ=(l O.O75-0.0279*TM~0.0023 *mu)* *2)*ANWO*RWO/RHOM ANM0=(22.19+0.1258*TM0+0.0004*TM(I)* *2)*ANWO*RWO/RHOM ~0=(8.3894+0.0474*TM~+O.O013*TM(I)**2)*ANWO*RWO/RHOM ANM0=(1470.2+6.7183*TM~-0.0675*TM(I)**2)*ANWO*RWO/RHOM ANM(I)=(401.26+4.9995*TM(I)-O.O 146*TM(I)**2)*ANWO*RWO/RHOM ANMo=( 1.3 8 94+0.029 * TMO-0.0 003 * TM(I) * * 2) * ANWO *RWO/RHOM ANM0=( 1 0.6 1 7+0.0 1 94 *TMo+O. 0003 *TMO * *2)*ANWO*RWO/RHOM ANM~-(322.7-3.1254*TMo+O.l127*TM(I)* *2)*ANWO*RWO/RHOM

* ANM(I)=(9.7926+0.0548*TMO-O.O007*TM(I)* *2)*ANWO*RWO/RHOM * ANM(I)=(85.706+0.0465 *TM(I)+O.O068*TM(I)**2)*ANWO*RWO/RHOM * ANM(I)=(22.648+0.223 6 *TM(I)+O .0026*TM(I) * *2)*ANWO*RWO/RHOM * ANMO=(739.74+1.1839*TM(I)+0.0331*TM(I)**2)*ANWO*RWO/RHOM

I ANMo=(782.77-13.194*TM(T)+0.4254*TM(I)* *2)*ANWO*RWO/RHOM * * Gravity correction

DPl(I)=DPl(I)-VHl*(RHOM-RWO)*9.81 DP20=DP20+W* NOM-RWO)* 9.8 1

* Vw=SF(I')/(PI*DT**2/4) REW=V(I)*DT/ANW RE&-V(I)*DT/ANMO FHwDP3 (I)/SL *DT/(O .5 *RHOM*V(I) * * 2) HDP(I)=DP3(I)/249.07/(SL*3.2808) BDPo=@P4(I)-DP3(I)/SL*(Ll +HBL2))/249.07 BK&-@P4(I)-DP3 (I)/SL* (HBL 1 +HBL2))/(0.5 *RHOM*V(I)* *2) FVD(I)=DP2(I)/SL*DT/(O.5*RHOM*V(I)**2) VDPD(I)=DP20/249.07/(SL*3 -2808) VDPUo=@P 1 (I)-BDP(I))/(VBL 1 +VBL2)/(249.07 * 3.28 08) om3 25

HCET-T002-04-002 Rev. 0

FVUO=@P 1 (I)-BDP(I))/(VBL 1 +VBL2)*DT/(O. 5 *RHOM*V(I) * * 2) - " 8 1 0 2

W W 8 7 100) ~OmO,FHOmOm(I)YBKm WTE(9,lOO) TM(I),V(I)*3.2808,HDP(I),VDPD(I),VDPU(I),BDP(I)

50 CONTINUE 100 FORMAT( 1X76(E1 0.4,lX))

STOP END

7 Lw---

APPENDIX F

FIGURES REFERENCED IN THIS FINAL REPORT

- - '-. 8;l 0 2

(c 0

P I

Figure 2.3.2 Test system for silo material slurry.

Figure 2.3.3 Test system for surrogate slurry.

1 p = 9E-05C: + 0.0023Ct + 0.9979

0.9 0 10 20 30 40 50

ct wt% Figure 3.1.1 Density versus K-65 concentration for K-65 slurries with and without bentonite.

loooo I 1000

100

10

o-1124cs 1 p = 8.266e

1

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

1 10

cs wt%

100

Figure 3.1.2 Viscosity versus K-65 concentration for K-65 slurries with and without bentonite.

I

I 1 I * I

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C 0 N

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c

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I

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v - I

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i

f

2 4 6 8 0 dpldl - Exp lnH20

Figure 3.4.12 Comparison of experimental data and prediction for K-65 ~1- withoot bentonite. '1

cd cd n

0

W

0

%OS 0 0 o

0 0

811) 2

!

4

-- 81 0 2

3 . .-

t r

l.WE+01 l.WE*m l.WE+(u RI

1 .WE& 1 .OM&

Figure 3.4.14 Experimental results and correlation of resistance factor of the bend.

-- 8'1 0 2

600 a

1600 E 1

: y = 9003 + 230~ + 997.9

1300

1200 0

E 3 1100 x Q

1000

900

0 0.1 02 0.3 0.4 0.5

c, wt%

L

-

-

-

-

-

Figure 43.1 Density and solid concentration relationship of surrogate #l.

1400 I

y = 310.02~~ + 599.54~ + 971.1 ff = 0.9374

Figure 4.23 Density and solid concentration relationship of surrogate #2

t

-‘.

1

5

0 0 0

0 7

0

--- 8.1 0 2 0 "' rn

1

a m +J

cn E v) a L S 0 0 a W

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I I I I 1 I

m a i 3 Q l 1 I I ' I I r I I I I J 0 = Q I t 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 > m d \ 1 1 I I I t I I I I I I

NI f 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 1 <I: z = - W l I I t I t I I I I 1 1 I k m l I f l l l l l l l l

a m N * R I f 1 I I I I 1 I 1 I

f TI1 I I I I I I I 1 I 1 - = S " P ; I I I I I I 1 I I I I I mo5dur 1 + 0 0 3 Z I I I I I I I I 1 I I I

I Iri + U l I I I I I I I I I I I I GI U C I I I I I I I I I I I I

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- K-65 --e Surrogate #E

1 10

-

-

Figure 4.5.1 Comparison of pressure gradients of 25% slurries of K-65 and surrogate #2 without bentonite

Figure 45.2 Comparison of pressure gradients of 25% slnrries of K-65 and surrogate #2 with 5 9i bentonite