Kanishka Fa 4

8/2/2019 Kanishka Fa 4

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Civilizing the Native, Educating the Nation

1 mark questions

Q 1 Why did the British make efforts to reform the educational system of India?

The British made efforts to reform the educational system of India in order to civilize the people and

change their tastes, values and culture.

Q 2 Who was William Jones?

William Jones was the junior judgein the Supreme Court established in India by the British.

Q 3 Who helped William Jones establish Asiatic Society of Bengal?

Colebrooke and NathanielHalhed helped Sir William Jones establish the Asiatic Society of Bengal.

Q 4 Who established madrasa at Calcutta?

Warren Hastings laid the foundation ofmadrasa at Calcutta.

Q 5 Who were the Orientalists?

Orientalists were the scholars who had a scholarly knowledge of the language and culture of Asia.

Q 6 Who made the statement - a single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native

literature of India and Arabia?

Thomas Babington Macaulay, who always used to advocate the richness of the western science and

civilization, gave this statement.

Q 7 When were the universities in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras established?

The universities in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras were established in the year 1857.

Q 8 Which report marked the beginning of examinations in the Vernacular languages?

Woods Despatch of 1854 proposed the necessity of examinations in the vernacular languages.

Q 9 Who laid the foundation of Santiniketan?

Rabindranath Tagore was the founder of Santiniketan.

Q 10 Which report laid down the provisions for the establishment of university education in India?

The report called the Woods Despatch laid down the provisions for the establishment of university

education in India.

Q 11 What was the objective of establishing Madrasa at Calcutta?


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Madrasa at Calcutta was opened for encouraging the study ofArabic, Persian and Islamic law.

Q 12 What do you mean by vernacular?

The term vernacular is generally used to refer to a local language or dialect as distinct from what is seen

as the standard language.

2 marks questions

Q 13 How different were the views of Mahatma Gandhi and Tagore regarding education?

Gandhiji criticised the Western civilisation and its admiration of machines and technology. Tagore

wanted to combine elements of modern Western civilisation with Indian tradition. He gave importance

to the teaching of science and technology at Santiniketan, along with art, music and dance.

Q 14 Who was William Adam? What work was assigned to him by the Company?

William Adam was a missionary who toured the districts of Bengal and Bihar. He was asked by theCompany to report on the progress of education in vernacular schools.

Q 15 What steps were taken by the Company to improve the system of vernacular education after

1854?

Various steps were taken to improve the system of vernacular education. Order was introduced within

the system of vernacular education. Routines were imposed and rules were established. It was ensured

that inspections were conducted at regular intervals.

Q 16 What was the attitude of Jones and Colebrooke towards India?

They had a deep respect for ancient cultures, both of India and the West. They felt that glory of the

Indian civilisation has faded away with time. They were of the view that sacred and legal texts produced

in the ancient period were important sources to understand India. They discovered many ancient texts

and translated them. They tried to understand the meaning and made their findings known to others.

Q 17 Why was a madrasa set up in Calcutta in 1781?

A madrasawas set up in Calcutta in 1781 by Warren Hastings. It was established chiefly to promote the

study of the Arabic and Persian languages and Muslim Law so that the Muslims could perform the duties

as officers for running the revenue administration and judiciary.

Q 18 What were the views of the people who criticized the Orientalists?

From the early nineteenth century the Orientalists vision of learning was criticised by many British

officials. They held the view that oriental education is unscientific and full of errors. They considered

Eastern literature as non-serious and light hearted. So they were of the opinion that itwas wrong on the

part of the British to spend so much in encouraging the study of Arabic and Sanskrit language.


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Q 19 What plea did the missionaries give against the practical education?

The missionaries strongly criticized the notion of practical education. They felt that education should

attempt to improve the moral character of the people, and morality could be improved only through

Christian education.

Q 20 What was Mahatma Gandhis view over the medium of education?

Mahatma Gandhi strongly felt that Indian languages should become the medium of teaching in India.

Education in English crippled Indians, distanced them from their own social surroundings, and made

them strangers in their own lands.

Q 21 What was the controversy between Orientalists and Anglicists scholar?

In British India, there was a controversy over the language to be used for Indian higher education. On

one side, there were British Orientalists who wanted to use Sanskrit, Persian and Arabic; whereas, on

the other side, were the Anglicists who wanted to enforce English. Lord Macaulay who favoured

Anglicist view put this controversy to an end by introducing English Education Act of 1835.

3 marks questions

Q 22 Give the three remarks given by Adam in his report on vernacular education in India.

The three remarks given by Adam in his report on Vernacular education were:

1.There was flexibility in the approach and conditions of these institutions.There were no fixed fee, no

printed books, no separate school building, no annual examinations and no regular time table.

2.Classes were held under a banyan tree, a corner of a village shop or temple, or at the gurus place.During the harvest time classes were not held.

3.Fee of the students was entirely dependent on the income of the parents. Rich students had to pay

more fees than the poor ones.

Q 23 What were the responsibilities given to pundits?

After 1854 the Company gave a lot of responsibilities to Pundits such as:

1.The Company appointed a number of government pundits, each in charge of looking after four to five

schools.

2.Pundits were made responsible to improve the standard of teaching in their respective pathshalas.

They were asked to visit the pathshalas on regular basis.

3.Each guru had to take classes according to a regular timetable andsubmit periodic reports.

Q 24 What efforts did the government take to streamline the working ofpathshalas?


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In order to streamline the working of pathshalas

1. New routines and rules were introduced. It was ensured that inspections were done on regular basis.

2. The government used the grants and aids. Pathshalas, which accepted the new rules, were supported

through government grants.

3. A number of government pundits were appointed by the Company, who were made incharge of

looking after four to five schools.

Now teaching was to be based on textbooks and learning was to be tested through a system of annual

examination. Students were asked to pay a regular fee, attend regular classes, sit on fixed seats and

obey the new rules of discipline.

Q 25 Discuss the work of Asiatic Society of Bengal.

1.Sir William Jones with the help of Henry Thomas Colebrooke and Nathaniel Halhed founded the Asiatic

Society of Bengal.

2.In order to understand India, it was necessary to discover the sacred and legal texts, which were

produced in the ancient period.

3.They discovered ancient texts, understood their meanings, translated them, and made their findings

known to others by their journal calledAsiatick Researches.

Q 26 What was Macaulays minute? How is it important in the history of Indian education?

Lord Macaulay submitted his report Macaulay minute on Indian Education. In his report, he criticized the

Orientalists and passionately emphasized the need to teach English language. He felt that knowledge ofEnglish language would make the Indians aware of the developments in the Western literature, science

and philosophy. On the basis of his report, English Education Act was passed in 1835, which made

English as the medium of instruction for higher education.

Q 27 What was the practical use of promoting English education according to the Woods Dispatch?

One of the practical uses of the Woods Dispatch was economic. According to Woods Dispatch:

1. European learning would enable the Indians to recognise the advantages of the expansion of trade

and commerce.

2. It would enable the Indians to know the importance of development of resources of the country.

3. It would also change the tastes and desires of Indians, and create a demand for British goods because

Indians would begin to appreciate and buy things produced in Europe.

Q 28 Write a note on Santiniketan.


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According to Tagore, the existing schools killed the natural desire of the child to be creative. He was of

the view that creative learning could be encouraged only within a natural environment. So, in 1901, he

chose to set up his school 100 kms away from Calcutta named Santiniketan in a rural setting. He saw it

as an abode of peace (Santiniketan), where living in harmony with nature, children could cultivate their

natural creativity.

Q 29 What led to the introduction of the Education Act of 1870? What was its result?

Reasons that led to the introduction of the Education Act of 1870 were:

1. Before the introduction of the Education Act in 1870, there was no widespread education for the

population.

2.Child labour was widely prevalent at that time, therefore, poor children could not be sent to school for

their earning was vital for the survival of the family.

3.The number of schools was also limited to the schools run by the Church or set up by wealthy

individuals.

It was only after the Education Act came into force that the schools were opened by the government

and compulsory schooling was introduced.

Q 30 Discuss Woods Dispatch and its provisions.

The Court of Directors of the East India Company in London sent an educational dispatch to the

Governor-General in India in 1854. It was issued by Charles Wood, the President of the Board of Control

of the Company. Thus came to be known as Woods Dispatch. The provisions of the act were as follows:

1.It outlined the educational policy, which was to be followed in India.

2.It emphasised the importance of European learning as opposed to the Oriental learning.

3.Education departments of the government were set up to extend control over all matters related to

education.

4.Steps were taken to establish a system of university education.

5.Universities were established in Calcutta, Madras and Bombay in 1857.

6.Attempts were made to bring about changes within the system of school education.

Q 31 Evaluate the report of Adam and its importance in Indian Education.

William Adam, a Scottish missionary, was asked by the Company to report on the progress of education

in vernacular schools. Adam found that

1.There were over 1 lakhpathshalas in Bengal and Bihar.


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2.These were small institutions with not more than 20 students each. But the total number of children

being taught in thesepathshalas was considerable over 20 lakh.

3.These institutions were set up by wealthy people, or the local community. At times they were started

by a teacher (guru).

The report brought the lack of teachers and casual way of education system into notice. On the basis of

this report, the company decided to improve the system of vernacular education by introducing order

within the system, imposing routines, rules and ensuring regular inspections.

Q 32 What were the views of Mahatma Gandhi about the colonial education?

Mahatma Gandhi argued that

1.Colonial education created a sense of inferiority in the minds of Indians. It made them see Western

civilisation as superior and destroyed the pride in their own culture.

2.Indians educated in these institutions started admiring British rule. Mahatma Gandhi wanted an

education that could inspire the Indians to recover their sense of dignity and self-respect.

3.Western education focused on reading and writing rather than oral knowledge. He argued that

education ought to develop a persons mind and soul. Literacy or simply learning to read and write

by itself did not count as education.

4 marks questions

Q 33 Read the source given and answer the questions given below:

Woods Despatch of 1854 marked the final triumph of those who opposed Oriental learning. It stated:

We must emphatically declare that the education which we desire to see extended

in India is that which has for its object the diffusion of the improved arts, services, philosophy, and

literature of Europe, in short, European knowledge.

1. How can you interpret the above mentioned statement of Charles Wood?

2. Why did the British encourage the spread of European learning? [1 + 3 = 4]

1. From the above mentioned statement we can interpret that the aim of British Governments

educational policy was the teaching of Western education. English was declared as the medium of

education for higher studies.

2. British considered the Indian learning to be inferior to the European learning. They felt that by

educating Indians on western line they could employ educated Indians for lower posts in administrative

offices with much less salary than the Europeans. Moreover, they thought that if Indians were taught

the European languages they would easily accept the British culture, which would in turn consolidate

British political authority in India.


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Emphasizing the need to teach English, Macaulay declared: All parties seem to be agreed on one

point, that the dialects commonly spoken among the natives of India, contain neither literary norscientific information, and are, moreover, so poor and rude that, until they are enriched from some

other quarter, it will not be easy to translate any valuable work into them

1. Why did the British officials criticise the Indian learning?

2. What did the Act of 1835 aim at? [2 + 2 = 4]

1. The British officials considered the Eastern literature to be light hearted and non-serious. Moreover,

they were of the opinion that Indian knowledge was full of errors and unscientific thought.

2.The aim of the Act of 1835 wasa) to make English the medium of instruction for higher education, and

b)to stop the promotion of Oriental institutions like the Calcutta Madrasa and Benaras Sanskrit College.


Mahatma Gandhi wrote:

By education I mean an all-round drawing out of the best in child and man body, mind and spirit.

Literacy is not the end of education nor even the beginning. It is only one of the means whereby man

and woman can be educated. Literacy in itself is not education. I would therefore begin the childseducation by teaching it a useful handicraft and enabling it to produce from the moment it begins its

training I hold that the highest development of the mind and the soul is possible under such a

system of education. Only every handicraft has to be taught not merely mechanically as is done today

but scientifically, i.e., the child should know the why and the wherefore of every process.

1. What was Mahatma Gandhis opinion on education?

2. According to Mahatma Gandhi, Literacy in itself is not education. Explain. [2 + 2 = 4]

1. Mahatma Gandhi argued that education should develop a persons mind and soul. It should draw out

the best in a person. He wanted such an education that could help Indians recover their sense of dignityand self-respect. He strongly felt that Indian languages should be the medium of teaching.

2. Mahatma Gandhi was of the opinion that simply learning to read and write is not considered by itself

as education. Education makes the highest development of the mind and the soul possible. People

should learn at least one handicraft and know how things different things operate. There should be a

scientific approach, rather than mechanical, towards learning of these crafts.


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Q 36 What were the main beliefs of the Orientalists like William Jones and Henry Colebrook?

The Orientalists were curious about studying the history and culture of India. They had certain common

beliefs, which came to represent the thought system. These are outlined as follows:

(i) Orientalists had a deep respect for ancient cultures of both India and the West.

(ii) They believed that ancient cultures attained great glory in the past and subsequently declined.

(iii) It was considered necessary to study the ancient sacred and legal texts to develop a better

understanding of these civilisations.

(iv) These texts were meant to form a platform for future development of India.

(v) The British were to become the guardians and masters of Indian culture based on their Orientalist

studies.

Weavers, Iron Smelter & Factory Owners

1 mark questions

Q 1 What was the symbol of Industrialization in Britain?

Cotton was the symbol of industrialization.

Q 2 From where did Britain import raw materials of cotton for its industries?

Most of the raw material for the cotton industries was imported from India.

Q 3 What made Britain as the foremost Industrial nation in the nineteenth century?

Mechanized production of cotton textiles made Britain the foremost Industrial nation in the world.

Q 4 Where was the Patola weave popular in India?

Patola weave was popular in Surat, Ahmedabad and Patna in India.

Q 5 In which country was the Patola weave popular outside India?

Patola weave was popular in Indonesia.

Q 6 Where was the Chintz produced in India?

Chintz, a printed cloth with designs, was produced at Masulipatnam in Andhra Pradesh.

Q 7 Where was the cloth with bandanna pattern produced in India?

Cloths with bandanna Pattern were produced in Rajasthan and Gujarat.

Q 8 Which invention revolutionized the Cotton weaving in England?


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The invention of the steam engine by James Watt and its use in the textile industries by Richard

Arkwright in 1786 revolutionized the cotton textile weaving.

Q 9 When did the Dutch settlements come up in Cochin?

The Dutch settlements came up in Cochin in seventeenth country.

Q 10 What were the two important weaving patterns in Dacca in Eastern Bengal in 18th

century?

The 18th

century Dacca in Eastern Bengal was popular for its mulmulandjamdaniweaving.

Q 11 What is the meaning ofAurang?

Aurang is a Persian term for a warehouse, a place where goods are collected before being sold.

Q 12 Where was the first cotton mill set up in India?

The first cotton mill in India was set up as a spinning mill in Bombay in 1854.

Q 13 Who were the Agarias?

The Agarias were the iron smelters in the central India during the 19th century.

Q 14 What does TISCO stand for?

TISCO stands for Tata Iron and Steel Company.

Q 15 When was the TISCO established?

TISCO was established in 1912 by Jamsetji Tata

Q 16 Who invented the Spinning jenny?

Spinning jenny was invented by James Hargreaves in 1764.

Q 17 Which country was known as the Workshop of the world ? And why?

Britain came to be known as the Workshop of the world, becauseduring the industrial revolution in

19th

century the iron and steel industry of Britain started growing more in number.

Q 18 Which country in the world became British businessmens market during the industrial

revolution?

With the growth of industrial production, British businessmen saw India as a vast market for their

industrial products, and manufactured goods from England flooded Indian markets.

Q 19 What do you understand by Piece goods?


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Piece goods were the common name for the varieties of cotton and silk cloths in the European trade.

Each piece good was a woven cloth piece that was 20 yard long and 1 yard wide.

Q 20 What was the main geographical feature of Bengal for emerging as one of important textile

producing regions in India?

Bengal was one of important textile producing regions in India, because of its fertile land and its location

along the numerous rivers in the delta, which was helpful for transporting the produced goods.

Q 21 Write the names of some important weaving communities in India.

The Kaikollarand Devangs of South, julahas or momin weavers of north and the tantiweavers of Bengal

are the same of important weaving communities in India.

Q 22 From where is the word Wootz derived?

Wootz is an anglicized version of the Kannada word Ukku. In Telugu it is hukku and in Tamil and

Malayalam urukku meaning steel.

Q 23 Which the European scientist was fascinated by Indian Wootz?

European scientist, Michael Faraday (discoverer of electricity and electromagnetism) was attracted by

Indian Wootz. He spent four years studying the properties of Indian Wootz.

Q 24 Why did the Meiji regime consider industrialization as important in Japan?

The Meiji regime that came to power in Japan considered industrialization asimportant to resist the

western domination.

Q 25 When did the European trading companies begin buying Indian textiles?

European trading companies began buying Indian textiles from 16th

century onwards for selling them in

European markets.

Q 26 Who were the weavers?

Weavers belonged to the communities that specialized in weaving. Their skills in weaving were passed

on from one generation to another.

Q 27 Write the names of the towns that emerged as important new centres of weaving in the late 19 th

century.

Sholapur in western India and Madura in South India were two important weaving centres in the late

19th century.

Q 28 Why did the swords and armour-making industry in India disappear?


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The swords and armour-making industry in India died with the conquest of India by the British. The

imports of iron and steel from England displaced the iron and steel produced by Indians.

Q 29 Who gave the clue about the availability of the iron ore to Dorabji Tata?

The Agarias, a community of iron smelters, gave the clue about the availability of iron ore in the Rajhara

hills to Dorabji Tata.

Q 30 Write with examples about the connection between the Indian textiles and the national

movement.

1) The best example to show the connection between the Indian textiles and the national movement is

Mahatma Gandhis call to people to boycott imported textiles and use hand-spun and hand-woven cloth

throughout his struggle against the British rule.

2) Due to his great emphasis on the cotton cloth, or Khadi, it became a symbol of nationalism in India.

The Indian National congress adopted the Charkha in 1931 to be put at the centre of its tricolour flag.

2 marks questions

Q 31 What do you understand by the term Calico?

When the Portuguese trading companies first came to India searching for spices, they landed in Calicut

on the Kerala coast in southwest India. When they returned to Europe, they took along with them the

spices and the cotton textiles, which they called as Calico. The word Calico is derived from Calicut.

This word became a general name for all cotton textiles.

Q 32 Write about the popularity of the printed Indian cotton cloths in England and Europe.

Chints, Cossaes (or) Khassa and Bandanna were the most popular printed cotton cloths with many floral

designs and fine texture. From the 1680s, the printed cotton cloths became very popular among the

people of England and Europe. Rich people of England including the Queen wore clothes of Indian fabric.

Other clothes that were popular in Europe were the varieties of Kazimbazar, Patna, Calcutta, Orissa and

Charpoore clothes.

Q 33 What were the two important initial technological innovations in the cotton textiles in England

to compete with Indian textiles?

In order to compete with Indian textiles, there was a need for technological innovation in England. It

resulted in the two important innovations. The first was the use ofspinning jenny in the textile

industriesby John Kay in 1764 and the second was the invention of the steam engine by James Watt and

its use in the textile industries by Richard Arkwright in 1786 revolutionized the cotton textile weaving by

increasing the quantity.

Q 34 Explain the methods through which the European trading companies purchase Indian cotton and

silk.


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The European trading companies such as the Dutch, the French and the English purchased cotton and

silk from India by importing Silver. When the English East India Company established its political power

in Bengal , it did not import the precious metals to buy Indian goods, but used the revenues collected as

taxes from peasants and Zamindars in India.

Q 35 What happened to the weavers and spinners who lost their livelihood?

Weavers and spinners who lost their works either became agricultural labourers or migrated to cities to

workin the newly set up cotton mills in Bombay, Ahmedabad, Sholapur, Nagpur and Kanpur. Some of

them went to work in Africa and South America.

Q 36 What were the factors that enabled Bombay to become an important centre for cotton textiles?

The following were the factors that enabled Bombay to become an important centre for cotton textiles.

1.Bombay had port facilities to export the raw cotton from India to England.

2.It was close to the vast Black soil tract of western India where cotton was cultivated. It could supply

raw materials for the newly established mills regularly.

Q 37 Why was the sword of Tipu Sultan so special? Explain its features.

The sword of Tipu Sultan was so special because it was made of a special type of high carbon steel called

Wootz which was produced all over South India. The sword had a very hard and sharp edge which could

rip through the opponent's armour.Quotations from the Koran with messages about victories in war

were written with gold on the steel handle of the sword.

Q 38 The history of industrialization in Japan and India gives us a contrasting picture- Explain the

statement.

The late 19th century history of industrialization in Japan and India gives us a contrasting picture. The

British government in India was more interested in expanding markets for British goods and did not

develop Indian Industries. But in Japan, the state supported the growth of industries.

Q 39 What does the account of Francis Buchanan tell us about the technique of Wootz steel?

Francis Buchanan visited Mysore in 1800 after the death of Tipu Sultan. According to his account,

1.Wootz steel was produced in number of smelting furnaces in Mysore. In these furnaces, iron was

mixed with charcoal and put inside small clay pots.

2.Through controlling temperatures in unique manner the smelters produced steel in pots for making

swords. The same method was followed in west and central Asia.

3 marks questions


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Q 40 What was the condition of the cotton textiles production before the arrival of the British in

India?

Before the arrival of the British in India, India was the worlds largest producer of cotton textiles. Indian

textiles were known for their fine quality and beautiful craftsmanship. The produced cotton textiles

were traded in Southeast Asian countries like Java, Sumatra , Penang and in West and Central Asia. Butfrom 16

thCentury onwards, Indian textile productions were bought by European trading companies for

sale in Europe.

Q 41 Handloom weaving did not completely die in India, despite the decline of Indian textiles-

Explain.

1.The Handloom weaving did not completely die in India, despite the decline of Indian textiles, because

the machine made cloths were not having the features of the handloom weaving. For example machines

could not produce saris with intricate borders or cloths with traditional woven patterns.

2.Cloths with traditional patterns had a great demand from the rich and the middle classes.

3.They could not produce the very coarse cloths used by the poor people in India.

All these factors sustained the handloom weaving in India.

Q 42 Write about the growth of cotton mills in India.

1) The first cotton mill was established in India as a spinning mill in Bombay in 1854. Gradually Bombay

became an important centre for cotton textiles due to its close location to the seaport, and the cotton

cultivating areas.

2) By 1900, there were 84 mills operating in Bombay and many of them were established by the Indian

businessmen. First cotton mills were established in cities such as Ahmedabad and Kanpur in 1861 and

1862 respectively.

3) The growth of cotton mills created a demand for labour in all these cities. Thousands of poor

peasants, artisans and agricultural labourers moved to the cities to work in the mills.

Q 43 What were the problems faced by the Indian textile Industry in the first few decades?

1) The Indian textile industry could not compete with the cheap textiles imported from Britain to Indian

markets.

2) In many other countries governments supported the industrialization process by imposing heavy

taxes on the imported goods to eliminate competition with local markets, but the colonial government

in India failed to protect newly emerging industry.

3) The cotton Industry in India got a slight relief during the First World War that affected the imports

from Britain and the Indian factories were asked to produce cloth for military suppliers.


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Q 44 Why did the craft of Iron smelting in India decline by the end of 19 th century?

Craft of Iron smelting in India declined by the end of 19th century due to following reasons:

1. The forest laws enacted by the colonial government prevented people from entering thereserved forests where the iron ore and the wood for charcoal was available.

2. In some other areas, people were granted access to the forest, but only after paying high tax tothe forest department for every furnace they used.

3. From the late 19th century onwards, ironsmiths had to use the iron and steel imported fromBritain to manufacture tools. All these problems got intensified by the early 20 th century and

posed new competition to the artisans.

Q 45 What were the efforts taken by the Meiji regime to industrialize Japan?

The Meiji regime initiated a series of measures to industrialize Japan.

1. It imported the most advanced technology from the Western Countries. Many foreign experts were

brought to train professionals in Japan.

2. It introduced postal services, telegraph, railways,and steam powered shipping.

3. Industrialists were provided loans to start new investments and business by the government banks.

The government started many large factories and then sold them off at cheap rates to businessmen.

4 marks questions

Q 46 Read the source and answer the questions given below:

One widowed spinner wrote in 1828 to a Bengali newspaper, detailing her plight:

To the Editor,

I am a spinner. After having suffered a great deal, I am writing this letter. Please publish this in your

paper ... When my age was 22, I became a widow with three daughters. My husband left nothing at

the time of his death When we were on the verge of starvation God showed me a way by which we

could save ourselves. I began to spin on takliand charkha...

Now for 3 years, we two women, mother-in-law and me, are inwant of food. The weavers do not call

at the house for buying yarn.Not only this, if the yarn is sent to market it is still not sold even at one-

fourth the old prices.

I do not know how it happened. I asked many about it. They say that Bilati 2 yarn is being imported

on a large scale. The weavers buy that yarn and weave People cannot use the cloth out of this yarn

even for two months; it rots away.


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1. Name the source from which this passage is extracted.

2. Why were the spinners in such a bad situation? [1 + 3 + 4]

1. This passage is taken from a Bengali newspaper, Samachar Darpan.

2. Spinning was the first stage of cloth production. This work was mostly done by women. Once the

spinning was over the weaver wove the thread into cloth. In the early 19th

century, English and

European companies stopped buying Indian goods. Their agents no longer gave out advances to weavers

to secure supplies. Not only specialist weavers were affected with this attitude but spinners were also

badly hit. Thousands of rural women who made a living by spinning cotton thread were thrown out of

work and this added to their sufferings.


In 1823 the Company government in India received a petition from2,000 weavers stating:

Our ancestors and we used to receive advances from the Company and maintain ourselves and our

respective families by weaving Companys superior assortments. Owing to our misfortune, the

aurangs have been abolished ever since because of which we and our families are distressed for want

of the means of livelihood. We are weavers and do not know any other business. We must starve for

food, if the Board of Trade do not cast a look of kindness towards us and give orders for clothes.

1. Explains the term aurangs.

2. Why were the weavers in India thrown out of employment? [1+3=4]

1. Aurang is a Persian term for a warehouse. It refers to a place where supplies are collected before

being sold. It also refers to a workshop.

2. Competition with the British textiles in the European and the American markets and high duties levied

on the Indian textiles imported into Britain affected the textile producers in India. By the beginning of

the nineteenth century, Indian goods were successfully ousted by the English made cotton textiles from

their long-established markets in Africa, America and Europe. As a result, thousands of weavers in India

were now thrown out of employment.


According to a report of the Geological Survey of India:

Iron smelting was at one time a widespread industry in India and there is hardly a district away from

the great alluvial tracts of the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra, in which slag heaps are not found. For


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the primitive iron smelter finds no difficulty in obtaining sufficient supplies of ore from deposits that

no European ironmaster would regard as worth his serious consideration.

1. What do you understand by slag heaps?

2. Why did the process of iron smelting decline by the late nineteenth century? [1 + 3 = 4]

1. Slag heaps are large mounds of waste material left after smelting of iron.

2. Various factors led to the decline of iron smelting by the late 19th

century:

a)People were denied access to the forests by the colonial government under the new forest laws.

b)In areas where the access was granted, the iron smelters had to pay high tax to the forest department

for every furnace they used.

c) Import of iron and steel from Britain increased, which lowered the demand

for the iron produced by local smelters.

Q 49 How can we trace out the history of Indian textiles in the words of other languages?

OR

Textile words tell the history of Indian textiles - Explain with examples.

1. The popularity and history of Indian textiles could be traced out in the words of other languages.2. European traders first came in contact with the fine cotton from India carried by Arab

merchants in Mosul in present-day Iraq. They referred to all finely woven textiles as Muslin.

3. Calico was a name given by the Portuguese traders to the cotton from Calicut in Kerala.4. Chintzis another English word used to refer to printed cotton cloths. It is derived from the Hindi

word Chhint.

5. Bandanna is also another word used to refer to any brightly coloured and printed scarf for theneck or lead. This word is derived from the Hindi word bandhna.

Q 50 Why was the Calico Act enacted in England?

By the early 18th century, the wool and silk makers in England were worried by the popularity of Indian

textiles in England markets. They began protestingthe import of Indian cotton textiles. During this period

the textiles industries in England just begun to develop the Calico, which was an imitation of Indian

style. Now cloth producers in England were in a situation to compete with Indian textiles and thus

wanted to seize a secure market in England by preventing the entry of Indian textile. So in 1720, the


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British government enacted the Calico Act that banned the use of printed cotton textiles chintz in

England.

Q 51 Explain briefly many stages of the production of textiles.

1. The first stage in the production of textiles was spinning. The spinning work was done mostly bywomen using the Charkha and the takli, which were household spinning instruments.

2. The thread was spun on the Charkha and rolled on the takli. When the spinning was over, theweaver wove the thread into cloth. Generally in most of communities, weaving was the work of

men.

3. As far as the coloured textiles were concerned, the thread was dyed by the dyer who wereknown as rangrez in north India.

4. But for producing printed cloths, the weavers needed the help of specialist block printers knownas Chhipigars.

Q 52 What were reasons for the decline of Indian textiles?

1. Indian textile industry was affected by the development of cotton industries in Britain.2. The first reason was that Indian textiles had to compete with British textiles to secure places in

the European and American markets.

3. The second reason was the high duties imposed on Indian textiles imported into Britain. It posedmany difficulties to the importing activities of Indian textile industries.

4. By the beginning of the 19th Century, cotton textiles from England had completely wiped outIndian goods from the European, African and American markets.

Q 53 How did the decline of Indian textiles affect weavers in India?

1) By the beginning of the 19th

century cotton textiles made in England successfully ousted, Indian goods

from their traditional markets in Africa, American and Europe.

2) Weavers were affected further when the English and Europeans companies stopped buying Indian

textiles. Their agents also stopped giving advances to weavers to supply the goods.

3) This situation forced many weavers to write petition to the government seeking help. The Indian

textiles declined further during 1830s when the British cotton cloths flooded Indian markets.

4) By the 1880s two-thirds of the cotton clothes worn by Indians were English made.

Q 54 TISCO was set up at an opportune time- Explain the statement with examples.

1) The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) was set-up in 1912.


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2) Within the next two years of its establishment, First World War started in 1914. Steel production in

Britain could not fulfill the war demands. So imports of the British steel into India declined and the

Indian Railways had to rely on TISCO for supplies of rails.

3) As the war continued for many years, TISCO also started producing shells and carriage wheels for the

war.

4) By 1919, the colonial government bought 90% of the steel products manufactured by TISCO. That is

why the TISCO was set-up at an opportune time.

5 marks questions

Q 55 How did the British textile industry manage to overtake the famous textile industry of India?

The textile makers of England became worried about the popularity of Indian textiles in Great Britain.

They urged their government to take steps to protect the textile industry of England. These steps

included:

(i) Passing of Laws: Due to the pressure exerted by British textile business owners, the English

government passed Calico Act in England. This act forbade the usage of Indian printed cotton cloth in

the country.

(ii) Calico Printing: The British textile business owners started using calico printing methods on white

muslin and plain unbleached Indian cloth to fulfill the demand of calico in Britain.

(iii) Technological Innovation: The Spinning Jenny was invented in Britain to speed up the process of

making cloth. Large quantities of cloth could now be made at cheaper prices.

(iv) Colonialism: Finally, the British established their colony in India to ensure that cheap raw materials

could be imported to England. They used the revenue collected from India to buy Indian cloth, thus,

beginning a drain of wealth from India to England.

Agriculture


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1 mark questions

Q 1 Name two states of India where nomadic herding is practised.

Nomadic herding is practised in Rajasthan and Jammu Kashmir.

Q 2 What do you understand by single cropping and multiple cropping?

When the land is cultivated once in a year it is known as single cropping. When more than two crops are

raised in a year from the same land it is known as multiple cropping.

Q 3 What is other name for shifting cultivation?

Shifting cultivation is also known as slash and burn cultivation.

Q 4 Name a crop which is used as both food and fodder.

Maize is consumed by both men and animals.

Q 5 Which crop is also known as paddy?

Rice is also known as paddy.

Q 6 Name the two leading producers of Jute.

India and Bangladesh are the leading producers of Jute.

Q 7 What do you understand by coarse grains?

Millets are also known as coarse grains which includes Jowar, Bajra, Ragi etc. They require low rainfall

and high to moderate temperature.

Q 8 On what bases is the division of types of farming done?

The division of types of farming done on the basis of the geographical conditions, demand of produce,

labour and level of technology.

Q 9 How many types of economic activities are involved in the transformation from a jute plant to its

finished product? Name them.

Two types of economic activities are involved in the transformation from a juteplant toits finished

product. They are primary andsecondary activities.

Q 10 What is organic farming?

Farming is done by using organic manure and natural pesticides instead of chemicals is known as organic

farming.

Q 11 What is horticulture?


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Growing vegetables, flowers and fruits for commercial use is known as horticulture.

Q 12 What is the science of commercially breeding fish called?

Commercially breeding of fish in specially constructed tanks and pondsis called Pisciculture.

Q 13 What is the science of commercial rearing of silk worms called?

Commercial rearing of silk worms is called sericulture.

Q 14 What kind of an activity is agriculture? What all does it include?

Agriculture is a primary activity. It includes growing crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers and rearing

livestock.

Q 15 What are tertiary activities?

These are the economic activities that provide services to the consumers.

Q 16 What are secondary activities?

The activities that use the natural resources produced from the primary activities as raw material and

transform them into usable goods are called secondary activities.

Q 17 What are primary activities?

The activities that include extraction and production of natural resources are called primary activities.

Q 18 Where does the word agriculture originate from? What does it mean?

The word agriculture originates from the Latin term agri meaning soil and culture meaning cultivation.

Thus the term means cultivation of soil.

Q 19 Why are different crops grown in different regions of our country?

Our country has different climatic conditions, terrain and different soil types in different areas and

thereforedifferent crops grown in various regions of India.

2 marks questions

Q 20 Where is mixed farming practised?

Mixed farming is generally practised in Europe, eastern USA, New Zealand, Argentina, southeast

Australia and South Africa.

Q 21 Name the animals reared in nomadic herding.

Some of the animals that are reared are: cattle, sheep, dog, goats, camels and yaks. These animals are

generally reared for skin, wool, bones, milk etc.


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Q 22 Name some of the common crops of shifting agriculture.

Some of the common crops are maize,cassava and potatoes.

Q 23 Mention some of the disadvantages of shifting cultivation.

Shifting cultivation is practised in the thickly forested areas. It has number of disadvantages:

1. Trees are cut to cultivate the land.

2. Land is abandoned after cultivation.

3. Piece of land becomes infertile.

4. Farmers keep shifting from one piece to another.

Q 24 Mention some of the major plantations.

The main plantations are:

1. Rubber in Malaysia.

2. Coffee in Brazil.

3. Tea in India.

4.Jute in Bangladesh

Q 25 Write a note on agriculture in India?

The main features of Indian agriculture are:

Agriculture provides employment to nearly two-third of Indias workforce.

Agriculture in India is mostly intensive subsistence type.

India has two main agricultural seasons: kharif and rabi.

Irrigation is essential because of uneven rainfall.

Q 26 Who discovered the coffee plant?

In about 850AD, Kaldi, an Arab goat herder, who was puzzled by the queer antics of his flock, tasted the

berries of the evergreen bush on which the goats were feeding. He experienced a sense of exhilaration

and proclaimed his discovery to the world.

Q 27 Name the Socio-economic factors which determine the agriculture pattern.


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Socio-economic factors like capital and technology are the important determiners of agricultural

pattern. Technology is the most important factor, wherever primitive farming methods have been

replaced by the modern methods, the yields have increased substantially.

Q 28 Give 1 term for the following:

1. Rearing of animals for sale2. Growing grapes for wines

3. Growing of flowers

4. Rearing of fishes for commercial purpose

The terms are:

1. Livestock 2. Viticulture 3. Horticulture 4. Pisciculture

Q 29 What is shifting cultivation?

In shifting cultivation a plot of land is cleared by felling the trees and burning them. This cleared plot of

land is cultivated till it is fertile. When the soil loses its fertility, the land is abandoned and the cultivatormoves to a new plot of land.

Q 30 What are the inputs, processes and outputs of agriculture?

Seeds, fertilizers, machinery and labour are the important inputs, ploughing, sowing, irrigation, weeding

and harvesting are the processes and crops, wool, dairy and poultry products are the outputs of

agriculture.

Q 31 Match the following:

Name Definition

1. Pisciculture a. Cultivation of grapes

2.

Horticulture

b. Rearing of silk worms

3. Viticulture c. Breeding of fish

4. Sericulture d. Growing vegetables, fruits and

flowers for commercial use

1 c 2 d 3 a 4 - b

Explanation :

The cultivation of the particular crop in a farm is known by a particular name

Q 32 Match the following:


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Crop name Crop type

1. Rice a. Fibre crop

2. Coffee b. Cash crop

3. Jute c. Food crop

4. Rubber d. Beverage crop

1 c ,2 d, 3 a , 4 - b

Q 33 What is nomadic herding? Which factors govern such type of agriculture?

In nomadic herding, herdsmen move from place to place with their animals in search of fodder and

water. The climatic conditions and terrain govern such type of agriculture.

Q 34 Explain the process of commercial farming.

In commercial farming, crops are grown and animals are reared for sale in the market. The area

cultivated and the amount of capital used is large. Most of the work is done by machines.

3 marks questions

Q 35 Why the need for irrigation is more prominent in India?

Irrigation is essential for increasing the crop yields. However, there are certain climatic factors which

make it essential:

Uneven rainfall: Though the rainfall is abundant in India, it is not uniformly distributed over the year.Most of it occurs over a period of four months. Besides this, it is also not evenly distributed over the

whole country.

Erratic monsoon: The monsoons are quite erratic. Sometimes, they are late, sometimes inadequate and

sometimes there are long dry spells and so on.

Q 36 Name some agricultural activities that can reduce wastage of water

Water is used for irrigating field. Due to illiterate and ignorant farmers, lot of water is wasted. As a

result, some new approaches have been introduced such as:

1) Lining of the canal to minimise water losses through seepage.

2) Use of sprinklers to control loss of water by seepage and evaporation.

3) Drip or trickle irrigation to be practised in dry areas.

Q 37 Name the three types of economic activities.


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The three types of economic activities are: primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary activities include all

those connected with extraction and production of natural resources. Secondary activities are

concerned with processing and tertiary activities provide support to primary and secondary activities.

Q 38 Distinguish between food crop and cash crop.

Food crop Cash crop

1. Crops which form the basic food of the people

are called food crop.

2. They include cereals and pulses.

3.They are grown commercially or for subsistence.

1. Crops that are grown to be sold or exported are

called cash crop.

2.They include fibre crop and beverages.

3. They are grown commercially and earn ready

cash for the farmers.

Q 39 Climate plays a vital role in agriculture. Justify?

The climatic conditions of a place, particularly the temperature and rainfall directly influence crop

cultivation. The crops grown in an area vary according to the temperature requirements of different

crops. For e.g., tropical crops like rice and sugarcane require high temperature than temperate crop like

wheat and sugar beet. Millets can grow in dry areas whereas rice is usually grown in wet areas.

Q 40 Mention the physical factors which determine the agriculture pattern?

The agriculture pattern is determined by a number of factors such as:

1. Topography.

2. Soil.

3. Climate.

4. Availability of water.

Q 41 What is the process of Plantation Farming? Which are the main crops grown in this type of

farming?

Plantation is a type of agriculture where large amount of labour and capital are required and the

production may be processed on the farm itself or in nearby factories. The main crops grown in this type

of farming are tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber, bananaand cotton.

Q 42 State the conditions of good growth of wheat. Which countries are the major producers?

Wheat requires moderate temperature between 10 to 15 degree celcius.Rainfall required during

growing periodand bright sunshine at the time of harvest. It grows well on well-drained loamy soil. The

major producers of wheat are USA, Canada, Argentina, Russia, Ukraine, Australia and India.


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Q 43 What is agricultural development? How can it be achieved?

Agricultural development refers to the efforts made to increase farm production in order to meet the

growing demand of increasing population. This can be achievedby many ways such as increasing the

cropped area, the number of crops grown, improving irrigation facilities, use of fertilizers and high

yielding variety of seeds.

Q 44 Give any three differences in the agricultural practices of a developing country and a developed

country.

Developing Country Developed Country

1. Farm size is quite small. The size of the farm is huge.

2. Uses traditional methods for farming or very

basic equipments.

The very latest technology is employed to

produce a better yield.

3. Farmers are forced to sell their produce

even if the market is not favourable as there

are no facilities of storage.

The farmers store their produce in automated

grain storage and sell it only when they make a

good profit.

Q 45 Which are the two main beverage crops and what are the conditions that each needs?

The two main beverage crops are coffee and tea. While coffee requires warm and wet climate and well-

drainedred and lateritesoil, tea needs cool climate and well distributed high rainfall throughout the year

for the growth of its tender leaves. It needs well-drained sandy loams soil and gentle slopes.

Q 46 Describe, with example, the three types of economic activities.

The three types of economic activities are:

a) Primary activities- All the activities that include extraction and production of natural resources are

called primary activities. These are closely associated with nature. Examples are - farming, hunting,

fishing, mining, gathering etc.

b) Secondary activities - These are activities that use the resources produced from the primary activities

as raw materials, process them and produce consumer goods as the end result. Examples are- steel

industries, garments manufacturers, bakeries, etc.

c) Tertiary activities - These are the activities that provide services to the consumers. Some examples are

- trade, transport, teaching, banking, etc.

Q 47 Describe the various kinds of commercial farming.

The different kinds of commercial farming are-

Commercial grain farming: In this type of farming, crops are grown for commercial purpose in areas that


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are sparsely populated with large farms spreading over hundreds of hectares. Severe winters restrict the

growing season and only a single crop can be grown. Wheat and maize are common commercially grown

grains.

Mixed farming: In such type of farming, the land is used for growing food and fodder crops and rearing

livestock.

Plantation farming: In this type of farming, a single crop is grown using large amount of labour and

capital. The production may be processed on the farm itself or in nearby factories. The development of a

transport network is thus essential for such farming. Primarily crops like tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew,

rubber, banana or cotton are grown in this type of farming.

4 marks questions

Q 48 Describe the favourable geographical conditions for the growth of rice and write its world's

distribution?

Rice is well grown in the following geographical environment.

1. Climate

i) Rice requires high temperature of over 20degreecelcius to germinate bloom and mature.

ii) Rainfall required is between 150 to 300cm

2. Soil - Alluvial soil is the most appropriate soil for the growth of Rice.

3. Labour- Rice cultivation needs hard labour. All the activities are done by laboures.

4. Producers - U.S.A., India, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, Japan, Brazil, Russia, Romania,European union

and China are main producers.


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Q 49 Distinguish between the Indian farm and USA farm?

Indian Farm USA Farm

1.Farms are small

2. Intensive farming

3. Low level of mechanisation.

4. Subsistence farming

Farmsare very large

extensive farming

High level of

mechanisation

Commercial farming

Q 50 Identify the areas which are associated with the following type of agriculture:

1. Jhumming

2. Milpa

3. Roca

4. Ladang

These are the names of the shifting cultivation in different parts of the world. The areas associated with

them are:

1. Jhumming: NorthEast India

2.Milpa: Mexico

3. Roca: Brazil

4. Ladang: Malaysia

Q 51 What is agricultural development? How can it be achieved?

Agricultural Development means the efforts made to increase farm production in order to meet the

growing demand of increasing population. This can be achieved in many ways such as increasing the

cropped area, the number of crops grown, improving irrigation facilities, use of fertilizers and high

yielding variety of seeds. Mechanization of agriculture is also another aspect of agricultural

development. The ultimate aim of agricultural development is to increase food security.

5 marks questions

Q 52 Describe the condition of soil and climate for growing wheat and write its world distribution?


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Climate:

(i) Itgrows well in areas where moderate type of precipitation occur. The temperature ranging between

10 to15 degreecelcius but not more than 20 to 25 degreecelcius when ripening.

(ii) In the growing season the climateshould becool and moist and warm and dry at the time of ripening.

Soil:

(i) It is grown in welldrained alluvialsoil

(ii)Wheat grow well in fertileloamysoil.

(iii)Medium and heavy textured with lime content soil isgood for the growth of wheat.

Distribution of Wheat: - Australia, Argentina, China, India, Russia, Ukraine and USA are important

producers of wheat.

In India wheat is grown in winter season, in north-western, north and central area. Punjab, Haryana,

Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Bihar are main producers.

Q 53 Differentiate between subsistence and commercial farming.

Subsistence farmingis done on a small level and the main aim is to fulfill the needs of farmers fa mily.

Traditional methods, low levels of technology and household labour are employed to produce a smalloutput. Intensive subsistence agriculture and primitive subsistence agriculture are two types of such

farming. Primitive subsistence agriculture can be further divided into shifting agriculture and nomadic

herding.

In commercial farming crops are grown and animals are reared for sale in market. The area cultivated

and the amount of capital used is large. Most of the work is done by machines. Commercial farming

includes commercial grain farming, mixed farming and plantation agriculture.


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Q 54 Which are the major food crops? What are the conditions required to grow them?

The major food crops are wheat, rice, maize and millets.

i) Rice needs high temperature, high humidity and rainfall. It grows best in alluvial clayey soil, which can

retain water.

ii) Wheat requires moderate temperature and rainfall during growing season and bright sunshine at the

time of harvest. It thrives best in well-drained loamy soil.

iii) Maize requires moderate temperature, rainfall and lots of sunshine. It needs well-drained fertile

soils.

iv) Millets include jowar, bajra and ragi. They are also known as coarse grains and can be grown on less

fertile and sandy soils. It is a hardy crop that needs low rainfall and high to moderate temperature and

adequate rainfall.

Most important questions

Q 1 Give the broad classification of economic activities.

Economic activities can be broadly classified into:

a. Primary Activities

b. Secondary Activities

c. Tertiary Activities

Q 2 What do you mean by Tertiary Activities?

The services that provide support to primary and secondary sector are known as Tertiary Activities. For

example Transport, Trade etc.

Q 3 What is the difference between primary and secondary activities?

Primary activity directly depends on the natural resources whereas the secondary activities refer to

modification of the resources available with the help of technology.

Q 4 What do you understand by agriculture?

The term agriculture is derived from two Latin words:

'Agri' meaning soil and 'Culture' meaning cultivation. Hence agriculture means cultivation of soil.

Q 5 About what percentage of world and India are engaged in agriculture?

In world about 50% of the population and in India about 2/3rd of the population is engaged in

agriculture.

Q 6 What do you mean by horticulture?


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Horticulture refers to the growing of vegetables, flowers and fruits for commercial use.

Q 7 What is the difference between Pisciculture and Sericulture?

Pisciculture refers to the breeding of fish in specially constructed tanks and ponds while sericulture

refers to the commercial rearing of silk worms.

Q 8 What do you understand by Viticulture?

Viticulture refers to the cultivation of grapes.

Q 9 Why do we consider agriculture as a farm system?

We consider agriculture as a farm system because it includes different inputs and processes and finally

results into different outputs.

Input includes: 1. Seeds , 2.Fertilizers , 3. Machinery, 4. Labour

Processes include: 1. Ploughing, 2. Sowing, 3. Irrigation, 4. Weeding, 5.Harvesting

Outputs include: 1. Crops, 2. Wool 3.Dairy, Poultry Products

Q 10 Give broad classification of agriculture.

Broadly there are two types of agriculture:

1. Subsistence Farming

2. Commercial farming

Q 11 What do you mean by subsistence farming?

Subsistence farming refers to the traditional type of farming, practiced to fulfill only family needs.

Q 12 What do you mean by commercial farming?

Farming and rearing of animals practiced on large scale with proper use of new technologies for market

sale is known as commercial farming.

Q 13 Give the classification of subsistence farming.

Subsistence farming can be further classified into:

1. Intensive farming

2. Primitive Farming

3. Shifting cultivation

4. Nomadic Herding

Q 14 Give broad classification of commercial farming.


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Commercial farming can be classified into:

1. Commercial Grain Farming

2. Mixed Farming

3. Plantation

Q 15 Mention any two major producers of rice in world.

Two major producers of rice are:

1. China

2. India

Q 16 Name some of the plantation crops.

Some of the plantation crops are tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana and cotton.

Q 17 What are the climatic requirements for the cultivation of wheat?

Wheat requires moderate temperature and rainfall during growing season and bright sunshine at the

time of harvest.

Q 18 Which crop is known as the Golden Fiber? Mention the climatic conditions required for its

growth.

Jute is known as golden fiber. The main climatic conditions required for its growth are:

1. Temperature : 24o to 35oC

2. Rainfall : Over 150cm annually

3. Humidity : 90%

4. Soil : Well drained alluvial loamy

Q 19 What do you mean by agricultural development?

Agricultural developments refers to the increase in agricultural production through the introduction of

better technologies, facilities and methods to fulfill the growing demand of the population.

Q 20 What are the main characteristics of USA farms?

The main characteristics of USA farms are:1. Large farms about 250 hectares

2. Adequate supply of water and soil

3. Adequate measures for pests control

4. Adequate use of fertilizers and Pesticides

5. High level technology used


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6. Modern techniques like tractors, seed drills, harvester used

7. Proper storage facilities

Q 21 What are the main characteristics of Farms of India?

The main characteristics of Indian farms are:

1. Small landholdings

2. Fertile Soil

3. Primitive farming methods still prevalent

4. Inadequate supply of irrigation

5. Mainly family members work as laborers

6. Lack of storage facilities of production

7. Forced to sell the crop production at low prices

Q 22 Why agricultural development is required?

Agricultural development is required because:

1. To fulfill the growing needs

2. For economic development through the increase in exports.

Q 23 What are the climatic conditions required for the growth of coarse grains?

Millets are also known as coarse grains. The main climatic conditions required for their growth are:

1. Temperature : High to Moderate, about 250 to 300C

2. Rainfall : Low, about 40 to 50 cm annually

3. Soil : Sandy infertile soil

Q 24 Name the largest producer of coffee in the world. Brazil

Q 25 What are the climatic conditions required for Tea cultivation?

The climatic conditions required for the cultivation of Tea are:

1. Temperature : 25o to 30oC

2. Rainfall : 200 to 250 cms

3. Soil : Deep loamy soil


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Law and Social justice

1 mark questions

Q 1 What does the Right Against Exploitation state?

The Right Against Exploitation states that no one can be forced to work under bondage or for low

wages.

Q 2 What was the name of the company, which was involved in the Bhopal tragedy? Also name the

gas that caused the devastation.

The name of the company was Union Carbide and the gas that caused the devastation was methyl-

isocyanite.

Q 3 Why do we need laws for safeguarding the environment?

Enviornmental Lawsprovides the foundation for governmental policies and actions for the conservation

of the environment and for ensuring that the use of natural resources is both equitable and sustainable.

Q 4 What matters are dealt by Social Justice?

Social Justice deals with matters like regulation of wages and profits, the protection of individuals rights

through the legal system, the allocation of housing, medicines, welfare benefits and like.

Q 5 Why is the law of minimum wages necessary?

The law of minimum wages is necessary because many workers are denied fair wages by their

employers. Because they badly need work, workers have no bargaining power and are paid low wages.

Q 6 How can the government ensure social justice?

Through making, enforcing and upholding laws, the government can control the activities of individuals

or private companies and thus, ensure social justice.

Q 7 What can the government do to enforce the law of minimum wages?

To ensure that the workers get their fair wages, the government should regularly inspect work sites and

punish those who violate the law of minimum wages for workers.

Q 8 How does the ship-breaking industry get boost in South Asia?

The Ship-breaking is a hazardous industrywhich is getting boost in South Asia. The old ships, which are

not in use, are sent to shipyards in Bangladesh and India for scrapping. These ships contain potentially

dangerous and harmful substances.

Q 9 Who is a consumer?


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Consumer is an individual who buys goods or services for his/herpersonal use.

Q 10 What is the full form of CNG?

CNG stands for Compressed Natural Gas.

Q 11 Name the major hazardous industries relocated by the developed countries into the developing

countries.

The major hazourdous industries are of Pesticides, asbestos, zinc and lead processing and the Ship-

breaking.

Q 12 Name major Ship-breaking yard in India and where is it located?

Alang is the major Ship-breaking yard in India and it is located on Gujarat seacoast.

Q 13 How much compensation did the travel agency paid to the foreign trip tourists after courts

order?

The travel agency had paid Rs 8 lakh to the foreign trip tourists after courts order.

Q 14 Which company owns the Union Carbide plant in Bhopal at present?

Dow Chemicals is the company, which owns the Union Carbide plant in Bhopal at present.

3 marks questions

Q 15 What are minimum wages?

Wages means all payment capable of being articulated in terms of money, and are payable to a personemployed in respect of his employment or of work done in such employment. Minimum Wages are

thewages which would be sufficient to cover the bare minimum need of the worker and his family. Each

country sets its own minimum wage laws and regulations.

Q 16 When was the Minimum Wages Bill passed in India?

The Minimum Wages Bill was passed by the Indian Dominion Legislature and came into force on 15th

March, 1948. Under the Act both State and Central Government are Appropriate Governments for

fixation/revision of minimum rates of wages for employments covered by the Schedule to the Act. The

rates of wages once fixed are revised at an interval not exceeding of five years.

Q 17 Why is the law to form worker unions/associations necessary?

The law to form worker unions/associations is necessary because by organizing themselves into unions,

workers can use their combined power to demand fair wages and better working conditions. The trade

unions through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members and negotiate

labour contracts with their employers. The most common aim of these organizations is to maintain or

improve the working conditions of their employment.


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Q 18 Why is the worth of an Indian worker perceived to be so low?

The worth of an Indian worker is percieved to be low as one worker can easily be replaced byanother.

Since there is so much unemployment, there are many workers who are willing to work in unsafe

conditions in return for a wage. Making use of the workers vulnerability, employers ignore safety in

workplaces. Thus, even so many years after the Bhopal gas tragedy, there are regular reports ofaccidents in construction sites, mines or factories due to the callous attitude of the employers.

Q 19 How were the victims of the Bhopal Tragedy cheated out of justice?

The Bhopal Gas Tragedy victims were paid a very low compensation even though the death toll was very

high and several people continue to suffer even today. This was because the worth of the Indian worker

is far less than a foreign worker and the Indian workers are easily replaceable.

Q 20 Are there any laws for producers and consumers? If yes, then what they state?

Yes, thereare laws for the rights of producers and consumers.These laws protect the interest of

producers and consumers in the market.These lawsmake sure that the relations between the three

parties the worker, the consumer and the producer are governed in a manner that there is no

exploitation and unjust treatment.

Q 21 How did the textile mills in Ahemdabad close due to power looms?

The power looms are small units with 4-6 looms. The private owners operate them with hired and family

labour. The conditions of work in the power looms are far from satisfactory. Thetextile mills in

Ahmadabad had faced greater competition from power looms. The majority of the textile mills closed

during 1980s and 1990s because of cheap and vast production rate of small power looms.

Q 22 How did the ruling of the courts solved one problem and created another in Delhi?

The courts ruled out that the industries in residential areas of Delhi should close down or shift out of the

city. These industries were polluting the neighborhood and discharge from these industries was

polluting river Yamuna. Moreover, these industries do not follow any rules and regulations. While the

court's action solved one problem, it created another. Because of the closure of industries, many

workers lost their jobs.

Q 23 Which industries are relocated by developed countries and where?

Developed countries are relocating their toxic and hazardous industries in developing countries in order

to take advantage of the weaker laws of these countries and to keep their own countries clean and safe.

South Asian countries like India, Bangladesh and Pakistan are engaged in the recreation of the industries

that produce pesticides, asbestos or processing zinc and lead.

Q 24 What do you understand by the Workers Union?


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Workers Union is an association of workers. Workers unions are common in factories and offices, but

we also find them in other types of industries. The leaders of the union bargain and negotiate with the

employer on behalf of its members. They deal with the issues like wages, work rules, rules concerning

hiring, firing and promotion of workers, benefits and workplace safety.

Q 25 What is the life of thrown out factory workers?

Thethrown out factory workers end up as small traders or as daily-wages labourers. Some of them find

work in smaller production units, where the conditions of work are more exploitative and the

enforcement of laws is weaker.

4 marks questions

Q 26 In what ways were the safety laws violated leading up to the Bhopal Gas Tragedy?

First of all, the government officials refused to recognize the plant as hazardous and allowed it to come

up in a populated locality. When some municipal officials in Bhopal objected to the installation of an

MIC production unit, the government maintained that the state needs the continued investment of the

Bhopal plant which provides jobs. Government inspector continued to approve the procedures in the

plant even when repeated incidents of leaks from the plant made it obvious to everyone that things

were seriously wrong.

Q 27 State any two Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles mentioned in the constitution to

ensure social and economic justice for Indian citizens.

The two Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles mentioned in the constitution are to ensure social

and economic justice for Indian citizens.

Fundamental Rights:-a. The right to freedom gives all citizens the right to do any work of their choice.

b. The right against exploitation protects citizens from being forced to do any work or being forced to

work without pay.

Directive Principles of State Policy:-

a. Early childhood care and education up to the age of 6 and primary education after that must not be

denied to any child aged below 14.

b. Give free legal aid to poor

Q 28 Why is the law requiring that the quality of goods meet certain prescribed standards necessary?

If the products are not standardized then they wont work as expected. They may be of inferior quality

and incompatible with other equipments, in fact they may not even connect with them, and in extreme

cases; non-standardized products may even be dangerous.

Standardized products and services are valuable User 'confidence builders', being perceived as: safe,

healthy, secure, high quality and flexible. As a result, standardized goods and services are widely

accepted, commonly trusted and highly valued. Hence the law is an essential requisite to maintain the

quality of goods.


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Q 29 How can laws ensure that markets work in a manner that is fair? Give examples to support your

answer.

Laws are necessary in many situations, whether this be the market, office or factory so as to protect

people from unfair practices. Private companies in order to make profits, resort to unfair practices such

as paying workers low wages, employing children for work, etc. A major role of the government,therefore, is to control the activities of private companies by making, enforcing and uploading laws so as

to prevent unfair practices and promote social justice. Laws that are weak and poorly enforced can

cause serious harm, such as the Bhopal Gas tragedy. Environment is one example where people have

pushed a public cause and the courts have upheld the right to healthy environment as intrinsic to the

Right to Life.

Q 30 State some of the features of the trade union

The trade union is an organization of workers who are bonded together to achieve a common goals in

key areas, such as working conditions.

Features of the Trade Union

1.An association of either employers or employees of independent workers. They may consist of general

labourer union, union of intellectual union (e. teachers association) and employers association.

2.It is a permanent body. They exist throughout the year.

3.Formed to protect and promote all types of interest economic, political and social of its members.

4.Achieve its objective through collective action and group efforts. Negotiation and collective bargaining

are the collective tools for accomplishing the objectives.

5 marks questions

Q 31 Which tragedy in India is dubbed as Hiroshima of the Chemical Industry?

The leak of poisonous gases dubbed the Hiroshima of the Chemical Industry from the Union Carbide

plant in Bhopal, India, remains the worst industrial disaster in human history. It happened shortly after

the midnight on 3 December 1984, when a cloud of poisonous gas escaped from a Union Carbide

pesticide plant. The release of 42 tones of methyl isocyanate (known as MIC) from the factory exposed

more than 500,000 people to toxic gas. More than 10,000 died within the first 72 hours after the leak

and an estimated 120,000 remained chronically ill. There are still thousands of the people suffering from

various diseases caused by the leakage of the gas.

Q 32 What do you mean by law enforcement? Who is responsible for law enforcement?

The government has to ensure that laws of the land are implemented and for this, laws must be

enforced. Enforcement of law is important as it protects the weak from the strong. For instance, to

ensure that every worker gets fair wages, the government has to regularly inspect work sites and punish


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those who violate the law. When workers are poor, the fear of losing future earnings often forces them

to accept low wages. Employers know this well and use this power to pay the workers less than fair

wages. To avoid such a situation, it is important to enforce laws. A major role of the government is to

ensure that labour laws should be followed at work places whether it is public or private companies.

Thus, enforcing and upholding laws to prevent unfair practices and secure social justice is a key duty of

the government.

Most important questions

Q 1 Define Law?

The body of rules and principles governing the affairs of a community and enforced by a political

authority

Or

In general, a rule of being or of conduct, established by an authority able to enforce its will; a controlling

regulation; the mode or order according to which an agent or a power acts.

Q 2 Define Justice?

Justice is the concept of moral rightness based on ethics, rationality, law, fairness and equity. Justice is

generally understood to mean what is right, fair, appropriate, deserved. Justice is achieved when an

unjust act is redressed and the victim feels whole again. A conception of justice is one of the key

features of society.

Q 3 What is the importance of law in a market?

1. There are certain laws to protect the interest of the producers and consumers in the market.

2. Laws are also there to ensure the healthy relation between the worker, consumer and producer and

are governed in a manner that is not exploitative.

Q 4 Why do we need a law on the minimum wages? Explain with an example?

The Minimum Wage Act, 1948 provides for fixation and enforcement of minimum wages in respect of

schedule employments to prevent sweating or exploitation of labour through payment of low wages.

The objective of the Act is to ensure a minimum subsistence wage for workers

Example: In September 2007, the national minimum floor level wage was increased to Rs 80 per day for

all scheduled employments from Rs 66 in 2004 and from Rs. 45 in 1999, Rs. 40 in 1998 and Rs. 35 in

1996.

The minimum wages of the workers in each states of India is different.

Q 5 Constitution forms the basis of laws. Discuss.


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Many laws in India form the basis of the Indian Constitution.

Example: The Right against exploitation is one of the rights mentioned in the Fundamental Rights. The

Constitution also mentions that no child below the age of 14 should be employed to work in any factory

or mines.

Q 6 How was the Child Labour Prevention Act put into practice?

In 2006, the government of India amended the Child labour Prevention Act.

The act banned children under 14 years of age from working as domestic servants, workers in dhabas,

restaurant and in the tea shops

The government declared employing these children as punishable offence. Anyone found violating the

ban must be penalized with a punishment.

Punishments are ranging from a jail term of 3 months to two years or a fine of Rs 10,000 to 20,000.

Central government asked the State government to develop plans to rescue and rehabilitate children

who are working as domestic servants.

Q 7 Explain Bhopal gas tragedy?

The Bhopal disaster was the result of a combination of legal, technological, organizational and human

errors.

It occurred in the city of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

A Union Carbide subsidiary pesticide plant released 40 tonnes of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas, killing

approximately 3,800 people instantly.

The lack of effective warning systems; the alarm on the storage tank failed to signal the increase in

temperature on the night of the disaster.

The Bhopal disaster is frequently cited as the world's worst industrial disaster.

The international Medical Commission on Bhopal was established in 1993 to respond to the disasters.

Q 8 Why did Union Carbide set up its plant in India?

The reasons are:

1. Cheap labour.

2. Lesser wages to the workers of Indian than to the workers in the U.S.

3. More hours of working to the Indian workers.

4. Lack of other benefits like the housing facilities.

5. Lower working conditions including lowest safety measures.

6. Absence of safety training for the workers in India.

Q 9 Compare between the Union Carbide Companys safety systems in Bhopal with the same in the

U.S.

S.NO India United States

1 Union Carbide Corporation, Union Carbide Corporation, West Virginia U.S.


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Bhopal, India

2 Safety Measures: Human senses

to detect gas leaks

Safety Measures: Computerised warning

3 Nonexistent emergency

evacuation

Emergency Exit were present

Q 10 Whose interests does the Minimum Wages Act law protect?

This law is meant to protect the interests of all workers; particularly, farm labourers, construction

workers, factory workers, domestic workers, etc.

Q 11 Who enforces the laws of a country?

1. It is the function of the government to make and to implement laws of the country.2. The important duty of the government is to ensure that the Right to life guaranteed under Article 21

of the Constitution is not violated.

Q 12 What is the effect of the enforcement of laws?

The government by making, enforcing and by upholding the laws control the activities of the individuals

or private companies to ensure the social justice.

Q 13 Why did the government implement the new laws to protect the environment?

The Bhopal disaster brought the issues of environment to the forefront. Several people who are not associated with the Union Carbide factory were also affected because

of the poisonous gases leaked from the plant.

This is because the existing laws covered only the individual worker and not persons who might be

injured due to industrial accidents

So, the Indian government introduced the new laws on the environment in the years following the

Bhopal gas tragedy.

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Kanishka Fa 4