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1. V. Randall andR. Theobald, PoliticalChange andUnderdevelopment.(London, Macmillan1985.)

2. G. Savil, TheComplete Works of GeorgeSavile. Oxford, 1912,p.225, asquoted by K.von BeyineOpposition in Marxism,Communism and WesternSociety. Vol6, New York,1973, p.158.

3. See A.S Foord, HisMajestys Opposition: 1714-183 (Oxford U.p. 1964).

4. R.Dahl. polyarchy(Yale U.P.1971)ch.I. 5. Ibid.p. 49.

6. Ibid., Ch.8.

.7

1363.8

R.Dahl. (ed)PoliticalOppositions in WesternDemocracies. (YaleU.P.1966). 9. Ibid. pp.332-347. 10. Ibid. pp. 384-386.11. W. Foltz, Political

Oppositions in Single-PartyStates of Tropical Africa inRegimes and Oppositions,edited by R.Dahl U.P.1973,pp.151-154. 12. G. Skilling,Opposition in Communist

East Europe in Regimes andOppositions.pp. 92-94.

13

1371122106

14. J.Linz, Oppositions

to and Under an Authoriarian

Regime: The Case of Spainin Regimes and Oppositions,pp. 171-259.

15. Ibid. pp. 193-19916. Ibid. p. 194.17. Ibid. p. 196.

18. Ibid. pp. 199-205. 19. Ibid. p. 211. 20.Thocydides, ThePeloponnesian War, as quotedby M. Hagopian The. 21. Phenomenon ofRevolution (New York, 1974)p. 206.

22. Dahl, Polyarchy,ch.3.

23

135911697

24. Dahl, PoliticalOpposition, p. 397.

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Benito mussolini

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2 ) Kleines Lexikon der Politik, Mnchen,2001, S. 518.

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6CARL J.FRIEDRICH

8

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8) Wege aus der Totalitarismus-Forschung,Hrsg.: Bruno Seidel und Siegfried Jenkner,1968 S. 611.

9.

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14) Ballenstrem Graf, K., Die allgemeinenMerkmale der totalitren Diktatur, in,Jesse, E. (Hrsg): Totalitarismus im 20.Jahrhundert. Eine Bilanz derinternationalen Forschung, Bonn 1996, S.23815) Die allgemeinen Merkmale dertotalitren Diktatur, Carl JoachimFriedrich und Zbigniew Brzezinski, in, Jesse, E. (Hrsg):Totalitarismus im 20. Jahrhundert. EineBilanz der internationalen Forschung, Bonn, 1996, S. 225.

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16) Faschismus, Ursachen und politik desdeutschen Faschismus, Brigitte Dottke,Hamburg, 1979, S. 5-6.

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Die allgemeinenMerkmale der totalitrenDiktatur, Carl JoachimFriedrich und ZbigniewBrzezinski, in: Jesse, E.(Hrsg): Totalitarismus im20. Jahrhundert. EineBilanz der internationalenForschung, Bonn, 1996.

Hanna Arendt, Machtund Gewalt, Mnchen,1970.

Hana Arendt,Elemente und Ursprngetotaler Herrschaft, Band III,Totale Herrschaft, Berlin,1975.

P. Pawelka, Herrschaftund Entwicklung, imNahen Osten, gypten,Heidelberg,1985.

Reinhard Kuhn, Weltder Politik, Berlin, 1971.

Totalitarismus im 20.Jahrhundert. Eine Bilanz derinternationalen Forschung,

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1-The Section drawn onAhmed Hashim Civil-Military Relations in Iran: ACase Study unpublishedmanuscript, January, 1999,pp,148-168.2-For more on the 1953coup, see Mark j.Gasiorowski, the 1953 CoupD Etat in Iran, InternationalJournal of Middle Eaststudies 19,no3 (August1987) 261-286.3-Patrick Clawson andMichael Rubin, Eternal Iran:Continuity and Choas ( Newyork , palgrave Macmillan,

2005), 82-83.4- Ibid. 69-85.

5

1987

1993

20102011

6-Barry Rubin, Pavedwith Good Intentions, TheAmerican Experience inIran ( New York, 1980),109-111.7- Gary Sick, All FallDown, America s Targicencounter With Iran (NewYork, 1985) 34-35.

8

1201112011257258

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100 200 1978

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10- Hashim. 148-149.11-Mark J.Gasiorowski, The Nuzhihplot and Iranian politics,International Journal ofMiddle East studies.34,no.4(September.2002) 645-666.

12- Ward, 225.13- Hashim, 140-168,Roberts, 5-28, Ward, 208-210, Entessar, 57-61Zabih.1-135.

14- Ward,221.

15- Roberts, 45.Gasiorowski,645-666>16-Michael Eisenstadt,The Armed Force of theEslamic Republic of Iran,An Assessment, MeriaLournal 5, no.1, March,2001.17-Ali Ahmedi Motlagh,Political Prisoners and theSecurity Apparatus in Post-Election Iran, Muftah,August,2, 2010.18- Michael Eisenstadt,syrias Defense companies:Portrait of a Praetorian Unit,unpublished paper, 1989.

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