Keith.pptx

Tools and Techniques for Quality Improvement

The Seven QC Tools

Flowchart Check sheet Histogram

Pareto Diagram

Cause-and-effect

Diagram

Control Charts


Tools for Continuous Improvement

Flowchart (Process Map) – is a picture of process that shows the sequence of steps

performed


Flowchart


Flowchart

Flowchart Example



Check Sheets – data collection forms that facilitate the interpretation of data.



Quality- Related

Data

Attribute Data

Variable Data


Check Sheets For Discrete Data


Check Sheets For Continuous Data

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Time to process loan requests (days)

Frequency



Histograms - graphical representation of the variation in a set of data. It shows the frequency or number of observations of a particular value


Histograms

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 200

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Time to process loan request

Fre

qu

en

cy



Pareto Diagram -often used to analyze the attribute data collected in check sheets. In a

Pareto distribution, the characteristics are ordered from largest frequency to smallest.




Cause-and-Effect Diagram

Identify the problem

Work-out the major factors involved

Identify possible causes

Analyse your diagram


Cause-and-Effect Diagram

WordProcessing

Errors

Rush Request

No Spell Check

Training

Inattention

Did not understand directions

Unclear directions

Poor Handwriting

Overload

Time

Client

Typist



Scatter Diagram - illustrate relationships between hypothesized causes and effects.


Scatter DiagramN

um

ber

of

Acti

on

s

Volume of Work



Control Charts – proposed by Walter Shewhart and useful for identifying improvement

opportunities and verifying that improvement really do have the desired effect.



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1386%

88%

90%

92%

94%

96%

98%

Perc

en

t sh

ipped w

ithin

24 h

ours

Day

Lower Control Limit

Average

Upper Control Limit


New Quality Control ToolsAffinity

DiagramRelations Diagram

Tree Diagram

Matrix Diagram

Matrix Data Analysis

Arrow Diagram

Process Decision

Program Chart


Affinity Diagram

Organizes a large number of ideas into their natural relationship


Affinity Diagram

When to use

•When you are confronted with many facts or ideas in apparent chaos•When issues seem too large and complex to grasp•When group consensus is necessary


Affinity Diagram


Affinity Diagram


Relationship Diagram

Shows cause-and-effect relationships and helps analyze links between different aspects of a complex situation



Shows cause-and-effect relationships and helps analyze links between different aspects of a complex situation



When to Use a Relations Diagram

•When trying to understand links between ideas or cause–and–effect relationships, such as when trying to identify an area of greatest impact for improvement.

•When a complex issue is being analyzed for causes.

•When a complex solution is being implemented.

•After generating an affinity diagram, cause–and–effect diagram or tree diagram, to more completely explore the relations of ideas.




Tree Diagram

It is used to break down broad categories into finer and finer levels of detail. Developing the tree diagram helps you move your thinking step by step from generalities to specifics.


Tree Diagram

When to Use a Tree Diagram•When an issue is known or being addressed in broad generalities and you must move to specific details, such as when developing logical steps to achieve an objective.•When developing actions to carry out a solution or other plan.•When analyzing processes in detail.•When probing for the root cause of a problem.•When evaluating implementation issues for several potential solutions.•After an affinity diagram or relations diagram has uncovered key issues.•As a communication tool, to explain details to others.


Tree Diagram


Matrix Diagram

The matrix diagram shows the relationship between two, three or four groups of information. It also can give information about the relationship, such as its strength, the roles played by various individuals or measurements.


Matrix Diagram

When to Use Each Matrix Diagram ShapeAn L–shaped matrix relates two groups of items to each other (or one group to itself).A T–shaped matrix relates three groups of items: groups B and C are each related to A. Groups B and C are not related to each other.A Y–shaped matrix relates three groups of items. Each group is related to the other two in a circular fashion.A C–shaped matrix relates three groups of items all together simultaneously, in 3-D.An X–shaped matrix relates four groups of items. Each group is related to two others in a circular fashion.A roof–shaped matrix relates one group of items to itself. It is usually used along with an L – or T–shaped matrix.

http://asq.org/learn-about-quality/new-management-planning-tools/overview/matrix-diagram.html







Matrix Diagram

Responsibilities for Performance to Customer Requirements



•Technique for analyzing and prioritizing select options among many available options. Users defined criteria to arrive at prioritization.

•To present numerical date about two sets of factors in a matrix form and analyze it to get numerical output.



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Keith.pptx