KHTD

8/2/2019 KHTD

1/23

GVHD: C BI TH LUN

HQG TP HCMHKHTN-KHOA MI TRNG

MN:KHOA HC TRI TBI THUYT TRNH

S THNH TO MACMA - BIN CHT V C IM

CA N

GVHD: C Bi Th LunNHM THUYT TRNH

BCL- 1 - NHM THC HIN: BCL

8/2/2019 KHTD

2/23

GVHD: C BI TH LUN

DANH SCH NHM

1 0717006 TRN L THANH AN

2 0717010 NGUYN HONG ANH

3 0717015 ON VN CNG

4 0717018 L TH KIM DIU

5 0717027 TRN TH HNG

6 0717029 L TH THU HIN

7 0717030 THN TRUNG HIU

8 0717036 NGUYN ANH KHI

9 0717037 PHM BO KHANH

10 0717043 HUNH TRN THIN KIM11 0717066 NGUYN MINH NGA

12 0717070 LA NG NGUYN

- 2 - NHM THC HIN: BCL

8/2/2019 KHTD

3/23

GVHD: C BI TH LUN

MC LC

M u tr.4

I. KHI QUT MACMA tr.5

1. KHI NIM tr5

2. S HNH THNH tr6

II. THNH PHN CU TO V PHN LOI MACMA tr7

1. THNH PHN tr7

2. DNG C BN CA MACMA tr9

3. PHN LOI tr9III. NG DNG I SNG: tr10

1. MACMA XM NHP tr10

2. MACMA PHUN TRO tr11

3. TRM TCH NI LA tr12

IV. MACMA VI KHOA HC tr13

1. NGHIN CU TUI CA HNH TINH tr13

2. PHC V KHO C tr13

V. S PHUN TRO NI LA tr14

1. NM DNG PHUN CA NI LA tr15

2. PHN LOI NI LA tr16

VI. KHI QUT BIN CHT tr16

1. KHI NIM tr16

2. C IM tr17

3. NGUYN NHN V YU T BIN CHT tr18

4. KIN TRC CU TO BIN CHT tr18

5. PHN LOI V M T CC LOI BIN CHT CHNH tr19

VII. MT S LOI BIN CHT THNG GP tr20

Kt lun tr22

Ti liu tham kho tr23


8/2/2019 KHTD

4/23

GVHD: C BI TH LUN

M u

Bn nghe Colors of the wind ( Sc mu ca gi )bao gi cha? Trong c mt on m chng ti rtthch nh sau:

You think you own whatever land you land onAnd the Earth is just a dead thing you can claimBut I know every rock, and tree, and creatureHave a life, have a spirit, have a nameBn ngh rng bn c th kim sot bt c vng t

no bn t chn nV Tri t ch l mt vt th khng sng m bn c

quyn khai thcNhng ti bit rng tt c nhng hn , nhng ci

cy v to vtu c mt cuc sng, mt linh hn v mt ci tn.

V bn c bit rng mi mt hn , ging nh conngi, cng c qu trnh thnh to v c im ring

ca n. Trong mun vn nhng iu k th ca toha, chng ta s i su vo tm hiu v hai loi magma, bin cht, qu trnh thnh to v c imca chng. l ti tiu lun ca nhm ngy hmnay.


8/2/2019 KHTD

5/23

GVHD: C BI TH LUN

I. KHI QUT MACMA:

1. KHI NIM:

mcma hay magma l nhng loi c thnh to dos ng ngui v kt tinh ca nhng dung th magma (dungth silicat) nng chy c a ln t nhng phn su caV Tri t.

Macma l hn hp ca silicat lng nhit v p sut caov l t tin ca tt c cc loi la. N c kh nng xmnhp vo cc lp thuc phn v cnh k hay phun tro ra

ngoi b mt. Macma tn ti khong nhit t 650 ti1.200C.

Macma nm di mt p sut cao v i khi xut hin ccming ni la trong dng dung nham (nng chy khi trnb mt Tri t) v cht phun tro nham tng. Cc snphm phun tro ca ni la thng thng cha cc chtlng, cc tinh th v cc kh khng ha tan m trc cha bao gi ra n mt Tri t.

Macma thu thp ti nhiu hc macma ring r trong lp vTri t v c thnh phn khc nhau mt cch ng k ticc khu vc khc nhau, n c th xy ra ti cc khu vc st

http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%E1%BB%8F_Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%91%E1%BA%A5t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silicat&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A1_l%E1%BB%ADa_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_ch%E1%BA%A5t)http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81p_su%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAi_l%E1%BB%ADahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dung_nham&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nham_t%E1%BA%A7ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%9Bp_v%E1%BB%8F_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_ch%E1%BA%A5t)http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khu_v%E1%BB%B1c_s%C3%BAt_gi%E1%BA%A3m&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%E1%BB%8F_Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%91%E1%BA%A5t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silicat&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A1_l%E1%BB%ADa_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_ch%E1%BA%A5t)http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81p_su%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAi_l%E1%BB%ADahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dung_nham&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nham_t%E1%BA%A7ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%9Bp_v%E1%BB%8F_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_ch%E1%BA%A5t)http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khu_v%E1%BB%B1c_s%C3%BAt_gi%E1%BA%A3m&action=edit&redlink=1

8/2/2019 KHTD

6/23

GVHD: C BI TH LUN

gim, k nt hay sng lng i dng hoc trn cc imnng cha cc chm nng ca lp ph.

S hnh thnh macma ch c th din ra theo mt s iukin c bit ti quyn astheno ca Tri t.

2. S HNH THNH:

S suy gim t ngt ca p sut c th sinh ra ci bitl s nng chy gim p. iu ny c th din ra do cciu chnh kin to hoc do nng chy di ch v lmgy gn trong qu trnh dng ln ca n ti cc suthp hn trong lp v Tri t.

Graien a nhit trung bnh khong 25C/km vi khongrng t thp mc 5-10C/km trong phm vi cc rnh idng v cc khu vc st gim ti cao mc 30-50C/kmdi cc sng lng i dng v cc mi trng vng cungni la. T hp ca nhit cao v p sut thp gn b mtmi trng l c li nht din ra s nng chy do p sutb gim.

Macma cng c th c to thnh do s b sung ca cccht d bay hi vo b nung nng. Cc cht d bay hi

http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khu_v%E1%BB%B1c_s%C3%BAt_gi%E1%BA%A3m&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%E1%BA%BD_n%E1%BB%A9t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%E1%BB%91ng_l%C6%B0ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_d%C6%B0%C6%A1ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90i%E1%BB%83m_n%C3%B3ng_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_ch%E1%BA%A5t)&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90i%E1%BB%83m_n%C3%B3ng_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_ch%E1%BA%A5t)&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%9Bp_ph%E1%BB%A7_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_ch%E1%BA%A5t)http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quy%E1%BB%83n_asthenohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81p_su%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gra%C4%91ien_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_nhi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A3nh_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_d%C6%B0%C6%A1ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A3nh_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_d%C6%B0%C6%A1ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%E1%BB%85_bay_h%C6%A1i&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khu_v%E1%BB%B1c_s%C3%BAt_gi%E1%BA%A3m&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%E1%BA%BD_n%E1%BB%A9t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%E1%BB%91ng_l%C6%B0ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_d%C6%B0%C6%A1ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90i%E1%BB%83m_n%C3%B3ng_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_ch%E1%BA%A5t)&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90i%E1%BB%83m_n%C3%B3ng_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_ch%E1%BA%A5t)&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%9Bp_ph%E1%BB%A7_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_ch%E1%BA%A5t)http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quy%E1%BB%83n_asthenohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81p_su%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gra%C4%91ien_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_nhi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A3nh_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_d%C6%B0%C6%A1ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A3nh_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_d%C6%B0%C6%A1ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%E1%BB%85_bay_h%C6%A1i&action=edit&redlink=1

8/2/2019 KHTD

7/23

GVHD: C BI TH LUN

(nc v kh) c gii phng t cc phin ang h xungca cc lp v i dng, cc cht ny chuyn ng votrong cc vt liu lp v nm trn v kch thch s nngchy. Chng c th ph v cc lin kt khong cht bn

trong nng chy v lm cho nhit nng chy gimxung, cho php macma c hnh thnh.

S hnh thnh ca macma cng c th l kt qu ca s lmnng chy thuc lp v bi macma tn ti trc domacma ny c nhit cao hn n mc n lm nng chylun c ca lp v khi n dng ln, iu ny to ra nhiumacma hn na.

Macma dng ln ch yu l do khi nng chy th c ttrng thp hn so vi rn, n b y ln trn qua thchquyn bi sc ni m t trng thp ca n to ra (theocch thc ging nh tm g c t trng thp b y ln trnv tri ni trong nc nng hn). iu ny to ra s hnhthnh cc hc macma v cui cng l ni la, macma b yln trn theo mi hng ra b mt Tri t trong cc hotng phun tro ni la.

II. THNH PHN CU TO V PHN LOI MACMA:1. Thnh phn:

Cc khong vt to mcma ch yu: thch anh,felspat, mica v khong vt mu.Cc khong vt c cc tnh cht khc nhau, nn s cmt ca chng to ra cho c nhng tnh cht khcnhau (cng , bn vng, kh nng gia cng...)

Thch anh l SiO2 dng kt tinh, tinh th hnh

lng tr 6 cnh, t khi trong sut m thng c mutrng v trng sa, cng 7, khi lng ring

http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%E1%BB%9Bp_v%E1%BB%8F_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_d%C6%B0%C6%A1ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%A9c_n%E1%BB%95ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A1ch_anhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felspat&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mica&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho%C3%A1ng_v%E1%BA%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%ADnh_ch%E1%BA%A5t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A1ch_anhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%E1%BB%9Bp_v%E1%BB%8F_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_d%C6%B0%C6%A1ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%A9c_n%E1%BB%95ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A1ch_anhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felspat&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mica&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho%C3%A1ng_v%E1%BA%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%ADnh_ch%E1%BA%A5t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A1ch_anh

8/2/2019 KHTD

8/23

GVHD: C BI TH LUN

2,65 g/cm3, cng cao khong 20.000 kg/cm2,chng mi mn tt, n nh i vi axit (tr axitfluohidric v fosforic). nhit thng, thch anhkhng tc dng vi vi, nhng trong mi trng

hi nc bo ho v nhit 175 - 2000

C c thsinh ra phn ng silicat.

Felspat c hai loi:1.ct khai thng gc-octola (K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2 -felspat kali)2.ct xin gc - plagiocla (Na2O.Al2O3.6SiO2 -felspat natri v CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2 - felspat canxi).- Tnh cht c bn ca felspat: mu bin i ttrng, trng xm, vng n hng v ; khi lngring: 2,55 - 2,76 g/cm3, cng 6 - 6,5, cng chu nn 1200 - 1700 kg/cm2. Kh nng chngphong ho ca felspat km, km n nh i vinc v c bit l nc c cha CO2:K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2 + CO2 +2H2O = K2CO3 + 4SiO2 +Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O- Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O l caolonit - thnh phn chyu ca t st.

Mica l nhng alumsilicat ngm nc rt phc tp.

Ph bin nht l hai loi biotitv muscovit.

http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fenspat&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fenspat&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fenspat&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mica&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fenspat&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mica&action=edit&redlink=1

8/2/2019 KHTD

9/23

GVHD: C BI TH LUN

o Biotit thng cha oxyt manh v oxyt st,cng thc: K (Mg, Fe)3.Si3.AlO10 . (OHF)2 cmu nu en (mica en).

o Muscovit K2O. Al2O3.6SiO2 .2H2O th trong

sut (mica trng).o Mica c cng 2-3, khi lng ring 2,76 -

3,2 g/cm3. Ngoi hai loi trn cn gpvecmiculit c to thnh do s oxy ho vhydrat ho biotit. Khi nung 900 - 10000 Cnc s mt i, th tch vecmiculit tng 18 -25 ln.

Khong vt mu sm ch yu gm c amfibn,piroxen, olivin. Cc khong vt ny c mu xm (t

mu lc n mu en) cng cao, dai v bn,kh gia cng.2. Dng c bn ca macma:

Thnh phn ca macma thay i ph thuc vothnh phn ca nm trn b nng chy khimacma thm nhp vo lp v Tri t v b phuntro ra trong dng ca dung nham.

C ba dng c bn ca macma: mafc, anxt (haytrung gian) v fenzt. Macma l hn hp ch yuca silica; cc cht kim v kim th (natri, kali,canxi, magi) v st. Ni chung, macma cng ctnh cht mafic nhiu hn th s phun tro cng m hn. C iu ny l do mc cao ca silica lmcho cc cht d bay hi c tch ly v c th tora s phun tro gy n c quan st thy ccni la phc hp.

3. Phn loi: mcma c phn ra hai loi: xm nhp v phuntro.

xm nhp thnh to su > 1,5km so vi bmt a hnh ca tri t, chu p lc ln hn cacc lp bn trn v ngui dn i m thnh. N ccu trc tinh th ln, c chc, cng cao, t htnc. xm nhp ch yu s dng trong xydng l granit, iorit, gabro...

phun tro c thnh to su di 1,5kmcho ti b mt Tri t. Do ngui nhanh trong iukin nhit v p sut thp, cc khong vt khng

kp kt tinh, hoc ch l kt tinh mt phn nn ckch thc tinh th b, cha hon chnh, hoc tn

http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amfib%C3%B4n&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piroxen&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olivin&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maf%C3%ADc&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An%C4%91%C3%AAx%C3%ADt&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fenz%C3%ADt&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silica&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canxihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magi%C3%AAhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BA%AFthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silica&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_t%E1%BA%A7ng_n%C3%BAi_l%E1%BB%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%91%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinh_th%E1%BB%83http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Granit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90iorit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabro&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%91%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81p_su%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho%C3%A1ng_v%E1%BA%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADch_th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinh_th%E1%BB%83http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amfib%C3%B4n&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piroxen&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olivin&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maf%C3%ADc&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An%C4%91%C3%AAx%C3%ADt&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fenz%C3%ADt&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silica&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canxihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magi%C3%AAhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BA%AFthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silica&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_t%E1%BA%A7ng_n%C3%BAi_l%E1%BB%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%91%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinh_th%E1%BB%83http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Granit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90iorit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabro&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%91%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81p_su%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho%C3%A1ng_v%E1%BA%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADch_th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinh_th%E1%BB%83

8/2/2019 KHTD

10/23

GVHD: C BI TH LUN

ti dng v nh hnh. Mt khc, cc cht kh vhi nc khng kp thot ra, li nhiu l rng,lm cho nh, c loi ni trn mt nc.

III.NG DNG MACMA TRONG I SNG:- Trong i sng hin nay, macma c bit n kh nhiunht l trong lnh vc xy dng. Trong cc loi ch yuc s dng bao gm:1. mcma xm nhp

Granit ( hoa cng) l loi axit c nhiu ni,ch yu do thch anh, fenspat v mt t mica, c khicn to thnh c amfibon v piroxen. Granit c mutro nht, hng nht hoc vng, phn ln c kt tinh

ht ln.

Granit rt c chc, khi lng th tch 2600 - 2700

kg/m3, cng nn rt ln (1200 - 2500kg/cm2), ht nc nh (di 1%), kh nng chng phongho rt cao, chu la km, c mt s loi c musc p. granit c s dng rng ri trong xydng (p mt ngoi nh v cc cng trnh c bit,nh cng cng, lm nn mng cu, cng, p...)

Syenit l loi trung tnh, thnh phn khong vtch yu l octola, plagiocla, axit, cc khong vtmu xm (amfibn, pryroxen, biotit), mt t mica, rtt thch anh. Sienit mu tro hng, c cu trc tontinh u n, khi lng ring 2,7 -2,9 g/cm3, khilng th tch 2400 - 2800 kg/m3, cng chunn 1500 - 2000kg/cm2. Sienit c ng dng khrng ri trong xy dng.

Diorit l loi trung tnh, thnh phn ch yu lplagiocla trung tnh (chim khong ), hocblen,augit, biotit, amfibn v mt t mica v pyroxen.Diorit thng c mu xm, xm lc c xen cc vtxm v trng; khi lng th tch 2900 - 3300

kg/m3, cng chu nn 2000 - 3500kg/cm2.

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B4_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_h%C3%ACnhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_kh%C3%ADhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C6%A1i_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Granit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Granit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%C3%A1_hoa_c%C6%B0%C6%A1ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A1ch_anhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fenspat&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mica&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amfibon&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piroxen&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Granit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A0u_tro_nh%E1%BA%A1t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A0u_tro_nh%E1%BA%A1t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A0nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0u_s%E1%BA%AFchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0u_s%E1%BA%AFchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A2y_d%E1%BB%B1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A2y_d%E1%BB%B1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%E1%BB%91ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%ADp&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syenit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syenit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho%C3%A1ng_v%E1%BA%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Octola&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiocla&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amfib%C3%B4n&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pryroxen&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biotit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mica&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A1ch_anhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sienit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A2y_d%E1%BB%B1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiocla&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hocblen&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biotit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amfib%C3%B4n&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mica&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyroxen&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B4_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_h%C3%ACnhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_kh%C3%ADhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C6%A1i_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Granit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%C3%A1_hoa_c%C6%B0%C6%A1ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A1ch_anhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fenspat&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mica&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amfibon&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piroxen&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Granit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A0u_tro_nh%E1%BA%A1t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A0u_tro_nh%E1%BA%A1t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A0nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0u_s%E1%BA%AFchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0u_s%E1%BA%AFchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A2y_d%E1%BB%B1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A2y_d%E1%BB%B1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%E1%BB%91ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%ADp&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syenit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho%C3%A1ng_v%E1%BA%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Octola&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiocla&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axithttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amfib%C3%B4n&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pryroxen&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biotit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mica&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A1ch_anhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sienit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A2y_d%E1%BB%B1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiocla&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hocblen&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biotit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amfib%C3%B4n&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mica&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyroxen&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorit&action=edit&redlink=1

8/2/2019 KHTD

11/23

GVHD: C BI TH LUN

Diorit dai, chng va chm tt, chng phong ho cao,d nh bng, nn c s dng lm mtng, tm p.

Gabro l loi baz, thnh phn gm c plagiocla

baz (khong 50%) v cc khong vt mu xmnh pyroxen, amfibon v olivin. Gabro c mu troxm hoc t lc thm n en, p, c th minhn, khi lng th tch 2900 - 3300 kg/m3, cng chu nn 2000 - 3500kg/cm2. Grab c sdng lm dm, tm lt mt ng v ptrang tr cc cng trnh kin trc.

2. mcma phun tro Diaba c thnh phn tng t gabro, l loi

trung tnh, c kt cu ht nh, ht va xen ln vikt cu ton tinh. Thnh phn khong vt gm cfenspat, pyroxen, olivin, mu tro sm hoc lc nht,cng nn 3000 - 4000 kg/cm2. iaba rtdai, kh mi mn, c s dng ch yu lm ring v lm nguyn liu c.

Bazan l loi baz, thnh phn khong vt ging grab. Chng c cu trc ban tinh hoc cu trcpoocfica. bazan l loi nng nht trong ccloi mcma, khi lng th tch 2900 - 3500kg/cm3, cng chu nn 1000 - 5000kg/cm2 (cloi cng n 8000kg/cm2), rt cng, gin, khnng chng phong ho cao, rt kh gia cng. bazan l loi ph bin nht trong xy dng,

http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabro&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiocla_baz%C6%A1&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiocla_baz%C6%A1&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyroxen&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amfibon&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olivin&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabro&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%91i_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grab%C3%B4&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diaba&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabro&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho%C3%A1ng_v%E1%BA%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fenspat&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyroxen&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olivin&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nguy%C3%AAn_li%E1%BB%87u&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho%C3%A1ng_v%E1%BA%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grab%C3%B4&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%E1%BA%A5u_tr%C3%BAc_poocfica&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%E1%BA%A5u_tr%C3%BAc_poocfica&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabro&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiocla_baz%C6%A1&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiocla_baz%C6%A1&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyroxen&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amfibon&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olivin&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabro&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%91i_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grab%C3%B4&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diaba&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabro&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho%C3%A1ng_v%E1%BA%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fenspat&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyroxen&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olivin&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nguy%C3%AAn_li%E1%BB%87u&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho%C3%A1ng_v%E1%BA%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grab%C3%B4&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%E1%BA%A5u_tr%C3%BAc_poocfica&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%E1%BA%A5u_tr%C3%BAc_poocfica&action=edit&redlink=1

8/2/2019 KHTD

12/23

GVHD: C BI TH LUN

c s dng lt ng lm ct liu b tng,tm p chng n mn...

Andesit l loi trung tnh. Thnh phn ca ngm plagiocla trung tnh, cc khong vt sm mu

(ambrifon, pyroxen)v mica; c cu to n tinh vcu to dng poocfia; c mu tro vng, hng, lc. andesit c kh nng ht nc ln, khi lngth tch 2200 2700 kg/m3, cng chu nn1200 2400kg/cm2, chu c axit nn c dng lm vt liu chng axit.

3. trm tch ni la: Ngoi cc loi c chc trn,trong mcma phn xut cn c bt, tro. Cc loi ny

bn cnh vic hnh thnh do kt tinh nhanh nh phn xutcn lng ng theo quy lut trm tch. Nhiu tc gi Lin X cxp loi ny sang trm tch

Tro ni la: thng dng bt, ging nhau muxm. Nhng ht ln gi l ct ni la. bt, l loithu tinh ni la, rt rng ( rng n 80%) cto thnh khi dung nham ngui lnh nhanh trongkhng kh. bt c kch thc 5-30mm, khilng th tch 500 kg/m3 , ht nc thp v ccl rng ln v kn, h s truyn nhit nh (0,12 - 0,2kCal/m.0 C.h, cng chu nn 20 - 30kg/cm2 .Ct ni la, bt c dng lm ct liu cho btng nh, cn bt th lm vt liu cch nhit v btmi.

Tuf ni la: l loi rng, c to thnh do qutrnh t ln cht tro ni la. Loi tip ni la chtnht gi l trat. Tup ni la bt cng nh troni la thng dng lm ph gia hot tnh chunc cho cht kt dnh v c.

Tuf dung nham:do tro v ct ni la ri vo trongdung nham nng chy sinh ra. N l loi thutinh rng c mu hng, tm..., khi lng th tch750 1400 kg/m3 , cng chu nn 60 -100kg/cm2, h s dn nhit trung bnh l 0,3kCal/m.0 C.h. Trong xy dng, tup dung nham cx thnh bloc xy tng, sn xut dm chob tng nh.

http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andesit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andesit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiocla&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho%C3%A1ng_v%E1%BA%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ambrifon&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyroxen&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mica&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A1_tr%E1%BA%A7m_t%C3%ADchhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C6%A1rat&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andesit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiocla&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho%C3%A1ng_v%E1%BA%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ambrifon&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyroxen&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mica&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A1_tr%E1%BA%A7m_t%C3%ADchhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C6%A1rat&action=edit&redlink=1

8/2/2019 KHTD

13/23

GVHD: C BI TH LUN

IV. MACMA VI KHOA HC: macma l mt i tngnghin cu ca nhiu nh khoa hc, nht l cc nh a chtv kho c hc.1.Nghin cu tui ca hnh tinh:

khi nghin cu nham thch t ni la Hawaii ccnh khoa hc kim c nhiu thng tin v qutrnh hnh thnh hnh tinh: Ngy nay, cc khch bhnh thm quan ming ni la Kilauea Iki ti Hawaiich thy mt b mt hu nh bng phng vi bazantha tht. N trng ging nh nha ng, nhngvo thng 11 v 12 nm 1959, n li pht ra mtdng sng mu cam ca nham xc cc mu nhamthch c ly t ming ni thch mi phun tro.

Hin nay, php phn tch chnh la em li cho ccnh khoa hc mt cng c mi ti to ngun gchnh tinh. Kt qu ca php phn tch, do NicolasDauphas thuc i hc Chicago v cc ng nghiptin hnh, c cng b trn tp ch Science sngy 20 thng 6.Theo Dauphas v cc ng tc gi Fang-Zhen Tengthuc i hc Arkansas v Rosalind T. Helz thuccc iu tra a l Hoa K, kim tra ng v st khc bit khng ng k ca nguyn t th hin cp nguyn t - c th cung cp thng tin chocc nh khoa hc nghin cu hnh tinh bit v qutrnh hnh thnh v tri t nhiu hn h ngh.Nu c p dng cho cc loi bazan trn Tri tv c ngoi Tri t, bao gm thin thch t saoHa v cc hnh tinh nh, phng php ny c thcung cp nhiu bng chng r rng hn h trquan im khoa hc thnh hnh rng mt trngc to ra sau mt va chm khng l gia Tri

t v mt vt th ln khc.2.Phc v cho kho c hc:

M mcma bn di dy ni Vesuvius ang tri dnln pha b mt trong hn 20.000 nm qua, theomt nghin cu va c cng b.

Pht hin ny c th l mt tin tt i vi khong 3triu ngi sng trong khu vc ni la hot ng tiCampania, nc , ni bin c a cht caVesuvius nm 79 sau Cng Nguyn chn vi

Pompeii v Herculaneum.


8/2/2019 KHTD

14/23

GVHD: C BI TH LUN

Mcma su nng hn kh bay hi hn v tkh nng to thnh phun tro d di, theo nhmnghin cu do Bruno Scaillet thuc i hcd'Orlans, Php ch o.

M mcma cha lng dung nham lin tc cbi p, pht ra khi ni la phun tro. V tr ca mmcma cng nh cc c tnh ca n l u mi tm hiu tnh khc lit ca phun tro tng lai.

V.S PHUN TRO CA NI LA:Ni la l g? Ni la l ni c ming nh, qua , tng

thi k, cc cht khong nng chy vi nhit v p sutcao b phun ra ngoi. Ni la phun l mt hin tng t nhintrn Tri t hoc cc hnh tinh vn cn hot ng a chnkhc, vi cc v thch quyn di chuyn trn li khong chtnng chy. Khi ni la phun, mt phn nng lng n sutrong lng hnh tinh s c gii phng.

Trn th gii, Indonesia, Nht Bn v M c xem l banc c nhiu ni la ang hot ng nht, theo th t gimdn v mc hot ng.

Nm dng phun ca ni la: Sc phun mnh ca ni latu thuc p sut t lng t v c ca dung nham. Thmvo , do nhng nguyn nhn khc nhau v a cht v cuto, ni la c nhiu dng phun. Mt s bng ln phun d di,

hu dit mi th trong ng knh hn 3 km ch trong vi pht.


8/2/2019 KHTD

15/23

GVHD: C BI TH LUN

Tri li, mt s khc tro dung nham ra chm n ni ngi t

1. Dng khng khip:p sut khng khip t bn di dy tungdung nham ln cao nhiu km, vi vn tc c trm mt mi giy.

Sc phun ny c th ko di nhiu gi, thm ch nhiu ngy lintc, to thnh mt lung kh rt di, xui theo chiu gi. Trong khi, dung nham trn rt nhanh, hu dit tt c mi vt ni n trnn.2. Dng phun Hawaii :t tn nh vy v dng phun ny rt phbin ti cc ni la vng Hawaii (M). Thng thng, n khngbng n v hu dit nhiu, cng khng tung thng ln trn nhiucht liu m ch phun ra dng dung nham lng, chychm. iugy n tng ca dng ny l ni phun mt ct la thng lnkhng trung, cao trn trm mt trong nhiu pht, c khi nhiu gilin. Dung nham c th tro ra t mt vt nt ln trong lng ni,to thnh h trn nh, hoc nhiu h nh ti nhng ch khc nisn ni. Dng dung nham v nhng tia la c th tn ph cyci, vn tc xung quanh, nhng ngi ta vn thi gian ditn an ton v dung nham chy rt chm.3. Dng gy n tng mnh nhng t nguy him: C nhiu tphun ngn v mnh, ting rn vang nghe d s. Ch c mt tdung nham bn tung ln cao khong 100 m. Dung nham trn ratng i t, to thnh mt vi dng chy.

4. Nhiu ting n, phun tro v : Dng ny cng c nhiu tingn nhng ch phun tro v , loi magma nng chy di lngt. p sut ca kh dn nn, tng ln rt cao v y tung lntrn. Ngoi tro bi cn c cc phn thch c qu bng bn lnkhng trung. Dng ny thng khng c dung nham chy.5. Dng phun c hi nc: Khi ni la hot ng gn i dnghoc cc vng m t, hoc nhiu my dy c, s tng tcgia nng magma v nc lm nc bin thnh hi rtnhanh.C nhng t n tung trong thi gian ngn. Tro c phun

ln theo chiu thng ng, kt hp vi hi nc ri xung c thto thnh bn trt.Khng phi lc no dung nham t lng t tro ln cng c v ni km. Cn mt dng dung nham tro ln qua vt nt quanh chnni la. Trong trng hp ny, mt bc mn la pht ln di theong nt v dung nham trn ln. Mc d chy chm nhnglng dung nham rt ln.

Ni la c nhng chu k hot ng khc nhau. Hin ccnh khoa hc phn ni la da trn 2 loi:

1. Phn loi ni la theo tnh cch hot ng cachng:


8/2/2019 KHTD

16/23

GVHD: C BI TH LUN

Ni la cho thy du hiu hot ng, nh c a chn hocming ni la to ra hi, c gi l ni la ang hot ng.

Ni la ngng hot ng t mi nghn nm nay nhng ctim nng bng n tr li, gi l ni la ng.

Ni la ngng hot ng t mi nghn nm nay, v c duhiu r ngun magma bn di cn kit, gi l ni la tthn

2. Phn loi theo ia hnhfissure volcano (ni la nt gy):l cc vt nt trn b mt v trit dn n phun tro dung nham, cc vt nt l do hot ngtch ra hay trt ln nhau ca cc mng kin toshield volcano (ni la hnh khin):dng ni la hnh nn nhngnng hnh thnh do c dung nham chy trong lng ,dung nham

chy ra chmdome volcano (ni la dng vm):cng hnh nn nhng sn dchn v v vy dung nham chy ra s c tc nhanh hnash-cinder volcano (ni la tro-bt ):dung nham khng tro ram phun tro ln khng trung dung nham v tro,n c p binhiu lp tro xen kcomposite volcano (ni la lp ghp): n cng c p bi cclp tro ngoi ming chinh cn cc ming phcaldera volcano : cc ni la s t ming c th rng 100km vtrong ming c nhiu ni la con mi hnh thnhVI. KHI QUT , NGUYN NHN HNH THNH BIN CHT:

1. Khi nim: b bin i su sc trng thi cng khi chng chu

nh hng ca nhng iu kin nhit cao, p sutln v tnh cht ho hc ca mi trng khc hn lcchng thnh to, do , xut hin nhng khong vtmi, c kin trc v cu to mi. Tu theo tc dng cacc yu t bin cht ni trn, phn ra:

o 1) BC khu vc, thnh to khi c mt tng trm

tch dy hng kilmt b chn vi di su hoc bcun vo nhng chuyn ng un np khin choc nhit v p sut u nng cao. Chng gmcc loi phin mica, gnai.

o 2) BC tip xc, c to thnh ni tip xckhi macma nhit cao. Nu ch c tc dngca nhit , trm tch bin thnh phin mhoc sng.

o 3) Nu c s trao i cht, thnh BC trao i,

nh scacn.


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o 4) BC nhit dch, do nhng dung dch nng phtra t cc l macma hoc ni la tc ng ln vy quanh to thnh.

o 5) BC va p (impactit), l nhng rt him,

thnh to khi mt thin thch ln ri xung mtt gy p sut rt cao ch ri xung.o 6) BC ng lc, khi b c p mnh, b phin

ho, c nt, to nn cataclazit, milonit.

bin cht Marble trng Ngh An

bin cht c hnh thnh t s bin tnh ca mcma, trm tch, thm ch c t bin cht tr,

do s tc ng ca p lc, p sut cao v cc cht chot tnh ho hc. Cc cht c hot tnh ho hc thng gp nht l

nc v axit cacbonic thng xuyn c trong tt ccc loi t, . Tnh cht ca bin cht do tnhtrng bin cht v thnh phn ca trc khi bincht quyt nh. Di s tc ng ca cc tc nhnbin cht, cc thnh phn ca c th ti kt tinh trng thi rn v sp xp li. Tc dng bin cht khng

nhng c th ci bin cu trc ca m cn lm thayi thnh phn khong vt ca n. Trong qu trnh bin cht do tc ng ca p lc v s

tp hp nhiu loi kt tinh nn bin cht thng rnchc hn trm tch; nhng bin cht t mcma th do cu to dng phin m tnh cht c hcca n km mcma.

2. c im: c im ni bt ca phn ln bin cht (tr hoa

v quczit) l qu na khong vt ca n c cu to


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dng lp song song nhau, d tch thnh nhng phinmng.

Cc khong vt to bin cht ch yu l nhngkhong vt nm trong mcma, trm tch v cng

c th l cc khong vt c bit ch c trong cc loi bin cht di su. Loi ny b bin cht nguyn nhn ch yu do nhit

thay i gia ngy v m. V cc hin tng thitit khc nh ma gi ...

3. Nguyn nhn v yu t bin cht:a. Nhit :

S thay i nhit l nguyn nhn u tin ca bincht . Cn c vo mt vi ch tiu c th xc nh nhit

bin cht . Bin cht nhit cao c th phn bitvi bin cht nhit thp .Nhit gy bin cht c th do dung nham magma ,nhit trong lng t , c th magma phn trn cav tri t . Ngoi ra nhit c th cung cp do cccht phng x , hin tng chuyn ng kin to , unnp lm tng nhit

b. p sut :Do s chng xp cc lp trong v tri t gi l psut thy tnh , hoc do chuyn ng nn p gi lstress ( p lc bn - nh hng ) .Cng su trong v tri t stress cng gim v ngcli p sut thy tnh li cng tng ln .

c. Thnh phn ban u ca :C nh hng quyt nh thnh phn ca bin cht

d.Thnh phn ca dung dch :L rng c tc dng n qu trnh bin cht .S thunhn hoc thi i ca vt cht c thc hin ch yubng con ng khuch tn qua dung dch l rng

hoc bng s lu thng ca dung dch bin cht .Ngoi ra hot tnh ha hc ca dung dch , mc thm thu ca chng qua cc hoc lu thngca chng v nng ca cc nguyn t trong chngu l yu t quan trng trong qu trnh bin cht.

4. Kin trc v cu to bin cht :

Kin trc ca bin cht l c tnh v hnh dng ,kch thc ca cc hp phn to v quan h khng

gian gia chng vi nhau . bin cht c cc kiu kin trc sau :


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_Kin trc ht bin tinh : khong vt dng ht ._Kin trc vy vi ht bin tinh : khong vt dng vy vvi vy .

_Kin trc que bin tinh : khong vt c hnh que .

_Kin trc si bin tinh : khong vt c dng si ._Kin trc st : cn gi c c im kin trcca nguyn thy ._Kin trc c nt : b c nt c dng gi xi mng

gn kt t th ( dm kt kin to ) n mn va( kataclajit ) v rt mn (milonit).Cu to bin cht l c tnh sp xp ca cc hpphn to v quan h khng gian gia chng vinhau .

_Cu to phin l s sp xp nh hng cakhong vt bin cht nhit ng c dang ko di nh :silimanit , mica , xericit , storolit , diten , epidot , thchanh , anbit..

_Cu to khi l cc ht khong vt khng cnh hng , phn b ln xn . V d : hoa , macn.

_Cu to st l c tnh cu to nguyn thy cnst li . V d : cu to phn lp ca trm tch , cuto dng chy ca riolit.

5. Phn loi v m t cc bin cht chnh :Theo c im , ngun gc v iu kin to thnh bin cht c phn ra lm ba nhm :a/ bin cht khu vc :

_ phin st v phin phylit._ phin clorit._ phin tacl._ phin lc ._ phin kt tinh.

_Quartzit_Amphibloit_Gneis_Migmatitb/ bin cht tip xc :

_ sng_Scarn_Greizen_Serpentinit

c/ bin cht ng lc :_Dm kt kin to v cataclasit


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_ Milonit. bin cht lin quan n qu trnh hot ng ang lc l nhng sn phm bin dng do do qutrnh p tri to ni, t gy, x hc va chm cc mng

xy ra trong iu kin p sut cao ,nhit thp . Vd :i bin cht sng Hng , c tui rt c nhng bbin cht li trong giai on Kainozoi ( t 32 n 16triu nm ).

VII. MT S LOI BIN CHT THNG GP: gnai(gneiss) hay phin ma: gnai l do

granit ti kt tinh v bin cht di tc dng ca p lccao. l bin cht khu vc, tinh th ht th, cu to

dng phn lp - trong nhng khong vt nh thchanh mu nht, fenspat v cc khong vt mu sm,mica xp lp xen k nhau trng rt p. Do cu todng phn lp nn cng theo cc phng khccng khc nhau, d b phong ho v tch lp. gnaidng ch yu lm tm p lng b knh, lt va h.

hoa: l loi bin cht tip hay khu vc, do ti kttinh vi v lmit di tc dng ca nhit vp sut cao m thnh. hoa bao gm nhng tinh thln hay nh ca canxit, thnh thong c xen cc htlmit lin kt vi nhau rt cht to nn. hoa cnhiu mu sc nh trng, vng, hng, , en... xen ln

nhng mnh nh v vn hoa. Cng chu nn 1.200kg/cm, i khi n 3.000 kg/cm, d gia cng c hc,

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A1_g%C6%A1naihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%C3%A1_granit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%C3%A1_granit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%C3%A1_bi%E1%BA%BFn_ch%E1%BA%A5t_khu_v%E1%BB%B1c&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinh_th%E1%BB%83http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A1ch_anhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A1ch_anhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A1_g%C6%A1naihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%C3%A1_granit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%C3%A1_granit&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%C3%A1_bi%E1%BA%BFn_ch%E1%BA%A5t_khu_v%E1%BB%B1c&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinh_th%E1%BB%83http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A1ch_anhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A1ch_anh

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d mi nhn v nh bng. hoa c dng lm tm p trang tr mt chnh, lm bc cu thang, lt snnh, lm ct liu cho b tng, granito.

quczit l sa thch ti kt tinh to thnh.

mu trng hay tm, chu phong ho tt, cng chu nn kh cao (4.000 kg/cm), cng ln. quczit c s dng xy tr cu, ch to tm p,lm dm, hc cho cu ng, lm nguyn liusn xut vt liu chu la.

Dip thch st: c cu to dng phin, to thnh t sbin cht ca t st di p lc cao. mu xmsm, n nh i vi khng kh, khng b nc ph hoiv d tch thnh lp mng. Dip thch st dng lm vtliu lp rt p

http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Di%E1%BB%87p_th%E1%BA%A1ch_s%C3%A9t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Di%E1%BB%87p_th%E1%BA%A1ch_s%C3%A9t&action=edit&redlink=1

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Kt lun

Qua nhng ti liu m chng ti cung cp, hi vng sgip cho cc bn phn no hiu c thm v hai loi trn ci m khng phi kh khan v gc cnh nhban u chng ta ngh. V ch khi tm hiu su v , tami c th nghe thy chng ni chuyn. V thi gianhn hp v vi l do khch quan, bi bo co ca nhmkhng trnh khi sai st, mong c v cc bn thngbn v ng gp kin cho nhm, nhm ngy mthon thin hn. Chn thnh cm n c v cc bn.


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Ti liu tham kho:

1.Lu c Hi-Trn Nghi,Gio trnh Khoa Hc Tri t,NXB GD 2008.2.Hunh Trung-Thch Hc Thch a Ho,NXB H QG TP HCM 2003.3.Trn Ph Hng-Nguyn Minh Lc,Thc Hnh ia Cht i Cng,NXBH QG TP HCM 2006.4.Cc trang web:

-vi.wikipedia.org-www.google.com.vn

-www.tapchidiachat.com-www.diachatvietnam.vn

V mt s trang web khc.

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