Kinetic-Molecular Theory

States that matter is made up of many tiny

particles that are always in motion.

Kinetic-Molecular Theory

The particles move faster in hot matter than in cold

matter.

Conduction

The process of heat being transferred by the direct contact of a solid

or liquid

Convection

The process of heat being transferred by the direct contact of a gas

Radiation

The process of heat being transferred as

waves

Temperature

Depends on the Kinetic Energy of the particles

moving around

Thermometer

Measures the number of times the particles hit the bulb of the thermometer

Thermal Equilibrium

The temperature of something which is the average number of hits

by the particles

Absolute Zero

The temperature at which the particles no

longer move

Kelvin

Temperature scale based on the idea of absolute

zero. The lowest number is 0.

HeatThe energy that flows as a result of a difference in

temperature.

Specific Heat

The amount of energy that must be added to

raise the temperature of a unit mass one

temperature unit

Calorimeter

A device used to measure changes in

thermal energy.

Thermodynamics

The study of how heat is transferred and reacts

Melting PointThe exact temperature at

which a solid changes into a liquid

Heat of Fusion

The amount of energy needed to raise the

temperature to the point where it melts a solid

into a liquid

Boiling Point

The exact temperature at which a liquid changes

into a gas

Heat of Vaporization

The amount of energy needed to vaporize a

liquid into a gas and to continue raising the

temperature.

Heating Curve for Water

120 °C steam

100 °C water steam

50°C liquid water

0 °C ice liquid -10 °C ice Heat added

First Law of Thermodynamics

The total increase in thermal energy of a system is equal to the sum of the work done on it and the heat added to

it.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Natural processes go in a direction that increases the total entropy of the

universe

ScaleA determined

measurement with a distinct base line.

Temperature Scales

• Fahrenheit

• Celsius

• Kelvin

• Rankine

Temperature ConversionoF=oC1.8 + 32

oC=0.56(oF-32)

K=oC+273.15oC=K-273.15

R=oF+459.67oF=R-459.67

Celsius Temperature scale

based on the idea of water freezing at 0o .

FahrenheitTemperature scale

based on the idea of a ice water and salt mixture being 0o.

RankineTemperature scale base on the idea of absolute zero. Based off of Fahrenheit.

Absolute zero is equal to -459.67oF.

• Heat and Energy- Joule (J)• Specific Heat- JK/kg• Energy- calorie (cal)• Heat from food- Calorie (Cal)• Heat of fusion

and vaporization- J/kg• 1 cal = 4.18J• 1Cal = 1kcal = 1000cal

Entropy

Measure of disorder in a system. It is also the

measure of heat change in a system.

RadioactivityDecay, or breaking apart, of unstable elements such as

uranium and thorium, resulting in the release of high-energy particles

Radioactivity can give off

• Alpha Particles α

• Beta Particles β

• Gamma Rays γ

Alpha Particle

Beta Particle

There are four categories which forces are placed.