Klasifikasi BryophytaJurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS Surakarta

SuratmanMarchantia sp. Schistochila acuminataPhaeoceros spFolioceros sp

3 Classes1. Class Hepaticopsida (Liverwort)2. Class Anthocerotopsida (Hornworts)3. Class Bryopsida (True mosses)

Differences between liverworts, hornworts and mosses

CharactersLiverwortsHornwortsMossesLeaves2-3 rowswithout leavesspirally, rarely 2-3 rowsOil bodiesusually presentlackinglackingRhizoidsunicellularunicellularpluricellularParaphysesusually lackinglackingusually presentSporophytesgrowing by an apical cellgrowing by a basal meristemgrowing by an apical cellPeristomeslackinglackingusually presentOperculumslackinglackingpresentElaterspresentpresentlacking

Phylogeny of Bryophytes (based on total cpDNA)

Kelch et al., Monogr. Syst. Bot. (MBG) 2004Hornworts (100 spp.)Liverworts (5000 spp.)Mosses (9000 spp.)

Class Hepaticopsida Liverworts

LiverwortsClass Hepaticae comprises the liverworts. These are small plants, no more than half an inch off the ground, that can be flat and ribbon-shaped or leafy.

About 8,500 species of liverworts have been namedGenus Marchantia, Riccia The gametophyte generation may be leafy like a moss, or thallose, often bilaterally symmetrical and lobed,

Hepatophyta (Liverwort)Tumbuhan lumut paling primitif dan sederhana, tidak memiliki stomata, kutikula dan sel berkas angkut. Badan minyak (oil bodies) ada pada sel-sel tumbuhan ini. Rhizoid sederhana, terdiri atas sel-sel tunggal.

Hepatophyta (Liverwort)Sporofit sederhana, memiliki kaki (foot), tangkai (seta) dan kapsul atau hanya kaki dan kapsul saja. Gametofit berwarna hijau, berbentuk pipih dorsiventral (thalloid liverwort) atau tunas berdaun (leafy liverwort), sederhana, atau kadangkala terdiferensiasi menjadi daun dan batang. Tumbuh di tempat lembab atau terlindung, sebagian kecil ada yang akuatik.

Liverwortsgametophyte

Male reproductive "umbrella"Female reproductive "umbrella"

ArchegonidiophoreArchegonial stalkArchegonial head

AntheridiophoreAntheridial stalkAntheridial head

Liverwortssporophyte

sporophytesFootSetaAntherelater, elaterophore

the sporophyte of a moss the sporophyte of a liverwort

There are two main groups of liverworts :the leafy liverworts, with about 84% of liverwort species, and the thallose liverworts.

Thalloid LiverwortsLiverwortsMost common liverworts have flattened, lobed thalli.Gametophyte stage develops from spores.When spores germinate they may produce immature gametophyte (protonema).

Thalloid Liverworts The thallus dorsiventrally flattened, usually dichotomously branched (pinnate in Riccardia).Thallus cells may have chloroplast and oil bodies. The rhizoid are unicellular and smooth but in Marchantiales there is two types rhizoid : smooth and tuberculate.

Thalloid LiverwortsThe antheredia are produced on the thallus suface, naked or surrounded by an involucre, or inside the thallus. The archegonia are on the thallus surface or embedded inside the thallus and are usually surrounded by an involucre.

Thalloid LiverwortsIn Marchantia, the antheridia and archegonia are located on stalked receptacles (antherediophores and archegoniophores).During development, the sporophyte is enveloped and protected by the calyptra.The capsule lacks a columella and stomata, the seta usually lacking or very short.

Thalloid LiverwortsBest known species are in the genus Marchantia. Thick thallus that forks as it grows. Consists of parenchyma cells with few, if any, chloroplasts.

DichotomousParenchyma air chambersasexual reproduction

Life CycleMarchantia Sporophyte

Asexual Reproduction of Marchantia

Thalloid Liverworts Marchantia spDumortiera spRiccardia spRiccia crystallina

Leafy Liverwort The gametophyte may be ascending, erect or pendent. The leaves are generally arranged in three rows, two lateral rows (dorsal leaves or lateral leaves) and a ventral row (ventral leaves or underleaves or amphigastria). The underleaves are usually smaller than the lateral leaves and sometimes lacking. The leaves cells usually have chloroplast and oil bodies when fresh. The number, chemical composition, shape and size of the oil bodies are variable and very important in the taxonomy of liverwort.

Daun ventralDaun dorsalDaun ventral

Penggolongan Bryophyta berdasarkan KemotaksonomiPenggolongan Bryophyta berdasarkan kemotaksonomi adalah dari kandungan metabolit sekunder yang dihasilkannya dan terdapat pada oil bodies (badan minyak) pada Bryophyta. Kandungan senyawa kimia yang terbanyak adalah terpenoid

Leafy Liverwort (continued)

The antheredia are oval in shape and united to the stem by a thin stalk, located in the axils of specialized leaves (male bract), on the main shoot or on specialized male branches.The archegonia lack paraphyses and are protected by bracts or bracteoles in one or more series, at the tips of long or short shoots.They usually surrrounded by a thin tubular organ (the perianth), located between the bracts and the archegonia, originating by fusion from 2-3 leaves.

Leafy Liverworts Porellales (epiphytes) Porellaceae Radulaceae Frullaniaceae Lejeuneaceae

Jungermaniales (terrestrial) - Many families

>1000 species (80 genera)

Leaves with lobules (= watersacs)

Underleaves normally present

Gynoecium with only 1 archegoniumLejeuneaceaePerianth (covered archegonia)underleaveswatersacsLateral leaves

SIIIIIIS = sporeI = first juvenile stage (protonema)II = second juvenile stageIII = third juvenile stageOntogeny of Lejeuneaceae gametophyte

Leafy LiverwortsPlagiochila sp Stereochila sp

Frullania sp.Daun dorsalDaun ventral

Web Linkshttp://biologyweb.org/botany.htmMoss Life Cycle TutorialMoss Life Cycle Tutorial with AnimationIntroduction to the Plant Kingdom

*Hintergrundfoto?