KMTR -Tiger Paper 2006

8/6/2019 KMTR -Tiger Paper 2006

1/8

IntroductionThe Agasthyamalai sub-region, located inthe~ W estern Ghats of io uthern In dia, i knov nfor it large contigu us habitat with tropi alevergreen, emi-evergreen, mixed deeiduous,grasslands and dry forests (Sukurnar, 1989). Thislarge, contiguous forest tract, starting from southof Ariankavu Pass, to the southem-rnost tip ofWestern Ghats. Mahendragiri (covering an ureaof 2.000 km2) one of the crucial habitats orelephants and the Kalakadu-Mundanlhuri TigerReserve (KMTR) is a pun 0 this contiguousforest complex .Kant, 1 94). The vegetation typeis dominated by evergreen forest and it is the lastremaining compact evergreen forest elephanthabitat in southern India. Thi c mpact evergreenelephant habitat, and the little explored KMTR.are known to uppert 100 to 1SO elephant (Dutt,2001: Melkani. _001). The current survey wascarried out to document the elephant distributionpattern, human-elephant conflict and ethercan ervation is ues of the A .an elephant inKMTR .Survey areaKMTRHesbetween 8~.5' and 853' nonh latitudeand 7110 ' and 7)035' east longitude and has anarea of 8 95 k ID !. The ele aticn range from 40 to1.867 m above ea level. The hill slopes are steepwith rugged and undulating terrain, inter persedwith deep gorg and ravines. The climate L hiltat the lower levels. but cooler a elevations f 500m and above. KMTR receives rainfall from beththe outhwe t May-August) and northeastm onsoons (O ctober-D ecem ber. but m ore fromth e northeast The amount of rainfall varies from

750 to 3 0 nun Kant, 1994' Parthasarathy._00 I). The reserve i called a River Sanctuarybecause of the presence of many streams andrivers. The major river i the Tambar barani andrts tributaries flow eastward through the reserve.Tw el ve rivers fl ~ within U 1C reserve and are alsoperennial water OUTCeS for irrigation, hydroelectricpro jects an d 4 U lIu ks inTirunelveli e li met southernIndia. West coast tropical evergreen forest, sub-tropical montane forests. Tirunelveli semi-evergreen fore l, outhem moi t -mixed deciduousfore t, dry Leak and deciduous forests and scrubcrest are the major vegetation types in th e re, erve(Parthasarathy. 2001). KMTR ha weauh ofwildlife, including me endangered ilgiri tahr(Hemitragus h...ocriLtJ) which i endemic toWe lern Ghats, and is home to 5 other primatespecies underra j & Jobnsingh, 2001). Kani tribesare the major inhabi tants of the region. with about120 Kani families living here in 5 eulements.Ther are about 150 village (with 30,000households and a population o f 0 .1 m illio n) lo ca te din a belt within 5 km f the edge of the re ervethat are: hes for 200 krn (Kant, 1994; Mel ani,2001).

e hodologyIn addition to leld urvey by foot and vehicle.e perienced ti re l staff and local people wereinterviewed. 1 1 1 ages , e nclosures and other humanestabli hrnents al ng the boundary and within ther serve were visited for information on p t andcurrent elephant ightings, elephant visit tovillage to raid crops and other elephant-relatedinformation. Areview of earlier rudie or urveyon elephan and habitat wa done throughliterature searches and through interviewing


2/8

researchers. Forest Department reeords providedvery usefu l in formation of m any aspects ofelephant management.ResultsElephant status and habitat usage patternThe census carried OUl during 1991 e urnated 107elephants, and the one in 1997 counted 13elephants in the reserve. The increase in thenumber of elephant between the two estimatescould be due to an actual increase in the numberof elephants, or possibly due to differences in th ecensus methods. Another pes. ibility 1 . that as thereserve is a part of a contiguous fore lcomplex.the movement of elephants across the reservescould also have increased the n um ber. T Ile groupizes of elephants lgbted ranged from 1 to 23,with an average group size of 8 elephants; themost frequently seen group sizes were I, 2, 5, 7and 8. Groups of more than J 5 eJephan s wereseen only once, indicating that Ole group size ofelephants in this re erve is relatively small. There~ ere frequent sighling. of adult male' and calve indicating scope for a growing populauon. Usingboth direct and indirect methods the elephants and!o r t he ir signs were seen in January, February, MayandAugust toDecember. Signs were ighted morein August, September and October. Combiningthe information of bolt. direct sightings and indirectevidence, it is possible to conclude that elephantsu e th e reserve tnroughout th e y ea r.Main elephant areas il l KMTR:The survey identified the I ol lo .. ing main areas an droutes used by elephants LO move within, acrossor outside the regions of the reserve. Kannikalll-Enjikuli-Pambar-Kuduravalti-Mai l a r-Kand am p ar ai- M ani m u th a r-M u I ak as am-S en gel lh e ri-K a k a e h i-Nalurnukku-Kuduravatt i .

Valayar-Kandamparai-Kannikatli-EnJlkuli-Pam bar - Varatai ya r Kuduravaui . Sengeltheri- Thalai an ai- Karun kal kasa m-

Sengehheri or Kandarnparai to Mundanthurai, Sambulimukku (on the mailar read)-Pu Iianj alai. Perappan naoot hu-Gun dar-Sorimuthanark.oil-KuUanodai-Mana1Lhurai-Mundal.

i'ol. 33: N D ., OctD:wt)6

S orimuth an erk oil, B an ath ee rth am L o Enchikuli,Kannikati Kalivarpul (Kerala-Tamilnaduborderj-Bonacara estate.

Kannikati-14 beat-Kandamparai-Valayar toKerala (Kulalhu pulza).

Sengaltheri-Kularatri estate- Ifultalar-Mullakasarn-Manimuthar . Kerala-Kultrilarn-Ncondi Mangadu estate-Kadeyarn range-14 bear- Kanikatti-A gastyam alai -K a1 ia rp u l lu - Aduppukalmotlai.

Keripari-Nndukanjthoundu-optoAk il an da rn pil la i e sta te .

Kakach i-N a I Ium ukku-ott u- P o Ike repeaters ta tio n- K od ay ar re se rv oir-M u th uk ula iv ay al-Keripari .

Elephan; and habitat conservation problemsill KMTRThe survey provided information on the numberof elephants and habitat-related con ervationproblems. It was al 0 observed that elephantconservation problems such as human-elephantconflicts and elephant deaths due to poaching orto conflict a rc nOLg r ea t. However, th e habitat-related problems are severe and need [0 beaddressed effectively. The number of civilactivities undertaken in the past have affected thequality of the reserve. Forestexploitation forirri galion a nd p ow er projects, severe cattle grazingpressure, frequent fires. road construction anduncontrolled encroachments along the foothillhave caused severe damage to the reserve. A largenumber of people reside within the reserve arthework sites, in staff colonies of the State ElectricityBoard, and on private estates. This brings amoderate to very higb biotic interference: inparticular, the fuel and other forest resource needso f th e Vil lages in the frin ge s a re very h igh (Me lkani ,: !OOI ; DULl, 2001).Hllman-elephant canftiasThe major aspect of conflict arises from the IactLhallhe elephants ar e mOllj ng towards th e fo oih i 1 1and the conflict cau: ed is relatively severe. Themovemem iowards the foothills is due tochangesin the weather conditions. food and otherresources, or to man-made disturbances. Over thep' I25 y ea rs . o nl y re ce ntl y ( ince 199 - ) h av e th ee le ph an ts s tn rte d VISiting t he v il la g es . Tlu i s par tlyr~,""~--"=---""';


3/8

due to the villagers having removed most of thepalm trees for fuel. In these villages elephantare reported during the crop harvesting seasons

and an average of 20 case of crop raiding/year.:;:;:.. are reported. There are settlements within tbe~ r es erve , buuhe human- el ephant conflict appearedto be low. Only villages located OIl the foothillshave e lephan t problems. Elephants use mostly theupper reaches and come down to the foothillsduring December [0May. The conflict seems (0be more in areas LInder the Ambai range. Since1995, three human death have 0 eurred due [0e le ph an t a tta ck s in L he re erve.Elephants are reported to visit the settlements fo r2-3 months. especially during the northeastmonsoon season. According (0the local villagers,elephants in groups of 10,5,2,3, and sometimessingle animals have been reported. They comefor crop~ such as banana (Musa paradiasica ,jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)~ areca nut(Areca catechu), tapioca (Monilhol esculentm pineapple (Anallos cosmosus] and coconut(Cocos lwei/era). Blephants cause the mostdamage to banana tapioca and coconui crops.No eff ec ti ve control meth od s h av e b een taken sofar, except chasing the elephants away by usingfirecrackers. lt was ob erved that theseettlements have primitive wooden fences toprevent animal entry. Crop damage is relativelylow an d no human death due to elephants havebeen reported in the settlements located withinthe reserve. TIUs may be due to the low densityof elephants with in th e r es er ve or du e lO the habi ta tcontiguity with enough food, water and otherresources available within the forest itself.Elephant deathsJ nformation on the number of elephants inhabitingor using 111eeserve help to understand the statusof elephants in the reserve, their growth and deathrates. No specific or scientific information 00thenumber and status of elephants is available forthe reserve because earlier scientific studies orsurveys on elephants recorded only basicinformation on elephant numbers and the deaths(whether due to natural or man-made causes). Itis also unclear as tohow accurate thi informationis. However, based on this information, from 1993

~ to_1998, 4 elephants died (all males), two due to14

natural causes, one after capture by tranquilizingand the o the r d ue La poaching in S in gampatti B eat11. No arrest of culprits or detection of tusks wasmade .Pressures on the forestCattle grazingThe ma jo r p ro bl em associated with the settlementswithin and outside the rei erve is the livestock, Thismainly arises from villages located close toPapana sam RF . S in gampa tti e x- jam in and Ka la kadRF of Lhe reserve. From these villages, it isestimated that nearly 5,000 cattle units aredependent on the fore t. Due to heavy grazing.the lower hills in the forest have been denudedand are devoid of any gra s for grazing. Tenderseedlings are destroyed by trampling and damagei cau ed to the roots by the hea y hooves of thecattle. Grazing has caused soil compactionresulting in the reduction of water percolation and1 0 of topsoil and runoff (Melkani. 2001; Dun,2001).Forest firesAlong with grazing, frequent forest fires set bythe cattle grazers have al a reduced the quality ofthe habitat. early 4-5% of the habitat is burntevery year. Ifwe take into account the actual fire-prone areas of th e re erve, and then the proportionof habitat burnt in these regions would be veryhigh. It is felt that the external damage caused bym an, due to cattle grazing an d fire, k eeps th e forestfrom reaching 1 3 stable stage. From the entranceof Mundanthursi righl up to the lower dam camp,the terrain is rough with huge roc outcrops andtherefore un uitable for animals (Kant,l994;Melkani, 2001; DUll. 2 00 1). T he combination offorest fires, cattle grazing and other humanactivities is responsible for {hi tate.Timber extractionThe reserve has a long history of timoor extractionand from 1891. some parts of the reserve wereworked on a regular basis. The Kaanikatti zonewas ubjected [0light selection felling with thetrees being used as sleepers, e pecrally M e s l I . tJsp., in 1921. The Kodamacti area , as subjected


4/8

to selective felling to preserve the catchment areasof Tambaraparni. Servalar and Manirnuthar, Atimber-cum-fuel working coupe worked oncontract Lill1975 in the Mundanthurai plateau andSivasailam forest. The extracted areas wereplanted with teak a nd s oftw o od . The failure ofthe p la nta tio n in cre as ed th e demand f or f ue la ndcattle grazing here. The whole of Singarnpattiforest was under the control of jamindarstraditional feudal landowner. who wereappointed a dr ni ni t ra to rs of the area) and up L Othe upper reaches of the Tam baraparn iRiver. Withth e abolition of the jamin in 1952. the ex-jaminforest wa taken over. The e fore IS were badlydamaged due to repeated cutting, elling and over-grazing by the jamin cattle. After being declaredas a TIger Reserve, no coupe was allowed tooperate. b ut fo rty year later the area has still notrecovered completely (Kant, 1995. lelk.ani, 200 J ,Dutt, 2001).

Non-timber forest products (NTFP) collectionUp to 1 98 0, NTFP collection was allowed in thereserve; later, only the local tribes were involvedin the collection. Before] 981, the ForestDepartment collected honey which was sent tothe lac faclory in Madurai in Tamil Nadu.Curren t ly , the collection ofNTFP. in r pe rm i tt ed :however. there is seasonal illegal collection ofmango (Manti/era indica), cane Calamus sp.),kundrikam (Conarium strictum). wild tubers ando th er NTFP s by people who li e w ith in an d outside(he reserve. This illegal colleetion has severenegative impacts on the biomass of the reserve(Melkani., 2 00 1 , D utt, 2 00 I).Tourist's and pilgrimThe area attracts local vi ilor a s il has manyrivers, waterfall and temples. The templefestivals bring several thousands of pilgrims Intothe reserve, particularly during the Adi Amavasiand Matu Pongal festivals, to visit Sori.muttalyanK ev il an d B an a tirtam in th e M un dan lh urai rangeand Karumanarnman temple at Serrgeltheri andNambi Kovil in the Kalakadu range. The Adimavasi festival brings ab ut 0.5 million peopleo er a short period of Lime. Lilt ring the placeswith food and other material, fuels cod collection.biomass depletion. a cidental forest fires,

transporting dome tic animals for slaughter, areall a ct l v i ti es tha t have ignifieant negative effectsall ing considerable damage and disturbance tothe habitat (Kant, 1994, Melkani, 2001).

Enclaves, hydroelectric projects, lea, coffeeand cardamom estates alld enclosuresThere are a number of enclaves located withinthe reserve. including 4 electricity camps (for 2hydroelectric project 9 irrigation projects and 7reservoirs). the Bombay Burmah TradingCorporation (HBTC). 4 temple complexes, 19paua lands and 5 tribal settlements within the l imitsof the reserve. BBTe covers an area of 3.391ha with tea, coffee. cardamom and eucalyptusplantations. The estate employs some 5,000people . There are 200 families with 1,000 peopleli....ng in th e fringes of evergreen forests, causingnotable damage to the rainforest, attalaimalaii the second largest e tate with an area of 1.271ha of prime moist deciduous fore t located withint he r es erve. Due to it s commercial t imbe r logg ingctivities, the prime lowland and moist deciduousforests of the region have been severely affected.The estuteactivnies not only disturb the forest,ut also fragment the corridors of many species.Cardamom leases were granted in 1941 and atotal of 40 cardamom blo ks with an extent of490 acres came into being with a lease period of25 years. During 1979, the Government bannedthe renewal of all cardamom block within thesan ctu ary. S o fa r, 3 5 card am om b lo ck s have beenresumed by the Forest Department and five moreare under operation on lease. A n these estate'S,cardamom blocks and patta enclosures are locatedIn ide the reserve m st of the area isinaccessible and it is very difficult [Dmonitor theirmovement and the disturbance they cause to thefore t (K an t., 1 99 4; M elk an i, 2 00 I; D utt. 2001).ther disturbances

The Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB) iscontemplating a number of power projecLS in theevergreen segment in [he higher altitudes (Corezone). The road to Triruvaathapuram, viaMundanthurai-Kannrkatti goe through the corezone. Attempts 0 kill elephants for tusks havebeen taking place at the border of Kanniyakumari

r"-1


5/8

and Kerala S tale. D ue to in a de qu a te s up er vis io nan d taff, g an ja Cannabia saliva) culLivauon,woodcutting and muggling, and other illegala ctiv itie s are la kin g p la ce . Nearly 400 such casehave been reported for the years 1996 and 1997(Kant 1994, M elkan i. 2001. Dun , 2OG1).Conservation goalsElephant food mappingElephant presence and movement is monitoredthroughout th e year in ome parts of the reserve.However. how many elephants are there. whatattracts the m a n d h o w they IIe th e habitat is no tclearly known, E leph an t foo d species distributionand mapping (along w ith iden tify ing the stage ofthe dung piles) of the paths regu larly used byelephants would give an indication as to howelephants use the habitat.

MOflitormg of elephant siglrringsW herever elephan ts are ighred, their numbers .age an d sex classificatio n, m icroh abitat an d otherbeh av ioral. o bservation s hav e to be n oted. G ettin gthe cooperation of the l e o . . estate people is alsonecessary to fu lfil l the objectives. P laces likeKakachcni , a lumukku , Kud ir av e tt i a nd Ma njo la ihave regular elephant movement. Estate people,or the staff of the Tam il Nadu E lectricity B oard(fNEB). who v is it ra in fa ll s ta tio ns ( lo ca te d w ith inthe reserve) could give more information onelep ban t numbers, movement and o th er re la te ddetails.PatrollingThe park m anagem ent has L a c oncen trate moreo n po licing an d it should be rre ate d a s a s ig nific an tco mpo nent o f h abitat m an ag em en t (Dun, 2001) .Patrolling o f elep han t h abitats is very importantas il legal activ ities L ike gan ja cultivation andcellecuon afforest prod ucts. w hich are regu larlyreported, are disturbing the movement ofelephants , directly o r in d ir ec tl y. F o re x amp le , threeganja plots visited near Valaiar had reed belts andpr ime water resources and had the maximumnum ber of dung piles of all the places visited [TomKodamad i to Val aiy ar, T he c learin g o f re ed bel t,(a favorite food of elephants and diversion of

w ater for ganjo cu ltivation w ould everely affectth e elephant m ovem ent, T he D epartm ent needsto take measure to cont rol patrol and monitorthese areas.Mon.itoring or acquiring private estates andsettlementsA I low in g estates and enlem ents to operate deepin ide the fo res ts and not moni to r ing thei r ac tiv it iesco uld le ad to ille ga l a ctiv itie s be in g u nd ertak en bythe estate people or upported by them.Documenting the curren t im ernal and ex ternalpres iures from settlements located within andoutside t he r es erve i a r na ] o r c on ce rn . P re di cti ngbiomass resource demand and use of 1 0 c a Jcomm un ities an d d ev elo pin g stra te gie s to counterth e degradation o f e le ph an t h ab ita t should be givenb ig h p ri or ity . Ali & Pal (200 I) suggest that if thecurrent land u e of these eulements does notbenefit th e s urro un din g fo re st, then acquisition mustb e c on si de re d as an option. If estates and ornesett lements are ranked as ites f o r endem i c/ ra respecies, dam age to the ecosystem . w atershedfunctions and other criterions Ali & Pai, 2001),then the Kanalaimalai estate located within th ere se rve w ou ld ha ve a h ig h-ra nk in g v alu e a nd shouldbe acquired . H ow ever. a llow ing the estate peopleto remain inside the forest has orne advantageas they p rov id e information on L he movement ofpeople from outside. If ih e estate people ore n otcausing major disturbance to the forest an d th eirpresence in very remote areas prev ents th e en tryof ou tsiders, then they ihould be allow ed to stay.T bis w ould help the D epartm ent, given the lim itedmanpower an d resources [0moni to r th es e interiorand unapproachable areas.Manpower and other facilitiesTo stan with, me F ore st D ep artm e nt (PO) hasvery liule manpox cr. Illegal activities like ganjacu ltiv atio n. e tc .. u su ally ta ke p la ce in a re as w h er ethe terrain is very tough, difficult to approach. andwould take several hours to reach. requiringcamping faciln ie s. A d equ ate m an po we r is neededlO Slap or control any illegal activity thai idiscovered. The taff posted in these area arcnot in terested in tak ing up the job as these are-aare rem ote and there i'not enough eq uipm ent sucha s ra in co ats, fie ld equipment. bOOlS, ammuni t ion.

(CI}nlln~d on (1.17)


6/8

It:'ollli ,,ul 'd from p.16}e tc .. fo r th e taff, E tablishing tem porary cam p'in these areas, with the FD and other conservationagencies provid ing food and o ther resources to thewatchers and mati vating the FD taff wouldfacilitate better protection of the e remote areas.KM1'R and its environsKa la ka du -Munda nt hu ri T ig er Re se rv e c an s uppo rtonly a small population o f elep han ts. T his is d ue tothe availability and abundance of elephant foodplID1LS,and the ir varying d istributien place-to-placeand eason-to-season, Therefore, the elephantsmove extensively from one patch to the ather.E x ce pt in Mundanthurai plateau and a few lowerregions (Singampatti ex-jarnin), most ofthe areasin th e reserve are teep with many valleys risingin to p eak s. T his p attern h as a m ajo r im pact on th em ov e m ent o f elephants a nd pre ve nts the m fromcoming dow n into the Valley. T hey are. therefore.restricted to mostly th e u pp er reach es. Elephantsdo come to th e foothill .. mainly for the cr pcu ltiv ated in villages and palm trees grown todemarcate the boundary along the foothills org rown n atu ra ll y. H ow ev er. the elephant habitatwithin KMTR is intact and has long-termconservation value for the sped . Con ervationo r elephants and its habitat in KMTR cannot beconsidered in isolation and any aspect of elephantconservation hould be b ased o n th e conditions an dqual ily of th e habitat a va il ab le f or elephants in tn eadjoining areas uch as Neyyar. Peppara andShendurani(of Kerala Stare) across the poiiticalborder. buffered b y Kanniyakuman. Thirunelveli(o f T am il N ad u S L ale) a nd T riv an drum (o f K eralaSiaie) Forest Divis ions.B e yo n d K M TRThe elephant population in southern India isdistributed in nine distinct sub-regions uf th eWestern and Eastern Ghats. Narrow corridorsconnect some of the populations or habitats ofthese sub-regions, while ome of ihelr contiguityIS broken by a variety of factors (Sukumar, 1989).Periyar and Agasthyarnalai sub-regions comeunder the Periyar-Kalakadu Tiger Conservationunit, which has an area of ab ut 5 .000 kml o f v eryproductive habitat available for many species ofconse rva tion interes t (DUll , 200 1). A rian kav u P assof hencotah Gap separates these 1\ 0 sub-

regions. and there was once a tenuous linkbetwe en th em through th e p as s. C u rre ntly lh e l in kis broken due to a railway line andconstanrvehicular traffic along the Shencothah-Punalurhighway. Itis not known whether or not elephantsmove acres the e regions. Connecting a linkb etw ee n th is c omp ac t u nit a nd th e r em ain de r n orthof Western Ghats to Periyar sub-region) wouldprovide a much larger habitat for elephants.AcknowledgementsThe authors graJe/fllly acknowledge 'he TamilNadu Forest Department for grantingpermission 10 carry OIU the survey in KMTRand M!: V.K Melkani. Conservator of Forest.Deputy Director of Kalakad-MundanthuraiTIger Reserve. and all the Range OffICers andother forest staff for providing valuableassistance to complete the work. Thanks alsoCo Joshua David and Robin Vijoyan.ReferencesAli. R. and A. Pai. 2001. Human use areas inthe Kalokad-Mundantbnrai TigerReserve. C u rr o S ci . 80. p.448-452.

DUll, S. 200 I. Beyond 2000: A Management~'i ion for the Kalakad- 1undantburaiTiger Rene. Curr:Sci., 80. 442447.Kant. P . 1994. Report on the managementplan of KMTR.. 1995-1996 to 2000-2001.Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Tirunelveli,

Melkani, V.K. 2001. Involving local p ople inbiodiversity conservation in theKalakad-Mnndanthurai Tiger R erve-

R overviev . Cum Sci., 80.437-441.Parthasarathy, . 2001. Changes in forestcomposition and tructure in three it

of tropical evergreen forest aroundengaltheri , estern Ghats, Cu rr : S ci. ,80.389-393.

Sukurnar, R. 19 6. be elephant p pnlationsof India- trategies for conservation.Proc. Indian A cad. Sci. (Allim.ScUPlontS t. i ~uppJ.: 59-n.Sunderraj, S. F.W. and A. J. T Johnsingh. 2001.Impact of biotic disturbances on ilgirilangur habitat, demograpby and groupdyoam i . Curr: Sci . , 80 . 428 -436 .


7/8

-' 'G I'IG ER PA P E Val. 33:NO.4 Oa.JM 2006Centre for Ecological Sciences. Indian Instituteof Sciences. Bang%re. 560 012; Email:(varma @ces. lise .ernet. ill J .

Author's address: Asian Elephant Researchand Conservation Centre (A division of AsianNature Conservation foundation ANCF). C lo

T ab le 1 : D ire ct an d in dire ct e le ph an t sig hrin gs in K tv 1TRS .No Region Dir ec t sig h rin gs Ind irect s igh tings

Age-Sex Month o rClassification Sighting

Number of Month ofelephants sighting

Mundanthurai 121823I1 052320I

KaJakad 10- J 57541175112I278107 -81 28

July January, February, May , Aug us tSeptember, October, December

A du lt m aleNovember -

May-JuneJ uly . A u gu st, S e ptembe r, O cto be rNovember, December.

FebruaryJulyMarch 2 calvesJuneOctoberOctoberMarcb

2

3 Kodayar2 c al ve s3 c al ve sA dult m aleAdult male

JuneAprilMarch

45

Amba iKadayam OctoberTirukarngudi August

Data not available

18

~.~--~-_._---~--~-


8/8

('l'IGERPAPER.,)

Conservation Issues In KMTR

~bes end Selj:lemenlsTemple CompleJ(

I,ISII'I9!lMpattl Res&rve t.ondIVPnlposed "",nalll&ll Thl",,,.nthllpuram RQad- A~ pn:.ne zones_~OlrsDlantation

Documents

KMTR -Tiger Paper 2006