Know your Power 2012---81334819606_file

8/12/2019 Know your Power 2012---81334819606_file

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Know Your Power

2012Towards a Participatory Approach for Sustainable

Power Development in the Mekong Region

Glossary of Energy Terms


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List of terms

Terms Page Terms Page

Avoided cost 10 Installed capacity 4

Base load 12 Intermediate Load 12

Biomass Gasiers 13 IPP 3

Consumption 7 Least cost analysis 10

Decentralized energy 9 Marginal cost, long run

marginal cost

10

Demand-side Management

(DSM)

11 Mekong Countries 2

Dispatch 5 Micro/ Pico Hydro 13

EAC 3 MOU 3

EdL 3 MRC 3

EGAT 3 Off-grid 9Electrication rate 6 PDP 3

Energy efciency 11 Peak Load 12

Energy Security 11 Population 3

EVN 3 PPA 3

Externality or External Cost 10 Reserve capacity 5

Generation (power) 7 Single Buyer Model 9

Generation Mix 8 Solar Photovoltaic 13

GMS 3 Stand-alone 13

Grid 9 Transmission 5


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Welcome toKnow Your PowerThe power sector is one of the most important issues

underpinning the intense economic and social development

taking place in the Mekong region. However, the sector

is highly complex and involves many actors, issues and

regional differences.

This Glossary of Energy Terms will help you to startincreasing your knowledge on power sector issues,especially in the Mekong region. Some of the terms and

information are taken from www.meenet.org. The terms

listed here are not arranged in alphabetical order. Please refer

to the List of Terms on the previous page of this booklet.

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* World Energy Assessment initiated by the United Nations Development

Programme (UNDP), United Nations Department of Economic and

Social Affairs (UNDESA), and the World Energy Council (WEC) (2000)

Sustainable Power Development

Power produced and used in ways that support human

development over the long term, in all its social,

economic, and environmental dimensions*


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Mekong countries located in the Mekong River Basin.The countries in the region are linked together by the

Mekong River, which starts from the Tibetan Plateau. The river

runs through Chinas Yunnan province, Myanmar, Lao PDR,

Thailand, Cambodia and down into the South China Sea at the

Mekong Delta in Vietnam.

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The Population1in each country is shown

in the gure below. The

number of people who livealong the river basin itself

is roughly 75 million.

These people typically live

in rural areas, as the only

major population centre in

the entire basin is Phnom

Penh, Cambodia. Please

note that the populationof Yunnan province in

China where the Mekong

runs through is

approximately 46 million.2

1, 2 Wikipedia

Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are frequently used when

referring to the power sector:

IPP = Independent Power Producer

MOU = Memorandum of Understanding

PDP = Power Development Plan

PPA = Power Purchase Agreements

Abbreviations of key stakeholders

MRC = Mekong River Commission

GMS = Greater Mekong Subregion

EdL = Electricit du Laos

EVN = Electricity of Vietnam

EGAT = Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand

EAC = Electricity Authority of Cambodia

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Capacity

The installed capacity3 of each country is the maximum amount of

electricity a country can produce in a year. The installed capacity of avast country like china is very high 797,000 MW, while Thailand and

Vietnam account for most of the installed capacity in the lower Mekong

region. Myanmars energy capacity has increased dramatically since

2010, because many Mega dam projects have been constructed.

Mekong Installed Capacity 2010

3Sources of information: EGAT, EDL, Ministry of Industry, Mines and

Energy, Electricit du Cambodge, US Commercial Service, Department ofCommerce.

4

The Mekong

Country Install Capacity in MW2010

Thailand Myanmar Lao PDR Cambodia Vietnam China


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Reserve capacity:Central power systems designed to meet

demand plus a reserve capacity, over and above the expectedpeak load obligation of the power plant (15 to 45%).

Transmission: Process of transferring electric energy from

one point to another in an electric power system.

Dispatch: 4Energy dispatch controls how much energy travels

through specic transmission stations to end-use service

areas. This requires a human operator to schedule, monitor

and control distribution of energy. Dispatch also denotes the

process of coordinating the distribution of energy on a

moment-to-moment basis to meet changing load

requirements.

4Online Energy Dictionary at www.energyvortex.com/energydictionary

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The electrification rateor percentage of households in each country

with access to electricity varies in each country. In Vietnam and

Thailand, for example, almost all areas are electried, while some

countries still have very low rates. The electrication rates are shown in

the map below.5

6

99%

99%

95%

23%

69%

26%

Mekong at Night

5Source of information: Alliance for Rural Electrication, World Bank 2010, USCommercial Service, Department of Commerce


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Generation VS Consumption

Electricity Consumptionis measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh) or

Gigawatt-hours (GWh)

Example

1 kilowatt hour (kWh) = if a light bulb is 1000 Watts and is used

for one hour

During a twenty-four hour period, a 1MW power station will

generate (assuming a 100% capacity) 1 MW x 24 hours = 24,000kWh /day

During one year, the station will generate 1 MW x 24 hours x 365

days = 8,760,000 kWh/year

Tip! Electricity utility companies charge you for electricity

consumption at a certain amount per kilowatt hour.

Power generation is measured in watts (voltage x current), whileconsumption is measured in kilowatt-hours.

1,000 W = 1 kilowatt (kW)

1,000,000 W = 1 megawatt (MW)

1,000,000,000 W = 1 gigawatt (GW)

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Generation Mix6is a term referring to the diversity ofgenerating units used to produce electricity. For example, natural gas

is the main source of power generation in Thailand, but coal and

cogeneration are also important.

6Source of information: www.meenet.org, www.iisd.org

As this table shows, hydropower is ranked as the number one source

of power generation in Myanmar, Vietnam and Laos. Thailand relies

heavily on thermal power production with natural gas accounting for

70% of power generation. In China, coal is the main fuel source for

generating electricity.

Fuel Type

Myanmar

(2010)

Thailand

(2010)

Laos

(2009)

Cambodia

(2008)

Vietnam

(2010)

China

(2007)

Capacity MW

Hydropower 2,451 4,684 671 15 7,726 145,000

Natural Gas 681 16,091 0 0 0 0

Coal Fire 120 3,527 0 9 3,231 554,000

Cogeneration 0 1,878 0 0 0 0

Others 92 619 1 67 750 140

Oil/gas 0 3,784 1 296 1 0

Renewable 0 767 0 2 527 400

Nuclear 0 0 0 0 0 8,900

Total 3,344 31,350 673 387 12,235 708,440

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Centralized VS Decentralized Systems

Grid or electrical grid is a vast, interconnected network for delivering

electricity from suppliers to consumers.

Single Buyer Model:A model whereby Independent Power Producers

sell electricity to transmission and dispatch facilities owned by the

statethe single buyerwhich then sells electricity to distributors.

Off-the-grid (OTG)oroff-gridrefers to living in a self-sufcient

manner without reliance on one or more public utilities.Decentralized

energy

7is energy generated at or near to the point of use. Adecentralized energy system has two key characteristics:

It enables buildings to become power stations, using

technologies such a solar panels, wind turbines, micro-hydro

power.

Local energy networks proliferate in order to distribute heat and

power locally

7Decentralizing Thai Power: Towards a Sustainable Energy System,

Palang Thai/Greenpeace Southeast Asia.

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Cost

Avoided cost8 The marginal cost

for the same amount of energyacquired through another means

such as construction of a new

production facility or purchase

from an alternate supplier.

Least cost analysis9Analysis that

compares the costs of technically

feasible but mutually exclusive

alternatives for supplying output

to meet a given forecast demand.

Externality or External Cost10from power projects can be dened as

the cost resulting from impacts that are not priced in the market place.

Failure to internalize negative externality costs might lead to the

setting of an inappropriate nancial tariff, or estimating a too lownancial rate of return.

Marginal cost, long run marginal cost11The cost of providing an

additional kilowatt-hour of energy output over and above any energy

currently being produced.

8 source: Online Energy Dictionary at www.energyvortex.com/energydictionary9 http://www.adb.org/Documents/Guidelines/Eco_Analysis/eco-analysis-proj-ects.pdf10 Nuclear Energy Agency (2001) Externalities and Energy Policy: The Life CycleAnalysis Approach. Workshop Proceedings11 source: Online Energy Dictionary at www.energyvortex.com/energydictionary

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Efficiency

Demand-side Management (DSM)12The modication of

consumer demand for energy through various methods

such as nancial incentives and education, usually to

encourage the consumer to use less energy during peak

hours.

Energy efficiencya reduction in the energy used for a

given service (heating, lighting, etc.) or level of activity.

Energy SecurityAvailability of energy at all times in

various forms, in sufcient quantities, and at affordable

prices.

12Wikipedia

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Load

In a central power system, power plants are designed and operated for:

base load, intermediate load, and peak load.

Base load:usually large units with low operating costs. Usually

operated at full capacity during most of the hours they are available.

Intermediate Load:Power plants used to respond to variations in

customer demand which occur during the day. Plants designed for

changes in output levels.

Peak Load:a power plant used to supply customer demand during

peak (= highest) load hours of a given day, month, season or year.

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Load curves for Typical electricity grid


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Small Scale Power Generation

Stand-alonesystems are designed to provide electrical power to

equipment located in areas which do not have a mains electrical

supply.

Micro / Pico Hydro:Small hydroelectric power generation. Micro hydro

produces up to 100 kW of electricity and pico hydro under 5 kW.

Biomass Gasifier13is a specially designed reactor that heats biomass

in a low-oxygen environment to produce a fuel gas. The gas produced

is then used to drive a gas turbine or combustion engine whichgenerates electricity.

Solar Photovoltaics14

A solar photovoltaic panel is a cell which converts energy from the sun

directly into electricity.

13,14 Powering 21st Century Cambodia with Decentralized Generation, A Primer forRethinking Cambodias Electricity Future, Grainne Ryder.

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About MEE Net

The Mekong Energy and Ecology Network (MEE Net) was establishedin 2008 under the Foundation for Ecological Recovery (FER) to work

on power sector issues in the Mekong region.

MEE Net aims to address this problem region-wide by developing

an energy network to monitor the electricity sector and develop

analyses and strategies that are effective in challenging massive

build-out, mega infrastructure plans by governments and utilities.

Mekong Energy and Ecology NetworkFoundation for Ecological Recovery

409 Soi Rohitsuk (Ratchadapisek 14),

Pracharatbumpen, HauyKhwang,

Bangkok 10320Tel: +662 691 0718

Fax: +662 691 0714

Website: www.meenet.org

E-mail: [email protected]