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SOILS, AGRICULTURE, AND
THE FUTURE OF FOOD
KETAHANAN SUMBERDAYA LAHAN
DAN KETERSEDIAAN
PANGAN
SUMBERDAYA LAHAN DAN
KEMANUSIAAN
Sumber: Diunduh dari: http://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/alr/what_is_ag_land.htm……………….. 21/12/2012
LAHAN PERTANIAN
Agriculture can be defined as the systematic and controlled use of living organisms and the environment
to improve the human condition. 'Agricultural land' is the land base upon which
agriculture is practiced. Typically occurring on farms, agricultural activities are
undertaken upon agricultural land to produce agricultural products.
Although agricultural land is primarily required for the production of food for human and animal consumption, agricultural activities also include the growing of plants
for fibre and fuels (including wood), and for other organically derived products (pharmaceuticals, etc).
PRODUKTIVITAS LAHAN
Sumber: Diunduh dari: http://www.scribd.com/doc/26706944/19/Land-Productivity-Index-LPI ……………….. 25/12/2012
LAND PRODUCTIVITY INDEX ( LPI)
LPI is based on general characteristics of the soil profile, texture of the surfacesoil, soil of the land, climate and other
physical factors affecting use of land. It is a parametric approach of assessing the potential of land. In this approach
a numerical value,which in principal, ranges between 100 ( for non- constraint situation) and 0.0 (for asevere constraint
situation)is assigned to each characteristics. The Value given to eachland quality (characteristics) A,B,C,X and Y are multiplied, and the final product isreconverted into
land productivity class with fixed index values.
Land Productivity Index ( LPI) = A*B*C*X*Y
Where factors are decimal equivalent of percentage rating.A = General characteristics of soil profileB = Texture of the surface soilC = Slope of the landX = Miscellaneous factors; reaction of surface soil, fertility,
erosionY = Average annual rainfall
SUSTAINABLE LAND
o o o o
EROSI: DICEGAH
PEMUPUKAN
PENGOLAHAN TANAH: MINIMUM/TANPA
SISTEM POLATANAM: DIVERSIFIKASI, SISA PANEN KEMBALI PEMBAKARAN
SISA: DILARANG
ORGANIK SINTETIK
BERIMBANG
SUMBERDAYA ALAM1. Pertanian– Food products, Coca, Drugs 2. Minerals – Diamonds, oil, Copper,
Sand/Gravels etc.3. Forests – Timber, Herbs, Animals, Parks etc 4. Water resources – Hydropower, Drinking and
irrigation water, Lakes etc.5. Wisata Alam
• Sumber: Natural Resources and Human Security. Er. Sunil Kumar Pokhrel• Kennesaw State University USA
Lahan sawah di musim kemarau ditanami ubijalar dengan hasil sekitar 40 ton umbi per ha.
Foto Smno Agst 2012
1. Over the Land2. Agricultural – main products, cash products, Livestock,
Herbs, Timber3. Under the Land4. Minerals, oil, Underground water, Stone5. On the surface6. Irrigation, Hydropower, River, Sand, river gravel, Snow
mountain, National parks and animals Sumber: Natural Resources and Human Security. Er. Sunil Kumar Pokhrel
Kennesaw State University USA
SUMBERDAYA ALAM
Sumber: diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation ……………… 23/12/2012
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil.
It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed
soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall. Additionally, irrigation also has a few other uses in crop production, which include protecting plants against frost, suppressing weed growing in grain fields and helping in
preventing soil consolidation.In contrast, agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall is
referred to as rain-fed or dryland farming. Irrigation systems are also used for dust suppression, disposal of
sewage, and in mining. Irrigation is often studied together with drainage, which is the natural or artificial removal of
surface and sub-surface water from a given area.
1. Perubahan Kebijakan2. Konsep UNDP -1994 tentang Human Security3. Ketahanan Ekonomi - Assured basic income4. Ketahanan Pangan - Physical and economic access to food as
well as adequate purchasing power5. Ketahanan Kesehatan - Minimum protection from diseases
and unhealthy lifestyles.
Sumber: diunduh dari: http://www.africanwater.org/ecosan_food.htm .....23/12/2012
HUMAN SECURITY
Sumber: Natural Resources and Human Security. Er. Sunil Kumar Pokhrel Kennesaw State University USA
Food security is commonly defined as sustained access for all individuals to an adequate and safe supply of food for an
active, healthy and productive life.
1. Ketahanan Lingkungan Hidup - Clean water, Air pollution, Global warming, Greenhouse gases, etc.
2. Ketahanan Personal - Protect from physical violence, Domestic abuse, Crime.
3. Ketahanan Masyarakat - Protect from loss of traditional relationships, ethnic and cultural value.
4. Ketahanan Politik - Human rights, Freedom of speech, etc
Sumber: diunduh dari: http://ag.arizona.edu/~lmilich/envsec.html ..... 23/12/2012
HUMAN SECURITY
Sumber: Natural Resources and Human Security. Er. Sunil Kumar Pokhrel Kennesaw State University USA
KETAHANAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUPThere are three hierarchical levels at which the food insecurity paradigm can be considered to be acting so as to generate environmental insecurity, which then generates additional food insecurity. At the top is the state; the midlevel is the village or community; and at the bottom are households, the level at which the
actors usually have greatest influence on the environment.
• Siapa pemilik sumberdaya alam• Bagaimana distribusi hasil sumberdaya alam• Who is responsible for security of Natural resource centers,
Transmission lines and Transportation• Need for new security force other than national army to protect?
Sumber: diunduh dari: http://www.ifad.org/newsletter/pf/3.htm ..... 23/12/2012
MINAT ttg KETAHANAN
Sumber: Natural Resources and Human Security. Er. Sunil Kumar Pokhrel Kennesaw State University USA
Special feature on land tenure: securing land for the futureLand is vital for farmers and the communities in which they live. Not only does it provide them with economic means to create their livelihood, but it is their most
important social and cultural asset. A farmer without land has nothing. A farmer with land has a respected place in the community and society at large.
However, owning land or having secure access to it are not always readily achieved. This is particularly true in many poor countries, where legal and cultural restrictions on land rights present a strong obstacle for rural people, particularly the poorest and most vulnerable among them. In many cases, women are not even entitled to land.
MINAT ttg KETAHANAN• Natural resource potential can be utilized?• Need Security (protection)• Need Investment• Need Market• Need technology• Need Manpower – Upward Migration• Upward Migration creates a new sets of conflict
Sumber: diunduh dari: http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&style=&type_id=4&id=20110808172707&print=1
…..23/12/2012
Sumber: Natural Resources and Human Security. Er. Sunil Kumar Pokhrel Kennesaw State University USA
The Relationships among Sustainable Development, Sustainable Land Management, Sustainable Agriculture, and Sustainable Soil
Management. (Redrawn from Dumanski 1997)
PERTANIAN SAAT INIWe have converted 38% of Earth’s surface for agriculture, the
practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock for human use and consumption.
Croplands (for growing plant crops) and rangelands (for grazing animal livestock) depend on healthy soil.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Kelas Kapabilitas PertanianClass 1
Class 1 land is capable of producing the very widest range of crops. Soil and climate conditions are optimum, resulting in easy management.
Class 2Class 2 land is capable of producing a wide range of crops. Minor restrictions
of soil or climate may reduce capability but pose no major difficulties in management.
Class 3Class 3 land is capable of producing a fairly wide range of crops under good
management practices. Soil and/or climate limitations are somewhat restrictive.
Class 4Class 4 land is capable of a restricted range of crops. Soil and climate
conditions require special management considerations.Class 5
Class 5 land is capable of production of cultivated perennial forage crops and specially adapted crops. Soil and/or climate conditions severely limit
capability.Class 6
Class 6 land is important in its natural state as grazing land. These lands cannot be cultivated due to soil and/or climate limitations.
Class 7Class 7 land has no capability for soil bound agriculture.
Croplands
• Help maintain water flow and soil infiltration
• Provide partial erosion protection • Can build soil organic matter
• Store atmospheric carbon
• Provide wildlife habitat for some species
Ecological Services Economic Services
• Food crops
• Fiber crops
• Crop genetic resources
• Jobs
KAPITAL ALAM
Lahan Pertanian
Jasa EKologi Jasa Ekonomi
• Help maintain water flow and soil infiltration
• Provide partial erosion protection
• Can build soil organic matter
• Store atmospheric carbon
• Provide wildlife habitat for some species
• Food crops
• Fiber crops
• Crop genetic resources
• Jobs
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
KUALITAS LAHAN PERTANIAN
LAHAN = SUMBERDAYA EKONOMI
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/economic-definition-four-factors-production-3941.html .................... 3/11/2012 .
Land is the economic resource encompassing natural resources found within a nation economy. This resource includes timber, land, fisheries, farms and other similar
natural resources. Land is usually a limited resource for many economies. Although some natural resources, such as timber, food and animals, are renewable, the physical land is usually a fixed resource. Nations must carefully use their land resource by creating a mix of
natural and industrial uses.
Gross Margin: The simplest economic measure is the gross margin, which is the cash flow out less the cash flow in, on a per unit area
(normalized or standardized) or aggregate (per-field or per-farm) basis, in one accounting period (usually a year).
The gross margin can be expressed in terms of the return to labor or the return to land.
Return to labor: the farm family’s labor is not included as an expense, and the gross margin must be sufficient to allow the farm family an adequate income. This makes most sense if the gross margin is non-
normalized, i.e., the actual amount received for the whole farm.Return to land: the farm family’s labor is included in the expenses, as if the labor had been contracted. If the ‘wage’ is at a reasonable level, the gross margin only has to be positive for the land use to be feasible. This
makes most sense if the gross margin is normalized, i.e., the amount received per unit land area.
LAHAN …..
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/329078/land .................... 3/11/2012
.
Land, In economics, the resource that encompasses the natural resources used in production. In classical economics, the three factors
of production are land, labour, and capital. Land was considered to be the “original and inexhaustible gift of
nature.” In modern economics, it is broadly defined to include all that nature provides, including minerals, forest products, and water and
land resources. While many of these are renewable resources, no one considers them “inexhaustible.”
The payment to land is called rent.
Automated Land Evaluation System ‘ALES’.
How ALES links land characteristics with economic values
Starting from the physical inventory of the characteristics of a land area, how do we arrive at an economic value of a land use if
implemented on that land area?
By means of severity levels of Land Qualities, which can either limit yield (and thus reduce income) or increase costs.
Land Qualities, and their diagnostic Land Characteristics, can be divided into two type for this analysis:
1. Location-independent (in-situ) and 2. Location dependent.
E.g. (1) soil and climate qualities and characteristics, (2) distance,Adjacency.
LAND QUALITY INDICATOR (LQI)
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.mpl.ird.fr/crea/taller-colombia/FAO/AGLL/pdfdocs/landqual.pdf ...........
......... 3/11/2012 .
Some generic indicators of land units that must be monitored, especially for:
1. Condition of land resources, both positive and negative;
2. Areas arising from different land uses;3. Rates of adaptation and adoption of
recommended/suggested practices;4. Farm management practices;5. Yields and other outputs resulting from project
interventions or other development;6. Rural development issues such as land tenure,
population density;7. Sumberdaya air;8. Perikanan dan akuakultur;9. Pengelolaan hutan;10.Ketersediaan hara dalam tanah.
The holistic concept of Land (FAO ,1976; FAO, 1995) :
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.mpl.ird.fr/crea/taller-colombia/FAO/AGLL/pdfdocs/landqual.pdf ...........
......... 3/11/2012 .
"Land is a delineable area of the earth's terrestrial surface, encompassing all attributes of the biosphere immediately above
or below this surface, including those of the near-surface climate, the soil and terrain forms, the surface hydrology
(including shallow lakes, rivers, marshes and swamps), the near-surface sedimentary layers and associated groundwater
reserve, the plant and animal populations, the human settlement pattern and physical results of past and present
human activity (terracing, water storage or drainage structures, roads, buildings, etc.).“
FUNGSI LAHAN:1. Fungsi Produksi2. Fungsi Lingkungan Biotik3. Climate-regulative function4. Hydrologic function5. Storage function6. Waste and pollution control function7. Living space function8. Archive or heritage function9. Fungsi ruang penghubung.
KERANGKA-KERJA EVALUASI LAHAN DARI FAO 1976
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.mpl.ird.fr/crea/taller-colombia/FAO/AGLL/pdfdocs/landqual.pdf ...........
......... 3/11/2012 .
LAND QUALITIES RELATED TO PRODUCTIVITY FROM CROPS OR OTHER PLANT GROWTH
1. Crop yields (a resultant of many qualities listed below).
2. Moisture availability.3. Nutrient availability.4. Oxygen availability in the root zone.5. Adequacy of foothold for roots.6. Conditions for germination.7. Workability of the land (ease of cultivation).8. Salinity or sodicity.9. Soil toxicity.10. Resistance to soil erosion.11. Pests and diseases related to the land.12. Flooding hazard (including frequency, periods of
inundation).13. Temperature regime.14. Radiation energy and photoperiod.15. Climatic hazards affecting plant growth (including
wind, hail, frost).16. Kelembaban udara yang mempengaruhi
pertumbuhan tanaman.17. Periode kering untuk panen tanaman.
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.mpl.ird.fr/crea/taller-colombia/FAO/AGLL/pdfdocs/landqual.pdf ...........
......... 3/11/2012 .
KUALITAS LAHAN UNTUIK PRODUKTIVITAS TERNAK
DOMESTIK
1. Produktivitas lahan berumput.2. Climatic hardships affecting animals.3. Endemic pests and diseases.4. Nutritive value of grazing land.5. Toxicity of grazing land.6. Resistance to degradation of
vegetation.7. Resistance to soil erosion under
grazing conditions.8. Ketersediaan air bersih untuk minum.
FRAMEWORK FOR LAND EVALUATION OF 1976
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.mpl.ird.fr/crea/taller-colombia/FAO/AGLL/pdfdocs/landqual.pdf ...........
......... 3/11/2012 .
KUALITAS LAHAN UNTUK PRODUKTIVITAS HUTAN
1. The qualities listed may refer to natural forests, forestry plantations, or both.
2. Mean annual increments of timber species
3. Types and quantities of indigenous timber species.
4. Site factors affecting establishment of young trees.
5. Hama dan Penyakit.6. Bahaya Kebakaran.
FRAMEWORK FOR LAND EVALUATION OF 1976
LAND QUALITIES RELATED TO MANAGEMENT AND INPUTS
1. The qualities listed may refer to arable use, animal production or forestry.
2. Terrain factors affecting mechanization (trafficability).
3. Terrain factors affecting construction and maintenance of access-roads (accessibility).
4. Size of potential management units (e.g. forest blocks, farms, fields).
5. Location in relation to markets and to supplies of inputs.
FRAMEWORK FOR LAND EVALUATION OF 1976
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.mpl.ird.fr/crea/taller-colombia/FAO/AGLL/pdfdocs/landqual.pdf ...........
......... 3/11/2012 .
1. FAO. 1976. A framework for land evaluation. Soils Bulletin 32, FAO, Rome. 72 p. Also, Publication 22, (R. Brinkman and A. Young (eds.), ILRI, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
2. FAO. 1995. Planning for sustainable use of land resources: towards a new approach, W.G. Sombroek and D. Sims. Land and Water Bulletin 2, FAO, Rome.
ATMOSPHERIC QUALITIES1. Atmospheric moisture supply: rainfall, length of growing
season, evaporation, dew formation.2. Atmospheric energy for photosynthesis: temperature,
daylength, sunshine conditions.3. Atmospheric conditions for crop ripening, harvesting and land
preparation: occurrence of dry spells.
Land qualities related to vertical components of a natural land unit
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.mpl.ird.fr/crea/taller-colombia/FAO/AGLL/pdfdocs/landqual.pdf ...........
......... 3/11/2012 .
LAND COVER QUALITIES1. Value of the standing vegetation as "crop", such as timber.2. Value of the standing vegetation as germ plasm: biodiversity
value.3. Value of the standing vegetation as protection against
degradation of soils and catchment.4. Value of the standing vegetation as regulator of local and
regional climatic conditions.5. Regeneration capacity of the vegetation after complete
removal.6. Value of the standing vegetation as shelter for crops and cattle
against adverse atmospheric influences.7. Hindrance of vegetation at introduction of crops and pastures:
the land "development" costs.8. Incidence of above-ground pests and vectors of diseases:
health risks of humans and animals.
Land qualities related to vertical components of a natural land unit
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.mpl.ird.fr/crea/taller-colombia/FAO/AGLL/pdfdocs/landqual.pdf ...........
......... 3/11/2012 .
LAND SURFACE AND TERRAIN QUALITIES
1. Surface receptivity as seedbed: the tilth condition.2. Surface treatability: the bearing capacity for cattle,
machinery, etc.3. Surface limitations for the use of implements
(stoniness, stickiness, etc.): the arability.4. Spatial regularity of soil and terrain pattern,
determining size and shape of fields with a capacity for uniform management.
5. Surface liability to deformation: the occurrence or hazard of wind and water erosion.
6. Accessibility of the land: the degree of remoteness from means of transport.
7. The presence of open freshwater bodies for use by humans, animals or fisheries.
8. Surface water storage capacity of the terrain: the presence or potential of ponds, on-farm reservoirs, bunds, etc.
9. Surface propensity to yield run-off water, for local water harvesting or downstream water supply.
10. Accumulation position of the land: degree of fertility renewal or crop damaging by overflow or overblow.
Land qualities related to vertical components of a natural land unit
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.mpl.ird.fr/crea/taller-colombia/FAO/AGLL/pdfdocs/landqual.pdf ...........
......... 3/11/2012 .
KUALITAS TANAH
1. PHYSICAL SOIL FERTILITY: the net moisture storage capacity in the rootable zone.
2. PHYSICAL SOIL TOXICITY: the presence or hazard of waterlogging in the rootable zone (i.e. the absence of oxygen).
3. CHEMICAL SOIL FERTILITY: the availability of plant nutrients.
4. Chemical soil toxicity: salinity or salinization hazard; excess of exchangeable sodium.
5. Biological soil fertility: the N-fixation capacity of the soil biomass; and its capacity for soil organic matter turnover.
6. Biological soil toxicity: the presence or hazard of soil-borne pests and diseases.
7. Substratum (and soil profile) as source of construction materials.
8. Substratum (and soil profile) as source of minerals.9. Biological soil toxicity: the presence or hazard of soil-
borne pests and diseases.
SUBSTRATUM OR UNDERGROUND QUALITIES
1. Groundwater level and quality in relation to (irrigated) land use.
2. Substratum potential for water storage (local use) and conductance (downstream use).
3. Presence of unconfined freshwater aquifers.
4. Substratum (and soil profile) suitability for foundation works (buildings, roads, canals, etc.)
Land qualities related to vertical components of a natural land unit
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.mpl.ird.fr/crea/taller-colombia/FAO/AGLL/pdfdocs/landqual.pdf ...........
......... 3/11/2012 .
Ketahanan suatu Lahan :
The capacity of the land to recover quickly to former levels of productivity - or to resume the trend to increased productivity - after an adverse
influence such as drought, floods, or human abandonment or mismanagement.
KETAHANAN LAHAN
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.mpl.ird.fr/crea/taller-colombia/FAO/AGLL/pdfdocs/landqual.pdf ...........
......... 3/11/2012 .
Some concepts of resilience of land and its productivity, comparing the situation in someindustrialized countries (A) with that of most
developing countries (B). (Sombroek, 1993)
1. Decline in quality of soils as rooting environments;
2. Erosion and loss of topsoil by wind and water;
3. Loss of vegetation cover, including woody perennials;
4. Acidification, soil fertility decline and plant nutrient depletion;
5. Salinity and salinization, particularly in irrigated systems.
MAJOR ISSUES OF LAND MANAGEMENT….
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.mpl.ird.fr/crea/taller-colombia/FAO/AGLL/pdfdocs/landqual.pdf ...........
......... 3/11/2012 .
KUALITAS LAHAN PERTANIAN
Diunduh dari: … http://www.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/glossary/deepperc.htm … 24/12/2012
Deep PercolationDeep percolation is when water moves down through the soil profile below the root zone and cannot be utilized by plants.
KUALITAS LAHAN PERTANIAN
Diunduh dari: http://www.balticdeal.eu/measure/maintaining-good-soil-structure/ …… 24/12/2012
Good soil structureSoil structure affects water and air movement through soil, soil temperature as
well as how easily soil can be cultivated. When the structure is good water infiltration into the soil is fast and soil granules are durable (spherical in shape).
Good soil absorbs enough water for plants’ growth but extra water moves quickly away in large pores. In dry conditions capillary water movement from deeper
layers to root zone is important. Characteristics for well structured soil are also high biological activity, good root growth and high enough bearing capacity.
Indicators of damaged soil structure are e.g. compacted layers, surface crusting, poor root growth, or plow pans.
KUALITAS LAHAN PERTANIAN
Diunduh dari: … http://www.lcnrd.org/programs/deep_soil/ … 24/12/2012
DEEP SOILDeep soil testing is described as taking soil samples down to depths of 36 inches or more. This usually involves three samples: 0-8”, 8-24, and
24-36”. The 0-8 and 36” profile sample must be done to receive cost share assistance. Pounds of Nitrogen from each sample are determined and from that an estimate can be made on Nitrogen available in the root
zone. Sampling needs vary but one test per 40 acres is a good rule to follow. Based on cropping history and the next year’s crop choice, a
recommendation is given on fertilizer application.
TANAH: SUATU SISTEM
Parent material, such as bedrock, is weathered to begin process of soil formation.
Parent material = material geologis dasar di suatu lokasiBedrock = masa batuan padat yang kontinyu penyusun kerak bumiWeathering = proses yang menghancurkan batuan
Diunduh dari: http://www.eoearth.org/article/Soil…… 21/12/2012
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Typical layers found in a soil profile. (Source: Physical
Geography.net)
Most soils have a distinct profile or sequence of
horizontal layers. Generally, these horizons result from the
processes of chemical weathering, eluviation, illuviation, and organic
decomposition. Up to five layers can be present in a
typical soil: O, A, B, C, and R horizons
"Karakterisik lahan" merupakan atribut lahan yang dapat diukur atau diestimasi.
Misalnya: Kemiringan, Curah hujan, Tekstur tanah, Kapasitas air tersedia,
Biomasa vegetasi, dll.
Struktur tanah
Resembles cookie crumbs and is usually less than 0.5
cm in diameter. Commonly found in surface horizons
where roots have been growing.
http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/pvg/granular.gif
http://soils.usda.gov/technical/manual/images/fig3-30_large.jpg
STRUKTUR KUBUS: Blocky Structure
Irregular blocks that are usually 1.5 - 5.0 cm
in diameter. Can be subangular or
angular blocky.
http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/pvg/blocky.gifhttp://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/
glenimages.nsf/Images/gl167_profile/$File/gl167_profile.jpg
Struktur Prismatik
Vertical columns of soil that might be a number of cm long.
Usually found in lower horizons.
http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/pvg/prismatic.gif http://soils.usda.gov/technical/
manual/images/fig3-27_large.jpg
Struktur Pipih
Thin, flat plates of soil that lie
horizontally.Usually found in compacted soil.
http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/pvg/platy.gif
http://soils.ag.uidaho.edu/soilorders/i/Arid_03.jpg
DEGRADASI TANAH DI DUNIA
Europe’s land is most degraded because of its long history of intensive agriculture.
But Asia’s and Africa’s soils are fast becoming degraded.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
KOMPONEN TANAHSoil is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic
components and living organisms.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
HUMUSDark, crumbly mass of undifferentiated material made up of
complex organic compoundsSoils with high humus content hold moisture better and are
more productive for plant life.
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0100e/a0100e04.htm …… 21/12/2012
Components of soil organic matter and their functionsSoil organic matter consists of a variety of components. These
include, in varying proportions and many intermediate stages, an active organic fraction including microorganisms (10-40 percent),
and resistant or stable organic matter (40-60 percent), also referred to as humus.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
PROFIL TANAH
Consists of layers called horizons.
Simplest:
A = topsoil
B = subsoil
C = parent material
But most have O, A, E, B, C, and R
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
SOIL PROFILE
O Horizon: Organic or litter layer
A Horizon: Topsoil. Mostly inorganic minerals with
some organic material and humus mixed in. Crucial for
plant growth
E Horizon: Eluviation horizon; loss of minerals by leaching, a process whereby solid materials are dissolved
and transported away
B Horizon: Subsoil. Zone of accumulation or deposition
of leached minerals and organic acids from above
C Horizon: Slightly altered parent material
R Horizon: Bedrock
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt ……
20/12/2012
Diunduh dari: http://ktcomilloniportfolio.wikispaces.com/file/view/AG1060a.gif/127711929/AG1060a.gif ……
21/12/2012
DESKRIPSI TANAH
Soil can be characterized by color and several other traits:Texture (percentage sand, silt, clay)Structure; PorosityCation exchange capacity ; pHParent MaterialInfiltration rateNutrient concentrations
Best for plant growth is loam, an even mix of sand, silt and clay.
Diunduh dari: http://elkhorn.unl.edu/epublic/pages/publicationD.jsp?publicationId=111 …… 21/12/2012
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_Essenti
alCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
EROSION & DEPOSITION
Erosion = removal of material from one place and its transport elsewhere
by wind or water
Deposition = arrival of eroded material at a new location
These processes are natural, and can build up fertile soil.
But where artificially sped up, they are a big problem for farming.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Sand dunes around Moses Lake are all that are left of the wind erosion in that area.
The smaller particles, silt and clay were blown eastward toward the Palouse.
The deposition of the silt and clay particles led to the formation of the Palouse Hills. The Palouse Hills are a wind/water
erosional surface.Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt ……
20/12/2012
EROSION & DEPOSITION
Diunduh dari: http://www.cep.unep.org/pubs/Techreports/tr32en/content.html…… 21/12/2012
Four types of soil erosion on an exposed slope.
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/t1765e/t1765e05.htm …… 21/12/2012
EROSI TANAH
TIPE EROSI TANAH
Diunduh dari: http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G1509 …… 21/12/2012
Raindrop impact is the major cause of soil particle detachment , which can result in the particles moving down slope in flowing water (as sheet
erosion) during a rainfall event. Flowing water can also detach soil particles if the velocity is high enough, usually where water starts to
concentrate (rill and gully erosion ). If the velocity is reduced sufficiently, particles will settle out. The velocity at which settling begins is dependent on particle size and density, as is the time required for the particles to settle out. Large,
dense particles, such as grains of sand, settle first. Fine clays settle out slowly and only in relatively still water.
Over 19 billion ha (47 billion acres) suffer from erosion or other soil degradation.
Mississippi River…to thin to plow to thick to drink (Sam Clemens)
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
EROSI TANAH:MASALAH GLOBAL
Terasering pada lahan kentang di lereng G. Arjuno, untuk mengendalikan erosi tanah. Foto Jasa Tirta 2009
ConsequencesCauses
Worsening drought
Famine
Economic losses
Lower living standards
Environmentalrefugees
Overgrazing
Deforestation
Erosion
Salinization
Soil compaction
Natural climate change
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
DEGRADASI TANAH
Diunduh dari: http://www.keepbanderabeautiful.org/soilconservation.html …… 21/12/2012
KONSERVASI TANAH
Soil conservation is the best way to make sure that we have the land we need to live on. Erosion is the biggest
enemy of soil and land conservation. Protecting / conserving soil with grass, plants or mulch is needed. Always make sure that the soil on your property stays
right where it should be!
Several farming strategies to prevent soil degradation:• Crop rotation; • Contour farming• Intercropping; • Terracing• Shelterbelts; • Conservation tillage
Diunduh dari: http://www.worldagroforestry.org/units/Library/Books/Book%2032/an%20introduction%20to%20agroforestry/html/15_effects_of_trees.htm?n=80 ……
21/12/2012
MENCEGAH DEGRADASI TANAH
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Alternating the crop planted (e.g., between corn and soybeans) can restore nutrients to soil and fight pests
and disease.
Diunduh dari: nzdl.org …… 21/12/2012
ROTASI TANAMAN
DESIGNING THE CROP ROTATION PATTERN:
1. Based on knowledge from past years or from rainfall data, determine the onset and the end of the rainy season.
2. Choose short-maturing varieties of both rice and legume crop to accomodate a three-crop sequence or to avoid water stress.
3. Estimate the planting and harvesting dates of each crop in the cropping sequence.
4. If, based on the rainfall occurrence and drainage system, only a two-crop sequence is possible, there is a flexibility to choose a longer duration crop variety which has other desired characteristics.
.
Diunduh dari: nzdl.org …… 21/12/2012
ROTASI TANAMAN.
Planting along contour lines of slopes helps reduce erosion on hillsides.
Diunduh dari: http://www.bensoninstitute.org/Publication/Lessons/Images/L1/LandPreparation/fp/
1306.jpg …… 21/12/2012
PERTANIAN KONTUR
The management practices such as contouring, strip planting, cover cropping, alley cropping,reduced tillage, terracing and leaving some crop residue on the land help to eliminate or
minimize the loss of soil from water and wind erosion
TUMPANG-SARI = Intercropping
Mixing crops such as in strip cropping can provide nutrients and reduce erosion.
Diunduh dari: http://didierruef.photoshelter.com/image/I0000fvxRkqx3M18 …… 21/12/2012
Uganda. Kayunga district. Kiwugu. Intercropping fields of maize, beans and pineapple plants. © 2004 Didier Ruef
Diunduh dari: http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110804181442&type_id=4 …… 21/12/2012
ALLEY CROPPINGThe Concept of Alley Cropping on Sloping Lands
Fast-growing, deep-rooted legume trees such as leucaena ( Leucaena leucocephala) have been planted in double or
single rows in Indonesia and the Philippines by small-scale farmers on sloping lands to control erosion (Lungren and Nair 1985). Food crops are then planted in the alleys between the trees. Periodic pruning is needed to prevent shading of the food crops by the tree canopy. Once established, the trees
facilitate terrace formation within the alley
Cutting stairsteps or terraces is the only way to farm extremely steep hillsides without causing massive erosion.
Bench terraces are a soil and water conservation measure used on sloping land with relatively deep soils to retain water and control
erosion. They are normally constructed by cutting and filling to produce a series of level steps or benches. This allows water to infiltrate slowly into the soil. Bench terraces are reinforced by retaining banks of soil or
stone on the forward edges. This practice is typical for rice-based cropping systems.
In China, a modification of bench terraces includes an interval slope planted with perennials and grasses between individual terraces. This
system is suitable where soil erosion is critical, rainfall is low and labor and farm manure are not typically available. Shrubs or herbs can also be
grown on the edges of the terraces.
Diunduh dari: http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/ …… 21/12/2012
TARASSERING
No-till and reduced-tillage farming leaves old crop residue on the ground instead of plowing it into soil.
This covers the soil, keeping it in place. Here, corn grows up out of a “cover crop.”
Diunduh dari: http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe50s/machines_11.html …… 21/12/2012
PENGOLAHAN TANAHKONSERVASI
Conservation tillage is not a panacea for all crops everywhere.It often requires more chemical herbicides (because weeds are
not plowed under).It often requires more fertilizer (because other plants compete
with crops for nutrients).But legume cover crops can keep weeds at bay while nourishing
soil, and green manures can be used as organic fertilizers.
Diunduh dari: http://www.extension.org/pages/18636/soil-fertility-in-organic-farming-systems:-much-more-than-plant-nutrition …… 21/12/2012
PENGOLAHAN TANAHKONSERVASI
The increased soil stratification and size and activity of soil organism populations under conservation tillage compared to conventional tillage lead to increased nutrient retention. Figure credit: Ed Zaborski, University of Illinois.
Adapted from House and Parmelee (1985).
Reduces erosion
Saves fuel
Cuts costs
Holds more soil water
Reduces soil compaction
Allows several crops per season
Does not reduce crop yields
Reduces CO2 release from soil
Can increase herbicide use for
some crops
Leaves stalks that can harbor crop pests and fungal
diseases and increase pesticide
use
Requires investment
in expensive equipment
DisadvantagesAdvantages
Trade-Offs
Conservation Tillage
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
IRRIGATIONThe artificial provision of water to support agriculture
70% of all freshwater used by humans is used for irrigation.Irrigation has boosted productivity in many places
… but too much can cause problems.
Diunduh dari: http://rezaslash.blogspot.com/2012/03/irigasi-pengenalan.html …… 21/12/2012
Fungsi Irigasi1. memasok kebutuhan air tanaman2. menjamin ketersediaan air apabila terjadi betatan3. menurunkan suhu tanah4. mengurangi kerusakan akibat frost5. melunakkan lapis keras pada saat pengolahan tanah
Diunduh dari: http://pertanianbojonegoro.net/bojonegoro-tetapkan-sawah-irigasi-jadi-sawah-abadi/69/ …… 21/12/2012
SAWAH IRIGASIBojonegoro tetapkan sawah irigasi jadi sawah
abadiPemerintah Kabupaten Bojonegoro, Jawa Timur, menetapkan
sawah irigasi teknis yang memperoleh air irigasi kontinyu sebagai sawah abadi yang dilarang dimanfaatkan sebagai
kawasan industri dan permukiman.Kepala Dinas Pertanian Bojonegoro Subekti, Rabu mengatakan, pihaknya sudah menentukan sawah abadi yang menjadi sentra penghasil tanaman pangan, berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah
(PP) No. 1 Tahun 2011 tentang Penetapan dan Alih Fungsi Lahan Pertanian Berkelanjutan.
IMPROVED IRRIGATION
In conventional irrigation, only 40% of the water reaches plants.
Efficient drip irrigation
targeted to plants conserves water, saves money, and reduces problems like salinization.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Reduce irrigation
Switch to salt-tolerant crops
(such as barley, cotton, sugar beet)
Prevention
Flushing soil(expensive andwastes water)
Not growing crops for 2-5 years
Installing under- ground drainage
systems (expensive)
Cleanup
SALINISASI TANAH
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Supply nutrients to cropsInorganic fertilizers = mined or synthetically manufactured mineral
supplementsOrganic fertilizers = animal manure, crop residues, compost, etc.
Diunduh dari: http://paretmesjed.blogspot.com/2011/04/pemberian-pupuk-berimbang.html …… 21/12/2012
PUPUK & PEMUPUKAN
Pemberian pupuk berimbang dalam kajian ini bukan berarti memberikan pupuk N, P dan K dalam jumlah seimbang untuk tanaman padi. Yang dimaksud
pemupukan berimbang dalam kajian ini adalah pemberian pupuk N, P dan K disesuaikan dengan target hasil gabah yang ingin dicapai, sumbangan hara N, P
dan K berasal dari tanah serta kekurangan hara untuk mencapai target hasil tersebut dengan penambahan pupuk anorganik dalam bentuk pupuk urea, SP-36
dan KCl. Berdasar teori dikatakan bahwa hasil gabah ditentukan oleh faktor tanah, tanaman dan lingkungan.
GLOBAL FERTILIZER USAGES
Fertilizer use has risen dramatically in the past 50 years.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Trade-OffsInorganic Commercial Fertilizers
Advantages Disadvantages
Do not add humus to soil
Reduce organic matter in soil
Reduce ability of soil to hold water
Lower oxygen content of soil
Require large amounts ofenergy to produce,transport, and apply
Release the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O)
Runoff can overfertilizenearby lakes and kill fish
Easy to transport
Easy to store
Easy to apply
Inexpensive to produce
Help feed one of every three people in theworld
Without commercialinorganic fertilizers,world food output coulddrop by 40%
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Overgrazing
When livestock eat too much plant cover on rangelands, impeding plant regrowth
The contrast between ungrazed and overgrazed land on either side of a fenceline can be striking.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
OVERGRAZING
Overgrazing can set in motion a series of positive feedback loops.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
World agricultural production has risen faster than human population.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
PRODUKSI PANGAN DUNIA
However, the world still has 800 million hungry people, largely due to inadequate distribution.
And considering soil degradation, can we count on food production continuing to rise?
Global food security is a goal of scientists and policymakers worldwide.
Diunduh dari: http://kominfo.jatimprov.go.id/watch/31604 …… 21/12/2012
KETAHANAN PANGAN DUNIA
Pada 2012, produksi padi jatim diperkirakan 11,69 juta tonKepala Badaan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Jatim Irlan Indrocahyo SE MSi di kantornya Jl Kendangsari Industri, Surabaya,Selasa (3/7) mengatakan, kenaikan produksi padi terjadi karena naiknya luas panen padi seluas
32,81 ribu hektare atau 1,70 persen dan produktivitasnya juga mengalami kenaikan 4,78 kuintal/hektare atau 8,71 persen.
GIZI = NUTRITIONUndernourishment = too few calories (especially developing world)Overnutrition = too many calories (especially developed world)Malnutrition = lack of nutritional requirements(causes numerous diseases, esp. in developing world)
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
An intensification of industrialization of agriculture, which has produced large yield increases since 1950
Increased yield per unit of land farmedBegun in U.S. and other developed nations; exported to
developing nations like India and those in Africaare more productive for plant life.
Diunduh dari: http://casdiraku.wordpress.com/2009/03/15/potret-pertanian-indramayu-paradoks-lumbung-padi-jawa-barat/ …… 21/12/2012
REVOLUSI HIJAU
Tingginya produksi padi Indramayu ini disebabkan oleh luasnya lahan sawah yang ada. Dari luas wilayah
Indramayu yang mencapai 204 ribu ha, 114 ribu ha (55%) di antaranya adalah lahan sawah. Dengan luas sebesar itu,
Indramayu menempati urutan pertama di Jawa Barat.
Intensified agriculture meant monocultures, vast spreads of a single crop.
This is economically efficient, but increases risk of catastrophic failure (“all eggs in one basket”).
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
SISTEM MONOKULTUR
The Costs of Modern Agriculture
The process of agricultural modernisation has had an important influence on farm productivity and improved living standards for many farmers. However, farmers need access to: modern seeds,
water, labour, capital or credit, fertilisers and pesticides.
Many poorer farming households simply cannot adopt the whole package. If one element is missing, the seed delivery system fails
or the fertiliser arrives late, or there is insufficient irrigation water, then yields may not be much better that those for
traditional varieties.
Even if farmers want to use external resources, very often delivery systems are unable to supply them on time.
Diunduh dari: http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/mods/theme_c/popups/mod15t01s02.html……
23/12/2012
Monocultures also have reduced crop diversity.90% of all human food now comes from only 15 crop species
and 8 livestock species.
Diunduh dari: http://www.litbang.deptan.go.id/berita/one/753/ …… 20/12/2012
DIVERSITAS TANAMAN
Pengaturan Jarak Tanam Ubikayu dan Kacang Tanah untuk Meningkatkan Indeks Pertanaman di Lahan Kering Masam
Penelitian di Banjarnegara dilakukan dengan menanam ubikayu dengan jarak tanam baris ganda (60 cm x 70 cm) x 2 m dan (60 cm x 70 cm) x 2,6 m. Kacang
tanah ditanam diantara baris ganda ubikayu. Pada saat tanam kacang tanah MH II, ubikayu sudah berumur tiga bulan. Pada sistem tanam baris ganda (60 cm x 70
cm) x 2 m dan (60 cm x 70 cm) x 2,6 m populasi ubikayu masing-masing sekitar 105% dan 86% dibandingkan cara petani (monokultur) dengan jarak tanam 120 cm x 80 cm. Populasi kacang tanah pada kedua pola tersebut sekitar 70% dari
populasi monokultur.
Biodiversity Loss
Loss and degradation of habitat fromclearing grasslands and forests anddraining wetland
Fish kills from pesticide runoff
Killing of wild predators to protectlivestock
Loss of genetic diversity fromreplacing thousands of wild cropstrains with a few monoculture strains
Soil
Erosion
Loss of fertility
Salinization
Waterlogging
Desertification
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Air Pollution
Greenhouse gas emissions from fossilFuel issue
Other air pollutants from fossil fuel use
Pollution from pesticide sprays
WaterWater waste
Aquifer depletion
Increased runoff andflooding from land clearedto grow crops
Sediment pollution fromerosion
Fish kills from pesticiderunoff
Surface and groundwaterpollution from pesticidesand fertilizers
Overfertilization of lakesand slow-moving riversfrom runoff of nitrates and phosphates fromfertilizers, livestockwastes, and foodprocessing wastes
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Techniques to increase crop output per unit area of cultivated land (since world was running out of arable land)
Special crop breeds (drought-tolerant, salt-tolerant, etc.) are a key component.
It enabled food production to keep pace with population.
Diunduh dari: http://sumut-berita.blogspot.com/2012/03/hkti-sulap-tanah-tandus-samosir-menjadi.html …… 21/12/2012
REVOLUSI HIJAU
HKTI sulap Tanah Tandus Samosir menjadi Ladang Jagung Unggulan
HKTI patut bangga. Pasalnya, petani jagung di wilayah tersebut biasanya hanya mampu menghasilkan 4 ton setiap hectare (ha).
Namun dengan bibit percontohan dari HKTI mampu menghasilkan 8 ton per ha atau dua kali lipat pipil jagung.
Intensification of agriculture causes environmental harm:• Pollution from synthetic fertilizers
• Pollution from synthetic pesticides• Water depleted for irrigation• Fossil fuels used for heavy equipmentHowever, without the green revolution, much more land would have
been converted for agriculture, destroying forests, wetlands, and other ecosystems.
Diunduh dari: http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&style=&type_id=4&id=20110808172707&print=1…… 23/12/2012
REVOLUSI HIJAU:DAMPAK LINGKUNGANNYA
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
"Sustainable Agricultural Development" defined by FAO in 1990 was translated into several basic criteria to measure the sustainability of present agriculture and future trends. These criteria can be listed as
follows: 1. Meeting the food needs of present and future generations in terms of
quantity and quality and the demand for other agricultural products.2. Providing enough jobs, securing income and creating human living
and working conditions for all those engaged in agricultural production.
3. Maintaining, and where possible enhancing, the productive capacity of the natural resources base as a whole and the regenerative capacity of renewable resources, without impairing the function of basic natural cycles and ecological balance, destroying the socio-cultural identity of rural communities or contaminating the environment.
4. Making the agricultural sector more resilient against adverse natural and socio-economic factors and other risks, and strengthening the self-confidence of rural populations.
Diunduh dari: http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/mods/theme_c/popups/mod15t01s02.html ……
23/12/2012
REVOLUSI HIJAU:DAMPAK LINGKUNGANNYA
Ecological CostsMany ecological problems have increased dramatically in recent
years. These include:1. Contamination of water by pesticides, nitrates, soil and
livestock wastes, causing harm to wildlife, disruptions of ecosystems and possible health problems in drinking water;
2. Contamination of food and fodder by residues of pesticides, nitrates and antibiotics;
3. Damage to farm and natural resources by pesticides, causing harm to farmworkers and public, disruption of ecosystems and harm to wildlife;
4. Contamination of the atmosphere by ammonia, nitrous oxide, methane and the products of burning, which play a role in ozone depletion, global warming and atmospheric pollution;
5. Overuse of natural resources, causing depletion of groundwater, and loss of wild foods and habitats, and of their capacity to absorb wastes, causing waterlogging and increased salinity;
6. The tendency in agriculture to standardise and specialise by focusing on modern varieties, causing displacement of traditional varieties and breeds;
7. New health hazards for workers in the agrochemical and food-processing industries.
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
Gra
in p
rodu
ctio
n(m
illio
ns o
f ton
s)
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Total World Grain Production
Year
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Social CostsAgricultural modernisation has also helped to transform many rural communities, both in the South and the North. The process has had many social impacts. These
include the loss of jobs, the further disadvantaging of women economically if they do not have access to the use and benefits of the new technology, the
increasing specialisation of livelihoods, the growing gap between the well-off and the poor, and the cooption of village institutions by the state.
Source: Pretty, J. (1998) Regenerating Agriculture, Earthscan, London, p. 4.
Agricultural modernisation
PRODUKSI PANGAN DUNIA
In 1983, the amount of grain produced per capita leveled off and began to decline.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
MANAJEMEN HAMATerms pest and weed have no scientific or objective definitions.
Any organism that does something we humans don’t like gets called a pest or a weed.
The organisms are simply trying to survive and reproduce… and a monoculture is an irresistible smorgasbord of food for them.
Diunduh dari: http://www.team.ars.usda.gov/v2/ipmls.html …… 23/12/2012
B-IPMBiologically based Integrated Pest Management (B-IPM)
integrates, or combines, different management tools to provide better leafy spurge control than any single tool
could produce.
The foundation for this B-IPM approach is biological control: Biocontrol agents like the host-specific leafy
spurge flea beetle are integrated with other tools -- such as multi-species grazing programs, herbicides, reseeding,
tillage, burning and clipping -- to produce effective, affordable and ecologically sustainable leafy spurge
control.
B-IPM offers the flexibility landowners and land managers need to devise different management strategies for different
situations.
B-IPM
Diunduh dari: http://www.team.ars.usda.gov/v2/ipmls.html …… 23/12/2012
Disadvantages of biological control: Like other management tools, biological control is not a perfect solution to the leafy spurge problem. The biggest
drawback is that biological control is not a "quick fix." In most cases, biocontrol agents will take several years to successfully establish a population and begin making a significant contribution to leafy spurge management. In addition, no
one biocontrol agent works in every situation. An agent that works well in one soil type, for example, may not work at all in another soil type. In the long run, more than one type of biocontrol agent may
have to be used to achieve uniform control across a variety of different situations and land types.
B-IPM
Diunduh dari: http://www.team.ars.usda.gov/v2/ipmls.html …… 23/12/2012
Control toolsa) Herbicides are the most commonly used control tool, and are the
preferred tool for containing and preventing the spread of infestations. Disadvantage: Herbicides are expensive -- the cost of treatment can exceed the value of the land and/or the economic return from the land. In addition, herbicides are not target specific and are subject to environmental restrictions.
b) Cultural and mechanical controls such as reseeding, clipping and burning can be used to give desirable grasses and plants a competitive advantage while reducing leafy spurge’s dominance.
c) Multi-species grazing can provide leafy spurge control while increasing ranch profitability by diversifying cattle grazing operations with sheep or goats.
d) Biological control is another tool that can be used to manage leafy spurge and offers some advantages when compared to "traditional" management tools.
1. Biological control is economically sustainable. Leafy spurge biocontrol agents can usually be obtained or collected for free, and do not require a large investment of money or time to use or maintain. Other tools require a greater investment of resources.
2. Biological control is ecologically sustainable. Once established, leafy spurge biocontrol agents are self-sustaining -- they’ll always be there, working in the background to control leafy spurge.
3. In addition, biocontrol agents are not known to cause any adverse ecological consequences.
B-IPM
Diunduh dari: http://www.team.ars.usda.gov/v2/ipmls.html …… 23/12/2012
Biologically based Integrated Pest Management
The best approach to controlling leafy spurge is Biologically based Integrated Pest Management. It’s effective and affordable,
and can be used anywhere.
B-IPM integrates, or combines, different management tools to provide more effective leafy spurge control than could be
achieved by using any single tool. This integration offers the flexibility ranchers, landowners and land managers need to tailor
management programs that fit their specific needs.
Biologically based Integrated Pest Management combines ecologically sound strategies with other tools to provide better
control and more flexibility than can be achieved using any single tool alone. It is by far the best approach. The results speak
for itself. The dramatic change is the result of a cost-effective, integrated approach using grazing and biological control.
PESTISIDA KIMIAWISynthetic poisons that target organisms judged to be
pests
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Pesticide use is still rising sharply across the world, although growth has slowed in the U.S.
1 billion kg (2 billion lbs.) of pesticides are applied each year in the U.S .
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
PENGGUNAANPESTISIDA
Pesticides gradually become less effective, because pests evolve resistance to them.
Those few pests that survive pesticide applications because they happen to be genetically immune will be the ones that reproduce and pass on
their genes to the next generation.This is evolution by natural selection, and it threatens our very food
supply.Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt ……
20/12/2012
RESISTENSI HAMA THD PESTISIDA
Effects of pesticide selection
Repeated use of the same class of pesticides to control a pest can cause undesirable changes in the gene pool of a pest leading to another form of artificial selection, pesticide resistance. When a pesticide is first used, a small proportion of the pest population
may survive exposure to the material due to their distinct genetic makeup.
These individuals pass along the genes for resistance to the next generation. Subsequent uses of the pesticide increase the
proportion of less-susceptible individuals in the population.
Through this process of selection, the population gradually develops resistance to the pesticide.
Diunduh dari: http://www.grapes.msu.edu/pesticideresist.htm…… 23/12/2012
1. Pests attack crop
2. Pesticide applied
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RESISTENSI HAMA THD PESTISIDA
3. All pests except a few with innate resistance are killed
4. Survivors breed and produce pesticide-resistant population
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RESISTENSI HAMA THD PESTISIDA
5. Pesticide applied again
6. Has little effect. More-toxic
chemicals must be developed.
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RESISTENSI HAMA THD PESTISIDA
Diunduh dari: http://www.grapes.msu.edu/pesticideresist.htm…… 23/12/2012
RESISTENSI HAMA THD PESTISIDA
How pesticide resistance developsSome plant pathogens have also become resistant to pesticides.
Among fruit producers in North America, apple growers perhaps have faced the most significant problems with pesticide resistance.
Examples include streptomycin resistance in the fire blight bacterium and benomyl resistance in the apple scab pathogen.
Although the precise genetic and ecological factors differ among pests that have become resistant, in all cases resistance is driven
by one process -- selection.
PERKEMBANGAN RESISTENSI PESTISIDA
Synthetic chemicals can pollute and be health hazards.Biological control (biocontrol) avoids this.
Biocontol entails battling pests and weeds with other organisms that are natural enemies of those
pests and weeds.(“The enemy of my enemy is my friend.”)
Diunduh dari: http://apriastika.wordpress.com/2012/05/01/sekilas-tentang-pengendalian-hayati/ …… 22/12/2012
PENGENDALIAN HAYATI
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Pengendalian hayati adalah suatu teknik pengendalian hama atau organisme pengganggu tanaman dengan
memanfaatkan musuh alami dari OPT tersebut.
Pendekatan dalam pengendalian hayati1. Konservasi : menjaga atau melindungi populasi
musuh alami yang terdapat di lapangan.2. Augmentasi : melakukan pembiakan masal musuh
alami di laboratorium jika jumlah populasi musuh alami di lapangan sangat sedikit.
3. Introduksi : mendatangkan musuh alami dari suatu daerah ke daerah lain yang populasinya masih sedikit.
Biocontrol has had success stories.Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) = soil bacterium that kills many
insects. In many cases, seemingly safe and effective.
Cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (above), was used to wipe out invasive prickly pear
cactus in Australia.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
PENGENDALIAN HAYATI
Most biocontrol agents are introduced from elsewhere.Some may turn invasive and become pests themselves!
Cactus moths brought to the Caribbean jumped to Florida, are eating native cacti, and spreading.
Wasps and flies brought to Hawaii to control crop pests are parasitizing native caterpillars in wilderness areas.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1049964402001111…… 22/12/2012
RISIKO PENGENDALIAN HAYATI
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The relativity of potential risk to nontarget plant species based on phylogeny, biogeography, and ecology. The testing procedure should seek to measure the maximum level of risk posed by an agent’s introduction.
Actual measured risk may in fact be much lower than potential risk, but the latter provides a useful framework for selecting test plants.
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)
Combines biocontrol, chemical, and other methods May involve:
• Biocontrol• Pesticides• Close population monitoring• Habitat modification• Crop rotation• Transgenic crops• Alternative tillage• Mechanical pest removal
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Diunduh dari: http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/ipm_is/ipmwheel.asp…… 23/12/2012
Manipulating and engineering genetic material in the lab may represent the best hope for increasing agricultural production
further without destroying more natural lands.But many people remain uneasy about genetically engineering
crop plants and other organisms.Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt ……
20/12/2012
MODIFIKASI GENETIK PANGAN
Genetically modified foods (GM foods, or biotech foods) are foods derived from genetically modified organisms (GMOs),
specifically, genetically modified crops. GMOs have had specific changes introduced into their DNA by
genetic engineering techniques.
These techniques are much more precise than mutagenesis (mutation breeding) where an organism is exposed to radiation or
chemicals to create a non-specific but stable change.
Other techniques by which humans modify food organisms include selective breeding; plant breeding, and animal breeding,
and somaclonal variation.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food…… 22/12/2012
Genetic engineering (GE) = directly manipulating an organism’s genetic material in the lab by adding, deleting, or changing segments of
its DNAGenetically modified (GM) organisms = genetically engineered using
recombinant DNA technologyRecombinant DNA = DNA patched together from DNA of multiple organisms (e.g., adding disease-resistance genes from one plant to the
genes of another)Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt ……
20/12/2012
REKAYASA GENETIK MENGGUNAKAN
DNA - REKOMBINAN
Diunduh dari: http://www.nobelkepu.org.cn/english/life/136898.shtml …… 22/12/2012
What is transgenic food?Transgenic food are those directly made from or processed from the species (animals, plants and microorganisms, etc.) which can produce substances possessing highly effective expressions, such
as polypeptide and protein, after one or several types of exogenous genes are transferred into it through the means of genetic
engineering.The first category----transgenic plant food
productThere are various kinds of transgenic plant foods, such as high protein wheat used to bake breads. To reverse the situation that wheat in the current market contains low rate of protein, protein
genes possessing highly effective expressions are transferred into wheat, so that bread made from the wheat can be of more
nutritious value.
Genes moved between organisms are transgenes, and the organisms are transgenic.
These efforts are one type of biotechnology, the material application of biological science to create
products derived from organisms.Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt ……
20/12/2012
TRANSGENE & BIOTEKNOLOGI
Transgenosis technology is a kind of modern technology in molecular biology, which is used to transfer genes from one species into another so as to reconstruct the genetic materials of the
receiving species for the improvement of its properties, quality of nutrition in line with the
need of human beings. The transgenic species as immediate food and
food processed from transgenic species are called transgenic food.
Diunduh dari: http://www.nobelkepu.org.cn/english/life/136898.shtml…… 22/12/2012
They are similar:We have been altering crop genes (by artificial
selection) for thousands of years.There is no fundamental difference: both approaches
modify organisms genetically.
They are different:
GE can mix genes of very different species.
GE is in vitro lab work, not with whole organisms.GE uses novel gene combinations that didn’t come together
on their own.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
REKAYASA GENETIK vs. PEMULIAAN TRADISIONAL
Some GM foods
Golden rice:
Enriched with
vitamin A.
But too much hype?
Bt crops: Widely used
on U.S. crops.But
ecological concerns?
Ice-minus strawberries: Frost-resistant bacteria
sprayed on.Images alarmed public.
FlavrSavr tomato: Better taste?
But pulled from market.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Some GM foods
Bt sunflowers: Insect resistant.
But could hybridize with wild relatives to create “superweeds”?
Terminator seeds: Plants kill their own
seeds. Farmers forced
to buy seeds each year.
Roundup-Ready crops: Resistant to Monsanto’s
herbicide. But encourages more herbicide use?
StarLink corn: Bt corn variety.
Genes spread to non-GM corn; pulled from market.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Although many early GM crops ran into bad publicity or other problems, biotechnology is already transforming the U.S. food
supply.
Two-thirds of U.S. soybeans, corn, and cotton are now genetically modified strains.
Diunduh dari: http://www.nyu.edu/classes/jaeger/genetically_modified_foods.htm…… 22/12/2012
PREVALENSI PANGAN TRANSGENIK
Health concerns and potential food hazards
Health risks associated with genetically modified foods are concerned with toxins, allergens, or genetic hazards. The
mechanisms of food hazards fall into three main categories (Conner et al., 1999):
1. Inserted genes and their expression products2. Secondary and pleiotropic effects of gene expression3. Insertional mutagenesis resulting from gene
integration
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
For example, bean plants that were genetically modified to increase cysteine and methionine content were discarded after the discovery that the expressed protein of the transgene was highly
allergenic. (Butler et al., 1999)
1. Are there health risks for people?2. Can transgenes escape into wild plants, pollute ecosystems,
harm organisms?3. Can pests evolve resistance to GM crops just as they can to
pesticides?4. Can transgenes jump from crops to weeds and make them
into “superweeds”?5. Can transgenes get into traditional native crop races and ruin
their integrity?
ORGANISME TRANSGENIK
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Diunduh dari: http://www.nyu.edu/classes/jaeger/genetically_modified_foods.htm…… 22/12/2012
The potential risks accompanied by disease resistant plants deal mostly with viral
resistance. It is possible that viral resistance can lead to the formation of new viruses, and therefore
new diseases. It has been reported that naturally occurring viruses can recombine with viral fragments
that are introduced to create transgenic plants, forming new viruses.
Additionally, there can be many variations of this newly formed virus. (Steinbrecher,
1996)
These questions are not fully answered yet.
In the meantime…
Should we not worry, because so many U.S. crops are already GM and little drastic
harm is apparent?
Or should we adopt the precautionary principle, the idea
that one should take no new action until its
ramifications are understood?
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
ORGANISME TRANSGENIK
Should scientists and corporations be “tinkering with” our food supply?
Are biotech corporations testing their products adequately, and is outside oversight adequate?
Should large multinational corporations exercise power over global agriculture and small farmers?
Diunduh dari: http://www.nyu.edu/classes/jaeger/genetically_modified_foods.htm …… 20/12/2012
PRODUK-PRODUKTRANSGENIK
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RISKS AND CONTROVERSY
With all this new technology comes question and fear. What are the risks of "tampering with Mother Nature"?
What effects will this have on the environment? Are there health concerns consumers should be aware of?
Is recombinant technology really beneficial?
The following section will address some major concerns about the risks involved with genetically modified foods and recombinant technology, touching up environmental
risks as well as health risks.
ProjectedDisadvantages
Need less fertilizer
Need less water
More resistant to insects,plant disease, frost, anddrought
Faster growth
Can grow in slightly saltysoils
Less spoilage
Better flavor
Less use of conventionalpesticides
Tolerate higher levels ofpesticide use
Higher yields
ProjectedAdvantages
Trade-OffsGenetically Modified Food and Crops
Irreversible andunpredictable genetic and ecological effects
Harmful toxins in foodFrom possible plant cellMutations
New allergens in food
Lower nutrition
Increased evolution ofPesticide-resistantInsects and plant disease
Creation of herbicide-Resistant weeds
Harm beneficial insects
Lower genetic diversity
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Viewpoints: Genetically modified foodsIndra Vasil Ignacio Chapela
“We should expect fundamental alterations in ecosystems with the release of transgenic
crops… We are experiencing a global experiment without
controls.”
“Biotech crops are already helping to conserve valuable natural resources, reduce the use of
harmful agro-chemicals, produce
more nutritious foods, and promote economic
development.”
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Native cultivars of crops are important to preserve, in case we need their genes to overcome future pests or pathogens.
Diversity of cultivars has been rapidly disappearing from all crops throughout the world.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_diversity …… 22/12/2012
MELESTARIKAN KEANEKA-RAGAMAN TANAMAN
Crop diversity is the variance in genetic and phenotypic characteristics of plants used in agriculture.
Crops may vary in seed size, branching pattern, in height, flower color, fruiting time, or flavor.
They may also vary in less obvious characteristics such as their response to heat, cold or drought, or their ability
to resist specific diseases and pests. It is possible to discover variation in almost every conceivable trait, including nutritional qualities,
preparation and cooking techniques, and of course how a crop tastes. And if a trait cannot be found in the crop
itself, it can often be found in a wild relative of the crop; a plant that has similar species that have not been farmed
or used in agriculture, but exist in the wild.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Seed banks preserve seeds, crop varieties
Seed banks are living museums of crop diversity, saving collections of seeds and growing them into plants every few years to renew the collection.
Careful hand pollination helps ensure plants of one type do not interbreed with plants of another.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Animal agriculture: Livestock and poultry
Consumption of meat has risen faster than population over the past several decades.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Increased meat consumption has led to animals being raised in feedlots (factory farms), huge pens that
deliver energy-rich food to animals housed at extremely high densities.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
PERTANIAN-TERNAK DAMPAK LINGKUNGANNYA
Immense amount of waste produced, polluting air and water nearby
Intense usage of chemicals (antibiotics, steroids, hormones), some of which persist in environment
However, if all these animals were grazing on rangeland, how much more natural land would be converted for agriculture?
Diunduh dari: http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/agriculture/about-agriculture/newsletters-and-updates/newsletters/milking-the-weather/june/seasonal-preparation ……..……
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PERTANIAN-TERNAK DAMPAK LINGKUNGANNYA
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Energy is lost at each trophic level.When we eat meat from a cow fed on grain, most of the grain’s
energy has already been spent on the cow’s metabolism.Eating meat is therefore very energy inefficient.
Diunduh dari: http://www.the-food-pyramid.com/healthy-diet/food-pyramid/ …..…… 22/12/2012
PILIHAN PANGAN = PILIHAN ENERGI
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The FOOD PYRAMID is a nutrition guide that is shaped like a pyramid.
It is separated in parts, with each segment depicting the suggested intake of a particular food group.
The raising of aquatic organisms for food in controlled environments
Provides 1/3 of world’s fish for consumption220 species being farmed
The fastest growing type of food production
Diunduh dari: http://intecsciwri.wikidot.com/aquaculture …… 22/12/2012
AQUACULTURE
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AquacultureThe cultivation of aquatic organisms. Some of the most common
organisms that are cultivated are salmon, trout, oysters, and clams.
1. Provides reliable protein source for people, increases food security2. Can be small-scale, local, and sustainable3. Reduces fishing pressure on wild stocks, and eliminates bycatch4. Uses fewer fossil fuels than fishing5. Can be very energy efficient
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
MANFAAT AKUAKULUR
Budidaya Ikan Lele di Gemolong Sragen Lele merupakan jenis ikan yang digemari masyarakat, dengan rasa yang lezat, daging empuk, duri teratur dan dapat disajikan dalam berbagai macam menu
masakan. PT. NATURAL NUSANTARA dengan prinsip K-3 (Kuantitas, Kualitas dan Kesehatan) membantu petani lele dengan paket produk dan teknologi.
Diunduh dari: http://merubahmimpi.blogspot.com/2011/01/budidaya-ikan-lele-di-gemolong-sragen.html …… 20/12/2012
DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN AKIBAT AKUAKULTUR
1. Density of animals leads to disease, antibiotic use, risks to food security.
2. It can generate large amounts of waste.3. Often animals are fed grain, which is not energy efficient.4. Sometimes animals are fed fish meal from wild-caught fish.5. Farmed animals may escape into the wild and interbreed with,
compete with, or spread disease to wild animals.
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5098e/y5098e02.htm …… 22/12/2012
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Aquaculture is the fastest growing food production sector in the World with annual growth in excess of 10 percent over the last two decades. Much of this
development has occurred in Asia, which also has the greatest variety of cultured species and systems. Asia is also perceived as the ‘home’ of aquaculture, as
aquaculture has a long history in several areas of the region and knowledge of traditional systems is most widespread.
Transgenic salmon (top) can compete with or spread disease to wild salmon (bottom) when they escape from
fish farms.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN AKUAKULTUR
Highly efficient
High yield in smallvolume of water
Increased yieldsthrough cross-breeding and genetic engineering
Can reduce over-harvesting of conventional fisheries
Little use of fuel
Profit not tied to price of oil
High profits
Advantages
Large inputs of land, feed, And water needed
Produces large and concentrated outputs of waste
Destroys mangrove forests
Increased grain productionneeded to feed some species
Fish can be killed by pesticide runoff from nearby cropland
Dense populations vulnerable to disease
Tanks too contaminated touse after about 5 years
Disadvantages
Trade-Offs
Aquaculture
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
• Reduce use of fishmeal as a feed to reduce depletion of other fish
• Improve pollution management of aquaculture wastes
• Reduce escape of aquaculture species into the wild
• Restrict location of fish farms to reduce loss of mangrove forests and other threatened areas
• Farm some aquaculture species (such as salmon and cobia) in deeply submerged cages to protect them from wave action and predators and allow dilution of wastes into the ocean
• Set up a system for certifying sustainable forms of aquaculture
Solutions
More Sustainable Aquaculture
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Agriculture that can practiced the same way far into the futureDoes not deplete soils faster than they form
Does not reduce healthy soil, clean water, and genetic diversity essential for long-term crop and
livestock productionLow-input agriculture = small amounts of pesticides, fertilizers, water, growth
hormones, fossil fuel energy, etc.Organic agriculture = no synthetic chemicals used. Instead, biocontrol,
composting, etc.
Diunduh dari: http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&style=&type_id=4&id=20110808172707&print=1 …… 23/12/2012
PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN
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Components of a Sustainable Soil Management System
PERTANIANORGANIK
Small percent of market, but is growing fast1% of U.S. market, but growing 20%/yr
3–5% of European market, but growing 30%/yr
Organic produce:Advantages for consumers: healthier; environmentally better
Disadvantages for consumers: less uniform and appealing-looking; more expensive
Diunduh dari: http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org_farm/orgfarm_principles.html …… 23/12/2012
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Principles in Organic Farming
PERTANIANORGANIK
PRINSIP KESEHATANOrganic Agriculture should sustain and enhance the health of soil, plant, animal, human and planet as one and indivisible.This principle points out that the health of individuals and
communities cannot be separated from the health of ecosystems - healthy soils produce healthy crops that foster the health of
animals and people.
Health is the wholeness and integrity of living systems. It is not simply the absence of illness, but the maintenance of physical, mental, social and ecological well-being. Immunity, resilience
and regeneration are key characteristics of health.
The role of organic agriculture, whether in farming, processing, distribution, or consumption, is to sustain and enhance the health
of ecosystems and organisms from the smallest in the soil to human beings. In particular, organic agriculture is intended to
produce high quality, nutritious food that contributes to preventive health care and well-being.
In view of this it should avoid the use of fertilizers, pesticides, animal drugs and food additives that may have adverse health
effects.
Diunduh dari: http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org_farm/orgfarm_principles.html …… 23/12/2012
PERTANIANORGANIK
PRINSIP EKOLOGI
Organic Agriculture should be based on living ecological systems and cycles, work with them, emulate them and help sustain them.
This principle roots organic agriculture within living ecological systems. It states that production is to be based on ecological processes, and recycling. Nourishment and well-being are achieved through the
ecology of the specific production environment. For example, in the case of crops this is the living soil; for animals it is the farm ecosystem;
for fish and marine organisms, the aquatic environment.
Organic farming, pastoral and wild harvest systems should fit the cycles and ecological balances in nature. These cycles are universal but their
operation is site-specific. Organic management must be adapted to local conditions, ecology, culture and scale. Inputs should be reduced by
reuse, recycling and efficient management of materials and energy in order to maintain and improve environmental quality and conserve
resources.
Organic agriculture should attain ecological balance through the design of farming systems, establishment of habitats and maintenance of
genetic and agricultural diversity. Those who produce, process, trade, or consume organic products should protect and benefit the common
environment including landscapes, climate, habitats, biodiversity, air and water.
Diunduh dari: http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org_farm/orgfarm_principles.html …… 23/12/2012
PERTANIANORGANIK
PRINSIP KEADILANOrganic Agriculture should build on relationships that ensure fairness
with regard to the common environment and life opportunities.Fairness is characterized by equity, respect, justice and stewardship of
the shared world, both among people and in their relations to other living beings.
This principle emphasizes that those involved in organic agriculture should conduct human relationships in a manner that ensures fairness at all levels and to all parties - farmers, workers, processors, distributors,
traders and consumers. Organic agriculture should provide everyone involved with a good quality of life, and contribute to food sovereignty and reduction of
poverty. It aims to produce a sufficient supply of good quality food and other products.
This principle insists that animals should be provided with the conditions and opportunities of life that accord with their physiology,
natural behavior and well-being.
Natural and environmental resources that are used for production and consumption should be managed in a way that is socially and
ecologically just and should be held in trust for future generations. Fairness requires systems of production, distribution and trade that are open and equitable and account for real environmental and social costs.
Diunduh dari: http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org_farm/orgfarm_principles.html …… 23/12/2012
PERTANIANORGANIK
PRINCIPLE OF CAREOrganic Agriculture should be managed in a precautionary and
responsible manner to protect the health and well-being of current and future generations and the environment.
Organic agriculture is a living and dynamic system that responds to internal and external demands and conditions. Practitioners of organic agriculture can enhance efficiency and increase productivity, but this
should not be at the risk of jeopardizing health and well-being. Consequently, new technologies need to be assessed and existing
methods reviewed. Given the incomplete understanding of ecosystems and agriculture, care must be taken.
This principle states that precaution and responsibility are the key concerns in management, development and technology choices in
organic agriculture.
Science is necessary to ensure that organic agriculture is healthy, safe and ecologically sound. However, scientific knowledge alone is not
sufficient. Practical experience, accumulated wisdom and traditional and indigenous knowledge offer valid solutions, tested by time. Organic agriculture should prevent significant risks by adopting appropriate
technologies and rejecting unpredictable ones, such as genetic engineering.
Decisions should reflect the values and needs of all who might be affected, through transparent and participatory processes.
Diunduh dari: http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org_farm/orgfarm_principles.html …… 23/12/2012
1. Chemical pesticides pollute, and kill pollinators, and pests evolve resistance.
2. GM crops show promise for social and environmental benefits, but questions linger about their impacts.
3. Much of the world’s crop diversity has vanished.4. Feedlot agriculture and aquaculture pose benefits and harm for the
environment and human health.
Diunduh dari: http://www.thefutureoffarming.org/home.html …… 23/12/2012
TANTANGAN PERTANIAN MASA DEPAN
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Pesticide Action Network (PAN) is a global network working to eliminate the human and environmental harm caused by pesticides and to promote biodiversity based ecological agriculture. We are dedicated to protect the safety and health of people, and the environment from pesticide use and
genetic engineering.
1. Organic farming remains a small portion of agriculture.2. Human population continues to grow, requiring more food
production. 3. Soil erosion is a problem worldwide.4. Salinization, waterlogging, and other soil degradation problems
are leading to desertification.5. Grazing and logging, as well as cropland agriculture, contribute to
soil degradation.
Diunduh dari: http://www.adas.co.uk/Home/Sustainablecropmanagement/tabid/245/Default.aspx ……
23/12/2012
TANTANGAN PERTANIAN MASA DEPAN
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SUSTAINABLE CROP MANAGEMENTOne of the most significant challenges facing Mankind is the adequate provision of food from sustainable and profitable production systems within a context of high energy costs.
1. Biocontrol and IPM offer alternatives to pesticides.
2. Further research and experience with GM crops may eventually resolve questions about impacts, and allow us to maximize benefits while minimizing harm.
3. More funding for seed banks can rebuild crop diversity.
4. Ways are being developed to make feedlot agriculture and aquaculture safer and cleaner.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
TANTANGAN PERTANIAN MASA DEPAN
1. Organic farming is popular and growing fast.2. Green revolution advances have kept up with food demand so far.
Improved distribution and slowed population growth would help further.
3. Farming strategies like no-till farming, contour farming, terracing, etc., help control erosion.
4. Government laws, and government extension agents working with farmers, have helped improve farming practices and control soil degradation.
5. Better grazing and logging practices exist that have far less impact on soils.
Diunduh dari: http://www.essex.ac.uk/ces/research/susag/WhatissusagBa1.shtm …… 23/12/2012
SOLUSI PERTANIAN MASA DEPAN
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An Assets-Based Model for Sustainability
Agricultural systems at all levels rely for their success on the value of services flowing from the total stock of assets
that they control. Five types of capital, natural, social, human, physical and financial, are now being addressed in
the literature :1. Natural capital2. Social capital 3. Human capital 4. Physical capital5. Financial capital.
Diunduh dari: http://www.essex.ac.uk/ces/research/susag/WhatissusagBa1.shtm …… 23/12/2012
AN ASSETS-BASED MODEL FOR SUSTAINABILITY
1. Natural capital produces nature’s goods and services, and comprises food (both farmed and harvested or caught from the wild), wood and fibre; water supply and regulation; treatment, assimilation and decomposition of wastes; nutrient cycling and fixation; soil formation; biological control of pests; climate regulation; wildlife habitats; storm protection and flood control; carbon sequestration; pollination; and recreation and leisure.
2. Social capital yields a flow of mutually beneficial collective action, contributing to the cohesiveness of people in their societies. The social assets comprising social capital include norms, values and attitudes that predispose people to cooperate; relations of trust, reciprocity and obligations; and common rules and sanctions mutually-agreed or handed-down. These are connected and structured in networks and groups.
3. Human capital is the total capability residing in individuals, based on their stock of knowledge skills, health and nutrition. It is enhanced by their access to services that provide these, such as schools, medical services, and adult training. People’s productivity is increased by their capacity to interact with productive technologies and with other people. Leadership and organisational skills are particularly important in making other resources more valuable.
4. Physical capital is the store of human-made material resources, and comprises buildings (housing, factories), market infrastructure, irrigation works, roads and bridges, tools and tractors, communications, and energy and transportation systems, that make labour more productive.
5. Financial capital is accumulated claims on goods and services, built up through financial systems that gather savings and issue credit, such as pensions, remittances, welfare payments, grants and subsidies.
Diunduh dari: http://www.essex.ac.uk/ces/research/susag/WhatissusagBa1.shtm …… 23/12/2012
AN ASSETS-BASED MODEL FOR SUSTAINABILITY
The basic premise is that sustainable systems, whether farms, firms, communities, or economies, accumulate stocks of these five assets, thereby increasing the per capita endowments of all forms of capital over time. But unsustainable systems
deplete or run down these various forms, spending assets as if they were income, and so leaving less for future generations.
Diunduh dari: http://www.essex.ac.uk/ces/research/susag/WhatissusagBa1.shtm …… 23/12/2012
AN ASSETS-BASED MODEL FOR SUSTAINABILITY
The assets-based model shows how farms and rural livelihoods take inputs of various types, including renewable assets, and transform these
to produce food and other desirable outputs.
These can be processed for home consumption, transformed through value-added processes for sale, or sold directly as raw product.
The inputs are shown as:1. Renewable natural capital – soil, water, air, biodiversity etc;2. Social and participatory processes – including both locally
embedded and externally-induced social capital, and partnerships and linkages between external organisations;
3. New technologies, knowledge and skills – both regenerative (eg legumes, natural enemies) and non-renewable (eg hybrid seeds, machinery);
4. Non-renewable or fossil-fuel derived inputs (eg fertilizers, pesticides, antibiotics);
5. Finance – credit, remittances, income from sales and grants.
Availability and access to these five inputs is shaped by a wide range of contextual factors (on the far left). These include unchanging ones (at least over the short-term), such as climate, agro-ecology, soils, culture;
and dynamic economic, social, political and legal factors shaped by external institutions and policies.
These contextual factors are an important entry point for shaping and influencing agricultural systems (such as national policies, markets,
trade).
Diunduh dari: http://www.essex.ac.uk/ces/research/susag/WhatissusagBa1.shtm …… 23/12/2012
AN ASSETS-BASED MODEL FOR SUSTAINABILITYThe Modernisation of Agriculture
The process of agricultural modernisation during the 20th century has produced three distinct types of agriculture: industrialised, `Green Revolution’, and all that remains - the pre-modern, `traditional’ or `unimproved'. The first two types have
been able to respond to modern technological packages, producing highly productive systems of agriculture.
Diunduh dari: http://www.essex.ac.uk/ces/research/susag/WhatissusagBa1.shtm …… 23/12/2012
AN ASSETS-BASED MODEL FOR SUSTAINABILITYSustainable Agriculture
A more sustainable farming seeks to make the best use of nature’s goods and services whilst not damaging the environment. It does this by integrating natural
processes such as nutrient cycling, nitrogen fixation, soil regeneration and natural enemies of pests into food production processes. It also minimises the use of non-renewable inputs (pesticides and fertilizers) that damage the environment or harm
the health of farmers and consumers. It makes better use of the knowledge and skills of farmers, so improving their self-reliance. And it seeks to make
productive use of social capital - people’s capacities to work together to solve common management problems, such as pest, watershed, irrigation, forest and
credit management
High-yield polyculture
Organic fertilizers
Biological pest control
Integrated pestmanagement
Irrigation efficiency
Perennial crops
Crop rotation
Use of more water-efficient crops
Soil conservation
Subsidies for more sustainable farming
and fishing
Increase
Soil erosion
Soil salinization
Aquifer depletion
Overgrazing
Overfishing
Loss of biodiversity
Loss of primecropland
Food waste
Subsidies for unsustainable farming and fishing
Population growth
Poverty
Decrease
Sustainable Agriculture
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Pangan minim limbahMengurangi konsumsi daging
Feed pets balanced grain foods instead of meat
Use organic farming to grow some of your food
Membeli bahan pangan organik
Komposting limbah makanan
Apa yang dapat dilakukan ?
Sustainable Agriculture
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
DEGRADASI
LAHAN PERTANIAN
Diunduh dari: http://andikks.blogspot.com/2012/06/degradasi-lahan_05.html……… 24/12/2012
DEGRADASI LAHAN
Degradasi lahan merupakan proses menurunnya kualitas dan kuantitas suatu lahan yang meliputi aspek
fisika tanah, kimia tanah, biologi tanah, pada suatu bidang lahan tertentu.
Dalam praktek budidaya pertanian sendiri sering akan menimbulkan dampak pada degradasi lahan. Dua faktor penting dalam usaha pertanian
yang potensial menimbulkan dampak pada sumberdaya lahan, yaitu tanaman dan manusia (sosio kultural) yang menjalankan pertanian.
Faktor AKTIVITAS manusia dapat memberikan dampak positip atau negatip pada suatu lahan, tergantung pada aktivitas pengelolaan
pertanian yang dilakukan. Apabila dalam menjalankan pertaniannya benar maka akan berdampak positip, namun apabila cara menjalankan pertaniannya salah maka akan
berdampak negatif.
Kegiatan budidaya pertanian yang menimbulkan dampak antara lain meliputi kegiatan pengolahan tanah, penggunaan sarana produksi yang tidak ramah lingkungan (pupuk dan insektisida) serta sistem budidaya
termasuk pola tanam yang mereka gunakan.
Tiga faktor penyebab degradasi tanah akibat campur tangan manusia secara langsung, yaitu : pertanian intensif, pembukaan tambang,
deforestasi. Faktor-faktor tersebut di Indonesia pada umumnya terjadi secara simultan, berikut adalah pembahasan dari ketiga degradasi pada
tiga bidang.
DEGRADASI LAHANDEGRADASI LAHAN PERTANIAN
Aktivitas budidaya pertanian dapat menyebabkan dampak negatif pada sumberdaya lahan.
Erosi dan pencemaran tanah terjadi akibat budi daya pertanian yang melampaui daya dukung tanah. Penggunaan bahan-bahan agrokimia
yang berlebihan dapat mencemari lingkungan dan mengganggu kelestarian kualitas tanah. Cara-cara budi daya pertanian yang tidak mengindahkan kaidahkaidah konservasi lahan menyebabkan kualitas lahan menurun sejalan dengan hilangnya lapisan tanah subur akibat
erosi dan pencucian hara.
Kegiatan pembangunan yang berpotensi menimbulkan dampak terhadap degradasi lahan antara lain kegiatan deforesterisasi, industri,
pertambangan, perumahan, dan kegiatan pertanian sendiri. Apabila kegiatan tersebut tidak dikelola dengan baik, maka akan mengakibatkan
terjadinya degradasi lahan pertanian yang mengancam keberlanjutan uasaha tani dan ketahanan pangan. Oleh karenanya, dalam kegiatan pembangunan hendaknya harus dipikirkan keberlanjutannya dimasa
mendatang (sustainabilitas).
Praktek budidaya pertanian sering mengakibatkan degradasi lahan. Kegiatan budidaya pertanian yang menimbulkan dampak negatif antara lain meliputi kegiatan pengolahan tanah, penggunaan sarana produksi
yang tidak ramah lingkungan (pupuk dan pestisida), serta sistem budidaya termasuk pola tanam yang tidak tepat.
Diunduh dari: http://andikks.blogspot.com/2012/06/degradasi-lahan_05.html……… 24/12/2012
Diunduh dari: http://pinterdw.blogspot.com/2012/06/penyebab-degradasi-lahan.html……… 24/12/2012
DEGRADASI LAHANBarrow (1991) merinci faktor-faktor utama penyebab degradasi
lahan :1) Bahaya alami2) Perubahan jumlah populasi manusia3) Marjinalisasi tanah4) Kemiskinan5) Status kepemilikan tanah6) Ketidakstabilan politik dan masalah administrasi7) Kondisi sosial ekonomi8) Masalah kesehatan9) Praktek pertanian yang tidak tepat, dan10) Aktifitas pertambangan dan industri.
Degradasi lahan ada tiga aspek, yaitu : aspek fisik. kimia dan biologi.
1. Degradasi fisik terdiri dari pemadatan, pengerakan, ketidakseimbangan air, terhalangnya aerasi, aliran permukaan, dan erosi.
2. Degradasi kimiawi terdiri dari asidifikasi, pengurasan unsur hara, pencucian, ketidakseimbangan unsur hara dan keracunan, salinisasi, dan alkalinisasi.
3. Degradasi biologis meliputi penurunan karbon organik tanah, penurunan keanekaragaman hayati tanah, dan penurunan karbon biomas.
Diunduh dari: http://www.ehow.com/list_6523052_types-soil-degradation.html……… 24/12/2012
DEGRADASI LAHANTYPES OF SOIL DEGRADATION
Soil degradation is any type of problem that removes soil in an area or makes high-quality soil become poor. Careless
agricultural practices, pollution and deforestation cause lots of soil degradation in the world. Several types of soil degradation
exist and are a threat to natural forests and planted crops.
Read more: Types of Soil Degradation | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/list_6523052_types-soil-degradation.html#ixzz2FuczEfSE
SOIL EROSIONErosion occurs when the
topsoil that many plants need to grow gets blown or washed
away. While some erosion is natural,
the humans often remove plants that cover soil and,
therefore, speed up erosion. Since topsoil takes so long to build back up through natural processes, erosion damage is
almost irreversible.
NUTRIENT LOSSNutrient loss often occurs in
conjunction with salinization. The nutrient loss occurs through a variety of mechanisms, including
leaching, erosion, runoff, crop uptake and denitrification.
The crops uptake too many soil nutrients that farmers do not always
replace. Deforestation and careless
agricultural processes lead to soil degradation in the form of nutrient
loss. After soil becomes nutrient-poor,
crops and naturally occurring plants have a hard time growing in the area.
Diunduh dari: http://www.acsgarden.com/articles/other-gardening/soil-degradation.aspx……… 24/12/2012
DEGRADASI LAHAN
SOIL DEGRADATIONWhen plants (trees & shrubs) are cleared from a site, soil is exposed to
sunlight and the eroding effects of wind and water. Soil aeration is increased and the rate of weathering increases.
Apart from erosion, the proportion of organic matter in the soil gradually decreases, through the action of microbes in the soil which use
it as a source of energy ‑ unless the new land use provides some replacement.
TYPES OF SOIL DEGRADATION
A number of major soil related problems occur in Australia these include:
1. Kehilangan kesuburan tanah2. Erosi Tanah3. Salinitas4. Pemadatan Tanah5. Pengasaman Tanah6. Pencemaran tanah oleh bahan kimia
berbahaya.
Diunduh dari: http://www.fertilizer101.org/science/?seq=7 ……… 24/12/2012
HILANGNYA KESUBURAN TANAHKESUBURAN TANAH
Land use, human nutrition and the carbon cycle form an intricate set of relationships. Healthy plants use carbon dioxide, give off
oxygen and increase soil organic matter (OM), thereby enhancing soil fertility. Practices that increase organic matter can increase soil fertility while decreasing greenhouse gas emissions.
Diunduh dari: http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tamop425/0010_1A_Book_angol_02_tapanyagg
azdalkodas/ch05.html ……… 24/12/2012
HILANGNYA KESUBURAN TANAHBASIC PLANT NUTRIENT CYCLE
The basic nutrient cycle usually describes the outstanding role of soil organic matter. Cycling of many plant nutrients, especially N, P, S, and micronutrients, are similar to the Carbon Cycle. Plant residues, grain
green manure, farmyard manure and other substances are returned to the soil. This organic matter pool of carbon compounds serve as food for
bacteria, fungi, and other decomposers. As organic matter is decomposed to simpler compounds, plant nutrients are released in available forms for root uptake and the cycle begins again. Plant-
available macronutrients such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and micronutrients are also released when soil minerals dissolve.
Diunduh dari: http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2007/5-14/nitrogenloss.html ……… 24/12/2012
HILANGNYA KESUBURAN TANAHPOTENTIAL FOR N LOSSES
Greater losses occur when soils enter the spring season with recharged subsoil moisture, when more N is in the nitrate form, and when soils are warm. Deciding
if losses are substantial enough to warrant supplemental N application must therefore take into consideration the following factors: (1) amount of nitrate present, which is affected by time of N application, form of N applied, rate
applied, and use of a nitrification inhibitor; (2) when and the length of time soils are saturated; (3) subsoil recharge, leaching rate, and drainage--water amount
moved through the soil; and (4) loss of crop yield potential from water damage.
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ag120e/AG120E10.htm ……… 24/12/2012
HILANGNYA KESUBURAN TANAHIntegrated plant nutrient components in the Nepalese
farming system
An integrated nutrient model developed quite some time ago as shown below was a successful programme but it has not been popularized or has not been well adopted by large number of farmers. There should be a follow up study to see the impact on soil fertility management and to
look on how best we can promote to wider areas.
http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tamop425/0010_1A_Book_angol_02_tapanyaggazdalkodas/ch05.html
HILANGNYA KESUBURAN TANAH
KEHILANGAN HARA DARI TANAH
There are several losses from soil nutrient pools caused by either unfavorable soil conditions or improper use of fertilizers. The main characteristics of these losses
are the following:Losses will result in a decrease in the amounts of plant available soil nutrients
Nutrient losses occur by:1. Releases from the soil - leaving the soil-plant system2. Transformation of soil nutrients into non-available forms (i.e. precipitation,
chemical reactions resulting insoluble forms etc.) = „internal losses”
PELEPASAN HARA DARI TANAH3. Crop removal by yields4. Erosion losses – nutrients in soil particles removed from soil by water5. Runoff – loss of dissolved nutrients moving across the soil profile6. Leaching– moving dissolved nutrient forms downward into the groundwater7. Gaseous losses to the atmosphere by volatilization and denitrification.
Under various cropping systems, both internal and external losses of nutrients from soils may be rather diverse.
„INTERNAL LOSSES”
8. Transformation of soil nutrients into non-available forms (i.e. precipitation, chemical reactions resulting insoluble forms etc.)
9. Transformation into insoluble forms – typical for P Strong fixation in interlayer sites of clay minerals – ammonium and K+ ions
10. These forms do not leave the soil = therefore referred as „internal losses”
Diunduh dari: http://www.examiner.com/article/permaculture-from-a-to-z-fertility-of-the-soil ……… 24/12/2012
HILANGNYA KESUBURAN TANAHWhat happens if we lose soil fertility, we will eventually cease to exist
as soil is alive and we require soil for almost all of the food that we grow today around the world.
The healthy soil contains:1. It has sufficient concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potash
(potassium) to support plant life.2. It also has sufficient levels of the trace minerals needed for plant
nutrition, including boron, chlorine, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, magnesium, molybdenum, sulfur, and zinc.
Diunduh dari: http://www.cep.unep.org/pubs/Techreports/tr41en/section3.html……… 24/12/2012
EROSI TANAH Soil erosion is a natural process characterized by the transport or displacement of particles (sediment) that are detached by rainfall,
flowing water, or wind. Soil erosion can be caused by the improper use of lands for cultivation or grazing and by deforestation.
The types of soil erosion associated with agricultural activities are :1. Splash erosion, which occurs when rain hits exposed soils. 2. Sheet and rill erosion, which mainly moves soil particles from the surface or
plough layer of the soil. Surface sediments typically contain higher pollution potential due to richer nutrient content, the presence of chemicals from past fertilizer and pesticide applications, and natural biological activities.
3. Rill and gully erosion, severe erosion in which trenches are cut to a depth greater than 1 foot. Generally, trenches too deep to be crossed by farm equipment are considered gullies (USEPA, 1994).
4. Stream and channel erosion, which occurs due to increased rates and volumes of runoff from agricultural land uses flowing through a stream or channel.
Diunduh dari: http://www.earthonlinemedia.com/ebooks/tpe_3e/soil_systems/soil__development_soil_
forming_factors.html……… 24/12/2012
EROSI TANAHEffect on soil erosion
Slope angle and length affects runoff generated when rain falls to the surface. Examine the diagram below showing the relationship between hill slope position,
runoff, and erosion.The amount of water on a particular hill slope segment is dependent on what falls from precipitation and what runs into it from an upslope hill slope segment. The hill slope has been divided into several segments and the amount of precipitation falling on each segment is the same. As water runs down slope, the water that has
accumulated in segment A runs off adding to what falls into segment B by precipitation. The water in B runs into C, and C into D, and so on. The amount of water increases in the down slope direction as water is contributed of water from upslope segments. The velocity of the water increases as well as it moves towards the base of the slope. As a result, the amount and velocity of water, and hence rate
of erosion increases as you near the base of the slope.
Diunduh dari: http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/wqguide/erode.html……… 24/12/2012
EROSI TANAHPENGENDALIAN EROSI
Soil erosion occurs naturally when rain falls. Runoff flows to the lowest point of the landscape. The velocity depends on the characteristics of the
soils, the slope of the land and the vegetative cover. Erosion can be a serious environmental problem when the land is
disturbed by development, agriculture, or forestry. Surfaces like roads, roofs, driveways and hard-packed soils will not absorb water, and the runoff increases. Expanses of pavement like parking lots reduce the
chances for ground water recharge. Exposed soils are lost and the land becomes less productive. Fertilizers and pesticides that may have been
applied wash away, too, causing water quality problems for people living downstream.
Diunduh dari: ……… 24/12/2012
EROSI TANAHEROSION EFFECTS ON SOIL WATER STORAGE, PLANT
WATER UPTAKE, AND CORN GROWTHB. J. Andraski and B. Lowery
SSSAJ. 1992. Vol. 56 No. 6, p. 1911-1919
Levels of past erosion were based on depth to red clay (2Bt horizon): slight, 0.95 m; moderate, 0.74 m; and severe, 0.45 m. The total quantity of plant-extractable water that could be stored in the upper 1 m of slightly eroded soil (181 mm) was 7% more than that for moderately eroded soil (169 mm) and 14% more than that
for severely eroded soil (159 mm). For all erosion levels, water retained in the 0.5- to 1.0-m soil depth was utilized
by corn. Erosion level had no negative effect on early-season plant growth. As plant-
extractable water decreased to <55 to 60% of total, evapotranspiration (ET) and vegetative-growth rates decreased as erosion level increased. The greatest
differences in ET rates among erosion levels were observed during a 35-d period in the drought year of 1988 when rates averaged 3.7 mm d−1 for slight erosion, 2.6
mm d−1 for moderate erosion, and 2.2 mm d−1 for severe erosion.
For the 3 yr in which plant water stress was observed, maximum plant heights for the slight erosion level averaged 7% more than those for moderate erosion and
13% more than those for severe erosion.
Although the soil's capacity to store and supply water decreased as erosion increased, the observed effects of erosion level on grain and stover yields, grain-
yield components, and harvest populations typically were not significant.
Diunduh dari: https://www.soils.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/76/5/1789……… 24/12/2012
EROSI TANAH. CROPPING AND TILLAGE SYSTEMS EFFECTS ON SOIL EROSION
UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE IN OKLAHOMAX.-C.(John) Zhang
SSSAJ. 2012. Vol. 76 No. 5, p. 1789-1797
Soil erosion under future climate change is very likely to increase because of increases in occurrence of heavy storms.
The objective of this study is to quantify the effects of common cropping and tillage systems on soil erosion and surface runoff during 2010 to 2039 in central
Oklahoma. A combination of 18 cropping and tillage systems is evaluated using the Water
Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model for 12 climate change scenarios projected by four global climate models (GCMs) under three emissions scenarios.
Tillage systems include conventional, reduced, delayedno tillage. Cropping systems include continuous monocultures of winter wheat, soybean,
sorghumcotton and double crops of wheat and soybeans. Compared with the present climate, overall t tests show that the future mean
precipitation will decrease by some 6% (>98.5% probability), daily precipitation variance increase by 12% (>99%), and mean temperature increase by 1.36°C
(>99%).
Despite the projected precipitation declines, the overall averaged runoff and soil loss will increase by 19.5 and 43.5% because of increased occurrence of large
storms. Soil erosion is positively related to the degree of tillage disturbances in all
cropping systems. Compared with the conventional till, reduced, delayedno tillage substantially reduce soil erosion, showing that adoption of conservation
tillage will be effective in controlling soil erosion in the next 30 yr. Cropping systems decrease runoff and soil loss from continuous cotton
to soybean to sorghum to wheat in all tillage systems under climate change, indicating a preference of winter wheat for controlling runoff
and soil loss in the region.
Diunduh dari: https://www.agronomy.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/56/3/SS0560030878 ………
24/12/2012
DEGRADASI LAHAN. SOIL EROSION EFFECTS ON CORN YIELDS ASSESSED BY
POTENTIAL YIELD INDEX MODELE. M. Craft , R. M. Cruse and G. A. Miller
SSSAJ. 1992. Vol. 56 No. 3, p. 878-883
Soil erosion alters crop production via alteration of the soil chemical and physical environment.
The objectives of this study were to: (i) develop a Potential Yield Index (PYI) model to index soil productivity based on simulated root growth, soil properties, and potential nutrient and water uptake of corn (Zea mays L.) through a growing
season, (ii) utilize the PYI to estimate erosion effects on soil productivity by simulating the removal of 15 and 30 cm of soil, and (iii) simulate the impact of
fertilizer additions to the eroded soil on the PYI.
The PYI model independently estimates P, K, and water (W) uptake by corn. From these estimates, three separate yield indexes (PYIP, PYIK, and PYIW) are
calculated. The lowest yield index is identified as the PYI for a given soil.
The predicted PYIs for 45 soils in Iowa compared well to the 1984 10-yr average corn yield (R2 = 0.83) and corn suitability rating (R2 = 0.73) for each soil.
Changes in the PYI were predicted for 15 and 30 cm of simulated erosion. After 15-cm soil loss, the PYI for all soils decreased, with all but three soils remaining within 15% of the uneroded PYI. The PYI decreased further after 30-cm soil loss,
with only 12 soils remaining within 15% of the uneroded PYI.
Fertilizer additions to the plow layer of the eroded soils were then simulated. The PYI returned to within 5% of the uneroded PYI for 38 soils with 15-cm soil loss
and for 27 soils with 30-cm soil loss.
The PYI indicated that the soil factor that most limited plant yield changed with the soil, amount of soil loss, and plow-layer soil fertility status.
Diunduh dari: http://www.geotek.lipi.go.id/riset/index.php/jurnal/article/view/28 ……… 25/12/2012
EROSI TANAHPERKIRAAN TINGKAT EROSI TANAH DI SUB DAS
BESAI, LAMPUNG BARATAsep Mulyono
Jurnal Riset Geologi dan Pertambangan, Vol 19, No 1 (2009)
Tingkat erosi tanah di sub DAS Besai telah diperkirakan sebagai dasar kuantitatif dalam merekomendasikan upaya mempertahankan, memulihkan, meningkatkan
kesuburan dan fungsi tanah sebagai pengatur tata air. Perkiraan tingkat erosi tanah dilakukan dengan metoda RUSLE yang dilakukan secara spasial dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak Sistem informasi geografis
(SIG). Erosivitas, erodibilitas, kemiringan lereng, panjang lereng, sistem penanaman dan faktor konservasi merupakan 6 parameter data yang dimasukan
dalam pendekatan RUSLE.
Tingkat konversi lahan, khususnya hutan lindung menjadi lahan pertanian dan perkebunan, sangat pesat terjadi di Sub DAS Besai. Sub DAS Besai yang terletak di wilayah Kecamatan Sumber Jaya, Kabupaten Lampung Barat merupakan salah satu bagian hulu DAS Tulang Bawang Lampung. Selama rentang waktu 30 tahun
(1970 – 2000) telah terjadi penurunan tutupan lahan hutan sebesar 48 %. Perubahan terjadi sebagai akibat tingginya aktivitas masyarakat dalam usaha tani
kopi monokultur dan tanaman semusim.
Hasil studi menunjukkan 23.62% wilayah penelitian dikategorikan dalam tingkat erosi tanah yang normal, tingkat ringan seluas 42.98%, tingkat moderat seluas
14.57%, tingkat berat seluas 15.38% dan sangat berat seluas 3.45%. Seluas 45% wilayah dengan tutupan lahan perkebunan kopi mengalami tingkat erosi dalam kategori ringan sampai sangat berat pada semua rentang kelerengan dan jenis
tanah. Perkebunan kopi sistem monokultur mengakibatkan lapisan tanah sangat mudah
tergerus oleh adanya aliran permukaan dikarenakan tidak adanya tutupan tanah di bawah kanopi tanaman kopi tersebut.
Diunduh dari: staff.uny.ac.id/..../artikel_sediment%20yield_sainte... ……… 25/12/2012
EROSI TANAHEVALUASI SEDIMENT YIELD DI DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI
CISANGGARUNG BAGIAN HULU DALAM MEMPERKIRAKAN SISA
UMUR WADUK DARMAMuhammad Nursa’ban.
Hasil Penelitian Dosen muda tahun 2006, Dosen Jurusan Pendidikan Geografi UNY.
Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa tingkat erosi tanah permukaan yaitu 31.558,74 ton/tahun, atau rata-rata 573,795 ton/ha/tahun, erosi total 39.448,43 ton/tahun atau 717,244 ton/ha/tahun dan erosi tanah yang
diperbolehkan yaitu 686,033 ton/tahun atau sekitar 12,473 ton/ha/tahun.
Data-data tersebut menunjukkan bahwa tingkat erosi permukaan maupun erosi total berlangsung cukup tinggi dibandingkan dengan besar
erosi yang diperbolehkan.
Sediment Yield tahunan di Waduk Darma yaitu 32.996,419 ton/tahun atau 14.873,660 m3.
Waduk Darma tidak dapat berfungsi lagi yaitu pada saat mencapai umur ± 84,25 tahun. Tahun 2006 Waduk Darma telah beroperasi selama 36
tahun sehingga sisa umur Waduk Darma sampai terpenuhinya tampungan mati oleh sedimen yaitu ± 48,25 tahun atau tampungan mati
akan terisi penuh yaitu pada tahun ± 2054.
Diunduh dari: www.limnologi.lipi.go.id/.../makalah.php?... ……… 25/12/2012
EROSI TANAH
PREDIKSI BEBAN NUTRIEN DAN SEDIMEN DAS SUMPUR DANAU SINGKARAK MENGGUNAKAN
MODEL AGNPSTuahta Tarigan dan Iwan Ridwansyah.
LIMNOTEK, 2005, Vol, XII, No, 2, p. 34-40
AGNPS merupakan sebuah program model untuk mensimulasikan kualitas air dan sedimen dari suatu catchment yang didominasi lahan
pertanian. Model ini dikombinasikan dengan perangkat program GIS untuk
memperkirakan kemungkinan penambahan fospor ke DAS Sumpur,
Paket Program GIS (ArcView 3.1, 3D Analyst, Spatial Analyst) digunakan untuk mempersiapkan input data model dan proses
penempatan dari hasil simulasi.
Perkiraan dari loading nutrient dari Sungai Sumpur yang masuk ke Danau Singkarak memperlihatkan nilai 1.875 ton tahun-1 sedimen, 52,5
ton tahun-1 Total N dan 37,5 ton tahun-1 Total P dan 195 ton tahun-1 COD.
Diunduh dari: http://digilib.litbang.deptan.go.id/repository/repository/artikel/26/4/2004/0/1472 ……… 25/12/2012
EROSI TANAHMODIFIKASI FAKTOR C-USLE DALAM MODEL ANSWERS
UNTUK MEMPREDIKSI EROSI DI DAERAH TROPIKA BASAH (STUDI KASUS: DAS NOPU HULU, SULAWESI TENGAH)
Y. Hidayat, N. Sinukaban, H. Pawitan, dan K. MurtilaksonoJurnal Tanah dan Iklim. Vol.26 No.4 Th. 2004
Penelitian dilakukan untuk : a) mendefinisikan nilai faktor pengelolaan tanaman sebagai parameter input model ANSWERS, b) membangun model ANSWERS
dalam PCRaster untuk mensimulasikan perubahan penggunaan lahan dan penerapan teknik konservasi tanah dan air, dan c) mengkaji dampak konversi
hutan terhadap aliran permukaan, erosi dan kehilangan hara. Aliran permukaan dan erosi harian diukur pada lahan hutan primer, hutan
sekunder, lahan terbuka, jagung, kakao muda, kakao sedang, kakao dewasa, dan tumpang sari antara kakao muda dengan jagung, pisang dan ketela pohon. Pada
outlet daerah aliran sungai debit aliran ditentukan melalui pengukuran tinggi muka air dan kecepatan aliran, sedangkan volume sedimen diukur melalui
pengambilan sampel sedimen.
Penggunaan faktor pengelolaan tanaman parsial pada model ANSWERS dan ANSWERS-PCRaster memberikan hasil prediksi erosi lebih baik dibandingkan
dengan menggunakan faktor pengelolaan tanaman USLE (faktor C-USLE), khususnya pada curah hujan tinggi.
Penghutanan kembali lahan berlereng curam (> 45%) yang diikuti oleh penerapan teras gulud pada lahan pertanian merupakan tindakan pengelolaan terbaik dalam
mengendalikan aliran permukaan dan erosi untuk menjamin pertanian berkelanjutan dan keberlanjutan fungsi daerah aliran sungai.
Konversi hutan ke lahan pertanian telah meningkatkan aliran
permukaan, erosi dan kehilangan hara.
Diunduh dari: jatim.litbang.deptan.go.id/.../index.php?... ……… 25/12/2012
EROSI TANAH. DEGRADASI TANAH DI LAHAN KERING WILAYAH
BARITO KALIMANTAN TENGAHM. A. Firmansyah, R.Y. Galingging dan Suparman (Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian
Kalimantan Tengah)A. Krismawati (Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Jawa Timur)
Degradasi tanah di Indonesia umumnya terjadi di lahan kering yang dipicuoleh erosi tanah dan salah kelola tanah.
Tujuan tulisan ini untuk menunjukkan besarnya erosi yang terjadi pada berbagai sistem usahatani eksisting antara lain: padi gogo, jagung, kacang tanah, ubi kayu,
dan karet rakyat. Lokasi penelitian dilaksanakan di Lagan (kemiringan 6%) di Kabupaten Barito Timur dan Jingah (kemiringan 16%) di Kabupaten Barito
Utara. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa Jingah mengalami erosi lebih besar dibandingkan Lagan, hal ini disebabkan oleh tingginya faktor erosivitas hujan,
kemiringan lereng, dan teknik konservasi tanah yang buruk.
Erosi potensial di Jingah mencapai 1.497 t/ha/th sedangkan di Lagan mencapai 431 t/ha/th. Kondisi tersebut menyebabkan kedua lokasi tergolong memiliki Indeks Bahaya Erosi (IBE) ekstrem, dengan nilai 47,4 untuk Jingah dan 11,2
untuk Lagan. Erosi aktual pada sistem usahatani di Jingah tertinggi pada karet rakyat mencapai 954 t/ha/th (91 mm/th), begitu juga di Lagan mencapai 183
t/ha/th (14 mm/th). Erosi aktual terendah pada sistem usahatani kacang tanah, di Jingah mencapai
505 t/ha/t (48 mm/th) dan di Lagan mencapai 97 t/ha/th (8 mm/th).
Erosi yang terjadi dikedua lokasi jauh melampaui Eosi yang piperbolehkan (EDP) yang hanya mencapai 3 mm/th. Erosi yang terjadi berdampak terhadap
kehilangan produktivitas cukup besar di Jingah yaitu 21% pada karet rakyat, dan terendah sebesar 2% di Lagan untuk padi gogo dan kacang tanah. Guna
mencegah erosi yang besar, maka dikedua lokasi perlu dilakukan perbaikan terutama pada pengelolaan teknik konservasi tanah.
Diunduh dari: balittanah.litbang.deptan.go.id/.../sutonocitarum08... ……… 25/12/2012
EROSI TANAHEROSI PADA BERBAGAI PENGGUNAAN LAHAN DI
DAS CITARUMS. Sutono, S. H. Tala’ohu, O. Sopandi, dan F. Agus
Balai Penelitian Tanah, BogorProsiding Seminar Nasional Multifungsi dan Konversi Lahan Pertanian
Lahan sawah mempunyai banyak fungsi, termasuk diantaranya fungsi produksi, dan lingkungan.
Penelitian bertujuan untuk menduga besarnya erosi pada lahan pertanian di daerah aliran sungai Citarum serta menduga besarnya biaya pengganti
(replacement cost method/RCM) pengamanan erosi jika luas lahan sawah berkurang. Pendugaan erosi menggunakan metode universal soil loss equation
(USLE).
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa erosi pada lahan sawah lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan tegalan, kebun campuran, kebun teh, kebun karet, dan
hampir sama dengan tingkat erosi hutan.
Erosi paling tinggi terjadi pada lahan tegalan. Lahan sawah erosinya berkisar antara 0,33 t/ha/tahun dan 1,45 t/ha/tahun.
Seluruh replacement cost untuk Citarum pada tahun 2000 sebesar Rp. 18,6 milyar. Jumlah ini adalah perkiraan investasi yang harus dikorbankan untuk
penanganan sedimen apabila sawah yang ada sekarang di Citarum mengalami konversi.
Diunduh dari: balittanah.litbang.deptan.go.id/.../kundarto17.pdf……… 25/12/2012
EROSI TANAHNERACA AIR, EROSI TANAH DAN TRANSPOR LATERAL
HARA NPK PADA SISTEM PERSAWAHAN DI SUB DAS KALI BABON, SEMARANG
Muhamad Kundarto 1, F. Agus 2, Azwar Maas 3, dan B. H. Sunarminto 3Jurusan Ilmu Tanah UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta, 2 Balai Penelitian Tanah Bogor, 3 Jurusan
Tanah UGM YogyakartaProsiding Seminar Nasional Air, Erosi Tanah Konversi Lahan Pertanian
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui neraca air, erosi tanah, dan transpor lateral hara NPK pada sistem persawahan. Penelitian dilaksanakan selama dua musim tanam dari Oktober 2001 sampai Juni 2002 di sub daerah aliran sungai Kali Babon, Semarang.
Hasil penelitian pada musim ke dua menunjukkan total input air sebesar 4031,81 mm yang berasal dari air irigasi 3530,41 mm dan air hujan 501,40 mm. Total output air sebesar
3035,13 mm terdiri atas air drainase 153,22 mm, infiltrasi/perkolasi 94,74 mm, evapotranspirasi 85,87 mm, dan genangan 2701,30 mm. Selisih antara input dan output air
sejumlah 996,68 mm diduga merupakan total air yang menyusup secara lateral melalui pematang (seepage dan lubang tikus/ketam) dan air yang tersimpan pada lapisan olah.
Total tanah yang tererosi dari daerah atas (upland) dan masuk ke sawah pada musim sebesar 864,1 kg dan yang keluar (lewat outlet petak no. 18) sebesar 347,5 kg. Sehingga tanah yang
mengendap di petak sawah sebesar 516,6 kg (2,05 t/ha). Pada musim kedua, total tanah masuk ke sawah sebesar 1567,1 kg dan yang keluar dari sawah (lewat outlet petak 18)
sebesar 209,6 kg. Sehingga tanah yang mengendap di petak sawah sebesar 1357,5 kg (5,40 t/ha). Jumlah tanah yang mengendap pada musim kedua 2,5 kali lebih besar dibanding
musim pertama.
Total hara N, P, dan K dalam bentuk NH4+, NO3-PO43-, dan K+ yang terkandung dalam air irigasi dan masuk ke sawah masing-masing sebesar:
98; 478; 29; dan 237 g/ha/musim. Sedangkan total hara NH4+, NO3-, PO43-, dan K+ yang terkandung dalam air drainase dan keluar dari sawah
masing-masing sebesar: 10; 161; 413; dan 35 g/ha/musim. Penambahan hara NH4+, NO3-, dan K+ pada sawah masing-masing
sebesar: 88; 317; dan 203 g/ha/musim. Hara PO43- mengalami pengurangan sebesar 384 g/ha/musim.
Diunduh dari: jurnalpengairan.ub.ac.id/index.php/jtp/.../103 ……… 25/12/2012
EROSI TANAH. APLIKASI SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFIS (SIG) UNTUK
IDENTIFIKASI LAHAN KRITIS dan ARAHAN FUNGSI LAHANDAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI SAMPEAN
Runi Asmaranto, Ery Suhartanto dan Bias Angga PermanaJurusan Pengairan Fakultas Teknik Universitas Brawijaya
DAS Sampean merupakan daerah aliran sungai yang kondisi topografinya rata-rata sangat curam. Kondisi tata guna lahan yang sebagian besar sawah irigasi ini cukup memungkinkan terjadinya erosi. Apalagi tataguna lahan lainnya berupa ladang, semak dan sawah tadah hujan yang tanamannya merupakan tanaman
berkedalaman akar rendah dan berperan besar dalam proses penyebab terjadinya kerusakan tanah, mempercepat laju erosi dan meningkatkan volume limpasan
permukaan.Metode yang digunakan dalam menghitung besarnya laju erosi adalah metode
MUSLE dimana metode tersebut menggunakan pendekatan dari faktor limpasan permukaan. Pengolahan data-datanya menggunakan Sistem Informasi Geografis
(SIG) karena memudahkan dalam penganalisaan dan pengelompokan data.
Dari hasil analisa diperoleh debit limpasan permukaan yang terjadi sebesar 247,967 m3/ dt. Total Erosivitas Limpasan Permukaan yang
terjadi adalah 48.129,73 m2/jam, hal ini memicu terjadinya laju erosi yang rata-ratanya mencapai 43.939,94 ton/ha/thn, atau identik
dengan kehilangan tanah sebesar : 258,470 cm/thn.
Besarnya laju erosi pada DAS Sampean ini mengakibatkan tingkat bahaya erosi sebesar 95,54% dari luas wilayahnya termasuk sangat berat. Sedangkan untuk
tingkat bahaya erosi lainnya yaitu, berat : 2,72%, sedang : 1,02%, ringan : 0,72%.
Analisa kemampuan lahan didominasi kemampuan kelas VII (75,39%), yang merupakan daerah Pengembalaan Terbatas. Sedangkan ARLKT di DAS Sampean
terdiri dari 3 (tiga) kawasan, yaitu Kawasan lindung (10,53%), Kawasan Penyangga (52,23%), Kawasan Budidaya Tanaman Tahunan (37,23%).
Diunduh dari: repository.ung.ac.id/.../TINGKAT_EROSI_PERM... ……… 25/12/2012
EROSI TANAHTINGKAT EROSI PERMUKAAN PADA LAHAN PERTANIAN
JAGUNG DI DAS ALO-POHU PROVINSI GORONTALOFitryane Lihawa
Pusat Studi Lingkungan Universitas Negeri GorontaloPROSIDING KONFERENSI DAN SEMINAR NASIONAL PUSAT STUDI LINGKUNGAN HIDUP
INDONESIA KE 21. 13 – 15 SEPTEMBER 2012 DI MATARAM
Fenomena pemanfaatan lahan untuk pertanian semakin meningkat, terlebih lagi setelah dicanangkannya Program Agropolitan di Provinsi Gorontalo. Pada Tahun 2003 luas
pertanianlahan kering adalah 1.398 ha dan Tahun 2005 meningkat hingga 30.338 ha, dan pada Tahun2010 mencapai 150.020 ha (Citra Landsat Tahun 2003, Tahun 2005 dan BPS Tahun 2011).
Perubahan penggunaan lahan tersebut dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan DAS yang berdampak pada rusaknya fungsi hidroorologis DAS. Salah satu DAS penyumbang sedimen
terbesar keDanau Limboto adalah DAS Alo-Pohu.
Pengukuran erosi permukaan dilakukan dengan menggunakan sistem plot dengan bentuk persegi panjang. Ukuran petak yaitu lebar 2 m dan panjang 5 m dan ketinggian 20 cm di atas
permukaan tanah. Untuk mengkaji pengaruh curah hujan terhadap erosi permukaan pada lahan pertanian jagung digunakan analisis regresi.
Hasil pengukuran erosi permukaan pada lahan pertanian jagung dengan kemiringan lereng datar (3,5%) menunjukkan bahwa tingkat erosi
permukaan sebesar 1,04 ton/ha/tahun (sangat rendah), pada lereng landai tingkat erosi permukaan sebesar 9,88 ton/ha/tahun (sangat rendah), pada lereng agak curam tingkat erosi permukaan sebesar 40.588 ton/ha/tahun
(rendah), dan pada lereng curam tingkat erosi permukaan sebesar 176.490 ton/ha/tahun (sedang).
Hasil pengamatan selama satu tahun menunjukkan bahwa erosi permukaan akan berkurang seiring dengan umur pertumbuhan jagung. Hal ini disebabkan karena telah disertai dengan tumbuhnya tanaman bawah (rumput-rumputan) pada umur jagung memasuki bulan kedua
dan ketiga. Pengaruh curah hujan terhadap erosi permukaan pada lahan pertanian jagung lereng datar adalah Log Y = -3,2 + 3,11 Log X; pada lereng landai Log Y = -3,02 + 2,93 Log X; pada
lereng agak curam Log Y = -2,73 + 3,74 Log X; dan pada lereng curam Log Y = 0,28 + 1,71 Log X.
Diunduh dari: www.forda-mof.org/index.php/content/.../788……… 25/12/2012
EROSI TANAHANALISIS SPASIAL TINGKAT BAHAYA EROSI DI WILAYAH
DAS CISADANE KABUPATEN BOGORTuti Herawati (Pusat Litbang Hutan dan Konservasi Alam)
Jurnal Penelitian Hutan dan Konservasi Alam. Vol. VII No. 4 : 413-424, 2010
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghitung tingkat bahaya erosi di DAS Cisadane berdasarkan rumus USLE menggunakan analisis GIS. Berdasarkan rumus yang digunakan, maka diperlukan empat jenis peta sebagai dasar perhitungan tingkat
bahaya erosi, yaitu peta curah hujan, peta jenis tanah, kemiringan, dan peta penutupan lahan. Pada setiap peta dilakukan klasifikasi menjadi empat atau lima kelas berdasarkan standar tertentu. Proses overlay dilakukan untuk mendapatkan
hasil akhir berupa tingkat bahaya erosi yang dikategorikan menjadi lima kelas yaitu sangat ringan, ringan, sedang, berat, dan sangat berat.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat bahaya erosi di DAS Cisadane meliputi sangat ringan hingga sangat berat dengan
persentase luas lahan berturut-turut dari yang sangat ringan hingga sangat berat 55,85%; 15,74%; 6,33%; 0,81%; dan 0,30%. Lahan
dengan tingkat bahaya erosi sangat berat meliputi luas 316 ha dan tingkat berat meliputi 851 ha.
Tamansari merupakan kecamatan yang memiliki luas wilayah dengan tingkat bahaya erosi sangat berat terluas yaitu 87 ha. Beberapa kecamatan lain yang
memiliki luas lahan dengan tingkat bahaya erosi berat adalah Tenjolaya, Caringain, Cijeruk, dan Nanggung.
Hasil penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai data dasar untuk membuat rencana pengeolaan DAS yang baik.
Diunduh dari: balittanah.litbang.deptan.go.id/.../hsuganda_sayura...……… 25/12/2012
EROSI TANAHPENGKAJIAN PENERAPAN TEKNIK KONSERVASI TANAH
PADA LAHAN USAHATANI BERBASIS TANAMAN SAYURAN DI SENTRA TEMBAKAU
H. Suganda dan Ai DariahPengkajian Penerapan Teknik Konservasi Tanah
BALITTANAH – LITBANG - DEPTAN.
Studi ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang penerapan teknik konservasi tanah dalam usahatani sayuran di daerah sentra tembakau, Kabupaten Temanggung. Penelitian dilaksanakan tepatnya di tengah lokasi demontrasi plot
penerapan teknologi konservasi tanah dengan luas lahan 2,85 ha di Desa Batursari dengan 13 orang petani kooperator, dan 2,53 ha di Desa Kledung
dengan 10 orang petani kooperator. Pengamatan berlangsung mulai musim hujan (MH) 2006/07 sampai dengan MH 2007/08. Tanah di dua lokasi tersebut
tergolong Andisol. Teknik konservasi tanah yang diterapkan adalah cara mekanik dengan tambahan rumput penguat teras.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan menerapkan teknik konservasi tanah ternyata erosi pada lahan sayuran di sentra
tembakau dapat diturunkan sebanyak 38,4 % - 66,2 %, bahkan kehilangan tanah akibat erosi dapat ditekan menjadi < 6,0 t/ha.
Rumput penguat teras (paspah) dengan luasan 1 m2, dapat menghasilkan hijauan 3,6-4,0 kg, cukup untuk kebutuhan sehari
pakan domba yang bobotnya sekitar 20 kg.
Penerapan konservasi tanah dapat mengurangi laju kehilangan hara akibat erosi dan mempertahankan kesuburan tanah. Petani kooperator di Desa Kledung yang
sudah menerapkan teknik konservasi tanah, lahannya relatif lebih subur dibanding dengan lahan petani kooperator di Desa Batursari, sehingga rata-rata
pendapatannya per tahun lebih tinggi dari Rp. 3.100.000 .
Diunduh dari: http://padangekspres.co.id/?news=berita&id=8183 ……… 25/12/2012
ANCAMAN KEKERINGANSAWAH KERING, WARGA SHALAT ISTISQO’
Petani Nagari Canduang Koto Laweh was-was jika musim kemarau terus berlanjut hingga sebulan ke depan. Irigasi yang berada di nagari itu tidak lagi mampu mengalirkan air ke lahan pertanian. Sebab debit air semakin berkurang
sejak kemarau bulan lalu. Menanggapi persoalan yang terjadi, pemerintah nagari menganjurkan masyarakat untuk melaksanakan shalat minta hujan (istisqo’).
”Semoga hujan yang turun bisa menjadikan tanaman kami bisa kembali tumbuh subur,” harap Wan saat berbincang dengan Padang Ekspres di salah satu warung
kopi di Jorong Tigo Alua Nagari Koto Laweh.
Diunduh dari: http://www.metrotvnews.com/read/news/2012/08/08/101462/8.950-Hektare-Sawah-di-Lebak-Kekeringan/6……… 25/12/2012
ANCAMAN KEKERINGAN. 8.950 HEKTARE SAWAH DI LEBAK KEKERINGAN
Rabu, 8 Agustus 2012 20:20 WIBMetrotvnews.com, Lebak:
Kekeringan sawah di Kabupaten Lebak, Provinsi Banten, hingga saat ini mencapai 8.950 hektare akibat kemarau yang terjadi belakangan ini.
"Kekeringan ini tentu berdampak terhadap berkurangnya produksi pangan“.Ia mengatakan pihaknya terus melakukan penyelamatan tanaman padi yang
mengalami kekeringan dengan pengoptimalan pompanisasi terpadu.Diperkirakan dari 8.950 hektare itu dipastikan seluas 4.650 hektare bisa
diselamatkan dengan pengairan menggunakan pompanisasi terpadu. Sedangkan 4.300 hektare terancam gagal panen.
Sebagian besar areal persawahan yang terjadi kekeringan itu di daerah sawah tadah hujan. Sawah tadah hujan itu disebabkan tidak memiliki saluran irigasi
yang memadai. Akibat kekeringan ini, petani mengalami kerugian hingga miliaran rupiah apabila tanaman padi mereka gagal panen. Saat ini, biaya
produksi rata-rata Rp5 juta per hektare.
Diunduh dari: http://bisnis-jabar.com/index.php/berita/450-ha-sawah-di-indramayu-terancam-kekeringan……… 25/12/2012
ANCAMAN KEKERINGANANTARA. 20 Juni 2011 | 14:10 WIB
450 Ha sawah di Indramayu terancam kekeringan
INDRAMAYU: Sekitar 450 hektare sawah di Desa Soge, Indramayu, Jawa Barat, terancam gagal panen akibat kekeringan.
Pasokan air memasuki musim kemarau semakin sulit dan diperkirakan ratusan hektare sawah akan terancam gagal panen akibat kekeringan. Dua sungai
pemasok air, yaitu kali Prawan dan Kali Persijat, debitnya semakin menurun. Jika hujan tidak turun, diperkirakan tanaman milik petani setempat yang baru berusia
kurang dari dua bulan akan kering akibat pasokan air terhambat.Petani kurang memperhatikan cuaca. Mereka terlalu memaksakan tanam padi,
padahal mulai memasuki kemarau. Musim tanam tahun sebelumnya pasokan air cukup melimpah, sehingga mereka terlena diperkirakan hujan masih panjang.
Menurut dia, petani di daerah pantura Indramayu harus tanggap memperkirakan pasokan air hujan karena lahan pertanian masih mengandalkan tadah hujan.
Lahan pertanian di sepanjang pantai pesisir utara Indramayu memasuki kemarau setiap tahun mengalami kekeringan, sementara musim hujan sawah sering
terendam akibat banjir..
Diunduh dari: http://bisnis-jabar.com/index.php/berita/48-000-hektare-sawah-di-kabupaten-bekasi-kekeringan ……… 25/12/2012
ANCAMAN KEKERINGAN ANTARA. 12 September 2011 | 19:51 WIB
48.000 HEKTARE SAWAH DI KABUPATEN BEKASI KEKERINGAN
BEKASI (bisnis-jabar.com): Dinas Pertanian Kota Bekasi, Jawa Barat, mencatat sekitar 48.000 hektare persawahan di wilayahnya mengalami kekeringan akibat
debit air yang terus menurun selama musim kemarau.Sumber air dari waduk Jatiluhur melalui kali Tarum Barat terus menyusut selama musim KEMARAU. Saluran irigasi sawah di 23 kecamatan di Kabupaten Bekasi,
saat ini sudah kering seiring berkurangnya debit air tersebut. Wilayah paling parah di bagian selatan, seperti Kecamatan Cibarusah, Cikarang Selatan, Serang
Baru, dan Kecamatan Setu. Pompanisasi dilakukan untuk menjaga target produksi beras di Kabupaten Bekasi
sebanyak 631 ribu ton setiap kali panen tetap terjaga.
Diunduh dari: http://www.beritakendal.com/2012/07/02/puluhan-hektare-sawah-kekeringan/ ……… 25/12/2012
ANCAMAN KEKERINGANPULUHAN HEKTARE SAWAH KEKERINGAN
Puluhan hektare sawah di Dukuh Klampok, Desa Sendangsikucing, Kecamatan Rowosari mengalami kekeringan sejak satu pekan ini. Akibat kekeringan,
tanaman padi berumur satu minggu terancam mati. Petani kesulitan mendapatkan pasokan air dari saluran irigasi karena lokasinya jauh.
“Jika dalam jangka waktu tiga hari ke depan, pasokan air tidak ada, tanaman padi terancam mati,” (Menurut petani Sulaemi).
Setiap musim kemarau tiba, puluhan hektare sawah di dukuhnya kekurangan air. Selain itu, puluhan hektare sawah di perbatasan Desa Bulak- Sendang si kucing juga kekurangan air. Pemerintah diharapkan dapat membuat saluran irigasi yang
permanen agar air dapat mengairi lahan pertanian.
Diunduh dari: http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2012/09/07/179427953/Belasan-Ribu-Hektare-Sawah-Alami-Kekeringan ……… 25/12/2012
ANCAMAN KEKERINGANJum'at, 07 September 2012 | 00:51 WIB
BELASAN RIBU HEKTARE SAWAH ALAMI KEKERINGAN
TEMPO.CO, Surabaya - Kepala Bidang Produksi Tanaman Pangan Dinas Pertanian Jawa Timur, Achmad Nurfalakhi, mengatakan 13,9 ribu hektare sawah bertanaman padi di Jawa
Timur mengalami kekeringan. Sebagai dampak akibat kekeringan sawah, sejumlah tanaman padi mengalami puso (gagal panen).
Dinas Pertanian Jawa Timur mencatat, kekeringan paling luas terjadi di Kabupaten Bojonegoro seluas 5.410 hektare, Lamongan 2.102 hektare, Tulungagung seluas 2.102
hektare, Trenggalek 1.470 hektare dan Ngawi 948 hektare. Gagal panen yang dialami petani, menurut dia, terbagi dalam berbagai kriteria. Seluas
2.977,49 hektare padi mengalami gagal panen 100 persen dan 1.961 hektare gagal panen 75 persen. Selain itu, seluas 3.429 hektare mengalami kekeringan sedang (gagal panen 50
persen) dan seluas 5.588 hektare mengalami kekeringan ringan (gagal panen 25 persen).
TEMPO/Marifka Wahyu Hidayat
Diunduh dari: www.idosi.org/aejaes/jaes5(2)/18.pdf ……… 25/12/2012
ANCAMAN CEKAMAN AIRAmerican-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (2): 264-272, 2009
EFFECTS OF DROUGHT STRESS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.) CULTIVARS AND ACCUMULATION OF
PROLINE AND SOLUBLE SUGARS IN SHEATH AND BLADES OF THEIR DIFFERENT AGES LEAVES
A. Mostajeran and V. Rahimi-Eichi
One of the main problems of rice cultivation and production is the lack of water resources, especially during periods of low rainfall which affect the
vegetative growth rate and the amount of yield. In this study the effect of low water supply on the number of heading per hill,
number of grain per hill, dry weight of vegetative tissues and panicle and 1000 grain weight in three new cultivars of rice including 216, 829 and Zayandeh-Rood were measured under submerged and non-submerged conditions in a randomize complete block design with three replicates.
Simultaneously, the variation in proline and total sugars in sheaths and blades of leaves at different ages was determined.
The data indicated that Zayandeh-Rood cultivar showed the lowest reduction in shoot dry weigh and the number of tillers per hill under
non-submerged conditions. Furthermore, the panicle weight and the number of filled grains per spike
were higher in Zayandeh-Rood cultivar than the other cultivars. In addition, the result of this study show that Zayandeh-Rood cultivar in
which originated from local cultivars, have higher ability in solute accumulation such as proline and total carbohydrates than the other new
lines.
Due to correlation between drought tolerance of Zayandeh-Rood and solute accumulation, it may be
suggested that the solute accumulation is one of the mechanisms for drought tolerance in rice.
Diunduh dari: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17044492……… 25/12/2012
ANCAMAN CEKAMAN AIR. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2006 Jul;17(7):1201-6.
EFFECTS OF WATER STRESS DURING GRAIN-FILLING PERIOD ON RICE GRAIN YIELD AND ITS QUALITY UNDER
DIFFERENT NITROGEN LEVELS.Cai Y, Wang W, Zhu Z, Zhang Z, Lang Y, Zhu Q
To examine the effects of nitrogen (N) supply and water stress on rice grain yield and its quality, a pot experiment was conducted at Yangzhou University. Three rice cultivars were
grown under two N levels (high N and normal N) from initial heading, and two water conditions (well watering and water stress) were installed for each of the two N levels from
flowering to maturity.
The results showed that when the plants of test cultivars were grown under normal N level, water stress markedly reduced the grain-filling percentage and grain weight, resulting in a significant decrease of grain yield by 11.6% to approximately 14.7%. Though the head-
milled rice had a slight increase, the percentage of chalkiness was significantly increased by 18.7% to approximately 33.1%, which resulted in an inferior performance in grain-apparent quality. In contrast, when the plants were grown under high N level, water stress increased the grain yield by 18. 8% to approximately 22.2% because of the increase of grain-filling percentage and grain weight. As compared with well watering, water stress decreased the
percentages of chalky grain and chalkiness by 15.3% to approximately 37.2% and 13.7% to 29.9%, respectively, which improved the performance of grain-apparent quality. The
pronounced effects of N application and water treatment were observed on the RVA profile and cooked quality. Under both two N levels, water stress decreased the peak viscosity and
breakdown (except for Yangdao 6) while increased the setback.
According to the performance in the indices of cooked quality, the palatability became poor when subjected to water stress under normal N level, as the result of the increase of hardness
and cohesiveness. In contrast, under high N level, water stress availed the ascending of viscosity at the early stage when rice flours were pasting, peak viscosity and breakdown
were increased, and setback was decreased, suggesting that the palpability got well.
It was concluded that mild water stress during grain-filling period was benefit for the development of high quality grain when rice
plants were grown under high N level.
Diunduh dari: http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBF02902907……… 25/12/2012
ANCAMAN CEKAMAN AIRBIOLOGIA PLANTARUM (PRAHA)
26 (4) : 263--266, 1984EFFECT OF WATER STRESS AT DIFFERENT
DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF FIELD-GROWN RICEAJoY K. BISWAS and M. A. CHOUDHVRI
Water-stress for 10d at different developmental stages, affected relative water content and leaf water potential of plants. Subsequent rewatering removed
these effects. Water stress lowered the contents of chlorophyll, protein, RNA and the activity of catalase, while it increased free proline accumulation and activities of protease, RNase and peroxidase. An overall improvement in biochemical parameters was achieved as soon as the stress was withdrawn by watering and this was reflected
in subsequent developmental stages.
Water-stress at the reproductive stages induced similar changes as in the vegetative stage but the removal of stress
could not improve these parameters to the same extent as at the vegetative stage.
In consequence, stress applied at the vegetative stage augmented yield parameters but when applied at the reproductive stage it significantly reduced the yield.
Diunduh dari: http://www.regional.org.au/au/asa/2004/poster/1/3/3/1095_pirdashtih.htm………
25/12/2012
ANCAMAN CEKAMAN AIRStudy of water stress effects in different growth stages on
yield and yield components of different rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars
Hemmatollah Pirdashti , Zinolabedin Tahmasebi Sarvestani , Ghorbanali Nematzadeh and A. Ismail.
Australian Agronomy Conference. 2004 12th AAC, 4th ICSC.
Water stress affects plant growth and development and ultimately, reduces grain yield of irrigated lowland rice.
A field experiment was conducted during 2001-2003 to evaluate the effect of water stress on the yield and yield components of four rice cultivars commonly
grown in Mazandaran province, Iran. The cultivars used were Tarom, Khazar, Fajr and Nemat. The different water stress conditions were water stress during
vegetative, flowering and grain filling stages and well-watered was the control.
Water stress at vegetative stage significantly reduced plant height of all cultivars. Water stress at flowering stage had a greater grain yield reduction than water
stress at other times.
The reduction of grain yield largely resulted from the reduction in fertile panicle and filled grain percentage. Water deficit during
vegetative, flowering and grain filling stages reduced mean grain yield by 21%, 50% and 21% on average in comparison to control
respectively.
The yield advantage of two semidwaf varieties, Fajr and Nemat, were not maintained under drought stress.
Diunduh dari: www.academicjournals.org/jabsd/PDF/.../Fofana%20et%20al.pdf……… 25/12/2012
ANCAMAN CEKAMAN AIR. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology and Sustainable Development Vol. 2(6), pp. 100-
107, June 2010
EFFECT OF WATER DEFICIT AT GRAIN REPINING STAGE ON RICE GRAIN QUALITY
M. Fofana, M. Cherif , B. Kone, K. Futakuchi and A. Audebert.
Rice production is usually reduced by water stress that can evenly occur during rice cycle in West Africa under bimodal rainfall pattern. In order to determine the effects of
water stress on rice grain quality, experiments were conducted on upland site (on ferralsol) at the main AfricaRice research center at M’be, 30 km North of Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire. The rice varieties CG14 (Oryza glaberrima), WAB56-104 (Oryza sativa), and NERICA1 (cross WAB56-104 x CG14) were sown at 25 × 25 cm spacing during the dry season cropping period of 2000, 2001 and 2002. Irrigation line (Boon irrigation) was used to supply water until flowering stage. Water was then supply manually from
the milky stage of each variety to its full ripening stage. Physical (husking yield, milling recovery, and head rice ratio), chemical (amylose and proteins contents) and
cooking parameters (cooking time, volume expansion, rice flour gelatinization temperature, consistency and viscosity) of the harvested grains were determined in the
laboratory. The results showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between all the parameters in
comparison with the checks samples and stressed crop. In general, NERICA 1 showed better physical and cooking quality traits than its parents. Rice samples from plots
subject to lower water availability during repining stage showed higher protein content for all varieties studied. Increase in the average protein content of stressed samples
were 31, 11.8 and 13.3% times, respectively for NERICA 1, CG14 and WAB56 -104, where (using the protein content of check plots as 100%) NERICA 1 showed higher
husking yield, total mean milling recovery and head rice ratio for samples collected on stressed plots than the glaberrima and the sativa samples recorded on similar plots.
Finding showed that cooking properties that meet West African rice consumers’ preferences for cooked rice were more improved for NERICA 1 than its parents in
comparison with samples collected from stressed plots. It is concluded that moisture stress at ripening stage should be further investigated as potential
indirect means of improving rice grain quality.