Upload
amma
View
31
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Kreb’s Cycle. Chapter 16. Glycolysis: 6C Glu 3C Pyruvate x2. Glu + 2NAD + + 2 ADP + 2 Pi 2 pyr + 2 NADH + 2 H + + 2 ATP + 2 H 2 O D G ’o = -85 kJ/mole 2 NADH e- transport ATP synth In cytosol. 3C Pyruvate Product. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Kreb’s Cycle
Chapter 16
Glycolysis: 6C Glu 3C Pyruvate x2
• Glu + 2NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi 2 pyr + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP + 2 H2O
G’o= -85 kJ/mole• 2 NADH e- transport ATP
synth • In cytosol
3C Pyruvate Product
• 2 C’s added to Coenzyme A (CoA)– Acetate group– Activates CoA (thioester)
• 1 C as CO2
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
Complex (PDC) • Catalyzes acetylation CoA – Oxidative decarboxylation (LEO + cleave
carboxylate)
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC)
• In mitochondria• Sev copies of 3 associated
enz’s– Pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1)– Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
(E2)– Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
(E3)
• Book: mammalian PDC 5X size ribosome– Bovine: circular arrangement
• 5 coenzymes– Thiamine, riboflavin, niacin,
pantothenate• Two regulatory prot’s assoc’d
– Kinase, phosphatase
PDC E1: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase• 24 copies in complex (E. coli)• Coenzyme: thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
– From Vitamin B1
(Chpt 14)
• Pyruvate binds ethanolic grp att’d to TPP
• CO2 released • Ox’n to
acetaldehyde (att’d as hydroxyethyl)
• Acetaldehyde transferred to E2 of PDC
(Chpt 14)
PDC E2: Dihydrolipoyl
Transacetylase• “Core” of complex• 24 copies (E. coli);
60 copies (bovine)• Coenzyme:
lipollysyl – Molecular “arm”– In ox’d form – 5
membered ring w/ disulfide
• Ethanolic grp to lipollysyl– Ox’d acetaldehyde
• -S-S- red’d to –SH HS- w/ ox’n to acetaldehyde
– Forms thioester
• Site of attack by CoASH– Trans-esterification AcetylCoA + dithiol
lipoyl
PDC E3: Dihydrolipoyl
Dehydrogenase• 12 copies att’d to E2 (E. coli)• Coenzyme: FAD
– REMEMBER: Flavin nucleotide coenz’s bound to enz’s• (Nicotinamide nucleotides cofactors
freer to dissociate)– Used to reoxidize lipollysyl
• FAD red’d FADH2
– Lipollysyl ox’d back to ring w/ disulfide
• FADH2 regen’d by NAD+ entry– FADH2 ox’d original FAD– NAD+ red’d NADH
•Leaves complex•Where might it go?
PDC Summary• 3 Enz’s closely assoc’d
– Book: “substrate channeling”• Acetyl grp physically transferred• Regulatory
– Both allosteric + covalently modified regulation
– E1 has kinase, phosphatase enz’s assoc’d•Kinase phosphorylates, inactivates•Phosphatase dephosphorylates, activates
• Assoc’d kinase allosterically controlled– ATP stimulates– Act’d kinase inactivates PDC– So [ATP] ?? PDC??
– Modulators • Inhibitory: ATP, NADH, acetyl CoA, fatty acids
– Why??
•Stimulatory: ADP/AMP, NAD+, pyruvate, CoA– Why??
Kreb’s Cycle
• = Citric Acid Cycle = Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle = TCA Cycle
• 2 C’s from pyr (as acetyl on acetylCoA)• 2 C’s leave as CO2 (not same 2 C’s that
entered)• 4 redox rxn’s
– 3 NAD+ 3 NADH; 1 FAD FADH2
• Where will these go?
• 1 “high energy” phosphate bond formed– 1 GDP 1 GTP (some cells 1 ADP 1
ATP)– REMEMBER the name of this phosph’n?
• Oxaloacetate regen’d• REMEMBER: 2 turns for each glu• Up to 38 ATP/glu (>1160 kJ/mole
avail)• 1 step uses complex sim to PDC
(2C)
(6C)
(6C)
(5C)
(4C)
(4C)
(4C)
(4C)
(4C)
Acetyl CoA + Oxaloacetate
Citrate + CoASH
Citrate Synthetase• Condensation rxn• CoASH regen’d• Through CH3 of acetyl• Transient intermediate: citroyl CoA
– Energy rel’d from cleavage acetylCoA•Why? What grps impt to exergonic rxn?
• Oxaloacetate binds first Conform’l change– Now site for acetylCoA
• Modulators – Availability of substrates– Inhib’n w/ [citrate]
• What type of inhib’n? [citrate] also inhibits PFK-1
– Where is PFK-1?– What type of inhib’n would this be?
– Inhib’n w/ [ATP]• Relieved w/ [ADP]• Why?
– Inhib’n w/ [succinyl CoA]• Feedback inhib’n
Citrate Isocitrate
Aconitase
• Isomerization• Through
reversible add’n H2O
• Cis-aconitate intermediate
• Iron-sulfur center
• Prod rapidly consumed in next step
Isocitrate Ketoglutarate
+ CO2
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
• Ox’n rxn (oxidative decarboxylation)• Mn+2 coordinates/stabilizes
intermediate• NAD+ or NADP+ depending on isozyme• Regulation
– Inhib’n w/ [ATP]– Inhib’n w/ ratio [NADH]/[NAD+]
•Why?
Ketoglutarate SuccinylCoA + CO2
Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex
• Identical rxn to PDC• Sim E1, E2, E3 enzymes
– E1 aa’s differ, bind ketoglutarate specifically
• Same coenz’s• Regulation
– Inhib’n w/ [succinyl CoA]– Inhib’n w/ ratio [NADH]/[NAD+]
SuccinylCoA Succinate + CoASH
SuccinylCoA Synthetase
• Add’n Pi high energy acyl phosphate intermediate in enz active site
• CoASH released
• Phosphate transferred to enz active site His
• GDP enters active site; phosph’d GTP
• Substrate level phosph’n
• Book: GTP formed transfers PO4 to ADP later
Succinate Fumarate
Succinate Dehydrogenase
• Membr-bound – Euk’s – inner mitoch
membr– Prok’s – plasma membr– Impt also in e- transport
• Iron-sulfur centers + FAD– FAD may be cov’ly bound
• Malonate is competitive inhibitor
Fumarate L-Malate
Fumarase
• Hydration trans across db– Enz
stereo-specific
L-Malate Oxaloacetate
L-Malate Dehydrogenase
• Substrate limited rxn• Large + G
– Why does the rxn go?
Cycle
• Complete w/ regen’n oxaloacetate
• Regulation through – [substrate], [product]– Coenz’s– Nucleotide phosphates– Other nutrient pathways
Catabolism/Anabolism Balanced through Kreb’s Cycle• Amphibolic
– Impt to both catabolism (breakdown) and anabolism (build-up) of cell’s mol’s
– Catabolism of carbohydrates, FA’s, aa’s through pyruvate, acetylCoA Kreb’s ATP
– Anabolism by cycle intermediates aa’s, fa’s, lipids, purines/pyrimidines
• Balance of amphibolic pathways through anapleurotic rxns – Replenish cycle intermediates so
TCA constant– 4 impt rxns – Synth oxaloacetate or malate from
pyruvate or phosphoenolpyruvate•Where did you see these reactants?
– If glycolysis (so PEP/pyr products), but not enough oxaloacetate to fuel cycle•Cell can use excess PEP/pyr to make
more oxaloacetate•Now have suff to react w/ excess
acetylCoA (from excess pyr, from excess PEP)