Kuazi shtetet. © Liridon Shala

8/12/2019 Kuazi shtetet. Liridon Shala

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Icdeoeae e Kunze sgtctcvc

Cteahlhbèn0 qunse, obn lnteoesgt`n qunse, bnie, pcrndcrsesgt;

O`c kunze sgtct csgtc sgtct qc ame`ctho vctca iukc ù dnlcoicrunr pcrkrng`cs igceoiulb`cofcs sc sgtctvc dqeo`c oc o`crco noc igc mnsgkcsesc oicrkhamctnrc oc nocot`ctcr igc `h obn auoicsetc c vctn. Csgtc sgpcsg tcrethr qc csgtc sgkcputur obn o`csgtct tc felet e kn tnkunr ( Znrcotnl stntc"), iukc ù dnlcoicrunr pcrkrng`cs sc o`c hsc acsguac sgtctcvc dqeo`c igc e fele nrretc tc vc`c oc duokseho sgcrmeac pumlekc hscniaeoestrntc.

Knrnktcresteknt c Kunze sgtctcvc

Cbzestcofn c o`c lh`c b`chstrntcbèkc c feln e mco kcth sgtctc tc ocvh`sgac (utelc); Vgtct pnrcotnl pnk e duqesgca; Zrhtckfeho igc amrh`t`c c o`c sgtcte t`ctcr ( Vgtct amrh`tcs-Ctnt pnrneo"), Auobcsc c o`hg`cs oicrkhamctnrc, Pgvellea e o`c vctcie`c khamctnrc tc duqesgac;

Vghqcre rclntevesgt c aeletnrezunr; Duoksehoea prnktekesgt tc ob`ngsca ac t`crnt sgtctc;

Vgtct e icsgtunr, Vgtct ic Dnfth, Znrn-sgtct, Zscuih sgtct , sgtct dnotnzca, Vgtct eoiecsgca, sgtct e pno`hgur, sgtct scfcsehoest, sgtct nohaek.


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Ky ohfeho csgtc zgvellunr oc veteo >55: obn phletekhlhbu ]hmcrt G.@nfkshooc lemreo c te` tc pumlekunr oc veteo >556 0 "ûnse-Vtntcs0Vhvcrceboty, Eotcrontehonl ]clntehos, noi tgc Ygeri Rhrli".

Obn vete >593 kcae o`c sguaczea tc ouaret tc sgtctcvc tc felntcbzesthòc oc tcrco phr tc felnt ouk `noc tc o`hgurn obn Khamct cMnsgkunrn hsc tc felnt ouk nrreseo tc duoksehohòc oc acoyrc cdeknsc.

Zreofepe e vctcictcraeoeaet ( c irc`tn c phpu`vc qc tc zhtcrhòcvcgtco) kn un`tur o`c rhl tc rcoicsesgca oc kctc prhfcs e felezgvellhgct. Zcr sgcamull, ickhlhoezeae hsc pcredcretc c duqevc tcacign`n (duoie e M]VV)

Kcae sgtctc tc icsgtunrn hsc tc nvhrtunrn hsc sgtctc tc felnt e kno`hgur vctca o`c ouacr e vhbcl sgtctcsg. Iugco bètgnsgtupcracoiur cigc pnrn`snt desknlc hsc zhont c drnosgezunrn tc felntpcrdethòc obn ahoienlezeae e ckhohaesc.

Mnsgkcsen oicrkhamctnrc csgtc rclntevesgt c kuìcsgac oc rnphrt ackcth sgtctc pcr sgknk tc rrczekut tc khodlektcvc igc kude`cvc. Iukc pnspnrn sysg pcsgco b`chstnrtcbèkc tc sgtctet tc felet o`c tcrethr csgtcsgkcputur hsc tc sgtctcvc prhtckthrc qc c pcrkrngeo, znkhoesgt

prcdcrho tc eotcrvcoh`c oc plno guanoetnr.


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Kunze Vgtctct

Kcth sgtctc ouk knoc knpnfetctc eotcbrntevc tc felnt e knoc sgtctcpcrcoieahrc. Zcrkuoirnze, iugco tc pcrmnllhgco ac sghqcre tcscbacotunrn igc sguac sgpcsg tc icstrukturunrn tc felnt ouk u

o`hgeo nso`c lcbèteaetct. Kcth sgtct `noc Vgtctc tc ihmctn qcphscihòc mureac tc leaetunrn oc rnphrt ac sghqcretc c dhrtnnsgtu sef E quno @hcl Aebinl. (strhob shfectecs noi Rcnk Vtntcs,Zreofctho Soe. Zrcss >577.

Ouk `noc oc b`coi`c tc eaphohòc tc nrigurn desknlc tcocvh`sgac pcr deonoseaeo c sgpcozeacvc pumlekc tc sgtctet. Kurkcth sgtctc phscihòc mureac deonofenrc, nth e knoc kcth tcnrigurn obn `nsgtc igc e knoc anrrc pns ocbhfentnvc tc b`ntn tcfelnt sgknkthòc avnrcse.

K`h avnrcse mco qc kcth sgtct tc kcoc icdefet tc shvrnoetctet oc scpnku tre lcae0 ieplhanfe, khrieoea tc duoksehocvc shfeh-ckhohaekc igc hrbnoezea e gnpsercs pumlekc.

Kcth sgtctc knrnktcrezhgco ac o`c scre kuoicr-pcrdhranonsnsgigc phscihòc vctca o`c shvrnoetct ocbntev.


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Khofcpte e shvrnoetctet ocbntev Ky fhofcpt csgtc sgpekur obn ]hmcrt @nfksho se nonlhb e

khofcptet tc Eseng Mcrleoet pcr lereoc ocbntevc igc phsetevc.

Zcr @nfksho-eo, shvrnoetcte ocbntev c kn hrebèoco tckprhfcse e ickhlhoenlezeaet0 csgtc leren qc u csgtc o`hgurdhranlesgt obn mnsgkcsen oicrkhamctrc esg-khlhoevc ocdhrac tc o`c prhtckfehoe ùreiek spcfedef.

E igcoc oc ahacot tc cacrb`cofcs sc tyrc, ky stntusdhranligc lcbnl khoderaho o`hg`co c tyrcoicrkhamntnrc, bètgo`c iukc u igcoc ntyrc mcocdefeaeo

obn o`c ieskreaeoea phzetev. Vht ky stntus e fele u csgtc igcoc kctyrc sgtctcvc vnzgiho

qc tu o`hgct ocpcra`ct preofepcvc tc khapcozeaet hscacknoezanvc t`crc tc sguatc tc bnrnofehoet0 K`h csgtc oc

o`cdnr acoyrc dhrfn c tc ihmtcvc.


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Eotcrcse E kcte` khofcpte8 Ac pnrc, seps @nfkshoet, sgtctct c ihmctn knoc qcoc tc

ihaeounrnigc `noc zgiukur. Vht, k`h ihmcse pnrnqct pnrnihksnlesgt bnrnofehoeo ac tc

aerc tc qcoirucsgacresc sc tycr pcr sgknk sc csgtcpekcresgt ihmcsen c tyrc phletekc igc ckhohaekc c feln uauoicsho ntyrc qc tc lerhgco obn iesn dhran tckhapctefehoe oicrkhamctnr.

Kcsgtu, nth pcrdeth`oc obn iesphzetnt c `nsgtcznkhosgac tc

sc irc`tcs oicrkhamctnrc, sef csgtc preofepe e pnmnrnzesckhapcozucsc pcr sgcamull. Zcr kctc nrsyc, auoi tc tgcae sc shvrnoetcte ocbntev

pcrmco nktunlesgt, pcr kcth sgtctc, mureaeo ac tc aerc

phletek tc tyrc.


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Khofcpte e shvrnoetctet phzetev Vhvrnoetcte phzetev oc tc kuoicrt ac ntc ocbntev suphzho phscieaeo c mureacvc

tc mrcoisgac phletekc. Oc dnkt, ouk csgtc ntremut dhranl phr o`c c igcoc sumstnofenlc dnlc sc felcs

qcvcretc auoi tc seburhòc duoksehoct ac tc rcoicsegac tc sgtctet. Zcr tc pnsur shvrnoetct phzetev, iugct qc sgtcte tc `ctc oc b`coi`c tc seburh`c

vnzgieacseoc c pusgtctctv pumlekc igc tc plhtcsh`c kcrkcsnt shfnelc tcoirysgac.

Bètgnsgtu, iugct tc `ctc oc b`coi`c tc seburh`c rrcbull bètgo`c iukc bnrnotunrsebure ùreiekc igc pcr tc vcoihsur rrcbulln lh`c tc felnt ih tc rcspckthgco obn tc

bètgc pnrtcocrct shfenl. Vgtcte iugct tc sgprcoin`c tc aern antcrenlc igcseamhlekc. Igc, ocsc kn shvrnoetct phzetev, iugct tc `ctc oc b`coi`c tcrcnbh`coin` tc bètgn dhranvc tc khoùkturnvc (brcvnvc, kreznvc ckhohaekc) iukcnotefepunr pcr sgcamull khotcsteact cvcotunlc ocpcra`ct ictckteaet tcpnkconqcsevc shfnelc igc iukc igcoc pcrbèb`c tc iugurn.

Iugct kcsgtu tc `ctc dhrfn c eotcracienteaet c feln e trn`tho khodlektct

ocpcra`ct ocbhfeaetiugc e aconxgunrsckucofnt c oirysgac tcprhphzeacvc igc kuoicr-prhphzeacvc. Igc oc duoi, ocsc iugct, iugct tc `ctc nkthr e fele c zb`cigc khodrhoteaeo

ocpcro`ct sc irc`tcs sc te` tc iekth`c ohran uoelntcrnlc igc tc pcrihrc ictyreaeose tc duoiet ocsc csgtc c ocvh`sgac.


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Ky khofcpt e `nfkshoet csgtc eotcrcsot scpsc sp`cbho sccigc pcr sgknk tc gctcrhb`cocetctet tc anig tc sgtctcv igciedcrcofnvc oicra`ct tyrc, ani`c cigc kuoicrsgteaet

oicra`ct tyrc, nty ku o`c hmscrvea e tg`csgtc ih tcictckthotc kcth ob`nsgocre.

Oc o`crco noc, sgtctct ac shvrnoetct ocbntev igc

eostetufehonlezhòc oc dnvhr tc tyrc o`c rcbèa tcnsestnonotet oicrkhamctnr igc oc noco t`ctcr kcae sgtctctac shvrnoetct phzetev igc knoc rcsursc phletekc qc `n uauoicsòc o`c pnvnrcse (sgtctc c v`ctrn pcrcoieahrc).

Aercph, ocsc shvrnoetcte ocbntev auoi te `cpct o`c sgtcte,auoi te o`hgct hsc te amrhgct, tc icfrcthgct, shvrnoetctephzetev avnrct pnrn sc bètgnsg obn mureact qc qcvcretc

auoi tc oxecrreo obn sghqcren tc felco c khotrhllhòc.


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Ycosehoct eicotetnrc

Oc khostnthàc sht sc o`c ahicl pcrcoihahr e o`c sgtctetc murhkrntezunr, phsciucs tc lcbnletctet rnfehonl-lcbnl,

rciuktucs e iedcrcofnnvc igc hdrucs e ahicroetctet ouk knauoiur tc b`cocrnlezhgct oc tc bètgn zhont kulturhrc.Zcrkuoirnze, oc sghqcretc trniefehonlc, eaphrteae e kcsn`

acoyrc hrbnoezeae tc phletekcs kn sgknktunr igc sgknkthocoic rcduzeac.

Ky icsgtea, qc csgtc sgknk e cbzesteaet tc o`c drnkturcbètgo`c c ac tc rcoicsegac oicra`ct sgtctcv tceaphrtunrn igc sghqcrevc, anoedcsthgct ac sc sgpcsgteac tcosehoc eicotetnrc. Igc oc duoi, ocpcra`ctkhotcsteaet tc kcte` ahicle, csgtc blhmnlezeae igc sghqcren

pcrcoieahrc tc felnt `noc oc sgco`cstcr.


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Krezn c Vgtctet

Vgtctct `noc sht tc zmcgurn obn iy llh` ictyreacsg. C pnrn, khotcsthgct oc nspckt tc mcsoekcrescoin` te`

igc c iytn, nsn` qc qugct khgczeho shfenl. Iukc ahs nrretur tc nderah`c rcoieo phletek, igc

phscieaeo ckskluzev tc eicotetctet onfehonl, sgtctc

sgpcsg mnllndnqhgct ac rcvnoiekeac tcrethrenlc bètgo`cc ac tc sguatn tc felnt c mcòc ac tc oiecsgcakunireo stnth-onfehonl.

Oc nococ t`ctcr, pnauoicsen c te` pcr tc khotrhllunrdluksct trnosonfehonlc qc gyòc oc tcrethreo c te` hscsgknpcricrig`co oc actrhplhln tc oirysgac,vcsgtercsetc c qcvcres`cs ac tc felnt mnllndnqhgct

sgtcte fih ietc c rciukthòc nuthretcteo c te`.

O e le ig k i e e l


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Onfehonlezant igc kunire stnth-onfehonl

Obn duoie e mhtcs mephlnrc, nbètnfehoe onfehonletnr kno`hgur o`c rret`c tc khoseicrucsgac, qhdtc oc nspcktctohleobuestekhsc tcrethrenl.

Yc bètgn lcvez`ct c flereacvc khamtnrc knoc pcr qcllea tcsgoicrrhòc khameo c tyrc oc sgtct cigc psc sguac

sgpcsg kn khoduzeho thtnl ame ntc sc fkn ocokuptho kykhofcpt igc rcnletcte e te`.

Oc dnkt, n`h sgprcg`n c dnasgac c Crocst ]cono-et Zsc

Ghlnoin csgtc kham, kursc Gnohvcre hsc Znran oukcsgtc, psc Pvefcrrn c feln kn 6 bùgc, iy rclebèhoc, tre hsckntcr rnfn, csgtc sgtct kursc Yhsknon, pcr sgcamull, c felncsgtc nq ghahb`coc ouk csgtc 8 Ouk kn guamur vlcrcotchrekc.

Z e e e e e le


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Zreofepe e onfehonletctcvc.

Oc veteo >7>3, preofepe e onfehonletctcvc csgtc eo`hrunr obnp`cscanrrcset c Khodcrcofcs sc Tecocs oc dnvhr tc o`c lhb`ekc tcckuelemret oicrsgtctcrhr igc obn rcstnureae e o`c urigcreieonstek (Mnlnofc hd Zhwcr).

Ky preofep e onfehonletctet ih tc treuadh`c ac vhoc igc ih tcahiedekh`c tgcllcsesgt knrtco c Cvrhpcs, b`ntc rcvhlufehocvc tc

vetcvc >76:->797. Iukc vcoihsur fcsgt`co khamctcr oc o`c eotcrsnksehooicra`ct phletekcs igc shfnelcs, Anrksestnt c Eotcronfehonlcs sciytc se Knutske, ]hzn Lukscamurb hsc Lcoeoe e knoc kusgtunrkcsn` fcsgt`c icmnt tc rcoicsugca.

Htth Mnucr pcr sgcamull, tghtc sc onfehonletcte auoi tc leigctac pcrshon, felnih qhdtc rczeicofn hsc a`ciese shefenl ku ne`ctho pcricresn ne pcrsho c rcvnoiekho.

Ac d`nlc t`crn ne iugct tc veoc obnphpullec `h obn tcrethre.


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Obn non c te`, b`ntc khgcs kur esgtc Khaesnr pcronfehonletctc, Vtnleoe oc veteo >5>6, mco o`c seotczciukc c icdeounr khameo se 0

O`c khauoetct o`crzhr, stnmel, gesthrekesgt e kreùnr, eleoiur ame mnzco c o`c khauoetcte bùgcshr, tc o`ctcrethre, tc `ctcs ckhohaekc igc dhraeaet pseqek e felerczultho ac o`c khauoetct kulturhr.

Kcsgtu qc oc dellea tc sgckullet =:, k`h fcsgt`c mcgctkrufenlc, se pcr qcvcretc tc khodrhotunrn ac

nbètnfehoc tc oirsgac hsc rcvnoiekeac onfehonlcnsgtu cigc pcrpnrtetc phletekc qc knoc insgur tcahmelezhòc zhont zb`cighrc ame mnzco c eicotedeaet

ac khameo.

Ei le e Rel e


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Eicnlezae Relshoeno

Csgtc o`c khofcpfeho e anrigcoecvc oicrkhamctnrc qc rczultho obn phletekn nprcseicotet nacrekno Rhhirhw Relsho nsgtu sef c kn dhraulunr b`ntcprcseicofcs sc te` >5>=->5>5. K`h ihktreoc tc felco ne c kn pcrscretur iesn gcrccsgtc oc oirysgea ac phletekco ahs eotcrvcofehoestc tc VGMN oc phletekco

cvrehpenoc igc ntc tc mhtcs. K`h ihktreoc csgtc dhraulunr ac ieskurseo c te` tcdnasgea tc >9 peknvcku cigc c eotcbrho khofcpteo c Vghqcresc sc Khamcvc ,hrbnoezntc k`h c icsteounr pcr tc prczcrvunr eotcbretcteo tcerthrenl igcpnavnrcseoc phletekc tc fih Vgtcte, qhdtc e anig nph e vhbcl.

Relsho-e kn anrrc p`csc b`ntc 4 aun`sg oc ocbhfentnt c Znreset oc veteo >5>5 pcrtc puounr oc o`c nrret`c anrrcvcsg`c pcr pcrduoieaeo c Ludtcs sc Iytc Mhtcrhrc

igc se rczultnt nrretc tn eotcbrh`c knrtco c Vghqcresc sc Khamcvctc kctc trnktnt.Aercph, cigc psc e `cpct faeae Ohmcl, ne ouk nrretc tc meoic Khobrcseonacrekno qc tc aernth`c kctc trnktnt igc ky e duoiet prcdcrho tc khoderah`ctrnietco `heotcrvcofehoestc tc VGMN-vc.

Ky vezeho khoseicrhgct seeicnlest obn ntn qc e tnkh`oc rryacs rcnlestc tcanrigcoecvc oicrkhamctnrc (Ahrbcotnu, Fnrr, knotz, ct`. Ac vhoc ih tcicmnthgct pcr kctc vezeho se vezeho qc amrho eostetufehoct oicrkhamctnrcpcrkuoicr ntyrc qc amrh`oc o`c vezeho tc anrigcoecvc oicrkhamctnrc tcmnzunr ame Vgtcteo.

O ie k e e` >9 ek g Rel e


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Oc ieskurseo c te` >9 pekcsg, Relshoe phtcofho >) kcameaeo c lerc tc anrigcrnvc igc knpetnlcvc, ( gcq`co c tc irc`tnvc tc

ihbnocs, gnp`n c trcb`cvc tc knpetnlet igc tc anigcrnvc,) =) qns`c c lerc oc ictc, 6) nmhlefehoe e ieplhanfesc sckrctc, 9) nranteaeo, 3) rcstetueaeo c shvrnoetctcvc oc tcrethrc tc hkupunrn, pns dethrcvc usgtnrnkc, se

nth tc Nlznset, Lhrcocs oc Drnofc hsc 3) c irc`tn c vctcictcraeoeaettc phpullet. (vctcictcraeoeae e phpullet 0 k`h eic c sc irc`tcs sc phpullet qc tc vcoihsc pcr

vctcvcgtco rr`cllc irc`tc obn delhzhden c @.@. ]husscnu-sc. Ky khofcpt kn o`hgurdhrauleaeo c pnr phletek obn Rhhirhw Relshoe. Cigc psc k`h ouk deburho se ctellc oc ieskurs, iesn pekn phtcofhòc qnrtc preofepeo c tc irc`tcs ocnuthictcraeoea.

Acbètgntc, nplekeae e kcsn` tc irc`tc tc phpu`vc qc tc uigcgcqeo vcgtco u csgtcrcduzunr pcr o`c khgc tc b`ntc phpu`vc qc knoc guamur ludtcrnt (B`cranocvc tcnustresc, Guobnrnczcvc ct`. Hsc ntyrc qc ouk kno qcoc tc pcrdnqcsunr oceostnofnt oicrkhamctnrc (Skrneonset, Erlnoiczct igc ns phpu`t c khlhoezunr oukih tc pcrdethòc obn k`h dhraulc).

Z L d Z M i k e Rel e i e e g


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Zns Ludtcs sc Znrc Mhtcrhrc, ihktreon Relshoenoc ih tc eosperhgctbètgnsgtu obn preofepe e onfehletctcvc.

Ac khodcrcofco c Tcrsnellc-et ouk deburho n`h eic`n c o`c oevcletcacoiunr obn Aczzeoe hsc Vtunrt Aell igc e fele kesgtc pcr qcllea te `npc

tc irc`tco c vctcvcoihs`csvctca sgtctcvc ckhohaekesgt igckulturnlesgt tc duqesgac, ac Tcrsneo, phletekn c rchrbnoezeaet tcKhoteocotet cvrhpeon mcgct sepns preofepet tc pcrputg`cs oicro`ctkude`cvc tc sgtctcv igc onfehonletctcvc hsc tc bùgcvc. Ky trnktnt coino tcrethreo cvrhpeno oc =4 sgtctc.

Znrn vetet >5>9, lcvez`ct onfehonlc tc felnt kuoicrsgthòc pcrnoihretc senustrhguobnren hsc pcrnoihren hsanoc knoc qcoc uoedekucsc kursc pnsvetet >5>5, knoc qcoc krycsesgt tc ierebùnrn kuoicr sgtctet kham igcknoc anrrc pcransn scpnrntestc.

Oc tc vcrtct, tc bètgn sgtctct c rc`n tc kreùnrn ame tcrethreo c esg-

pcrnoihrevc se Fckhslhvnken, Zhlhoen, ]uanoen igc @ubhsllnvenih tc amctco phnq aulteonfehonlc sn murb`ct c phpu`vc obn tc felntkesgeo inlc.

C vcta`n iedcrcofc ih tc `ctc gnpsern c obusgtunr igc ahspcracoi`nc phpu`vc tc hpreaunr phr ac sguac pcrihrct aeohretct e

hpreaunr hsc cigc pcrihrct d`nlnmnllknoezea

oc acoyrcpczghrntevc.

Oi ` K e e C e g e e l


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Oina`n c Khotecotet Cvrhpeno oc sgtctc tcrethrenlc,ctoekesgt igc bgugcsesgt ghahb`coc ih tc sgknkth`c icactc rcoicsegac pcr phpu` tc tcrc. Kcamea e phpullsesc,

sgprcobul`n hsc ckstcraeoeae ansev e aeohretctcvc. >) Kcsgtu, b`ntc igc pns Ludtcs sc Znrc Mhtcrhrc, Yurqet

ckstcraeoeòc >,3 aeleho Nraco (>5>3) igc icmhòc >.3aeleho brck obn Nzen c vhbcl pns Ludtcs brckh-turkc oc

veteo >5==. =) Amnsnoic` , ac qcllea qc ]cefg-e tc hdrhòc o`c kula

pcr tc bètg`c b`cranoct, Onfestnt hrbnoezhòc rnpntreaeo cB`cranocvc se tc ntyrc tc Yerhlet tc @ubut oc Etnle. Ecktcraeohòc 4 aeleho Gcmrco`, b`c qc c sgtyo C.Ghmsmnwo-eo tn kunledekh`c Getlcreo se Relshoeno lhbèkigc tc pcrduoih`c sc prhbrnae e khamet tcrethrenlghahb`co auoi tc rcnlezhgct vctca obn mnrmnrct.


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6) K`h tcoicofc dnotnzantekcc kcrkeaet tcghahb`cocetctet ctoek vnzgiho pns Ludtcs c IytcMhtcrhrc ku hrbnoezhgco trnosdcrc ansevc tc iesn

aelehon B`cranocvc obn Fckhsllhvnken hsc Zhlhoen. 9) Ickhlhoezeaecsgtc dnzn t`ctcr ku ghahb`cocezeae

ctoek acrr pcransn blhmnlc pcr sgknk tc ickhlhoezeaet

tc o`c ouare tc anigc sgtctcsg on Ndrekc hsc oc Nze. Aercph, sgtctct ndreknoc c knoc rcduzunr fih llh`

rcahicleaet tcrethrenl igc knoc amrh`tur stntus quh-o

ob drekn sc ocsc dellhgct tc dekshgct sgtcte sepnsonfehonletctcvc, ntcgcrc ouk ih tc pcrduoihotc kurrc.

3) Dnzn t`ctcr csgtc phst-khauoezae (@ubhsllnven,

Knvlnze, ]wnoin ct`).


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Khofcpfehoe ctoh-kulturhr e khamet

Kcrkeae aetek e kreèaet tc o`c khame tcrethrenl, ctoekesgtghahb`co, csgtc vctca zmnteae e ihktreocs tc nsgtuqun`turhm`cktevctc khamet.

Oc duoi tc sgckullet >5, ùreste B`crano Gceorefg vhoYrcetsfgkc, rckhanoihotc qc tc acrrco pnrn sysg vctca

clcactct hm`cktev se bùgn, rclebèhoe, b`chbrnden hscctoen pcr tc pcrfnktunr pcrkntcseoc onfehonlc.

Ne tchrezho trnietco khauohtnrestc B`cranoc tc eoefunr

obn @hgnoo Gcricr (>299->7:6) igc n`h qc qugct Vturauoi Irnob, qc c icdeoho khameo se brup ontyrhr tc feletgesthren e kn igcoc knrnktcrestekn hm`cktevesgt spcfedekc.

Vepns kcsn` qns`c onturnlestc, rczulthotc sc ouk auoicae

tc mcgcae B`crano 0 `cae b`crano ac leoi`c hsc ouk `cae.

Khofcpte Khotrnktunlest e sgctctet


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Khofcpte Khotrnktunlest e sgctctet

Crocst ]cono c khotcstho kctc tczc tc khamet hrbnoefestc pekc pcrpekc oc khodcrcofco c te` tc o`hgur Fkn csgt khame8 tc amn`tur ac

>> anrs >77=. Ne vco pcrmnllc tchresc b`cranoc, o`c khofcpfeho sum`cktev, ntc tc

o`c shleinretcte tc anig, tc o`c khauoetcte tc mnsgkunr ame o`ctcrethr tc o`c`tc igc c feln oino icsgerco pcr tc `ctunr mnsgkc.

Ne c pcrsgkruno khameo se o`c tcrcse qytctnrcsg tc mnsgkunr pcrrctg

o`c anrrcvcsg`c tc o`c`tc igc tc felct icsgerhòc tc oicrthòc o`c tcnrigac tc pcrmnsgkct igc tc oinòc vun`t`c igc kconqcse sc mnsgku. Khame sepns kcsn` csgc plcmesget e pcriestsgca Vepns kcte` rcprczcoteae khotrnktunlest, khame csgtc seohoea ac

qytctnreo igc `h ctoeoc. Ouk pcrmco o`c tc igcoc ontyrhrc igcicdeohgct pnrn sc bètgnsg ac o`cprh`ckt khlcktev tc pcrmnsgkct.

Khostrukfeho qc iugct tc ve`c, khame sepns ]conoet c kn khgczehoeo cte` tck ghahb`cocetctet qytctnr igc `h tck o`c hrebèoc c prctcoiunrctoekc.


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A ie t t` E k l t ` k t t e B llo r


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Ac vhoc, iesn nuthr t`crc E khaplcthòc kcth tchre, Bcllocrprhphzho o`c qns`c cpestcahlhbèkc t`ctcr iukc tgcoc sc csgtc ckuoicrtn c scoset khauo igc sc onfehonlezae leoi pnrn khamcvc.

Ac d`nlc t`crn, ouk `noc khamct qc e kre`hòc sgtctct igconfehonlezaeo phr c kuoicrtn.

khamct tc khoseicrunrn se ontyrhrc, tc kreùnrn obn zhte, pcr tcklnsunr o`crzet.`noc aet , onfehonlezae e fele obno`cgcrc e acrrkulturnt pnrncbzestucsc igc e trnosdhraho nth oc khamc,obno`cgcrc e eanbèoho, k`h csgtc c vcrtctc.

Vepns kcsn` pcrspcktevc, khamct `noc vctca nrtcdnktc tcprhigunrn obn meoi`n, shleinretcte igc lhynletcte e o`crczvc. k`houk ih tc tghtc sc ouk knoc kurrdnr cdckte prnktek, pcrkuoirnze.

Zhr `noc khauoetctc tc eanbèounrn sepns dhraulcs scNoicrsho-et, sumstetutc seamhlekc qc u auoicshòc o`crczvc qctc lcgtcsh`c iczeotcbreaeo , zgiuk`co c sghqcrevc trniefehonlc actc felnt e kn leigc icre ntcgcrc o`c oieco`c c duqesgac c

pcrkntcsesc khlcktevc.

Z B ll e k k i ge e le e g e


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Zcr Bcllocreo, ouk kn isgea sc onfehonlezae csgtc eleigur obusgt ac sgtcteo tcrethrenl ahicro obn e feleleoi sghqcren eoiustrenlc.

Bcllocre inllho tre dnzn krycshrc tc gesthresc sco`crzeaet0

>) sghqcren pnrnnbrnrc igc pn sgtctc ku o`crzet e

pcrkusgthgco b`yctesc igc (fcuellcttc) =) sghqcren nbrnrc c feln knrnktcrezhgct ac scbacoteac

shfenlc tc duqesgcac phr oc tc felco sguaefn nmshlutc co`crczvc csgc nonldnmctc.

6) Dnzn c sghqcresc eoiustrenlc ku sguaefn c phpullsescmcocdefho obn o`c sestca ciukntev ghahb`co, qcdnvhrezho cacrb`cofco c o`c kulturc tc lnrtc c

sgprcoinrc oco pntrhonzgeo c sgtctet.

O ` k de e ell g elle e e lle e ig e


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Oc o`c khodeburea tc tellc, zgvelleae e prhlleaet igc ekcameaet se igcprhfcse e eoiustrenlezeaet c rciukthòcezhleaeo b`chbrndek tc mrcoisgca se igc ahiedekhòc

oina`co trniefehonlc tc puocs igc khotremuhòc oczgiuk`co c vcfhrevc shfeh-kulturhrc.

Ve pnsh`c c kcsn` aerco`hgct, o`c ahmeletct shfenl, sghqcren

mcgct ac ghahb`coc igc kcrkho tc mcgct o`c cotetctphletek shvrno.

Zcr Bcllocreo se igc pcr Gnmsmnwoe-eo, onfehonlezaecsgtc preofep phletek qc knrnktcrezho ahicroetcteo e feleiukc ù dnlcoicrunr hsc ac aerc tc tgcae zgiukc vcfhretc(pnrtekulnrezant) c sguatc lhknl, E auoicsho o`c sghqcrectn eanbèoh`c vcgtco blhmnlesgt, iukc pns pcr qcllea qc

uoetcte phletek igc ne onfehonl tc ndrhgco.

Z t m ie k e e le t pcrvctcsho gesthreoc ig


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Zcr tu mcrc, ieskurse onfehonlestpcrvctcsho gesthreoc igcsepns ocvh`cs c ahiedekho ntc, E rcdcrhgct trnietcs, crceotcrprctho ntc igc reeovcotho pcr te igcoc kuptea tcnrigacs, kn auoicse sepns Bcllocret tc reob`nllc bùgct c

vickurn, dnmrekh`c trnietn, tc rcgnmeleth`c hm`cktc tc felntknoc o`c pnstcrte igc pcrdcksehoe cigc psc sguacsgpcsg csgtc nrmetrnr.

Trulle onfehonlest kn obn nspckte kulturhr o`c knrnktcr

krcntev , eanbèonr igc sguac eovcotev. Oc kctc nspckt, sgcamulle e onfehonlezaet gcmrco` qc kn

kreùnr sgtcteo c Ezrnclet-csgtc namlcantek. Acbètgntc, csgtc c qnrtc sc `h fih prh`ckt onfehonlest,

fdnrcih qhdtc, csgtc prnounr oc acoyrc uoedhrac igcseaultnoc obn tc bètgc nkthrct sghqcrhr. Zcrkuoirnze, kcth prh`kct sguac sgpcsg eotcrehrezhgco

oirysgc obn o`c brupc shfeh-kulturhr oc t`ctreo igc obn

ievcrsetcte rcbèhonl e sgtcttet.

K g k e i e e ` ie k e


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Kcsgtu pcr tc kuptunr ac aerc icpcrteaeo c o`c ieskurseonfehonlest, e fele csgtc vcoihsur aerc oc nspckt shfenl,gesthrek igc lhknl, C. Gnmsmnwo reob`nigc shfehlhbèoc c

shfehlhbut G]HFG, c feln trcbho ame tre dnznt gesthrekcqc o`cg fih lcvez`c onfehonlestc.

>) C pnrn csgtc kulturhrc igc lctrnrc ( pn pnsur pnsh`n oc

nspckt phletek, k`h dnzc auoicsho sgprcoinr`co c eicvconfehonlc, sc pnku tck o`c cletc c vhbcl.

=) C iytn knrnktcrezhgct obn o`c ahmelezea tc brupcvc igcaeletnotcvc qc nderahòc igc amrhòc eicoc onfehonlc,znkhoesgt csgtc o`c aeohretct qc vcprho oco khotrhlleo co`c brupe leicrcsg.

6) Eictc sgprcoingco tck c bètgc phpullsen, c feln mco nth

tc pcrmnsgkctn pcr ouareo ac tc anig.


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Leb`crntn ET

Ycrethre igc Zhletekn

Ycrethre igc Zhletekn


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Ycrethre igc Zhletekn Obn lnteoesgt`n tcrrethreua , c dhraunr obn d`nln tcrrn

(thkn).

Feleih icdeoea tc pcrihrct, tcrethre eaplekho cbzestcofco co`c kuderethsc tc o`c leaetet. Kcth iy tcrac pcrihrco ocduokseho tc tepet tc tcrethret qc dhrahòc pcreactreo. Zcrsgcamull, o`c tcrethr phletekhsc o`c ocoievezehoniaeoestrntev`noc tc pcrkudezunr ac o`c kude kursc o`ctcrethr ontyrhrcsgtc e pcrfnktunr ac o`c leaet, tcra acpnk ùreiek.

Zcrsn e pcrkct tcrethret, iugct tc tgcae sc @cno Bhttano oco`c stuiea ame cvhlufehoeo c khofcptet tc tcrethret tghtc sc

ky ohfeho csgtc oc vcgtc ocutrnl aercph mcgct ercoicsesgca phletekesgt obn dnkte e eotcrprcteaetigcvlcrnvctc felnt `n `cp o`c phpullntc (pcr nrsyc ctoekc,gesthrekc, bùgcshrc, ct`.

A e e et t t et et ` g le è e


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Acoyrn c hrbnoezeaet tc tcrethret, bùgn, rclebèhoe,s`cll`ct ct`. c icdeohòcphzetevesgt hsc ocbntevesgt(ocrnphrt ac phpullntnt dqeo`c), eicotetcte.

Zcr kctc nrsyc, tcrethre csgtc seamhl igc sgprcg`c ckcte` eicotetcte tc pcrdhrfunr obn acknoezant crcprczcoteaet (aconxgeae e tcrethret).

Aconxgeae e tcrethret csgtc cacr qc u `cpct o`couare vcpreacsg tc mcrn obn nkthrct pumlek (hsc prevntoc kunicr tc aesehocvc tc sgcrmeaet pumlek tc felnt e

`noc igcoc) qc eotcrvcohòc ame o`c tcrethr tc fnktunrigc dhrahòc pn`snzgeo c te`.

]hle phletek e tcrethret


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]hle phletek e tcrethret Oc lemreo c te Ygc seboedefnofc hd tgc tcrrethry, Bhtanoe eotcrcshgct

delleaesgt oc gesthreoc c eicvc pcrsn e pcrkct tcrethret. Oc ahicleo c Zlnthoet, c b`co eicoc c o`c oina`c tc tcrethret obn

p`csn t`ctcr c mhtcs ac qcllea qc tc seburhgct stnmeletcte esghqcresc. Ycrethre oc kctc rnst duoksehoho se o`c gnpserc cezhleaet. Oc eictc c Nresthtclet, tcrethre sgcrmco se plntdhrac pcrckspnoseho phletek igc ckhohaekc. Amnsnoic` trcbho ametcrethreo igc shvrnoetcteo tc @cno Mhieo, Ahtcsquecu, Ohvnles,Yhqucvellc ct`. Zcrshon tc felct knoc khotremunr tc bètgc ac eictcc tyrc ame rrubco irc`t khofcptet tcrethrenl tc hrbnoezeaet phletekahicro.

Bhtano-e inllho tre ctnpn krycshrc oc cvhlufehoeo c khofcptete tc

tcrethret , ctnpn qc pcrputgco ac tre ktgcsn tc acign oc gesthreocc o`crzeaet. >) Dhraeae e icosetctetqc kn funr kng kreèae e Zhles-et brck igc

tc sgtctcvc ac tc acign`n tc hrbnoezunrn pcrrctg mnzcoet dluvenl(bèpte, Acshphtnaen ct`.

=) cphkn c Eapcreua Soevcrsnl qc dellho ac


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=) cphkn c Eapcreua Soevcrsnl qc dellho acpcrnoihreoc c Nlcksnoiret tc Anig igc vnzgiho icre ockhgco c pcrnoihresc rhankc igc trnsgebeatnrcvc tc sn`.

6) Ctnpn c ahicroetctet pcrcoieahr, qc ih tc tghtc Vgtctetcrethrenl (rrctg >3::). K`h pcruigc sepns te` csgtc iukcpcrduoiunr igc iukc u znvcoicsunr ac o`c cphkc tc rc.

K`h seotczc csgtc c rcoicsegac scpsc e auoicsho nte` tcrclntevezh`c ohfehoeo c tcrethret scpsc oc cphkn t`crn igc ocfevelezeac t`crn tcrethre kn pns o`c kuptea igc rcoicsekrc`tc t`ctcr oc rnphrt ac ntc tc sghqcrevc tc sgckullet >5igc =:. Yrnktnte e Rcstdnlesc (>497) kn lun`tur rhl tcrcoicsesgca pcr tc kre`unr o`c leig`c stnmelc oicra`ct fihtcrethre igc phpullet tc te` ocpcro`ct o`c ekhohbrndec dctnrc.


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O`c ktgcsc pcr Bhtanoeo `noc vetct >52: ku shvrnoetcte


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O`c ktgcsc pcr Bhtanoeo `noc vetct >52: ku shvrnoetctetc`knlhgct oc o`c dlueietct tc re igc se nrsyc ne tghtc csgtczgiuk`n c duoksehoet tc tcrethret se ezhlea (rcdubc).

Yckohlhbèn ouklcnrc, auoicsen c hmscrveaet tc o`c tcrethretc gun` obn nvehoct igc sntcletct c mcòc kudereo ac pnkcdekns. Pgvelleae e ckhohaesc e kn eotcosedekunr kcameactigc oicrvnrsgacreoc. Zcr kctc nrsyc, csgtc bètgo`c c ac

vcsgterc tc tc kcae o`c qns`c plnthoefenon ezhlucsc scpscezhleae fho kng rctnrieae tckohlhbèk igc ckhohaekihmcseae igc icstnmelezeae.

Zcrvcf kcsn` urmnoezeae igc actrhphlezeae fhòc kngtc`knleae e kude`cvc. ]r`ctnt c sghqcrevc aulteonfehonlckre`hgco tc felnt tcrethre hsc shvrnoetcte onfehonl e leaethosguac pnk. ^nrkulleae e khotcstho pcrscre amyll`co cmhtcs.

Ycrethre igc Vgtcte Kham


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Ycrethre igc Vgtcte Kham

Duoksehoe phleteke tcrethret kn qcoc bètgahoccscofenl scpsc, hrbnoezeae e tcrethret csgtc hrbnoezeae e

pusgtctet, e antcrenlezunr obn strukturnt, pnes`ct, kude`tcct`. Ycrethre csgtc gnpserc c trnosdhraunr obn puon

o`crzhrc igc auoi tc icdeohgct se gnpsercb`chbrndekc c kunledekunr obn o`cpcrkntcse ùreiekc(tcrethr onfehonl). O`c spcfedefetct ontyrhr (tcrethranlhr) hsc kulturhr (tcrethr leobuestek).

Aete e ocw drhotecr oc VGMN igc khodlektct csguatn tc khoteocotet cvrhpeno trcbhòc ame dhrfco cclcacotet tcrethr.Kctu auoi tc pcracoiea cigcreob`nig`c c onfehonlezaetoc rnphrt ac tcrethreo.

Cacrb`cofn c sgtctet kham oc Cvrhpc trcbho ame o`c ievcrsetct


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Cacrb`cofn c sgtctet kham oc Cvrhpc trcbho ame o`c ievcrsetctpcrsn e pcrkct rnphrtet sgtcte kham igc tcrethret.

Oc Curhpc, sgtcte-kham csgtc kreùnr obn khoblhacrntc sgtctcsggctcrhb`coc, se oc nspckt rrnfenl, bùgcshr hsc dctnr.

Vgtcte kham drnofcz csgtc kcsgtu o`c ahicl Zcrnoihrec tcsukscsgac c feln e kn sgoicrrunr kntuonrctoc drnofcz.

Mretnoen c Anigckn pcr`ctunr ireig`c tc felnt knoc rczultunr ac

pnvnrcseaeo c Erlnoicspcr sgcamull.

B`cranoen igc Etnlen `noc kreùnr oc sgckulleo >5 ac uoedekeaeo co`c ouare tc anigc sgtctcsg (amrctcresgc hsc preofepntnsg) qccigc sht sgegco clcacotc tc ame`ctunrn tc tyrc oc `ctco phletekctc kctyrc sgtctcvc.

Fcsgt`n c tcrethret igc onfehonletctcvc kn o`c gesthre tc b`ntcigc tc igeamcsgac ac iy Ludtcrnt Mhtcrhrc.

Zreofepe e sgtctcvc khamc kn oc pcrmcr`co c vct cigc clcacotc


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Zreofepe e sgtctcvc khamc kn oc pcrmcr`co c vct cigc clcacotctc ocbnfehoet tc vctcvcgtcs.

Mrcoin o`c sgtcte, o`c aeohretct auoict bètgahoc tc kcrkh`cnuthohaehscpnvnrcseoc cacr tc spcfedeknvc tc te`.

=:: ::: Khrzekno, Mnsk, auoi tc prctcoihòc tc kcoc tc o`c`tnttc irc`tn se Inoczct hsc Drnofczct pcr sgcamull.

Zcreuign c pns Ludtcs sc Iytc Mhtcrhrc knrnktcrezhgct ac

rcvnoiekeac eicotetnrc tc felnt knoc funr icre tck kreèae e sgtctcvctc rc`n hsc cigc cotetctcvc dektevc se n`h c Zninoen, rcbèho eeanbèounr obn Lcbn Ohri pcr tc kcrkunr stntuseo c rcbèhoet tcpnsur tc etnlesc qc ahs tc deonosh`c rcbèhoct c vnrdcrn tc ùbuttc Etnlesc.

Zcrihreae e kcte` khofcpte b`chbrndek csgtc zgvellunr oc vetct>55:, kur lcvez`n phletekc delleaesgt scpnrntestc igc amnsnoic`dcicrnlestc Lcbn Ohri kn insgur tn icdeoh`c o`c cotetct phletekh-niaeoestrtev tc vcreut tc etnlesc. Ycrae Zninoen kn khohtnfehophletek.

Ycrethre igc aeohretctct (aeohretctct tcrethrenlc)


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Ycrethre igc aeohretctct (aeohretctct tcrethrenlc)

Kur o`c aeohretct e hrbnoezunr tcrethrenlesgt kcrkho qctc deth`c tc irc`tnt c vctn hsc tc vnlhrezh`c spcfedefetcteoc sn`, n`h kn iesn auoicse (strntcbè) 0

>) Zhpullntn c o`c rcbèhoe tc fnktunr kn auoicse tchrbnoezhe`c vctc pcrdnqcseaeo c sn` mrcoin o`c pnrtec

nuthohac =) Yc kcrkh`c qc pnrten onfehonlc tc hrbnoezhgct oc

mnzn rcb`honlc

6) Yc anoedcsth`c hrebèonletcteo c sn` ac o`c s`cll`cphletekc ievcrb`cotc, obn onfehnonl`n qc auoi tnqunàc sckftehonlezca

Znrtetc c aeohretctcvc


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Hrbnoezeae e o`c pcrdnqcsae igc rcduzeae e o`c eotcbreae oc setca tc

pnrtevc onfehonlc csgtc dhran ac rnieknlc c sgprcg`cs pnqcshrc tceicotettcet phletek tc vct (oc pcr`sgtea tc setcaet cxet sepns dhraulcssc Nlmcrt Gersfganoo ocpcro`ct iguocs, ntcotncvc ct`.

Oc veteo >52: N. Gersfganoo pumlekho 0Cxet, Thefc, noi Lhynlty 0]csphoscs th Icfleoc eo Deras, Hrbnoezntehos, noi Vtntcs.

Oc kctc lemcr ne tghtc sc eoieveict knoc oc iesphzefeho tc tyrc tre

auoicse kur `noc tc pnkconqur0 >) ]cnbeaeo pnqcshr (cxet) 0 o`c khoshanthr e pnkonqur kn auoicse

tn oicrrh`c anrkco c prhigeaet ; =) Ahsvcpreaeo (ahsrcnbea) 0 khosuanthre amctct mcsoek oin`

anrkcs (lhynlty); 6) Zrhtcstea igc anrr`c tc d`nlcs (vhefc) 0 anoedcstea kuoicr

pcrdhranofnvc tc ihmctn tc deracs. Kcth iedcrcofeac tc Gersfganoo-et on auoicshòc te acoihàc

kusgtct c cacrb`cofcs hsc tc ahscacrb`cofcs sc vcpreaet khlcktev.

Ky eicotetct e anoedcstunr ocpcra`ct o`c bùgc o`c


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Ky eicotetct e anoedcstunr ocpcra`ct o`c b`ugc, o`ckulturc hsc o`c trnietc tc vcfnotc (hsc sc pnkuocpcra`ct oieco`cs sc iugct tc amrh`c o`c spcfedekc oc

rnphrt ac phletekco ihaeoucsc), auoi tc sgprcgctphletekesgtobn o`c pnrte c feln e kn nspereactc vctnigc namefehocttc oicrtunrn oc mnzn tc o`c tcrethre

eodrn-onfehonl;

Cacrb`cofn igc ame`ctcsn c pnrtevc tc telln csgtc c

leigur ac cbzestcofco c brupcvc ghahb`coc,tcrethrelesgt tc khofcotrunrn igc auoicsevc tc qns`csqc hdrho sesctae eostetufehonl.

Kcsgtu pcr sgcamull oc B`cranoe pns Ludtcs sc Iytc Mhtcrhrc pcr


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Kcsgtu pcr sgcamull oc B`cranoe pns Ludtcs sc Iytc Mhtcrhrc pcrsgknk tc sgkntcrreae tc shleinretctvc lhknlc obn onfestnt igc pcrzecr`cssc phpullsesc qc c knoc mcrc, ouk kcae aeohretctc `h-b`cranohpghocigc pcr kctc nrsyc oc B`cranoen ouk kn pns pnrte cxtrcac onfehonlestctc duqesgac.

Cbzestho vctca o`c aeohretct inocz oc kude ac Inoeanrkco, aercph,setuntn c tyrc csgtc c rrcbullunr ac o`c Yrnktnt oicra`ct iy sgtctvc.

Vgtctc ku kcae pnrte rcbèhonlc tc duqesgac `noc Etnlen igc

Mretnoen tc felnt knoc qcoc tchrbnoezunrn trniefehonlesgt pcrrctgpnrtevc rcbèhonlc. O`c oicr nth csgtc Vfhttesg Ontehonl Znrty c felnac >.24% c vhtnvc e kn anrrc 4 vcoic oc pnrlnacot.

K`h iukc ù dnlcoicrunr vhtcs prcdcrcofenl scpsc cigc psc k`h pnrte knanrrc vhtn a`ndt oc oevcl lhknl, oc oevcl onfehonl kn pns sguac pnk.

N`h qc u `cp pusgtct pnrtevc tc vhbln csgtc znkhoesgt gyr`n ockhnlefehoc tc vhbln. Znrtetc onfehonlestc bèoico znkhoesgt oc noc tc i`ntgtc tc spcktret

phletek scpsc `noc khoscrvnthrc, cigc psc kcae pns cigc pnrteonfehonlestc tc an`tn qc knoc ninptunr rcthrekc onfehonlestc pcr tc

anrrc vhtnt c clckthrntet tc an`tc.

Gesthrekesgt kulaeonfehoe e eicotedekeaet ac tc i`ntgtco


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Gesthrekesgt, kulaeonfehoe e eicotedekeaet ac tc i`ntgtcockstrcac amctct khgn c Ludtcs sc Iytc Mhtcrhrc kur o`couacr e anig e pnrtevc onfehonlestc oc tc bètgn sgtctct cCvrhpcs knoc mnsgkcpuounr ac Getlcreo.

Zns vetcvc >52:, vnbn kn sgkunr kng can`tn igconfehonlezae kn b`ctur shfenlezaeo uthpek igc kn sgkunrkng rcvnoiekeact ckhlhbèkc hsc vctcqcvcrescs (pns >547).

Pnkhoesgt, pnrtetc onfehonlestc knoc tcoicofc tc vcprhòc

se pnrte gcb`cahoekc qc iuno tc anrreo ouareo ac tcanig tc vhtnvc tc auoisgea. K`h csgtc rnste e pnrtesc Vuiterhlcr Thlkspnrtce, pnrte

b`cranohdhoc c rcbèhoet Nlth-Niebc oc Etnle c feln iesn

gcrcsg kn anrrc ac sguac sc 4:% tc vhtnvc oc kctcrcbèho. C o`c`tn b`c kn qcoc ac rcbèhoct t`crn cvrhpenoc

scfcsehoestc.


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Leb`crntn T

Vestcae Zhletek e Vgtctcvc tc Mnllknoet

Znrn sc tc trn`th`ac sestcact phletekc tc sgtctcvc tc Mnllknoet, iugct


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` ` p ,sgkurteaesgt tc oinlcae tck dhrant c oirysgac tc ckzckutevet ocnspckt krngnsucs. K`h on auoicsho amnsnoic` qc te trn`thàcsestcact phletekc tc sgtctcvc tc Mnllknoet oc krngnsea ac ahiclct cpcracoiurn

Ckzckuteve Iunlest Ckzckutevct iunlestc oc rcbèac pnrlnacotnrc `noc rczultnt e

cvhlufehoet tc b`ntc e fele kn auoicsunr trnosdcreaeo tck ^cvcren igcKrycaeoestre tc pusgtctcvc tc felnt e kn pns Ahonrku.

Yrnosdhraeae e rhlet tc Ahonrkesc, bètgo`c c ac sguac seamhlekcigc fcrahoenlc, kn auoicsunr trnozefehoeo kng o`c sestca kukryctnre e sgtctet eoknroho vnzgieacseoc c sgtctet igc tc eostetufehocvc,pn pnsur oc iesphzefeho a`ctc pcr tc plnoedekunr igc zmntunr o`cphletekc tc te`.

Zcr kctc nrsyc, iukc cvetunr qc tc amn`c oc iunrt c vctn- sc pnktudhranlesgt- tc bètgn pusgtctct oc o`c sestca ahohfcdnl, shlufehoeiunlest pnrnqct pcrpnrcse phletekh-niaeoestrntevc qc sp`cbhòc sukscseoc te`, cigc psc, vcoie e Kryctnret tc sgtctet oirysgho obn o`c sgtct oct`ctreo, seihahs nty ku vhthgct oc acoyrc iercktc, oc rnphrt ac ntceoierckt (pnrlnacot).

Kryctnre e Vgtctet


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y Kryctnrct c sgtctet oc rcbèac pnrlnacotnrc carhgco oc

acoyrn tc oirysgac0 obnpreofepe e trnsgebeaesc ocAhonrke icre tck zb`cig`n iercktc ac vhtn tcirc`tpcrirc`tn.

]nste ac e sgpcsgtc amctct zb`cig`n obn Znrlnacote. Cigc oc rnstc ku kcae Ahonrke, trnsgebeaen oirysgho

scpsc oc iesn sgtctc ouk kn auoicse qc dcarnt tc mcgcoAmrctcrcsgn.

Oc B`cranoe igc oc Etnle, Kryctnrct c sgtctet zb`cigcosepns o`c prhfciurc c feln nderaho knrnktcreo onfehonligc dcicrnl/rcbèhonl tc rcbèacvc.

Oc B`cranoe, khlcbè e vhtucsvc pnrlnacontnr pcrmcgctobn icputct tc Muoicstnb-ut igc obn o`c ouacr emnrnmnrtc e icputctcvc tc zb`cigur sepns prhfciurcsprhphrfehonlc obn Lnoitnbc (Znrlnacotct c Lnoicr-nvc).

Vcfele Lnoi kn o`c ouacr icputctcsg prhphrfehonl ac


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Vcfele Lnoi kn o`c ouacr icputctcsg prhphrfehonl acphpullntco, aercph, pcrkuoicr nsn` qc oihll oc Muoicsrnt(Ighan c Lnrtc c Znrlnacotet) ku icputctct c lnoicrnvc `nocpcrdnqcsucset c ^cvcrevc tc lnoicrnvc, iclcbntct qc zb`cigeo

prcseicoteo `noc pcrdnqcsucs tc dhrfnvc phletekc (FIS, VZI ct`.) Zcsgn c pnrtevc csgtc kcsgtu ictraeoucsc cigc psc vhtn sckrctc czvhbclho pcsgco c tyrc.

Ns oc B`cranoe c ns oc Etnle, ieseicofnt ouk knoc nrretur kurrc qctc oirysghòc rczultntct.

Ieseicofnt knoc nrretur vctca tc sguaczhòc ouareo c rhuoinvctc vhteaet.

Oc Etnle, Zrcseicote zb`cigct obn icputctct c tc iy ighanvc tc

pnrlnacotet tc mnsgkunrn ococ Zrczeicofco c kryctnret tcIghacs sc icputctcvc. Kctyrc icputctcvc u sgthgco obn 6 icputctc tc =: rcbèhocvc tc

etnlesc ( cigc psc `h tc bètgn rcbèhoct knoc 6 icputct se pcrsgcamull rcbèhoe e Tnl iNhstcse fele kn vctc o`c) ku sc pnku o`cobn ntn ouk csgtc obn anzghrnofn rcbèhonlc.

Oc kcth iy sgtctc, prcseicote kn o`c


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O iy s , p s i ` >) Duokseho seamhlek, =) O`c duokseho tc bnrnotet kusgtctucs, 6) O`c duokseho tc ckuelemret.

>) Duoksehoe seamhlek Cigc psc sgtc oc npnrcofc ac sc pnkte e rcoicsegca, ky

duokseho pcrmco clcacoteo ac tc rcoicsesgca tc prcrhbntevnvc

tc kryctnret tc sgtctet scpsc csgtc pekcresgt k`h qc `n u auoicshotc phzefehohgco oc lcaetc oc tc felnt knoc vctca khapctcofnohaeonlc.

Kryctnrct c sgtctet tc felct knoc ac sc sguate gnpserc vcpreae

`noc ntn tc felct knoc nrretur tc pnrnqetco se sgprcg`c c eicotetctettc sgtctet, se eoknroea e vertytcvc pumlekc igc prevntc tc phpullet tctyrc.

Csgtc pekcresgt k`h qc `n auoicsho amrctcrcsgco Mretnoekc tcseamhlezh`c uoetcteo igc vnzgieacseoc c sgtctet, pcrtc`

ievezehocvc phletekc.

Ocutrnletcte e sn` thtnl qc c mco ntc tc dlnsc lnmhur hsc


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Ocutrnletcte e sn` thtnl qc c mco ntc tc dlnsc lnmhur hsckhoscrvnthr kur c mco ieskurseo c Yrhocs tc sgkrunr obnkrycaeoestre e ahacotet, phzetn c sn` caeocotc amenotnbhoezant pnrtezno igc pnrlnacotnr (Anigcren c sn` kn

o`c qcvcre phr n`h kn cigc hphzetco c sn`) prcsebè e snòicrkhamctnr e fele c mco ntc ac tc dhrtc igc phzetn ocrnphrt ac Fhaahowcnltg-eo, vcoie e sn` oc kryc tc kesgcs

Nobleknoc `noc clcacotc tc felnt c mcòc ahonrkuo

Mretnoek ahicl pcr tc bètgc ahonrkct igc kryctnrct csgtctcvc pnrlnacotnrc. Oc rcbèac rcpumleknoc se Etnlen hsc B`cranoen, aesehoe e

prcseicotet csgtc e ob`nsgca phr u ocosgtrhgct kcrkcsnvcac tc acign.

Iukc anrrc pnrn sysg rhleo qc c u `cpct pnrtevc phletekc oczb`cig`co c te`, phletezeae e knoieintet igc careae e te`khotremuhòc oc rciukteaeo c phzetcs seamhlekc tcuoetcte onfehonl.

Fih prcseicot e phsnzb`cigur iugct tc gnrrh`c tc


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Fih prcseicot e phsnzb`cigur iugct tc gnrrh`c tcknlunrco c te` pnrteznoc igc sguac sgpcsg k`h knprhvhkunr kretekn tc duqesgac (Lumkc oc >542->547 oc

B`cranoe hsc Lchoc >527 oc Etnle). Zcrshonletcte e Zrcseicotet, igc khapctcofnt c te`

pcrmc`oc clcacotc cscofenlc oc oicrteaeo c eanzget tcZrcseicotet0 Zrcseicote e pnrc e B`cranoesc Dcicrnlc,Ygchihr Gcuss hsc prcseicote etnleno, Vnoirh Zcrteoe`noc sgcamu` tc aerc tc knpnfetctet pcr tc eaphounreanzgeo prcseicofenl.

Zrcseicote nktunl etnleno Behrbeh Onphlctnoh hscZrcseicote qc e kn pnrnpre nte`, Fnrlh Nzcbleh Fenape,knoc qcoc tc iy deburn stnmeletcte igc acofurec oc o`csestca phletek oc krezc.

=) Duoksehoe e Bnrnotucset tc Eostetufehocvc


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) Kryctnrct c sgtctet oc rcbèac pnrlnacotnrc `noc bètgnsgtu

bnrnotucstc eostetufehocvc. Ky duokseho csgtc o`c llh` khapcozeae pcr guam`co c rhlet tc

qcoircs cdcktevc tc pusgtctet. Kctc duokseho, kryctnre e sgtctet c seburho antcrenlesgt ocpcra`ct

iesphzetnvc tc felnt e seburhòc nte` o`c pcranocofc supcrehrc ocrnphrt ac t`crnt eostetufehoc igc oc vcfnote, oc rnphrt acZnrlnacoteo0 Zrcseicote e Etnlesc zb`cigct pcr o`c anoint 2 v`cfnr(icputctct c pnrlnacote pcr o`c anoint 3 v`cfnr ), oc B`cranoe,prcseicote kn anoint 3 v`cfnr kursc Znrlnacote 9.

Cigc Ahonrken Mretnoekc csgtc sgcamulle e aerc e kuoteouetctet tcseamhlezunr ac dhraulco knvickc Amrcte, rrhdtc Amrcte.

Iukc pns pnrn sysg pusgtcteo c vhbcl qc kn prcseicote oc rcbèacpnrlnacontrc, sgtrhgct pyct`n sc n auoict prcseicote tc `ctcbnrnotucs cdekns e eostetufehocvc.

Ns Kryctnre e sgtctet tc Etnlesc igc ns ne e B`cranoesc ouk knocnrretur tn oninlhòc anrr`co c pusgtctet tc onfestnvc oicra`ct iyLudtcrnvc mhtcrhrc.

Duoksehoe e Nrmetret


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Oc Mretnoe tc Anigc, usgtrhgct rrnllc obn Amrctcrcsgn,cigc psc oc ahacotc kreznsg phletekc, Ahonrku auoi tc

kctc eodlucofc. Eodlucofn c Ahonrkut rretct cigc oc rnstckur ouk icl obn vhtnt o`c anzghrnofc c qnrtc.

Kcsgtu pcr sgcaull, oc veteo >593, pns khosullteaet ac

ahonrkuo igc sepns rckhanoieaet tc Amrctet BchrbcTE, Flcacot Ntlcc, Krycaeoestre mretnoek carho CrocstMcveo, Aeoestcr tc puocvc tc @nsgtac igc ouk c carho ntcqc ne ihotc tn carhotc (Gubg Inltho).

]hle e ckuelemret kn tc mc`c ac sguac ac pcrshoeo cprcseicotet scsn ac khapctcofnt qc `n `cp nte` kusgtctutn.


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Leb`crntn TE

Vgtctct c Mnllknoet

Znrlnacotnrezaet igc `ctn pnrtenkc


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Znrlnacote sgt phtgun`sc oc fih sgtct icahkrntek, eostetufeho ac

ieo`etct tc anig igc rcspckt. Csgtc vcfnonresgt e roisesgca pricahkrntezeaeo c sghqcrevc phst-khauoestc.Nsgtu sef tghtc BehvnooeVnrthre 0 "Tcoict q inleo obn iektnturn knoc pnk auoicse tc zb`cigeo`nsgtc sestcaet pnrlnacotnr .

Vgtctct c Mnllknoet knoc Znrlnacotc tc anrb`eonlezunrn. Ihaeoeae eCkzckutevet (^cvcres), trcbcten ac anointc, oirysgeae e sgpcsgtc eqcoireacvc pcrshonlc igc pnrtenkc pn zb`cig`c, zvnrret`n c b`ntc coirysgeacvc leb`hrc, mco qc Znrlnacote se "eokumnthr e icahkrnfes"csgtc sgoicrrunr oc o`c eostetufeho tc ihmct.

Oc Znrlnacot, icputctct `npeo pcrsgtyp`co c blnienthrcvc, kursc ocrcnletct vctca uleo sustnt pcr tc nihptunr vcoieac tc felnt `noc anrrciekuo t`ctcr.

Kcsgtu, leb`ct vhthgco ocpcra`ctZnrlnacotet igc `hobnZnrlnacote. Znrlnacotezyrtnresgt khotrhllho ^cvcreoc, phr o dnkt khotrhllucset c

vcrtctc tc khnlefehoet qcvcress oc pusgtct `noc kryctnrct c klumcvcpnrlnacotnrc ocpcra`ct iesfepleocs pnrtenkc.

Anrrigoen oicra`ct Znrlnacotet igc Zrcseicote tc] mlek


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`]cpumleks

Y bètgn sgtctct kno o` Znrlnacot, phr nth ouk `no tcbètgn icahkrnfe pnrlnacotnrc.

Vcrmen igc Krhnfen knoc pns oc vetct >55: sestcab`yscaprcseicofenl qc oirysgc auoi tn qunàc cigcckzckutev mefcdnl (ac iy khkn).

Vestcac tc ob`nsgac kn Drnofn, Nustren, Deolnoin, Erlnoinigc Zhrtubnlen.

Ky sgt sestca ac o` nuthretct ckzckutev t iydesgt kuZrcseicote igc Krycaeoestre kno duqeo t anrreo

vcoieac (icfeseho-ankeob phwcr). Vpns N. Le`pgnrt, kth sestcac ouk `no seotcz c

pnrlnacotnrezaet igc prcseicofenlezaet, phr ac sguacnltcroea oicra`ct dnznvc qc auoi tc `coc ac sguacpnrlnacotnrc hsc ac sguac prcseicofenlc.

Vepns B. Vnrthre, o` systca b`ysca-prcseicofenl kn kthk k e ek


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p , ` y b`y pknrnktcrestekn0

>) V pnre, krcu e sgtctet (Zrcseicote) sgt zb`cigur ac vhtniercktc hsc eoiercktc - o zb`cig`c tc pcrfnktunrn pnrnprnkesgt;

=) Vc iyte, Zrcseicote c oino pusgtcteo ckzckutev acKrycaeoestreo. Ky sestca kre`ho o`c strukturs ac pusgtct tiydesgt t feleo c knrnktcrezh`oc trc kretcrc0

N) Zrcseicote sgt e pnvnrur obn Znrlnacote, phr nte` ouk elc`hgct t qcvcresc vct, prnoin` iercktevnt c te` iugct te prnoh`cigc te gnrahoezh`c qcvcren c te`;

M) Vc iyte, oc acoyrc Veactrekc, Krycaeoestre e sgtctet igcKnmeocte e te` `no t pnvnrur obn Kryctnre oc ntc ansc sn `noc tcavnrnur obn pnrlnacote. ^cvcren e ocsgtrhgct pcrb`cb`csesc pnrn

Znrlnacotet hsc rrczekut tc sgknrkeaet pcr ahsmcsea, cigc pcrdnkteo sc kn ocvh`c pcr sguaefc pnrlnacotnrc; F) Vc trcte, strukturn mefcdnlc (b`yscapnrlnaotnrc), auoicsho

ckuelemrn tc oirysgca se igc oirysgea tc qcoireacvc tcpusgtctet mrcoin ckzckutevet pcr tc pnsur b`etgahoc o`c llh`

nuthohaec phtcofenlc pcr scfelco khaphocotc tc ckzckutevet.


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Vgcamu` tc rnphrtet vhtucs-icputct0VGMN 963 >:: g 6:: ele m


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VGMN 963 + >::, pcr ac sguac sc 6:: aeleho mnohrc; Mretnoen c Anigc 435 + >=59 pcr 4:, = aeleho mnohrc B`cranoen 434 + 45, pcr rrctg 5: aeleho mnohrc

Drnofn 322 + 6=>, pcr rrctg 42 Aeleho; Etnlen 46: + 6=4 pcr rrctg 4: aeleho; Pvefcrrn =:: + 94, pcr 2 aeleho mnohrc; Oc Mnllkno0

Krhnfen (Vnmhr) kn an sc pnku >:: c ac sc sguate >4: icputct.Nktunlesgt kn>3=. (9.962.94: mnohrc, o`c icputct pcr =5.672 qytctnr) Vlhvcoe`n >6: icputct, 5: oc ighaco c Slct, 9: oc ighaco c lnrtc

(>.577.:::, o`c icputct pcr >3.=5= mnohrc) Mullbnren =9: icputct (7.>42.::: mnohrc, o`c oc 69.:=5 mnohrc) Nustren >76 icputct (7.:57.::: mnohrc, o`c pcr 99.=3>) Guobnren 674 (>:.:==.::: mnohrc, o`c pcr =3.546) Vcrmen 2,3 aeleho mnohrc, o`c icputct pcr 6: ::: mnohrc. Khshvn >.2 aeleho mnohrc, >=: icputct.

Oc Vcrme


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Zcreuign phstkhauoestc kn qcoc c knrnktcrezunr oc Vcrme ac

oirysgeac tc felnt rcbèaee Aellhsgcveqet E kn mcrc pcr tc `nseburunr vcgtcs pusgtcteo nmshlut. Obn vete >55>- =::4 kur kcae

oirysgea tc kusgtctutcs sc Vcrmesc, ky sestca csgtc knrnktcrezunrac tre dnzn tc oirysgac0

>) Dnzn Zrczeicofenlestc (Aellhsgcveqe >55:->552); =) Dnzn kunzepnrlnacotnrc (Aelno Aeluteohve >552-=::>); 6) Dnzn c mnsgk`ctcss(Mhres Ynie =::9 -=::4). Oc Vcrme, phzetn kusgtctucsc igc duqen c Zrcseicotet ouk prkho

bètgahoc ac pusgtcteo c te` rcnl.

Nsgtu sekur tghtc Vnrthre "pusgtcte ouk sgt fcsgt`c c nte` qc camno phr nte` qc c usgtrho. Aercph cigc oc sestcact qc ve`hòc, prcseicote ih tc vnzgih`c tc

kctc lcbèteaetct iesprhphrfehonl oc rnphrt ac ^cvcreo scpsc vtc

dnkte qc zb`cigct obn phpulle e `cp nte` lcbèteaetct.

Zcr kctc nrsyc, Zrcseicote igc Krycaeoestre kno pusgtct igcl e e e ie e l


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plcbeteaetct iesprhphrfehonl.

Vp`cbea e sgkurtcr ame sestcaeo b`yscaprcseicofenl0

Oc sestcac b`ysca-prcseicofenlc, se igc o prcseicofenlezca tcpnstr kcae o` lcbèteaetct t iydesgt0 Cigc Zrcseicote(Ckzckuteve) cigc Kuvcoie (Khobrcse, Znrlnacote) knolcbèteaetct icahkrntek q icl obn zb`cig`ct iercktc.

Vgtrhgct pyct`c sc osc t iy icbt c pusgtctet knoc lcbèteaetct tirc`tprirc`t icahkrntek - fele sgt oc mnzc t pnreacvcicahkrntekc ac lcbètea pr t dhlur "o car t phpullet",Zrcseicotenph Vguaefn pnrlnacotnrc8 Y iy `noc t

zb`cigur ac vhtn t lern tc qytctnrvc ac khokurrcofc aeiesnltcrontevnvc t oirysgac.

K`h prhigho sgpcsg tcosehoc oicra`ct tyrc igc kcae khodlektctc dsgcgurn bètgaho. Obno`gcr nth auoi t `co irnantekc

igc ouk kn nso` pnrea icahkrntek pcr tn zb`cigur kctc.

Oc Vcrme, prcseicote kn ac sguac "duqe" prhnktevc (tc


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, p q p (

irc`tco c eoefentevcs) pr t prhphzunr leb`c igcvcoihsur ickrctc igc kn vctca pusgtct rcnktevpcr tc

ktgycr lebèo oc revhtea. Ih tc tghtc kn tc irc`tco cvcths. Tcth`n sgt duqe lcbèslntevc rcnktevc. Kctc

khapctcofc c kn pcrihrc iesn gcrc igc n`h csgtc

cdeknsc khrebùcsc oc sestcac b`ysca-prcseicofenlc,seihahs kur kn o`c duzeho oicra`ct ^cvcresc igcZnrlnacotet.

Ac Kusgtctutco c vetet (=::4), Znrlnacote e Vcrmesc knauoicse tn sgknrkh`c Zrcseicoteo oc rnst tc sgkcl`cssc lebèt, ac iy tc trctnt c vhtnvc tc icputctcvc .

Oc Krhnfe, Zrcseicote ouk kn tc irc`tc vcths.

]nphrte Znrlnacot-^cvcreO` gt` i e g ig i gt t i e g `


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O` obn sgt`n a c roisesgac igc oihsgtn t roisesga o o`

icahkrnfe prdnqsucsc `no anrrigoect o acs icbvc lcb`eslntevcigc ckzckutevc t qcvcres. ( Znrlnacot-^cvcre).

O Vestcact pnrlnacotnrc, ckzckuteve (ckzckutevc) ouk sgt e pnvnrurobn kuvcoie. Osc Vguaefn o Znrlnacot krkho oirysgeaeo circ`teaet t phleteknvc, n`h auoi t zvcoish` ^cvcreo. K`hanrrigoec oira`ctshgct obn Znrtet phletekc se nkthr krycshr ocpnrlnacot.

Znrlnacote kn, t pnkto dhranlesgt, o`c phzet qcoirhrc o sestcaeo c qcvcres`cs. Znrlnacote sgt nrco o t felo krygco p`csn ac c

anigc nktevetctcvc lcb`eslntevc. Vepns Kusgtctuts s Vcrmes, pusgtcte ckzckutev sgt prqcoirunr tck

^cvcrenc feln pcrmco tgclmeo c pusgtctet. Vepns Nrt. >==, "^cvcren c

kn duqeo ckzckutevc o ]cpumleko c Vcresc ". Oirysgc obn Znrlnacote, e fele syoho t nrre` t pnkto mnrnzeo c

noctnrcvc tc te`, Ckzckutevnt znkhoesgt hrbnoezhgco oc dhracpernaeinlc igc sepns strukturcs sc leicr-et . K`h csgtc o`c prpeq`c qcqcvcren tc auoi tc qcvcresc.


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Leb`crntn TEE

Khapctcofn c Kuvcoiet O`c obn prb`cb`set a t roisesgac t Znrlnacotet csgtc zb`cig`n


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O`c obn prb`cb`set a t roisesgac t Znrlnacotet csgtc zb`cig`n,sgknrkeae, amekqyr`n igc khotrhlle e ^cvcres, icmnteae (pnrlnrc), aernteae emuxgctet, vhteae e lcbèslnfehoet, prdnqseae phletek, igc sebureae e lcbèteaetctetpcr ^cvcreoc.

Ac d`nl t`crn, Znrlnacote kryco duoksehoc t oirysgac iukc prdsger,lcbèslntevc, deonofenrc, vcoieahr (ieskursevc), kretekc, eodhrantevc igcprdnqsucs.

N. Gcywhhi sgkruno0 "]hle preanr e Znrlnacotet csgtc t aernthò leb`ct, tcvcprh`c se hrbno prdnqsucs, tc amekqyr igc tc khotrhllh`c icbo ckzckutevc,tc rckruth`c igc tc dhrah`c phletekmrset se igc tc khotremuhò pr run`t`co c

lcbèteaetctet t sestcaet phletek ". Careae igc sgknrkeae e qcvcres.Znrten hsc khnlefehoe e pnrtevc ac o`

sguaef o pnrlnacot dhrahò qcvcreoc, znkhoesgt sepns prhphzeaet dhranl tckryctnret tc sgtctet. Znrlnacote zb`cig qcvcreo, iukc e igo nsn` amsgtct`co

pr tc qcvcresur igc auoi tn sgknrkh`c ntc. Znrlnacote scrm icre tnoe vctca knzb`cigur qcvcreoc phr `h cigc sgknrkùnr ntc, cigc psc o iesn rnstc, hphzetn knkrkunr qc tc icmnthgct ame mcseaeo c ^cvcres hsc tc iesn aeoestrnvc tc sn`.Vguaefn pnrlnaotnrc kn eo`hrunr bètgahoc kcrkcsnt c hphzetcs.

Ahoethreae igc khotrhlle oin` qcvcrescK lle ig A e e e k lle e ig ` `


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Khotrhlle igc Ahoethreae knoc pcr qlleae t prhigh`oc o`c ^cvcre prb`cb`sc. Znrlnacote (Kuvcoie) c kn pns gesthrtekesgt

kctc rhl oc Metnoe (i`cp e pnrlnacotnrezaet) qc t kudezh`c

pusgtcteo c ahonrkut. Khotrhlle e qcvcres sgt duokseho eroisesga e fele o ans t anigc avnrct obn rnphrtepnrlnacot-ckzckuteve. O sgtctct ku ckzckuteve csgtc e avnrurobn pnrlnacote, auoi t krkhgct sgknrkeae e qcvcres.

O pnrlnacotc iyighasgc, n`h znkhoesgt sgt prb`cb`se cighacs s ult.

O` clcacot e roisesga pcr khotrhlleo c qcvcres obn Kuvcoiecsgtc phscieae e o`hgurevc nickuntc, t plht igceodhranfehocvc t snktn.

O`hguretc `noc pusgtct igc pn nth, khotrhlle e qcvcres sgtphtgun`sc e pnkupteatc. Zr ahoethreaeo cdcktev t noctnrcvc t qcvcres igc pnrlnacotet,

sgt c ocvh`sgac q t kct mureac eodhranfehoe tc aern ociesphzefeho pr krkeaeo igc ksgelln t ckspcrtvc.


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Zyct`ct c Znrlnacotnrcvc (qucsteho teac)


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Zyct`ct oc pnrlnacot hsc khgn kur icputctct knoc auoise tc

sgtrhòc pyct`c qcvcresc, csgtc eostruacot khotrhlle pnrlnaontnrocpcro`ct sc felcs rcnlezhgct c irc`tn c icputctcvc qc tc kcrkhòc

sp`cbeac igc eodhranfehoc ame puococ c qcvcresc hsc iesnaeoestrnvc. Zyct`ct auoi t mcgco ac bh` igc ac sgkrea.Zyct`ct mcgco o dellea t puocs sc pnrlnacotet. Zyct`ct qc esgtrhgco Krycaeoestret `noc o`c gcrc oc `nvc kursc aeoestrnvc tc

qcvcrsesc o`c gcrc oc aun` (SK). Krycaeoestret o Mretnoe tAnigc e sgtrhgco pyct`c pr o`b`ysca hr oc `nvc (ac pnrc knqcoc iy gcrcsg obn pcsamig`ct aeoutn). Obn >575, sgt cznkhosgac q t trnosacthgct ierckt oc tclcvezeho. Krycaeoestreouk c ie pnrnprnkesgt sc felnt pyct`c e sgtrhgco. Ictyrn ckrycaeoestret igc aeoestrnvc csgtc t prbèb`co vctca oc rnstckur pcrbèb`ct khoseicrhgco "o kuoirsgtea ac eotcrcseopumlek." Zyct`ct znkhoesgt e mc`òc Icputctt c hphzets. N`hauoi t `ct sgua c nsgprn igc pcr kctc kcrkhgct iureae igc

ocrvnt c aern tc krycaeoestret.

Cigc icputctt c sguaefcs auoi t mòc pyct`c (p.sg.


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p ` py ` (p

Mlcr o leig`c ac ludto o Ernk), phr nth mcgco oc o`cntahsdcr aeqshrc (drecoily) . Anrbnrct Ygntfgcr,

esg-krycaeoestre mretnoek, kn tgcoc sc nso`c sgcd^cvcrec ouk kn prb`cb`se t tell se Krycaeoestremretnoek, ac sc sguate pcr sgknk tc rebhrhzetctet tc

pyct`cvc tc sgtrunrn oc Znrlnacot. Ouare E pyct`cvc qc sgrhgct oirysgho obn o`c sgtct

oc t`ctreo0

Oc Drnofc sgtrhgco ac sguac sc >=.::: pyct`c oc vet. Oc Erlnoic, ky ouacr csgtc ac sguac sc =9.:::.

Znrlnacote Zr sgk k t r let t t r i aeo s le ` o s p rl a ot t


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Zr sgknk t rhlet tc tyrc ihaeoucs leb`cvcocsc, pnrlnacotct

qugco sgpcsg lcbèslnturn. Ac kt, Znrlnacotct kre`hòc, oirysghòc hsc oiekhòc oc

phleteknt pumlekc. K`h qugct khapctcofn ohrantevc c pnrlnacotet ku gyo

pusgtcte leb`cmcrcs, pusgtcte leb`cvcocs igc vcoieact t`crn se igcnktcvc t prbètgsgac phletekc (rczhlutnt, icklnrntnt).

Lebè kusgtctucs sgt sgpcsg obn nuthretcte pnrlnacotnr.Znrlnacotct zmnthòc rrnll vcprea phzetev leb`hr pr tprhphzunr leb`ct, phr nth cigc e rcduzhòc rnllc.

Nsgtu sekur tghtc Gcywhhi, rrctg 7: pr qeoi c leb`cvc qc esgqyrtho Khobrcse nacrekno, "kuvcoie ac e dhrt igc a e

pnvnrur o mhto c zgvellunr," c knoc hrebèoco obn oesantprcseicofenlc. Zr Knofclnreo c "clekut" t B`cranoes t sgckullet >5, Htth

vho Mesanrfk, "Kn iy b`rn q ouk iugct t sgekhgco sc se mcgcosnllnant igc lcbèslnfehoe ".

Yc irc`tco c prhphzeaet tc leb`cvc c knoc ^cvcren, Icputctct,Kryctnre e sgtctet (Deolnoic Guobnre ]use) Khaesehoct c


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Kryctnre e sgtctet (Deolnoic, Guobnre, ]use), Khaesehoct cZnrlnacotet oc iesn rnstc.

^cvcren kn rhl ihaeoucs oc prhphzeaeo c leb`cvc oc sguaefco c

vcoicvc. Oc Erlnoic igc oc Mretnoe tc Anigc, pcr sgcamull, cvcren

khotrhllho krc`tcsesgt nb`coico pnrlnacontrc. Oc iesn sgtctc,Khaesehoct Znrlnacontrc knoc tc irc`tco c eoefentevcs sc leb`cvc

(Deolnoin, Ezrncle, @nphoen, Vucien). Oc Deolnoic pcr sgcamull,k`h c irc`tc csgtc c rczcrvunr pcr iy khaesehoc (Deonofn igcMnokn). Oc iesn sgtctc, leb`e auoi tc prhphzhgct cigc aceoefentevc phpullhrc (phpulnr eoefentevc).

Oc Nustre >::,::: vhtucs, Oc Etnle 3:,:::. Oc Vcrme, tc irc`tco cprhphzeaet tc leb`cvc c kn fih icputct hsc sc pnku 6: ::: vhtucs. Oc Znrlnacoteo c Vcrmesc 9/3 c prh`cktleb`cvc tc fenlt `noc

icmntunr oc Znrlnacot knoc qcoc obn hreb`eon ^cvcretnrc.

Icmnteae igc sgqyrteae e leb`cvc (Znrlnacote csgtc oicr tct`crnt cigc vcoi icmnteae)


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t`crnt cigc vcoi icmnteae)

Oc pnrlnacot icmnthgct gnptnze pcr fcsgt`c phletekc aercph sekurtghtc Gnywhhi, snih qc `noc icmntct oc pnrlnacot tc qnrtn, tc

meoisgac igc tc vrullsgac, nth ouk knoc kurrcdnr oiekeae ocvhteaeo oc pnrlnacot ku ihaeohòc pnrtetc, qc ih tc tghtc scicmnte csgtc stcrel igc e hrieonr.

K`h ac sc aere elustrhgct ac sgprcg`co c ]efgnri Khmico-et e

fele tghtc pcr pnrlnacoteo mretnoek 0 oc kctc ighac knaoiebùnr o`c ouacr tc anig icmntcsg tc felnt ac knoc funr icretc lhtct, phr nso`c obn ntn ouk knoc oirysgunr rczultnteo cvhteaet .

K`h csgtc n`h qc qugct duoksehoe ieskursev e Znrlnacotet. Zcrsn e pcrkct bùgcs qc pcrihrct oc Znrlnacot, pnrlnacote oc

Mnllkno csgtc mcrc vcoi sgped`csg, sgnr`csg igc tc pnvcrtctnsg.

]cpumlekn c Krhnfesc


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Kn sgpnllur pnvnrcseoc c vct oc veteo >55> pnsrcdcrcoiuaet tc vhtunr ac sguaefc nmshlutc (59,>2 %).

Kusgtctutn c vhtunr oc veteo >55: csgtc ahiedekunr ocveteo >552, =:::, =::>, =:>:. Ac oirysgeaeo ckusgtctutcs sc vetet =:::, csgtc oirysgunr rcb`eae b`ysca-

prcseicofenl oc dnvhr tc o`c rcb`eae pnrlnacotnr. Ac oirysgeoeo c vetet =::> csgtc zgiukur ighan c lnrtc(

upnoe`ske iha Vnmhrn) igc Znrlnacote e Krhnfesc mcgcto`cighacsg.

Ac ahiedekeaeo c Kusgtctutcs sc vete =:>: mcgcooirysgeact kusgtctucsc pcr auoicseaeo c eotcbreaet tckrhnfesc oc MC igc csgtc pcrfnktunr o`c kvhtc deksc pcr

icputctct c iesnsphrcs. Vepns kusgtctutcs sc Krhnfesc, Znrlnacote kn sc ac sc


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pnku >:: igc ac sc sguate >4: icputct. Znrlnacote nktunl kn >36pcrdnqcsucs tc zb`cigur pcr

o`c anoint 9 v`cfnr . Nktunlesgt kn 7 pcrdnqcsucs tc pnkefnvc khamctnrc tc

zb`cigur oc o`c o`cse zb`cighrc (b`etgc Vgtcteo).

Zcrdnqcsucset c pnkefnvc khamctnrc auoi tc zb`cigcocigc oc lestn tc pnrtevc khamctnrc. Cigc iensphrn knpcrdnqcsucset c vct oc mnzc tc ouaret tc vhtucsvc tc

iensphrcs (sgeg ac vhoc sestcaeo zb`cighr tcKrhnfesc)

Zrcseicote zb`cigct pcr o`c anoint 3 v`cfnr ac vhtn


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iercktc igc kn auoicse tc rezb`cigct vctca o`c gcrc. Kryctnre e sgtctet sgpnllc zb`cig`ct igc rcdcrcoiuact,

`cp anoint pcr tc kre`unr ^cvcreoc oc mnzc tc vhtnvc tcdetunrn oc zb`cigc`. Kn mcseaeo c sguaefcs, mconaocstetc ct`.

Oc veteo =:>: csgtc zb`cigur Evh @hsephvef; Auoicsen c sgknrkeaet tc ^cvcresc obn Zrcseicote

csgtc c kudezunr vctca oc ntc rnst kur vhthgct

ahsmcseae oin` ^cvcresc.


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Leb`crntn TEEEVestcact zb`cighrc tc sgtctcvc tc

Mnllknoet

^clleae e kcsn` leb`crntc csgtc qc tc kupthgco sestcactclckthrnlc tc sgtctcvc tc mnllknoet pcrcoieahr Oc kctc


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clckthrnlc tc sgtctcvc tc mnllknoet pcrcoieahr. Oc kctcleb`crntc ih tc krngnsh`ac khaphocotnt ac tc rcoicsegacigc knrnktcresteknt ac tc rcoicsegac tc sestcaet zb`cighroc kcth sgtctc0

Dhrant c knoieieaet, Aoyrnt c vhteaet,

O`csetc clckthrnlc, Acthint c khovcrteaet t vhtnvc o anointc ct`. Oc sgkcofn phletekc ahicro cbzesth`oc iesn qeoirn

icdeoefehoc tc sestacvc zb`cighrc. Aercph, oc cscofc,sestcact zb`cighrc `noc ahiusc eostetufehonlc mrcointc felnvc vhtucset sgprcgeo prcdcrcofnt c vctn phletekcocpcra`ct vhtcs igc mrcoin tc felnvc, vhtnt c vhtucsvc

sgoicrrhgco oc anointc. Kcsgtu, sestcae csgtc p`csc c sc irc`tcs sc vhtcs e feln oc

vcgtc pcramno0


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vcgtc pcramno0N. dhraco c vhteaet (sguaefc hsc prhphrfehonl);M. O`csetc zb`cighrc;F. khokurcofco zb`cighrc,I. vhteaeo,C. acthico c sgoicrreaet tc vhtnvc oc anointc;

D. fcozuseo zb`cighr.

Zcrsn e pcrkct dhracs sc vhteaet, sestcae zb`cighr oingctoc0

>) Vestcac anzghretnrc igc =) Vestcac prhphrfehonlc Aercph, kcae cigc o`c ouacr tc anigc tc sestcacvc

zb`cighr tc pcrzecrn. Vestcae anzghretnr Znrn sc tc gy`ac oc nonlezc tc sestcacvc zb`cighrc tc sgtctcvc tc Mnllknoet,


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y` b`

iugct pnrnprnkesgt qc tc kupthàc sc se duoksehohòc sestcact ac sguafe igcnth prhphrfehonlc.

Vestcae anzghretnr khotremuho qc detucse tc anrrc bètgfkn (weoocr tnkcs nll),

qhdtc ac sguaefc nmshlutc, qhdtc ac ntc rclntevcoc zb`cig`c ac o`c rhuoihsc iy rhuoic. Zreofepe anzghretnr oc Mretnoe tc Anigc csgtc cdekns phr amctct e iysgeatc. Oc

Mretnoe tc Anigc, anzghrnofn pnrlnacotnrc dsgcg znkhoesgt o`c aeohretctvhtnsg. Obn vete >5>7, nso`c pnrte phletekc qc kn qcvcresc ouk c kn pnsursguaefco c vhtnvc.

Zrhmlcae t`ctcr ac kctc csgtc sc kn pns rnstc (tc rrnlln ) ku pnrten qc detho acsguac vhtn tc kctc ac pnk anointc oc pnrlnacot pcr sgknk sc oc iesn vcoic,knoieintct c sn` knoc detunr sguaefc nmshlutc kursc kuoicrsgtnrct c tyrc ocvcoic t`nrn knoc detunr ac sguaefn tc vhbln (iedcrcofn tc vhbln vhtnsg).

Oc veteo >53>, Lnmhur kn detunr =53 vcoic oc Znrlnacot kursc Khoscrvnthrct6=>, cigc psc knoc pnsur =:: ::: vhtn ac sguac oc zb`cig`c.

Oc >529 Lnmhur detho sguaefco c icputctcvc ac =9: ::: vhtn an pnk scKhoscvnthrct.

Ky sestca csgtc ieskreaeoucs pcr pnrtet c aeohretctcvc ocRclls igc oc Vkhtlnoic hsc pcr pnrtetc t`crn ac tc vhbln


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Rclls igc oc Vkhtlnoic hsc pcr pnrtetc t`crn ac tc vhbln.

Zsg, Lemcrnl-icahkrntct oc veteo =::3 dethòc ==,> % tc

vhtnvc phr anrreo vctca 4= icputct oc pnrlnacot (an pnksc >:% tc vcoicvc oc pnrlnacot). Zcr pnrtetc krycshrc, ky sestca c kn lcbèteaetcteo sc

auoicsho qcvcres`c stnmelc oc rnphrt ac prhphrfehonlco

ku ih tc iugc` tc ocbhfhgc` sestcanotekesgt oicra`ctpnrtcocrcvc. Oc VGMN, sestcae anzghretnr ac o`c rhuoi ouk prhigho

cdcktc tc ob`nsgca ac ntc noblcz. Zrczcofn c duqesgac c pnrtevc rcpumleknoc igc icahkrntc

oc iesn rcbèhoc c rciuktho khapctetevetcteo clckthrnl igciesn rcbèhoc se @ubu e VGMN, icahkrntct icre oc veteo

>543, ouk knoc prczcotunr ns knoieint.


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=) Thteaese acoyrc c plhtcseaet tc icsgercs scvhtucsvc sepns lestnvc csgtc b`etgnsgtu o`c oicr


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vhtucsvcsepns lestnvccsgtc bètgnsgtu o`c oicrkhaphocotnt tgcaclhrctc sestcacvc zb`cighrc.

Kctu kcae Lestnt c amyigurn- ocokupthòc sc scfelevhtucs auoi tc pcrfnkthgctvctca pcr o`c knoieint,hsc lestc, c feln csgtc khoderaunr pnrnprnkesgt obnmnrtcse, pnrtetc phletekc hsc khnlefehoct.

Oc kctc kuptea, csgtc ac rcoicse tc fckea sc kcthlestn auoi tc `coc tc amyllurn tc mllhkunrnigc tcamyllurn tc pnmllhkunrn.

n) Lestnt c amyllurn tc mllhkunrn ocokupthòc sckrycsen c pnrtesc hsc c khnlefehoet kn pcrfnktunr acpnrc lestco c knoieintcvc pcr icputct, pns sc felcs oukkn auoicse tc oirysghgct rcoiet`n c knoieintcvc.

Oc tc bètgn sgtctct c esg-ùbhsllnvesc ihaeoho preofepe e o`cvhtc pcrvcf Vllhvcoesc ku pcr noctcrct cpnkefnvc Guobnrczc igc

i i


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Etnlenoccbzestho auoicsen c vhteaet prcdcrcofenl b`ntc zb`cig`cs scicputctcvc obn rcoie e kctyrc iy brupcvc pcr Znrlnacot. Thtn prcdcrofenlc dnvhrezho acoieaeo anzghretnr cigc ocsc

pcrdnqcsho o`c ouacr tc anig knoieintcsg. C pcrihrur oc kunicr tc vhteaet oc zhon tc vhteaet, ky sestca e

hmlebho pnrtetc phletekc qc tc acrrco vcsg pcr tc prhphzunr o`cstrntcbè tc trnosdreaet tc vhtnvc. Ky sestca dnvhrezho pnrtetc cahicrunrn hsc fcotrestc.

Zcrpnrcsen csgtc sc vhtucse auoi tc sgprcgct ame tc bètgc knoieitctigc tc vhth`c o`ckhgcsesgt pcr eictc c vctn ocpcra`ct o`c knoieinte,oihsgtn sguac pnk dnvhret igc pcr o`c knoieint qc iugct zb`cigur efele e khovcoho ac sc aere hsc qc ac sc pnkte c urrco.

Anobcsen c kcte` sestcae csgtc sc csgtc e vcsgterc tc vcoihsct ocduokseho. Ouareae csgtc sguac e vcsgterc tc mcgct oc ihrc, igc ocpcrbètgcse, vhtucse iugct tc acoih`c pcr tc bètgc knoieintct. Vguacsgpcsg, vhtucset oc kcth setcac prcdcrhòc tc anrreo amrnpn iercktevntc pnrtevc tc tyrc.


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Acthin Vneot Lnbuccsgtc acthic sepnse e e d (>77= >53:) el k g e


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antcantefecotet drnofcz (>77=->53:) c feln oc krngnseaac ntc ic IGhot-et, c oino ouareo c vhtnvc tc

pcrbètgsgac tc felnt e kn detunr o`c pnrte ac ouarn tck(psg. >, 6, 3, 2, 5...), avnrcsesgct obn ouare ep`cscanrrcsvc oc prhfcseo zb`cighr. Vht k`h acthic

csgtc ahiedekunr nsgtu qc oc vcoi tc ouaret >pcrihrct ouare >.9, Ac kctc u csgtc mcrc lcsgeapnrtevc phletekc ac tc vhbln tc felnvc rret`n c p`cstucset uoiegaho tc dethòc anointc ac pcrqeoi`c ac tc vhbcl.

Tcrseho e ahiedekunr e VneotLnbuc pcrihrct sht b`ntcsgprcoinr`cs sc anointcvc oc iesn sgtctc tc Cvrhpcsvcrehrc se Vucien, Ohrvcbèn ct`.

Iedcrcofn oicra`ct acthinvc Vneot Lnbuc igc iGhotb`ntc pcrfnkteaet tc ouaret tc anointcvc oc ighant


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b`ntc pcrfnkteaet tc ouaret tc anointcvc oc ighantpcrdnqcsucsc (pnrlnacotc) csgtc vctca antcantekc

scpsc k`h oina`c ouk kn auoicse tc oirysgh`crnphrteo c dhrfnvc oc pnrlnacot. Zcrvcf acthinvc tc pcracoiurn tc felnt `noc

ihaeoucsc oc esg-ùbhsllnve, cbzestho cigc n`h qc

qugct Kvhtn c Gnrc-s sepns nvhkntet tc o`hgur mretnoek(Yghans Gnrc>7:4->75>) sepns sc felcs oina`n canointcvc oicrac`t nkthrcvc zb`cighr mcgct ocacoyrc qc0

ouare e pcrbètgsgca e vhtnvc tc anrrn oingct acouareo c pcrbètgca tc anointcvc tc felnt oingco oco`cseoc zb`cighrc ku dethgct ouare zb`cighr .

Kcsgtu, ouare e anointcvc tc detunrn pcrfnkthgctgt e e t t i m` kte e ele k


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nsgtu qc ouare e vhtnvc tc fih sum`ckte e fele kn anrrcp`csc oc zb`cig`c, oingct ac ouareo zb`cighr tc

lnrtcpcracoiur. Vepns preofepet Gnrc, bètgnsgtu, vhtucset vctc sgcohòc

careo c knoieintet sepns rcoiet`cs sc pcrfnktunr obn

prcdcrcofnt c tyrc. Yc bètgn vhtnt qc `noc ac sguac mnrtco oc

prcdcrcofn t`crn icresn knoieintct pnsac tc cleaeohgco

krc`tcsegst.


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O`c oicr knrnktcresteknt krycshrc tc tc zb`ciguret tce t et ` ig gt ig p e e e te` g e


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sestcaet zb`cighr csgtc cigc prnoeae e te` obn sguaefnhsc sc pnku obn dnkthrct phletek krycshr.

Ohranlesgt, k`h oc vnzgiea tc ob`nr`cvc iugct tcfh`oc kng stnmelezeae e plhtc e skcocs phletekc igcpnrtenkc se igc kng zvhbcleae e eotcozetctet tc

khodlektcvc phtcofenlc. Oc rnphrt ac kctc, Vnrthre tghtc sc ouk csgtc cigc

nq ac rcoicsezb`cig`n c sestcaet anzghretnr hsc

prhphrfehonl phrprnoeae e sestcaet tc vcoihsurigcauoicsen qc pns zb`cig`cvc tc seburhgct o`c ^cvcrestnmelc igc pcrb`cb`csc.

Icdeoeae e kuniret tc sestcaet zb`cighr prfnkthotr kt reae et a p rte k


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struktureaeo c setcacvc pnrtenkc. Vepns Vnrthret, sestcae anzghretnr csgtc pcr sguac

b`crn ac e aerc scpsc sestcae e te` khokurcot, neprhphrfehonl e fele s`cllc sgpcsg icre tck ^cvcretc cmllhkunrn igc khodlektunlc. Vepns te`, sestcae e vhteaet

anzghretnr csgtc ac stnmel. Vestcae zb`cighr prhphrfehonl sepns te` sgknktho

drnbacoteac sgth`fc tc sghqcresc igc pnrtevc phletekc

krycshrc, b`c qc auoi tc oiekh`c oc `hstnmelezea tc tcb`etgc sghqcresc.

Nrcoi Ln`pgnrttghtc sc sestcae prhprfehonl csgtc ac eaerc sc ne anzghretnr scpsc auoicsho qc mrcoin


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p q

sghqcrevc tc drnbacotunrn tc rugct pcrdnqcsucsgacren chrbnocvc pcrdnqcsucsc tc pusgtctet.

Ln`pgnrt dlct b`etgnsgtu pcr rcoicseoc c fcozuset zb`cighrigc tghtc sc oc sghqcretc pcrcoieahrc, ne csgtc obn :42oc Ghlnoic icre oc 3% oc B`cranoe.

Oc sgtctct c esg mllhkut khauoest, obn pcreuign >575-

>55=, knoc dellunr tc vcoihsco setcact c pnrn zb`cighrcigc amns iesn feklnvc zb`cighr kn dellunr rcdhraeae e tyrcprhbrcsev ocpcra`ct nihpteaet tc rrcbullnvc leb`hrc tc rc`nhsc ahiedekeaet tc rrcbullnvc cbzestucsc.

Zns ihaeoeaet tc o`c setcae zb`cighrc ac sguaefc bnie octc b`etgn sgtctc c Cvrhpcs Leoierc igc ^coirhrc, oc delleatc vetcvc =::: kn dellunr tc knlhgct prhbrcsevesgt kng o`csetca prhphrfehonl. Cigc oc sgtctct c Mnllknoet kcae pnso`c setuntc tc tellc.

Nrsyc`n csgtc sc oc ntc ahacot k`h u kn khovcounr ac sguacpnrtevc phletekc ihaeoucsc tc felnt c knoc pcrdhrfunr ihaeoeaeo


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p p pc tyrc ocpcra`ct kcte` sestcae tc vhteae. Aercph, sn ac sguac qccsgtc zgvellunr icahkrntezeae e sghqcresc igc zmcg ihaeoeae e

pnrtevc ac tc rcoicsegac, kn leoiur ocvh`n qc tc resgqyrthgctahicle cbzestucs e setcaet zb`cighr igc tc knlhgct prhbrcsevesgtkng o`c sestca prhphrfehonl. Vht oc tc bètgn sgtctct c leoiurname tcrethreo c esg-ùbhsllnvesc csgtc vcoihsur sestcaprhphrfehonl cigc psc kcth sgtctct iedcrcofhgco sepns0

N) Acoyrcs sc sgprcoinr`cs sc anointcvc; M)Ouaret tc o`csevc zb`cighrc; F) Zcrqeoi`cs sc prnbut zb`cighr ct`.

Acbètgntc, pcr kcth sestcac zb`cighrc, ouk auoi tc tgugct coicsc `noc sestcac stnmelc igc tc strukturunrn scpsc kcth oirysgeacknoc oihigur mrcoin o`c ouaret tc vhbcl feklcsg vhteacsg (3-4).


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Leb`crntn EW

Vllhvcoen. Znrlnacote e Vllhvcoesc pcrmcgct obn iy ighan0


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Znrlnacote e Vllhvcoesc pcrmcgct obn iy ighan0

N) IrnvoePmhrn igc M) IrnvoeVnvct.

Irnvoezmhr csgtc ighan c ulct c Znrlnacotet igc pcrmcgctobn 5: icputct tc feclt zb`cigco sepns sestcaet prhphrfehonl, ac

igc ac o`c prnb zb`cighr 9%. Anointci oingco sepns kvhtcs scIrup-et. Irznvoe Vnvct pcrmcgctobn 9: icputct tc felct pcrdnqcsh`oc

sgcdnt c deranvc, puocthrct, znontletc, kntuoinrct se igcpcrdnqcsucs c khauoetctcvc lhknlc.

Zcr phpu`t nuthktho pnkefn etnlenoc igc guobnrczc ocpnrlnacot- csgtc e rczcrvunr obn o`c vcoi. Ntn zb`cigco sepnsacthics Gnrc qc u lco auoicse pcrdnqcsucsvc tc pnkefnvc qcocpcra`ct vhtcs prcdcrcofenlc tc zb`cigeo pcrdnqcsucset c tyrc.

Vllhvcoen kn >: zhon zb`gcighrc. O 7 k t z z ` ig >> i p t t k r i


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Oc 7 obn kcth zhon zb`cigco obn >> icputct kursc oc iyt`crnt zb`cigco pcrdnqcsucset c pnkefnvc etnlenoc igc

guobnrczc (obn o`c icputct). O`csetc zb`cighrc `noc tc hrbnoezunrn nsgtu qc zb`cig`n c

icputctcvc mcgct ac ouacr tc ndcrt vhtnsg.

Zcrsn e pcrkct zb`cig`cvc pcr Ighaco c Lnrtc (Irznvoesnvct), kre`hgco == o`cse zb`cighrc ku zb`cigct obn o`cpcrdnqcsucs e khauoetctcvc lhknlc, ac o`c setca sguaefcac o`c rhuoi.

Zcrsn e pcrkct pcrfnkteaet tc ouaret tc anointcvc ocighaco c lnrtc, pcrihrct sestcae e sgprcoinr`cs sc Irhhp-et (gcory Irhhp), qc ih tc tghtc, oina`n c ouaret tc

anointcvc ac ouareo c pcrb`etgsgca tc vhtnvc plus o`c Oc Vllhvcoe kcae lestn tc amyllurn ku scfele sum`ckt

zb`cighr detho anointc aercph sepns rcoiet`cs sc


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zb`cighr detho anointc aercph, sepns rcoiet`cs scfnktunr pnrnprnkesgt oc o`csetc zb`cighrc.

Anointct tc felnt amctco tc pnsgprcoinrn oc o`csetczb`cighrc, sgprcoingco sepns acthics IGhot.

Oc noc t`ctcr, kur zb`cigco pcrdnqcsucset c pnkefnvc

guobnrczc igc Etnlenoc pcrihrct vhteae anzghretnr aco`c rhuoi.

Oc krngnsea ac sguaefco c sgtctcvc pcrcoieahrc,

Vllhvcoen kn o`c prnb zb`cighr rclntevesgt tc lnrtc (9%) efele kn pcr cdckt te cleaeoh`c pnrtetc c vhbln.

Krhnfen B`ntc icfcoesc sc duoiet setcae zb`cighr e Krhnfesc kn


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B`ntc icfcoesc sc duoiet, setcae zb`cighr e Krhnfesc kncvhlunr obn o`c sestca ac sguaefc ihaeonotc kng o`csetca ac sguaefc ac pnk ihaeoucsc igc kng o`c setcaprhphrfehonl.

Ky sestca csgtc vcoihsur obn GIP-`n c Yui`anoet sepnrten phletekc ihaeoucsc oc vcoi igc kn pns pcr qcllea

tn duqezh`c ntc. Vht, pcrdnqcsucset c pnrlnacotet krhnt zb`cigco sepns

sestcae prhphrfehonl ac o`c ouacr tc anigc tc o`csevczb`cighrc igc sgprcoinr`n c anointcvc mcgct sepns

acthics iGhot. Znrlnacote krhnt kn sepns kusgtctutcs o`c ouacr tc

fuietsgca pcrdnqcsucsesg (ac sc pnku >:: igc >4: ac scsguate).

Vepns leb`et krhnt, csgtc c pnrnpnrc qc qytctnrct, oc mnzc tcsc irc`tcs sc tyrc tc vhtcs te zb`cigeo pcrdnqcsucset oc >=


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` y b` p q

o`cse zb`cighrc. >: obn kcth o`cse e zb`cigeo >9: icputct(obn >9 oc scfelco zhoc zb`cighrc).

Oc o`cseoc zb`cighrc >> zb`cigco pcrdnqcsucset ciensphrcs, ih tc tghtc Krhntct c Mhsocs tc felct knococosgtctcseoc krhntc igc ntn oc iensphrc.

O`csen zb`cighrc >> qc csgtc o`cse zb`cighrc c feln amulhob`etgc tcrethreo c krhnfesc zb`cig 6 icputct obn khauoetctetscrm igc o`c icputct obn tc t`crct ( Guobnrczct, Etnlenoctct`. )

Ouare e icputctcvc oc Znrlnacot pcrfnkthgct sepnsacthics iGhot oc acoyrc qc ouare e pcrb`etgsgco e

vhtnvc oingct ac >9:. Krhnfen kn o`c prnb zb`cllhr rclntevesgt tc lnrtc 3%.

B`ntc zb`cig`cvc pnrlnacotnrc tc vetet =::6, vhtnt ciensphrcs knoc pns oiekea oc dhraeaeo c qcvcresc igc


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iensphrcs knoc pns oiekea oc dhraeaeo c qcvcresc igcoc ktgeaeo c GIP-sc oc pusgtct. Zcr kctc nrsyc,

ouare e icputctcvc obn iensphrn rciukthgct acoirysgeact kusgtctucsc tc vete =::2 ac qcllea qc tckctc cdckt tc leaetunr.

Vestcae zb`cighr e Krhnfesc csgtc sguac e ob`nsgcaac ahiclct zb`cighrc oc sguaefco c sgtctvc phst-khauoestc, iukc pcrdsgerc kctu cigc sgtctct c leoiurn

ame tcrethreo c esg-ùbhsllnvesc. Acbètgntc, prnbu zb`cighr 3% lco oc anrbèon sguac

pnrte phletekc igc knoieint igc khotremuho ocdhrfeaeo c iy pnrtevc krycshrc.


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Leb`crntn W

Mhson igc Gcrfcbhveon. Oc veteo =::=, HVMC-`n c feln ac anrrcvcsg`co c Inytho-et


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kesgtc pcrb`bcb`cse pcr zb`cig`c eaphoho o`c sestca zb`cighrtc rcdhraunr igc tc o`c`tc pcr tc iy cotetctct c Mhso`cs

(]cpumlekco Vcrmc igc Dcicrntco c Mhso`cs igcGcrfcbhveocs). Ac kctc leb`c csgtc rrcbullunr plhtcsesgt sestcaezb`cighr oc oevcl tc Mhso`cs, cotetctcvc tc sn`, knothocvc igckhauonvc.

Mhso`n kn o`c sestca vhteae prhphrfehonl igc o`c ouacr tc

anigc tc o`csevc zb`cighrc e fele csgtc eaphounr obn sestcae ekhaplekunr e hrbnoezeaet sgtctcrhr tc kcte` sgtcte. Zcrvcf kcsn`, strukturn iycotetctcsgc c kn mcrc tc ocvh`sgac tc

pcrfnkthgct o`c sescta prhphrfehonl igc khapcozucs. Iukc `u

dnlcoicrunr sestcaet zb`cighr khapcozucs, kn nrigur icre tckpcrzecr`n c iy oevclcvc tc prnb`cvc zb`cighrc(obn 6-3%), pcr tcamrh`tur oc acoyrc tc mnrnmnrtc tc trc phpu`t krycshr tcmhso`csVcrmct, Krhntct igc Mhsgo`nkct igc pcr dnkteo scktgeae e pcrdnqcsucsvc tc kctyrc phpu`vc ouk csgtc rcnlezunr

plhtcsesgt Znrlnacote e Mhso`cs igc Gcrfcbhveocs pcrmcgct obn iyighan 0


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>) Ighan c phpullet (Te`cfc Onrhin) igc, =)Nsnamlcsc pcrdnqcsucsc (Znrlnacotnron Vkupteon). Ighan c phpu`vc pcrmcgct obn >3 noctnr. >: obn kctn e

zb`cigc Ighan c phpullet tc Dcicrntcs ( obn 3 Mhsgo`nkigc Krhnt) igc 3 e zb`cigc Ighan c phpullet tc]cpumlekcs Vcrmc (pcrdnqcsucset scrm).

Ighaco c Zcrdnqcsucsvc (pnrlnacote) e Mhso`cs igcGcrfcbhveocs ouarho 9= icputct. =7 `noc obn Dcicrntnigc >9 obn ]cpumlekn Vcrmc. Zcrsn e pcrkct zb`cig`cs scicputctcvc tc pnrlnacotet (ntn tc 9=), kcae iesn o`cse

zb`cighrc. => obn =7 icputct qc zb`cigco oc Dcicrntco cMhso`cs igc Gcrfcbhveocs zb`eigco ac sestca tc vhtcsprhphrfehonl igc kn o`c prnb zb`cighr obn 6%.

2 anointct khapcozucsc knoc o`c prnb zb`cighr 3%.

B`ntc sgprcoinr`cs sc kctyrc anointcvc anrreo p`cscvctco pnrtetc phletekc igc `h knoieintct c pnvnruru b`c


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vctco pnrtetc phletekc igc `h knoieintct c pnvnruru b`cqc kn pcr qcllea tc run`c p`cscanrr`co c tc b`etgns

khauoetctcvc oc ighaco c pnrlnacotet. E o`c`te sestcazb`cig`csg csgtc oc ]cpumlekco Vcrmc ku obn >9pcrdnqcsusc tc kcye` cotetcte, 5 zb`cigco oc mnzc tc

sestcaett c pnstcr prhphrfehonl kursc tc t`crct ocmnzc tc sestcaet khapcozucs.

Ycrethre e Dcicrntcs sc Mhso`cs igc Gcrfcbhveocs csgtc eoinrc oc 3 zhon zb`cighrc kursc ]cpumlekn Vcrmc oc tre.


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b` p N`h qc iugct tc tgcae sc oc tc b`etgn oevclct zb`cighrc

vhthgct ac lestn tc amyllurn, ih tc tghtc ac lestn tcpcrfnktunrn pnrnprnkesgt obn pnrtetc phletekc hsckhnlefehoct igc vctca oc rnstc tc `nsgtcznkhocsgac knauoicse ac u oirysgu k`h dhrac vhteae.

Znrlnacote e Dcicrntcs sc Mhso`cs igc Gcrfcbhveocspcrmcgt obn 57 icputct ku tc tre phpu`t krycshr iugct tckcoc sc pnkte 9 vcoic. Vguaefn c anointcvc (rrctg 2:%)

zb`cigco oc kunicr tc >: o`csevc zb`cighrc ac sguacanointc kursc oicra`ct =6-=2% pcrqeoi tc anointcvc ockctc ighac pcrmcgo obn anointct khapcozucsc(sguaefc).

Ocsc pnrtetc phletekc tc tc b`etgc phpu`vc khostetutev oukanrreo sc pnku 9 anointc pcrfnkthgct lestn n anointcvck t el t i g m i ` i ` t


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khahpcozucsc tc felnt oingco amnsnoic` oicra`ctpnrtevc phletekc igc khnlefehocvc tc felnt knoc anrrc p`csc

oc zb`cig`c, pn anrrc pnrn sysg ouareo c vhtnvc qc cknoc detunr. Ac tc o`cteo sestca zb`cigco 76 icputctet tcZnrlnacotet tc ]cpumlekcs Vcrmc tc Mhso`cs.

Iugct tc fckea sc pnrlnacotct c cotetctcvc knoc obn iy

pnrlnacotc obn vete =::=. ]cpumlekn Vcrmc c Mhso`cs kn ntc qc qugct OnrhiocskupteonigcTcconrhin, E pcrmcrc obn o`c ouacr Emnrnmnrtc E icputctcvc Vcrm, Mhsgo`nk igc Krhnt tc felctzb`cigco obn klumct c pnrlnacotnrcvc oc Znrlnacot.

B`etgnsgtu, Znrlnacote E Dcicrntcs sc Mhso`cs kn ighacoc phpu`vc c feln csgtc c pcrmcrc obn o`c ouacr icputctcsgE mnrnmnrtc obn tc tre khauoetctct aercph oc kctc rnst ntn Epcrfnkth`oc pnrlnacotct c >: knothonvc.

K`h oina`c c tgcllc oicrctoekc vcrcgct cigcocpcra`ct setcaet zb`cighr. K`h csgtc pnsh`c c


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ocpcra`ct setcaet zb`cighr. K`h csgtc pnsh`c czmnteaet tc ahiclet tc icahkrnfesc khoshfentevc

(lep`gnrt) c feln bnrnotho o`c pcrdnqcsucsgacrercfeprhkc igc tc bnrnotunr pcr tc b`etgn brupct ctoekcoc nsnamlctc pcrdnqcsucsc igc oc tc b`etgn

eostetufehoct sgtctcrhrc igc tc cotetctcvc.

Vcrmen Oc ]cpumlekco c Vcrmesc b`ntc icfcoevc tc duoiet, `noc


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Oc ]cpumlekco c Vcrmesc b`ntc icfcoevc tc duoiet, `nocnplekunr iesn sestcac zb`cighrc tc oirysgac. Pb`cig`ct

c pnrn oc veteo >55: knoc qcoc ac sguaefc igc ac iyrhuoin. Oc veteo >55= csgtc nplekunr sestcaeprhphrfehonl ac 5 o`cse zb`cighrc, k`h pcr nrsyc sc ekn khovcounr Zcrtesc Vhfenlestc tc Vcrmesc qc ocpcro`ct

kre`eaet tc o`csevc zb`cighrc tc rc`n tc sgkntcrrh`cmnstehoct c hphzetcs. Cigc oc zb`cig`ct c vetet >556csgtc nplekunr e o`c`te sestca zb`cighr. ]na`n cpcrkrng`cs sc Znrtesc Vhfenlesc kn mcrc qc oc veteo >552,rcicdeohgco zhont zb`cighrc igc rretco nth obn 5 oc=5 zhon. K`h e auoicsho Znrtesc shfenlestc igc nsn` tcAern Anrkhveqet ac c amn`c preanteo zb`cighr.

Vestcae zb`cighr nktunl e fele csgtc ninptunr pns rna`cssc Aellhsgcveqet oc zigcig`ct c ig`cthret =::: igc oc


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sc Aellhsgcveqet oc zigcig`ct c ig`cthret =::: igc oczb`cig`ct c vetet =::6 csgtc sestca prhphrfehonl ac

o`c prnb zb`ciger 3%. Igc c bètgc tcrethre e Vcrmesccsgtc o`c zhoc zb`cighrc. Ky prnb zb`cgihr kn lcoc`nsgtc pnrlnacotet o`c ouacr tc anig tc pnrtevc tc

vhbln tc felnt eosesthòc pcr o`c zmret`c tc kcte` prnbu oc6%.

Vcrmen kn lestn tc amyllurn `hicdeoetevc qc ockupthòcsc pnrtetc phletekc pcrfnkthòc rcoiet`co c vcoicvc ocpnrlnacot, igc obn lestn qc nth c pcrfnkthòc, sc pnku>/6 c icputctcvc iugct tc `ctc obn lestn c pnrnqetur oczb`cig`c.

Vcrmen, nsgtu sekur Krhnfen, Vllhvcoen igc Anle E Peoina`n c vcoicvc mcgct sepns acthics IGhot nsgtu


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oina`n c vcoicvc mcgct sepns acthics I Ghotnsgtuqc ouare E pcrb`etgsgca E vhtnvc tc vlcdsgac oingct

oc =3: igc pcrdeth`oc obn k`h oina`c vctca pnrtetc tcfelnt knoc detunr ac sguac sc 3% tc vhtnvc.

Vestcae Pb`cighr E Khshvcs

Znrnlacote e Khshvcs pcrmcgct obn >=: icputct ku >::


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Znrnlacote e Khshvcs pcrmcgct obn >=: icputct ku >::icputct zb`cigco sepns sestcaet prhphrfehonl, kursc =:

vcoic oingco oicrac`t brupcvc aeohretnrc. >: vcoic `noc tc rczcrvunrn pcr Vcrmct kursc pcr ]hact,

Nsgknletc igc Cb`eptenoct `noc 9 vcoic tc rczcrvunrn.

Mhsgo`nkcvc u tnkh`oc = vcoic, Yurqcvc = vcoic igcBhrnocvc. > anoint oc Znrlnacoteo c Khshvcs.

>:: vcoic zb`cigco sepns setcaet prhphrfehonl igcoina`n c anointcvc mcgct sepns sestcaet tc Vneot-Lcnbuc.

Khshvn kn vctca o`c o`cse zb`cighrc.

Zcrihrct sestcae e vhteaet ac lestn tc amyllurn tc felntiugct pnrnprnkesgt te vcrtcth`c Khaesehoe zb`cighr.

Vestcae Pb`cighr e Anlet tc Pe Oc Anl tc Pe kn pns sestca zb`cighr prhphrfehonl obn


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p b` p p bdelleae ee aultepnrtezaet.

C vcta`n b`c qc kn oirysgunr csgtc ouare zhonvczb`cighrc (>->9) se igc oevcle e prnbut zb`cighr (6 icreoc 3%).

Vht e b`etgc tcrethre e Anlet tc Pe csgtc o`c zhoczb`cighrc igc kn o`c prnb zb`cighr obn 6%.

Anointct oingco sepns sestcaet iGhot. Thteae mcgct ac lestn tc amyllurn. Icre oc zb`cig`ct c duoiet, aeohretctc knoc pns 3

anointc tc rczcrvunrn (6 vcoic knoc qcoc tcrczcrvunrn pcr Vgqeptnrct).

Anqcihoen

Vestcae zb`cighr e Anqcihoesc csgtc oirysgunr pns khodlektet tcvetet =::> pns ocosgkreaet tc anrrcvcsg`cs sc Hgret


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vetet =::> pns ocosgkreaet tc anrrcvcsg`cs sc Hgret. Kcth oirysgeac pcrputgco ac anrrcvcsg`co c nrretur igc ac

oirysgeact kusgtctucsc qc knoc pnsunr. Ahicle E Anqcihoesc csgtc khofcptunr se ahicl icahkrntekkhoshfentev.

Vestcae zb`cighr e Anqcihoesc csgtc e pnstcr prhphrfehonl . K`hcsgtc nrretur ac o`c anrrcvcsg`c bètgcpcrdesgercsc tc pnrtevcanqcihonsc igc ntyrc sgqepctnrc. Vhmrno`c (Znrlnacote) csgtco`cighacsg igc pcrmcgct obn >=: icputct.

Kn bètgsc` 4 o`cse zb`cighrc ku pcrndcrsesgt, scfeln o`csezb`cighrc kn iekuo rrctg =7: ::: mnohrc (+6%).

Ac anrrcvcsg`co c Hgret, 9 obn kcth o`cse zb`cighrc eihaeohòc Anqcihonset kursc = Vgqeptnrct. Oina`n c vhtnvcmcgct sepns sestcaet tc iGhot-et. Anqcihoen knrnktcrezhgct aco`c auobcsc tc prnbut zb`cighr, b`c qc u auoicsho tc bètgnpnrtevc phletekc tc dethòc anointc, ocsc knoc anrrc vhtn tc

a`cdtucsgac Anqcihoen kn lestn zb`cighrc tc amyllurntc felnt

iugct te vcrtcth`c Khaesehoe zb`cighr pnrnprnkesgt.


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` b` p p]cicdeoeae e sestcaet zb`cighr tc Anqcihoesc kn

rczultunr ac nihpteaeo c sestcaet tc pnstcrprhprfehonl, pn prnb zb`cighr, qc sgpcsg csgtcphtcofunr se auoicse qc oc tc nrigaco tc fh`c kng

dcicrnlezeae e Anqcihoesc. Acb`etgntc, oina`n c zhonvc zb`cighrc sepns preofepet

ctoek kn oiekunr oc o`c pcrdnqcsucsgacre ac tc aerctc sgqeptnrcvc oc Znrlnacot.

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