Mikroba Dalam Dunia Tanaman Sejarah dan Kini

I Nyoman P. Aryantha

SITH ITB

Asal mula Kentang

1840s

Phytophthora infestans changed the course of history

Great famine

Coffee Rust in Ceylon

1870-1892

Bunchy top banana

virus

• Produksi pisang NSW Australia

• 2226 hektar 1922 menjadi 607 hektar 1925

Chestnut blight

• US 1904-1950s

• 80% pohon chestnut mati

Dutch elm disease

• Dutch Elm pohon pelindung dan penghias sangat terkenal di Eropa dan USA

• Penyakit oleh Ophiostoma ulmi

• 1930s USA 90% pohon (40 juta pohon) mati

• 1970-1980s 22 juta pohon di UK

• Belakangan di Victoria Australia (70000 pohon mati)

• New Zealand, Jepang, China dll

Jarrah Dieback

Phytophthora cinnamomi

• 1922

• Pertama di Sumatra

• Cinnamomum burmanni

• 2009 : 60-80% (1 juta ha) hutan eucalyptus Stirling Range National Park WA terinfeksi

Ergot of RyeCaused by the fungus Claviceps purpurea

The pathogen produces a structure called a sclerotium that grows in place of the rye kernel. This sclerotium contains poisons that are very harmful to man and animals.

The sclerotium is harvested with the rye grain. The grain is ground into flour, made into bread and is eaten by people. Eating the contaminated bread results in a disease called Ergotism.

ERGOTISM OFTEN RESULTS IN DEATH.

Ergot of Rye(note dark sclerotia)

Ergot of Rye

The scelotia also contains hallucinogenic

compounds. People that eat ergot often see Fire.

In the middle ages, people called the vision of fire induced by Ergot

Holy Fire or St. Anthony’s Fire

Ergotism can also cause abortions and gangrene.

THIS PLANT DISEASE IS STILL KILLING PEOPLE IN THE WORLD TODAY

Black Stem Rust of Wheat

1916 - Destroyed 300 million

bushels of wheat in the United States and Canada

1935 - Destroyed 135 million

bushels in Dakotas and Minnesota

SPORATIC EPIDEMICS STILL COST NORTH

AMERICAN FARMERS BILLIONS OF DOLLARS

Black Stem Rust of Wheat

Southern Corn Leaf Blight

1970 - An epidemic caused a 15% loss of the U.S. corn crop. This resulted in a one billion dollar loss in the United States.

This was enough corn that, if fed to cattle,it would make 30 BILLION HAMBURGERS

Southern Corn Leaf Blight

SusceptiblePlants

ResistantPlants

Azotobacter

The azotobacter was discovered in 1901 by the biologist/botanist Martinus Beijerinck.

Martinus Beijerinck was one of the founders of environment micro biology, and when he discovered it, it was described as the first aerobic, free living organism with the ability to fix nitrogen.

Rhizobium

• In 1679, a man named Malpighi observed Rhizobia in his drawing of a plant. He thought that the bacteria were insect’s eggs, or parasites.

• Later a German Scientist named Hermann Hellriegel, with help from Hermann Wilfarth, recognized that the nodules in the root were the actual reason for the bumps, and that these bumps were creating fixed nitrogen. He discovered Rhizobium inside the nodules in 1888.

Azospirillum

• Johanna Liesbeth Kubelka Döbereiner (28 November 1924 in Ústí nad Labem - 5 October 2000 in Seropédica) was a Brazilian agronomist.

• Her family were German Czechoslovakians who left the country after World War II. She received her degree from the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, but settled in Brazil and became a Brazilian citizen in 1956. Her early work includes studies of Azospirillum and other bacteria that could be useful to Brazilian soil.[1]

• She later played an important role in Brazil's soybean production by encouraging a reliance on varieties that solely depended on biological nitrogen fixation.[2]

http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/biological-nitrogen-fixation-23570419

http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/biological-nitrogen-fixation-23570419

Mycorhiza

• Associations of fungi with the roots of plants have been known since at least the mid-19th century. However early observers simply recorded the fact without investigating the relationships between the two organisms.

• This symbiosis was studied and described by Franciszek Kamieoski in 1879–1882.[41] Further research was carried out by Albert Bernhard Frank, who introduced the term mycorrhiza in 1885.[42]

Types of Biofertilizers

Rhizobium

Azotobacter

Azospirillum

Mycorrhiza

PSB

PGPR

Effective microorganisms

PERKEMBANGAN PRODUKSI TEBU DAN GULA INDONESIA

Data diambil dari Pusat Penelitian Energi-ITB

ANNUALY IMPORTED FOOD (TON)

2.000.000

1.600.000

1.100.000

4.500.000

1.200.000

500.000

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

4000000

4500000

Beras (1)

Gula (2)

Kedelai

Gandum

Jagung

Sapi