ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti

Tbilisi 2009

pirveli qarTuli gamocema

saimon diuringi

kulturis kvlevebi:

kritikuli Sesavali

ISBN 978-9941-9116-3-7

qarTuli gamocemis saavtoro ufleba

© ssip ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti

grZeldeba wignze muSaoba.

© 2005 Simon During

First published 2005by Routledge

wignis Targmani dafinansda saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis saministros programiT – `sauniversiteto sa xelmZRvaneloebis ganviTareba~. wigns gamosacemad amzadebs ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti.

s a r C e v i

Sesavali............................................................................................. 5

nawili I: disciplina

1.1. globalizacia........................................................................... 7

1.2. samewarmeo kultura............................................................ 21

1.3. Janrebi da genealogiebi.................................................... 29

1.4. problemebi............................................................................... 60

nawili II: dro

2.1. warsuli: kulturis istoria/kulturuli mexsiereba................................................................................. 77

2.2. awmyo ........................................................................................... 94

2.3. momavali: politika da winaswarmetyveleba............108

nawili III: samyaro

3.1. globalizaciis gaazreba........................................... 1253.2. regionaluri, erovnuli, lokaluri...................... 148

nawili IV: media da sazogadoebrivi sfero

4.1. televizia....................................................................... 1654.2. popularuli musika..................................................... 1864.3. interneti da teqnokultura................................... 203

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nawili V: identuroba

5.1. debatebi identurobaze...............................................2155.2. multikulturalizmi..................................................2285.3. rasa....................................................................................241

nawili VI: seqsualoba da genderi

6.1. feminizmis Sedegi: genderi dRes..............................2536.2. saeWvo kultura ............................................................272

nawili VII: faseuloba

7.1. maRali da dabali donis kultura............................2857.2. kulturis buneba............................................................310

Sesavali

es wigni ar warmoadgens Cveulebriv Sesavals kulturologiaSi – akademiur sferoSi, romelic SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, rogorc Tanamedrove kulturis kompleqsuri analizi. kulturologia kom­pleqsuria sami TvalsazrisiT. pirveli, is ar rCeba neitraluri im gamonaklisebis, usamarTlobebisa da crurwmenebis mimarT, romel­Tac ganixilavs da socialurad daCagrulebis mxares ikavebs. amde­nad, `kompleqsuri~ aq politikurs, kritikuls gulisxmobs. meore, is kompleqsuria, radgan cdilobs gaamdidros da didebiT Semosos kulturuli gamocdilebebi: gadmosces sxvadasxva kulturuli formebis siamovneba, nawilobriv, maTi da maTi socialuri safuZv­lebis gaanalizebiT. mesame TvalsazrisiT, romelic gamoxatavs mis realur gansxvavebas sxva saxis akademiuri naSromebisgan, is cdi­lobs kulturas miudges, rogorc yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawils da ara obieqts. faqtobrivad, kulturologia miiswrafvis msofli­os nawili gaxdes.

kulturologiaSi Sesavlebis umetesoba yuradRebas discip linis istoriul ganviTarebaze amaxvilebs, dawyebuli misi saTaveebidan 1960­iani wlebis britaneTSi memarcxene sociologiis, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebisa da literaturuli kritikis nazavis saxiT, damTavre­buli misi dRevandeli gavrcelebiT mTel msoflioSi. isini aseve ga­nixilaven mis ZiriTad meTodebsa da interesebs. am wignis ZiriTadi , marTalia ar tovebs disciplinis istoriisa da meTodis sakiTxebs, Sedgeba mokle esseebisagan disciplinis ZiriTad sakiT xebze, romelTa mizania gamoiwvios debatebi da msjeloba, magaliTad, sak­laso oTaxSi. is gamiznulia ara axalbedebisTvis (Tumca, vi medovneb, maTac daainteresebs), aramed ufro maTTvis, vinc garkveuli codnis safuZvelze sagans ufro Rrmad Seiswavlis, aseve gamocdil swav­lulTaTvis, romelTac imedia daainteresebT sakiTxisadmi axle­buri midgoma.

me gadavwyvite wignis struqturizacia specifikuri Temebis mixedviT momexdina, radgan, rogorc Cemma piradma gamocdilebam miCvena, kulturologiis swavlebis yvelaze efeqturi gza aris stu­dentebSi kulturuli interesis gaRviveba da demonstrireba, Tu rogor SeuZlia akademiur naSroms am interesebis ganvrcoba da maTi kritikuli analizi. mokle esse amis idealuri saSualebaa. ufro vrclad, am wignis mizania studentebis kulturologiiT daintere­seba imis CvenebiT, Tu rogor gvexmareba disciplina SeviswavloT rigi instituciebisa, media, koncefciebi da formaciebi – televi­ziidan multikulturizmamde; kulturuli memkvidreobidan poli­tikamde. wignis pirvel nawilSi mocemulia disciplinis warsulis da awmyos mokle mimoxilva; misi ur TierTqmedeba masTan dakavSire­bul akademiur disciplinebTan; misi kavSiri umaRles ganaTlebaSi momxdar cvlilebebTan da ga damwyveti msjelobebi, romelTac mis formirebas Seuwyves xeli.

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6

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nawili I

disciplina

1.1. globalizacia

Tanamedrove kulturologiis yvelaze TvalsaCi no maxa­siaTebeli SesaZloa iyos misi globalizacia – vaWrobasTan, finansebTan, komunikaciebsa da sauniversiteto sistemebTan erTad. es sagani, Aama Tu im formiT, TiTqmis yvela qveynis aka­demiur sistemaSi iswavleba, rac niSnavs, rom sadauric ar unda iyoT, aucileblad SexvdebiT adamianebs, romlebic Tqveni kulturisgan gansxvavebuli kulturis sakiTxebze muSaoben. es erTgvar problemas warmoadgens. erTi mxriv, disciplinis globalizaciasTan erTad sul ufro rTuldeba romelime erTi kulturuli konteqstis standartad an universalu­rad aRiareba. dialogis, gacvlisa da kvlevebis horizonte­bi gafarToebulia. es kargad ergeba disciplinis orienta­cias, romelic arasodes moiTxovs mecnierul obieqturobas da iSviaTad Tvlis, rom flobs iseT analitikur meTodebs, romlebic yvela kulturisTvis misaRebia. meore mxriv ki, im xarisxiT, rogoriTac dasavleTSi SemuSavebuli saSualebebiT da meTodebiT msoflioSi regionaluri kulturebis faqti­uri Seswavla xdeba, es disciplina eqceva im logikis gavlenis qveS, romlis mixedviTac regionaluri gansxvavebani realu­rad mcirdeba maTi gansxvavebad CaTvlis niRbiT. garda amisa, globalizaciis gziT disciplinaSi Sesuli Temebisa da isto­riebis aSkara mravalferovneba, saerTo cnobebisa da codnis Sesabamis dakargvasTan erTad, praqtikosebs saerTo proeqtSi CarTvis SesaZleblobas dakargviT emuqreba.

warmodgena, romlis Tanaxmadac kulturisa da codnis war­moebis raodenobasa da specializacias sazogadoebis erTad­erTi da amomwuravi daxasiaTebis mocema ar SeuZlia, jer kidev meTvramete saukuneSi iTvleboda banalurad (ix. bareli, 1992). Tumca, Tanamedrove kulturologiur kvlevebSi es azri ufro dabneulobaSi igrZnoba, vidre danakargebSi. magaliTad, wamyvan Jurnal `kulturologiis~ 1998 wlis nomerSi daibeWda

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tradiciuli literatul­kritikuli esse hamletisa da mar­qsis Sesaxeb; sociologiuri esse momxmareblebis uflebaTa dacvasa da luvrze; arqivis masalebze dayrdnobiT dawerili naSromi samxreT indoeTis kolonialuri mecnierebis Sesaxeb; kulturuli `hibridulobis~ Teoriis feministuri kritika; esse bob marlisa da SavkanianTa transnacionalizmis Sesaxeb; konteqstualuri istoriuli esse meoce saukunis dasawyisSi `saqs romeris~ mier Seqmnili popularuli novelebis Cinel uaryofiT gmirze – fu manCuze; esse sarZeve jirkvlis kibosa da saxelmwifo moxelis Sesaxeb aSS­Si; agreTve, TviTrefleq­suri esseebi Tavad disciplinis Sesaxeb.

mTeli am informaciis fonze, SesaZloa adamianma Tavi igrZ­nos iseT Temebs Soris moxvedril inteleqtualur turistad, romlebic momxiblavia Tavisi egzotikurobiT, magram rome­l Ta mimarTac naklebi interesi an pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba gaaCnia. gasakviri ar aris, rom gareSe pirebi zogjer gaoce­bas gamoxataven kulturologiuri kvlevebis ambiciurobisa da bundovanebis gamo. amis pasuxi is iqneba, rom kulturolo­giis maswavleblebi da studentebi CaTvalon globalurad gafantuli movlenebisa da dinebebis damakavSirebel Zalad, romelic met­naklebi sicxadiT icavs saerTaSoriso moZrao­bis interesebs eqsploataciisa da centrizmis winaaRmdeg. aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, agreTve, rom mecnierTa mxri­dan iseTma midgomam, rogoricaa `mdgomareoba gvaiZulebs~ (noblesse oblige) SeiZleba gamoiwvios ufskrulis gaRrmaveba Semdeg or sakiTxs Soris: ra mniSvneloba aqvs am Temebs kul­turologiisTvis da ras niSnavs im azriT, rom imas, rasac humanitari mecnierebi fiqroben, didi mniSvneloba ar aqvs. amasTanave, es riskis qveS ayenebs daaxloebas kulturasTan, romelic am sferos ganmsazRvrel maxasiaTebels warmoadgens.

Tanamedrove kultura

gavrceleba, yvelafris miuxedavad, ar aris ganmsazRvreli globaluri kulturologiisTvis. ganmsazRvreli mobilobaa. am disciplinisTvis umniSvnelovanesi kulturuli formacie­bi yvelgan mzardi mobilurobiT xasiaTdeba. es WeSmaritebaa

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pirdapiri gagebiT, radgan maT aqvT manZilisa da sazRvrebis gadalaxvis tendencia da aseve, maTi damokidebuleba so­cialur da materialur garemosTan (ekonomikasTan, politi­kasTan, ganaTlebasTan, teqnologiasTan da a.S.), swrafad da Zireulad icvleba, Tumca, gansxvavebuli tempiTa da mimar­TulebiT sxvadasxva adgilas. es im gagebiTac aris marTa­li, rom Sida kulturuli seqtorebi da Janrebi dinamiurad urTierTqmedebs. kultura ar aris sagani da arc sistema: is urTierTkavSirebis, procesebis, mutaciebis, saqmianobis, te­qnologiebis, institutebis mTel rigs warmoadgens, romelT­agan warmoSobilma sagnebma da movlenebma (rogoricaa filme­bi, poemebi an msoflio turnirebi mklavWidSi) unda iarsebon, isini unda ganicado, mianiWo mniSvneloba da sxvadasxvagvarad Seafaso im gansxvavebaTa da mutaciaTa usistemo qselis far­glebSi, romelTaganac maTi arseboba daiwyo. (kidev erTxel unda aRiniSnos, rom es modeli arcTu ise Tanamedrovea: kul­turis amgvari gagebis safuZveli pirvelad gamoCnda mecx­ramete saukunis bolos germaneli filosofosis ­ fridrix nicSes naSromSi).

Tanamedrove kulturologiis Tanaxmad kulturuli obi­eqtebi erTdroulad warmoadgens `teqstebs~ (radgan maT gaaC­niaT mniSvneloba), movlenebsa da gamocdilebebs, romlebic warmoSobilia da ubrundeba socialuri Zalebis sferos, ro­melic araTanabrad Sedgeba: Zalauflebis nakadebisgan, sta­tusebis ierarqiebisgan da SesaZleblobebisgan, mravali saxis transportirebis, identifikaciisa da siamovnebisaTvis.

socialuri institutebic am ricxvs miekuTvneba, romelTa­gan zogi saxelmwifoebriobas emyareba, zogi bazars an egreT wodebul civilur sazogadoebas. kulturebi aRweven ge og­rafiul sazRvrebs miRma, erTiandebian da iyofian; yofen da anadgureben politikur da socialur erTeulebs, zogjer aZliereben kidec maT. kulturuli teqnologiebi ibadebian da kvdebian. kapitali da modebi icvlebian sxvadasxva kul­turuli formebis saSualebiT. zogi Janri specifikuri da `gansakuTrebuli~ xdeba, zogi ki msoflios ipyrobs.

mas Semdeg, rac kultura aRar mimarTavs saganTa specifi­kur nakrebs da kulturuli bazrebi ase gavrcelebulia, xSirad rCeba STabeWdileba, rom kulturac da Sesabamisad,

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kulturologiac, SeiZleba, nebismier sagans Seexos (ix. Read-ings, 1996, 17). rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT, kultura xSirad scdeba Tavis sazR vrebs da iTvisebs iseT alternatiul koncefciebs, rogorica sazogadoebaa. miuxedavad amisa, kulturologia, faqtobrivad, kulturis yvela formas Tanabar yuradRebas ar aqcevs. man mTavari gezi aiRo kulturuli formaciebis im specifikuri jgufisken, romelic yvelaze uSualod aris da­kavSirebuli mis ZiriTadad, saero, saSualo klasis, memarcx­ene, axalgazrdul (an axalgazrdobisken mimarTul) an met­nak­lebad evrocentrul praqtikosebTan. Sesabamisad, mas gauCnda tendencia ugulebeleyo religia, sakvebi, sporti, sportuli hobi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, Tevzaoba da Trein­spotingi, obivateluri da `kiCis~ kultura, gansakuTrebiT ki misi is nawili, romelic ojaxs exeba da saSualo asakis adamianebis gansakuTrebuli interesis sferos warmoadgens, magaliTad, saxlis keTilmowyoba da gamwvaneba. sxvadasxva mizezis gamo man Tavad maRali kulturac ugulebelyo.

kulturis Seswavlac kulturis sferos miekuTvneba. Cven, kulturologebic vqmniT kulturas, Zalze kargad organize­buli institutidan – ganaTlebis sistemidanac ki – da maSin­ac, Tu Cveni politikuri miznebi, romelTac daaxasiaTebdnen, rogorc kulturis demokratizacias, garkveul SezRudvebs dagviwesebs. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, kulturologiuri kon­cefcia `kulturis~ Sesaxeb, wyvets kav Sirs `kulturis~ Ses­axeb arsebul im koncefciebTan, romlebic warsulSi domini­rebdnen. kerZod, tradiciul maRal xelovnebasTan mWidro kavSiris dakargviT, disciplinas uCndeba tendencia Seafasos yvela kulturuli saqmianoba da obieqti, rogorc eqvival­enturi faseuloba. es marTlac sazogadoebis bralia, sadac gaTanabrebis amgvar Sexedulebas ekonomikuri funqcia ekis­reba, saxeldobr ki – kulturuli moxmarebis yvelanairi saxis zrda. es arc meTvramete saukunis didi germaneli filosofo­sis, imanuel kantis mimdevrebis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas Seesabameba, TiTqos esTetika kulturis wiaRSi sufevs da war­moadgens saqmianobis sferos, romelic Tavis TavSia Caketili da raime sxva daniSnulebiT ar gamoiyeneba, rogorc, magali­Tad, sakvebi an Senobebi. aseve, amoiwura termin `kulturis~ Zveli, anTropologiuri mniSv neloba, romelic moicavda mem­

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kvidreobiT miRebul, moZvelebul da ucilobel Rirebule­bebs, agreTve, im rwmenebsa da qmedebebs, romlebic marTavdnen a damianebis urTierTobebsa da sazogadoebebSi maT monawil­eobas.

meTodi

rogorc ki kulturis es Zveli gansazRvrebebi ukan daxevas iwyebs da rogorc ki kulturas globalurad ganvixilavT, meTo­di misi mecnieruli SeswavlisaTvis namdvil problemad iqceva. ra saxis koncefciebi da praqtika unda SevitanoT Sesaswavl masalaSi? interviuebi? statistikuri analizi? filosofiuri warmodgenebi? politikuri kritika? teqstebis dawvrilebiTi ganxilva (rac SeiZleba moicavdes simRerebs, satelevizio Souebs da romanebs)? namdvilad Zalian Znelia ufro meti iTq­vas kulturologiis meTodebze garda imisa, rom Tu Zalian gan­vazogadebT, is rogorc Teoriul, ise empiriul disciplinas warmoadgens, xolo ukeTes SemTxvevaSi ki orives erTdroulad. is ar unda iyos organizebuli meTodis irgvliv, nawilobriv imis gamo, rom komerciuli, globalizebuli kultura Zalze difuziuri da mimoqcevadia da masTan dakavSirebis uamrav Ses­aZleblobebs qmnis. garda amisa, kulturologiaSi Teoriebi da Tavad meTodebi maRali socialuri wreebis logikasTan mudmiv daqvemdebarebaSia (Tuki amas ganaTlebis sistema uwyobs xels). amasTan, kulturologia Tanmimdevrulad ubrundeba tradici­uli, hermenevtikuli disciplinebis interpretaciul da empa­Tikur meTodebs, literaturuli kritikis CaTvliT, romelsac (rogorc Semdgom vnaxavT) didad unda umadlodes. meTodebs, romlebic, rogor paradoqsuladac ar unda gveCvenebodes, meTodis simkacres uaryofen.

miuxedavad amisa, rodesac „meTodis~ koncefcia, amoRe­buli socialuri mecnierebebidan (da rogorc wesi, warmod­genili mecnierTa moTxovnebSi kvlevebis dafinansebis Ses­axeb), kulturologiis dargSi kvlevebis identifikaciaSi centralur adgils ikavebs, Zalian male Zalze ganzogadoe­buli xdeba. magaliTad, nik qoldri, Tavis brwyinvale wignSi, sa xelwodebiT: „kulturis wiaRSi~, meTods, romelsac miiC­

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nevs „msje lobis gzad~, kulturologiis centrSi aTavsebs, radgan es meTodi gvaZlevs „saerTo CarCos, romlis saSuale­biTac SesaZlebelia gavigoT, ras warmovadgenT dialogSi~ (qoldri 2000, 143). es aSkarad gansxvavdeba im mecnierTa mo­sazrebebisgan, vinc (CemsaviT) kulturologias, ZiriTadad, anti­meTodologiur dargad miiCnevs, magram, miuxedavad amisa qoldris pozicia aRniSvnis Rirsia. misi azriT, kul­turologias sammagi meTodi gaaCnia: materialisturi da re­fleqtoruli (mudmivad Seiswavlis Tavis ganviTarebasa da procesebs); anti­pozitivisturi (ar Tvlis, rom kultura obieqturi faqtebisgan Sedgeba); da Teoriulad ekleqturi. es garkveulwilad danebebas niSnavs, radgan safuZvlianad ar ganmartavs meTods, romelic kulturologiisaTvis erTader­Ti da unikaluria. gancxadeba, rom kulturologia meTodebze damyarebuli mecnierebaa, gamoxatavs mis wiaRSi arsebul erT, gansazRvrul mimarTulebas an, SeiZleba, mxolod imeds.

bunebrivia Cndeba kiTxva: Tu kulturologiisTvis calkeu­li da stabiluri meTodebis erTianoba damaxasiaTebeli ar aris da Tu is amdenad totaluri da aramdgradi koncefciaa, maSin sad aris kulturologiis mizidulobis centri? am kiTx­vaze pasuxi amtkicebs, rom kulturologiis Camoyalibebis periodSi Seqmnili Teoria (da ara meTodi, rogorc aseTi), kulturologebisTvis mTel msoflioSi iyenebs lingua fran-ca­s: saerTo safuZvels, saidanac SeiZleba saTave aiRos de­batebma, swavlebam da kvleva­Ziebam, miuxedavad imisa, rom is yovlismomcvel monopolias ar warmoadgens. eWvgareSea, rom kultrologiuri kvlevisas mecnierTa didi nawili iyenebs sakuTari saxelebis uzarmazar cnobarebs (reimond uiliamsi, antonio gramSi, miSel de sero, stiuart holi, miSel fuko, eduard saidi, pol Jilroi da a.S.), romlebic standartul saxelmZRvaneloebSia Tavmoyrili, Tumca, maTi umravlesoba ufro mniSvnelovania inglisuri an franguli kulturologi­isaTvis, vidre, magaliTad, aziurisTvis.

isic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kulturologias ara Teoriuli cnobebis ganyenebuli nakrebi aerTianebs, aramed ormagi im­pulsebi, romlebic kidev ufro gaurkvevelia, vidre meTodi: kulturis interpretaciis survili akademiuri codnis pro­tokolis SigniT (argumentebis, damamtkicebeli sabuTebisa

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da citatebis warmoadgena; sayo velTaod aRiarebuli zogadi koncefciebis gamoyeneba; naSromis aSkarad an farulad dis­ciplinarul CarCoebSi moTavseba; sakuTari naSromis ward­gena debatebisTvis da sxvebTan debatebSi CarTva da a.S.) iseve, rogorc akademiis gareT arsebul yoveldRiur cxovrebasTan dakavSirebis (politikuri) survili, gansakuTrebiT ki iseT cxovrebasTan, romliTac SedarebiT dabali gavlenisa da sta­tusis mqone adamianebi cxovroben. kulturologias, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, saqme aqvs iseT sruliad arateqnikur termi­nebTan, rogorebicaa: „popularuli kultura~, „rasizmi~, „globalizacia~, „heteroseqsualoba~ – sityvebi, romelTac Sesaferisi Sesatyvisebi aqvT saxvadasxva enaSi da aqtiurad gamoiyeneba akademiis gareT. magram, aqac ki SeuZlia kultur­ologiis globalizms problemebis Seqmna: aseTi terminebidan zogierTs (multikulturalizmi, ucnauri – queer) sul cota, gansxvavebuli cirkulacia, axsna da damatebiTi mniSvneloba gaaCnia msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. samwuxarod, es mcire gansxvavebani xSirad ikargeba. zedmeti gulmodgineba kul­turologiis kuTvnil „saerTo kulturis~ SeswavlaSi SeiZle­ba emsxverplos im siZneleebs, romlebic yovelTvis Tan sdevs erTianobisa da Tanmimdevrobis Ziebas – Sinagani siZneleebis gadalaxva, ganzogadoebisa da abstraqciisken daxeva, aseve, warmosaxviTi saerTo niSnebis maregulirebel normebad TiTq­mis SeumCneveli gardasaxva.

kulturologiis gansazRvris alternatiuli varianti nominalisturia: kulturologia imas niSnavs, rasac misi sax­eli gamoxatavs, anu, rogorc mas icnoben – kulturis Seswav­la. vfiqrob ar unda viyoT aseTi minimalistebi: minda gamovyo kidev ori damaxasiaTebeli niSani, romelic am sferos daxasi­aTebaSi dagvexmareba da romelTagan erT­er Ti nik qoldris mier aris aRiarebuli. mimaCnia, rom kulturologiuri kvle va ­Ziebis pirveli damaxasiaTebeli niSani, rogorc mimaCnia, aris misi kulturiT dainteresebuloba. dainteresebulobaSi vgu­lisxmob yuradRebas im sakiT xis mimarT, Tu rogor axdens gav­lenas kultura (nawilobriv) im Zalauflebis TvalsazrisiT, romelic akavSirebs centrebsa da periferiebs, statusis ier­arqiebs da im normebs, rom lebic aweseben represiebs an axdenen marginalizacias. aseve vgulisxmob midrekilebas kulturuli

formebis qebis an kritikisken (xSirad im socialur sferosTan dakavSirebiT, romelSic isini warmoiSvnen), kulturis Sesaxeb iseTi Sexe dulebebis Seqmnisken, romlebic SeiZleba daukav­Sirdes kulturis warmoSobas da/an yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi axali kavSirebis Seqmnas sxvadasxva kulturul formebsa da adamianebs (umTavresad, ra Tqma unda, studentebs) Soris.

swored amgvari dainteresebulobis gamo, kulturolo­gia ufro humanitarul sferos miekuTvneba, vidre socialur mecnierebebs, romlebic amtkiceben, rom TavianTi obieqtebis analizs obieqturad akeTeben. imave mizeziT advili SesaZle­belia is kulturis Seqmnis faqtoradac iqces. kulturulo­gia kulturuli muSaobis mravali sferos elementad iqca. maga liTad, 1980­iani wlebis axalgazrda, Savkaniani brita­neli msaxiobebi – Caila burmani, sonia boisi, aizek julieni, qeiT faiferi – gatacebulni iyvnen TeoriiT, romelsac im dros ayalibebdnen homi bhabha, kobena merseri, pol gilroi da sxvebi (makrobi 1999, 6). anjela makrobim aRniSna, rom bevr axalgazrda Jurnalists, romlebsac oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis axalgazrda qalTaTvis gankuTvnil JurnalebSi muSaobis ga­mocdileba hqondaT, garkveuli momzadeba hqondaT gavlili mediasa da kulturologiaSi, rac SemdgomSi maT samuSao adg­ilebis miRebaSi daexmara (makrobi 1999, 28). iseTi amerikeli mwerlebi, rogorebic arian don delilo da jonaTan fran­zeni, kargad icnoben Tanamedrove kulturul Teorias da magaliTebis saxiT iyeneben mas TavianT nawarmoebebSi. dan­amdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa avstralia da didi britaneTi, kulturologia iZleva Taname­drove kulturisa da sazogadoebis ZiriTad ganmartebasa da interpretacias xelovnebaSi, arqi teqturasa da modebis sko­lebSic ki, da SesaZloa am sferoebSi misgan kidev ufro mets elian, gansakuTrebiT ki avangardSi. kulturologiis rolis politikuri mniSvnelo ba Zalze martivad erwymis mis ufro neitralur, TiTqmis ekonomikur rols.

kulturologiis meore idealuri damaxasiaTebeli niSani (romelsac qoldri aRiarebs) isaa, rom igi TviTrefleqtor­uli unda iyos. mas sWirdeba mudmivi, kritikuli TviTSeswav­la, gansakuTrebiT ki Tavisi damokidebulebisa, erTi mxriv, ganaTlebis sistemasTan, xolo meore mxriv, ara­akademiur

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kulturul institutebTan. es TviTrefleqtoruloba ufro metad institucionaluri moTxovnaa, vidre meTodi. kultur­ologiisTvis aucilebelia marTos mudmivi cvlilebebi urT­ierTobebSi Tavis sakuTar saxls – universitets – da gare, ufro vrcel samyaros Soris, sadac aseve mudmivi gardaqmnebi mimdinareobs. es aucilebloba, romelic mis winaSe dgas, ro­gorc misi arsebobis faqti da ganaTlebis sistemaSi misi ga­darCenis survili, Seadgens misi proeqtis nawils, metoqeobas uwevs ufros disciplinebs da kulturisa da ganaTlebis didi xnis win Camoyalibebul debulebebs. amgvari TviTrefleq­turoba xSirad sakuTari istoriis Seswavlis formas iRebs. warmoadgens Tu ara kulturologia calke disciplinas Tu mxolod arsebul disciplinebs miRma an gareT arsebobs? iqneb ukeTesi iqneboda is gangvexila ara rogorc disciplina, ar­amed rogorc kritika? kulturologiaSi arsebuli amgvari kiTxvebi ar SeiZleba meorexarisxovnad CaiTvalos, maT Tavad disciplinis warmoSobas Seuwyves xeli.

disciplinaruloba

meTodisa da Tanmimdevrulobis Sesa xeb arsebuli kiTxvebi SeumCnevlad gadadis kiTxvebSi disciplinarulobis Sesa xeb, rac dRemde mwvave kamaTis sagnad rCeba. toni beneti, maga­liTad, myarad dgas mosazrebaze, rom uunaroba saTanado dis­ciplinis formirebis saqmeSi institucionalur marcxad unda CaiTvalos (beneti 1998b, 533­534), maSin, rodesac am sferoSi SedarebiT adre momuSave xalxis azriT is disciplinarulo­bas ar unda SeezRuda. am Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, dis­ciplinaruloba zRudavs Temebis, interesebis, poziciebis, konteqstebisa da meTodebis mTel rigs, romelTa damorCile­bac SeuZlia. am davas ar SeiZleba hqondes garkveuli pasuxi, nawilobriv, imis gamo, rom humanitarul mecnierebebSi dis­ciplinarulobis statusi da funqcia cvalebadia. modiT, gavixsenoT, rom humanitarul da socialur mecnierebebSi aka­demiuri disciplinebi arasodes warmoadgendnen unitarul formaciebs: isini aerTianebdnen sxvadasxva meTodebs, sakv­lev obieqtebsa da profesiul interesebs.

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arsebobs saintereso mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac yvela disciplina inter­disciplinas warmoadgens. Camoyalibebis Semdeg isini iZulebulni arian xazi gausvan TavianT dife­rencirebulobas da avtonomias, Tumca mainc dakavSirebulni arian erTmaneTTan zogierTi saerTo interesiTa da meTodiT: magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT literaturul kvlevebsa da istorias Soris arseubligarkveuli sirTuleebi da azrTa sx­vadasxvaoba. calkeuli disciplinebi erTmaneTTan dakavSire­bulni rCebian im sub­disciplinebis saSualebiT, romlebic maT sazRvrebSi aRweven da aerTianeben maT: socialuri Teo­ria, magaliTad, erTdroulad sociologiasac miekuTvneba da kulturologiasac.

kidev ufro mniSvnelovania is, rom disciplinebi martivad da mxolod maTi inteleqtualuri proeqtebiT ar ganisazRvre­ba: benetis azriT, isini warmoadgenen instituciebs, romlebic universitetebSi garkveul ganyofilebebs (departamentebs, skolebs, fakultetebs) ukavSirdebian. Znelia ganzogado­ebulad visaubroT disciplinarulobasa da sauniversiteto sistemebze, radgan sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebuli sauni­versiteto sistemebi (gansxvavebuli dafinanseba, saxelmwifo xelmZRvaneloba) da disciplinaruli investiciebia. es qmnis im siZneleebs, romlebic warmoiSveba am sakiTxebis Sesaxeb swori daskvnebis gakeTebis dros msoflio masStabiT. disci­plinaruloba kargavs Tavis adgils sauniversiteto siste­maSi: dadasturebulia, rom msoflio masStabiT, „sauniver­siteto sawarmos~ menejerebi, rogorc mas saimon marginsonma da konsidainma uwodes, sul ufro nakleb yuradRebas uTmo­ben disciplinebs (marginsoni da konsidaini 2000). amgvarad, disciplinebi kidev ufro viTardeba yvelgan, garda univer­sitetebis saprogramo departamentebisa – gansakuTrebiT ki periodul gamocemebsa da konferenciebze. swored am adgi­lebSi ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs mecnierebi da magistrantebi auditoriebidan da fakultetebidan moSorebiT da swored iq yalibdeba kulturologia, rogorc disciplina. mniSvnelova­nia aRiniSnos, rom es adgilebi xdeba gansakuTrebiT transna­cionaluri.

akademiuri garemo

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amgvarad, kulturologia aris disciplina, warmoSobili iseT administraciul konteqstSi, romelic aqtiurad ar uwy­obs xels disciplinarulobas. universitetebis mmarTvelebi TavianT Tavs disciplinebis ganviTarebisTvis xelsayreli garemos Semqmnelebad ki ar Tvlian, aramed erTi mxriv, kvle­vis saSualebiT codnis Semqmnelebad, rac, sa boloo jamSi, erovnuli produqtiulobis amaRlebis mizniT xdeba, meore mxriv ki studentTa (romelTac, Cveulebriv, ganaTlebis momx­mareblebad moiazreben) profesiul­teqnikur moTxovnile­baTa damakmayofilebel subieqtebad. maT ukan mdgomi mTav­robebi ki, Cveulebriv, dainteresebulni arian savaldebulo ganaTlebis Semdgom safexurze TavianTi monawileobis gazr­diT da garantiis micemiT imaze, rom saxelmwifo dafinanseba gamoiyeneba erovnuli ekonomikuri interesebis sasargeblod da ara iseTi socialuri miznebisTvis, rogoricaa Tanasworo­ba.

aseTi universitetebis marTvisas aqcenti keTdeba efeq­turobaze, produqtiulobasa da pasuxismgeblobaze. aseTi +midgoma zRudavs humanitarul dargebs (sociologiasTan da Teoriul mecnierebebTan erTad) da Tavis mxriv, xels uw­yobs fakultetebis gaerTianebas, interdisciplinarulo­basa da iseT kursebs, romlebsac dasaqmebisaken mimaval gzas gvTavazoben. es upiratesobas aniWebs kulturologias masze ufros disciplinebTan SedarebiT da ueWvelia, rom kultur­ologiis aRmavloba, nawilobriv, 1970­iani wlebis Semdgomi periodis sauniversiteto mmarTvelobis da mis ukan mdgomi socialuri Zalebis damsaxurebac iyos. aq, ra Tqma unda, erT­gvari daZa buloba igrZnoba: kulturologiis Tanaxmad, disci­plinis aRmavloba Tanmimdevrulad mimdinareobda elitizmis, evrocentrizmisa da kulturuli konservatizmis winaaRmdeg misi brZolis fonze, xolo Tu sakiTxs kulturologiis gare­dan SevxedavT, ise Cans, TiTqos is momgebian poziciaSia axali, bazarze orientirebuli politikuri ekonomikisa da sauni­versiteto mmarTvelobis ekonomikuri modelebis pirobebSi. orive Tvalsazrisi dasaSvebia: swored es aris kulturo­logiasa da neo­liberalizms Soris arsebuli uxerxulobis Semqmneli pirveli faqtori, romelic mocemulia am wignSi da

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gvawvdis informacias kulturologiis Sesaxeb: Tu ras war­moadgens es sagani, romelic cvalebadi ekonomikisa da Taname­drove, globaluri bazrebis produqtia.

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, „sauniversiteto sawarmo~ msofli­oSi farTod gavrcelebuli fenomenia, magram mas kvalifika­cia sWirdeba, radganac, universitetebis globalizacia saer­TaSoriso akademiis masStabiT axal ierarqiebs qmnis. kerZod, aSS­s akademia, romelsac zurgs aSS­s samxedro da ideolo­giuri Zalaufleba umagrebs, TanadaTanobiT sul ufro da ufro dominanturi xdeba. anglofonur samyaroSi da aseve, raRac procentiT, aziasa da samxreT amerikaSi, Teoriebi da qve­disciplinaruli formaciebi aRmavlobas ganicdis im zo­miT, ra zomiTac arian gavrcelebulni da sanqcionirebulni aSS­s elitaruli universitetebis mier. da mainc, aseT elita­rul universitetebSi susti antidisciplinaruli wnexia da tradiciuli humanitaruli mecnierebebi gavlenas kvlav in­arCunebs kulturuli kapitalis gavrcelebis saqmeSi yvelaze privilegirebul socialur fenebSi an im individebSi, visac aseT jgufebTan SeerTebis saSualeba gaaCnia. amdenad, arc aseT universitetebSi da arc britanul an evropul elitarul universitetebSi kulturologia institucionalur aRmav­lobas ar ganicdida. saukeTeso sauniversiteto sivrceebSi, sadac kulturologia formalurad Seiswavleba (magaliTad, rogorc harvardis kulturologiis centrSi), is ufro metad warmoadgens sferos, romelSic sxvadasxva disciplina iyris Tavs, rac ufro disciplinaTa gadakveTaze miuTiTebs, vidre inter­disciplinarulobaze. am sakiTxSi mcire daZabuloba igrZnoba. kulturologia ukve aRar aris marginaluri sfero: bolos da bolos, is neo­liberaluri samTavrobo politi­kis mixedviT, nawilobriv, ufro amaRlda, magram, global­uri sauniversiteto sistemis mwvervalebi, romlebic amgvari politikisgan daculia, misTvis mainc miuwvdomeli rCeba.

kulturologiis globalizacia, ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs imas, rom institucionalurad mas Tanabari mdgomaroba uka­via msoflios yvela kuTxeSi, Tumca, mravali anglofonuri gamokvleva amas saTanadod ar asaxavs (ix. stratoni da engi 1996). marTlac, Tavad humanitaruli mecnierebebic yvelgan ar iReben CrdiloeT amerikis/evropis an britaneTis yofili

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koloniebis mosaxleobisaTvis nacnob formas. laTinur ameri­kaSi isini terminiT „Facultad de Letras~ aRiniSneba (imis gamo, rom istoriulad eTnikuri politika iq yovelTvis SedarebiT susti iyo, yovelTvis naklebad iyvnen dainteresebulni „mul­tikulturalizmiT~ da ufro metad „hibridulobis~ konce­fcia ainteresebdaT). aziaSi kultura, ZiriTadad, enebis an socialur mecnierebaTa fakultetebze iswavleba (ix. iudisi 2001, 218­219). CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi, sadac winaaRm­degobis politikis akademiurad gadakeTeba advili ar aris, kulturologias xSirad afaseben, rogorc mxolod Teoriul sagans (Tumca, mis mimarT didi interesic arsebobs). es aris imis mizezi, rom swored aziaSi kulturologiis muSaoba ufro metad aris damokidebuli ara­akademiur an kvazi­akademiur garemoze, vidre, vTqvaT, britaneTSi. garda amisa, metropo­liebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kulturologiuri tradiciebis gansazRvruli sakvanZo problemebi naklebad aris gamokveTi­li egreT wodebul „mesame samyaroSi`, sadac vesternizacia, modernizacia, nacionaluri avtonomiuri erTeulebi da eris Seqmnis procesebi SeSfoTebas iwvevs da sadac akademiuri sekularizmi TavisTavad ar igulisxmeba.

Tavad kontinentur evropaSi, kulturologia, rodesac igi ganixileba kulturis, gansakuTrebiT ki popularuli kulturis, politikasTan dakavSirebul kvlevad, imdenad kar­gad ar aris Camoyalibebuli, rogorc anglofonur samyaroSi. iq kulturuli ierarqiebis gamoyeneba ekonomikur ierar­qebSi klasebis struqturulad dasayofad (es Zalian kargad aqvs aRwerili frang sociolog pier bordies Tavis klasikur nawarmoebSi „gansxvaveba~) Zalian myarad aris fesvgadgmuli. safrangeTSi, anu, rogorc mas mark fumaroli moixseniebs, „kulturul qveyanaSi~, romelic marTavs da xels uwyobs kul­turis ganviTarebas – es ukeT Cans, vidre sxva, nebismier kapi­talistur qveyanaSi (ix. fumaroli, 1991).

omis Semdgomi socialuri keTildReobis triumfi evropis mTel kontinentze, agreTve amerikuli kulturis SesamCnevi dominantoba naTelhyofda, rom aq Sejibris obieqts, aSS­sa da gaerTianebuli samefosgan gansxvavebiT, kulturuli Ri­rebulebebi ar warmoadgenda. anti­amerikanizmi evropaSic garkveul rols asrulebda im akademiuri disciplinebis wi­

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naaRmdeg, romlebic komerciuli kulturis mimarT dadebiT damokidebulebas gamoxatavdnen. ufro zustad rom vTq­vaT, germaniaSi, magaliTad, dominirebs kritikuli Teoria, romelic, upirveles yovlisa, kapitalisturi kulturis kritikisken aris mimarTuli, xolo safrangeTSi Tanabrad aris gavrcelebuli kulturis mimarT rogorc Teoriuli (romelsac Jan bodriari warmoadgens), ise kritikuli, empiri­uli midgomebi (warmodgenili bordies mier). amdenad, miuxe­davad imisa, rom frangma Teoretikosebma kulturologia ZiriTadi koncefciebiTa da meTodebiT gaamdidres, am disci­plinas safrangeTSi aRmavloba mainc ar ganucdia. iseTi fran­gi moazrovneebi, rogorebic arian miSel de serto da fuko, Zalian mniSvnelovanni arian am disciplinisaTvis TavianTi ra­dikaluri da Seurigebeli poziciebis gamo, magram kulturu­li tradicionalizmi, romelic stimuls aZlevda maT radika­lizms, aSkarad Cans safrangeTSi kulturologiis SedarebiT SeumCnevel arsebobaSi.

msoflio kulturologiaSi arsebuli gansxvavebebis Sesa­xeb ufro dawvrilebiT Semdgom TavebSi visaubrebT. manamde ki saWiroa ufro naTeli warmodgena SeviqmnaT samewarmeo kulturis Sesaxeb, romelic globalizaciis procesebSi Tan­daTanobiT sul ufro wamyvan adgils ikavebs.

damatebiTi sakiTxavi: Ceni 1998; qoldri 2000; deningi 2004; holi, morli da Ceni 1996; morli 2000.

1.2. samewarmeo kultura

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kulturologia ase intensiurad swavlobs Tavis Tavs ara mxolod imis gamo, rom sayovelTaod aRiarebuli meTodebis naklebobas ganicdis, an imitom, rom globalizacia avrce­lebs an mobilizebas ukeTebs mas, aramed imitomac, rom miuxe­davad yvelafrisa, Tavad ar aris zustad garkveuli imaSi, Tu ra pi robebSi warmoiSva. rogorc cnobilia, misi warmoSobis pirobebi saTanadod ar aris aRwerili cnobil epikur isto­riaSi gmiri, disidenti britaneli inteleqtualebis (riCard hogarti, reimond uiliamsi da stiuart holi birmingemis skolidan) Sesaxeb, romlebic demokratiis mosapoveblad 60­70­ian wlebSi elitizmisa da hegemoniis winaaRmdeg ibrZod­nen. kulturologiis warmoSoba arc am istoriis kidev ufro gavrcelebul versiaSia aRwerili, romelic gadmogvcems mai­kl deningis Sexedulebas kulturologiaze, rogorc transna­cionaluri, `axali memarcxene~ mimdinareobisa da samociani wlebis feTqebadi popularuli kulturis Serwymis Sedegze (deningi 2004, 76­90). TandaTanobiT ukve vxedavT, Tu rogor poulobs sauniversiteto menejerizmi Sexebis wertils kul­turologiasTan. vxedavT imasac, Tu rogor aris gadaxlarTu­li kulturologia axali kapitalisturi kulturis konfigu­raciasTan. axla saWiroa ufro meti yuradRebiT SeviswavloT, Tu ras warmoadgens es konfiguracia, romelsac movixseniebT, rogorc samewarmeo kulturas.

samewarmeo kultura, pirvel rigSi, kulturaSi socialu ri elementis swraf zrdasTan asocirdeba – ekonomikuri, saxel­mwifoebrivi da konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT, anu, rogorc analitikosebi ityodnen, asocirdeba misi pozitiuri wonis zrdasTan. zogierTi kompetenturi azris Tanaxmad, Tanamed­rove sazogadoebebi `kulturul sazogadoebebad~ gadaiq­cnen (Svengeli 1991; Sulce 1992). aSkaraa, rom kulturul in­dustriaSi dasaqmebuli adamianebis procentuli raodenoba bolo aTwleulebis manZilze sagrZnoblad gaizarda: avstra­liaSi, ma galiTad, mxolod 90­ian wlebSi es maCvenebeli TiTq­mis 23%­iT gaizarda. UNESCO-s bolo monacemebis mixedviT, ukanaskneli 20 wlis manZilze saerTaSoriso vaWroba kul­turuli nawarmi T xuTjer gaizarda (UNESCO 2001 a, 4). aSS­s udides saeqsporto erTeulad gasarTobi industria iTvleba.

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saSualo fenis mosaxleobis oci­ocdaaTi wlis warmomadgen­lebi, romlebic ganaTlebis sistemidan samuSao adgilebze gadadian, erTgvar SemoqmedebiT saqmianobaSi arian CarTulni. aseT adamianebs mraval ganviTarebul qveyanaSi eZlevaT e.w. `daxmareba umuSevarTaTvis~ (zogierT qveyanaSi Semoqmedebi­Ti sferos muSakebs da momaval SemoqmedebiT muSakebs umuSev­arTa daxmarebis sakuTari forma aqvT) (ix. makrobi 1999, 3­6). msoflios umetes qveyanaSi, yovel aTwleulSi (zogjer ki yovelwliurad) mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdis Sesabamisad, izrdeba satelevizio arxebisa da translaciis saaTebis ra­odenoba, aseve, filmebis, wignebis, komiqsebis, Jurnalebis, turistuli centrebisa da kurortebis raodenoba. meti ar­Cevania, agreTve, cxovrebis stilis gaumjobesebis Tval­sazrisiT, meti produqcia iyideba dizainis mixedviT, meti Canawerebi, Cndeba samodelo brendebi, kompiuteruli TamaSe­bi, kidev ufro xelmisawvdomi xdeba interneti. mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobasTan mimarTebiT, bevrad ufro izrdeba sportuli movlenebisa da cnobili pirovnebebis raodenoba.

yovelive aman, didi gavlena moaxdina Zvel, maRal kultu­raze, romelic am vrceli sferos mxolod erT­erT punqtad iqca da ara mis mwvervalad. maRali kultura sul ufro metad xdeba damokidebuli saxelmwifo subsidiebze – sadac mas konkuren­ciis gaweva uxdeba rogorc sazogadoebriv xelovnebasTan, ise mis monaTesave avangardul mimdinareobebTan. mas sul ufro da ufro naklebi statusi aqvs Tavis momxreebs Soris. TiTqmis yvela anglofonur sazogadoebaSi, Raribi Tu mdidari, ufro prestiJulad Tvlis egzotikur qveynebSi saTavgadasavlo mogzaurobas, vidre, magaliTad, imas, rom kargad icnobdes jorj eliotis nawarmoebebs, jakobo tintoretos xelovnebas an feliqs mendelsonis musikas. amdenad, im akademiurma disci­plinebma, romlebic iZleodnen eliotis, tintoretos an men­delsonis Semoqmedebis Cawvdomisa da Sefasebis unars, asparezi iseT disciplinebs dauTmo, romelTa mizans, ufro metad, kul­turul industriaSi gzis gakvalva warmoadgens. faqtobrivad, kulturologia xSirad mimarTulia studentebisken, visTvisac sxvaobaTa Zveli ierarqia, romlis mixedviTac maRali kultura met kulturul kapitals flobs, vidre popularuli kultura, arc imdenad miuRebelia, rom mas win aRudgnen, rogorc uaz­

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robas. ras warmoadgens sinamdvileSi es axali, samewarmeo kul­

tura? es aris kidev erTi termini, romelic ori mimarTulebi­sken miuTiTebs: pirveli – sawarmoebisa da mewarmeobisaken, rogorc socialuri da ekonomikuri saqmianobis farTo sfer­osken, meore – kulturis samewarmeo sferosTan Serwymisken, ufro viwro gagebiT ki, Tavisufal dros gasarTob saqmiano­baTa erTianobisken. samewarmeo kulturis orive forma gan­sakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs `karieris~ koncefcias, sa­dac Sromis Zveli gansazRvreba Secvlilia axliT, romelic TviTorganizebul, ekonomikurad produqtiul kulturul saqmianobas gulisxmobs. am konteqstSi, kulturologia iZulebulia Tavisi Tavi ise warmoaCinos, TiTqos xels uwyobs studentebis momzadebas im unar­CvevebSi, romlebic kari­eris gasakeTeblad da imave dros kulturaSi produqtiuli monawileobisaTvis aris aucilebeli. rogorc samewarmeo, ise memarcxene TvalsazrisiT, sul ufro da ufro rTuldeba akademiuri swavlebis, rogorc ganaTlebis keris, an rogorc SeZenili kulturuli standartebis SemanarCunebeli saSu­alebis dacva. mewarmeobis TvalsazrisiT, akademiuri swavle­bac kulturuli saqmianobis erT­erT ganxras warmoadgens.

sxva mxriv, samewarmeo kultura xazs usvams gansakuTre­buli pirovnuli an eTikuri Tvisebebis erTobliobas: da­moukideblobas, riskisken midrekilebas, individualobas, SemoqmedebiTobas da gambedaobas iseve, rogorc TviTkon­trols, finansuri sakiTxebis codnasa da menejerul unar­Cvevebs. amgvari eTika, ra Tqma unda, Tavisufal dros saqmi­anobiT ar Semoifargleba (Tumca mas adgili aqvs sportul saqmianobaSi). is Sromis samyaros ekuTvnis, gansakuTrebiT ki Sromis im formebs, romelTa anazRaureba xelfasebiT xdeba da romlebic ukve kulturas miekuTvneba. samewarmeo kulturis eTika safinanso sferosac moicavs iseve, rogorc xelovne­bis, qonebis an akademiur sferoebs. swored am TvalsazrisiT, damsaqmeblebi cdiloben marTon TavianTi samuSao adgilebis kulturebi, radgan gansxvavebuli nacionalur­kulturuli specifika, romelsac muSebi TavianT samuSao adgilebze war­moaCenen, rogorc wesi, Seusabamod an konfliqturad gamoiy­ureba, garda iseTi SeTxvevebisa, rodesac ̀ mravalferovnebis~

24

demonstrirebas akeTeben. produqtiuloba damokidebulia gundis samuSao su­

liskveTebaze, gauTvaliswinebel garemoebebze reagirebis moxdenaze, prevenciaze da ara reaqciis unarze, ganwyobaze, siamovnebaze, kompaniis miznebis gaTavisebaze, an Tu filoso­fiurad mivudgebiT, SegrZnebaze, rom saarsebo moTxovnile­bebi samsaxuris saSualebiT dakmayofilebulia, erTi sityviT – kulturaze. samuSao kultura saSualebas iZleva, agreTve, uarvyoT Sromis marqsistuli ganmarteba, rogorc `gaucxoe­buli~, rac imas niSnavs, rom is saerTod ver gamoxatavs ada­mianis moTxovni lebebsa da potencials. kulturis mniSvnelo­bis mimarT aseTi xazgasmuli yuradReba saSualebas aZlevs TiToeul adamians, minimaluri winaaRmdegobiT miiRos kom­paniis mier dawesebuli specifikuri protokolebi (mag. an­gariSebi samuSaos Sesrulebis Sesaxeb). mecnierTa erTi, sak­maod seriozuli skola, miSel fukos naSromebze dayrdnobiT, samuSao adgilebTan mimarTebaSi sawarmoo kulturis gamoy­enebas ganixilavs, rogorc `saxelmwifoebriobis~ formas, an `saxelmwifoebriv racionalizms~, romlis mizania mSromelTa subieqturobis Secvla imgvarad, rom maTi sakuTari cxovrebac ise aRiqmebodes da mimdinareobdes, rogorc erTgvari sawar­moebisa (du gei 1996, 56­58). es paradigma riskis qveS ayenebs mxedvelobidan swored imis gaSvebas, rac izidavs adamianebs sawarmoo kulturisken: jildos miRebis Taobaze dapireba ki ara (romlis ukanac damarcxebis SiSi dgas), aramed gamowvevis gancda da piradi pasuxismgeblobis momxibvleloba.

ar arsebobs sawarmoo kulturis raime martivi politi­kuri gansazRvreba. arsebobs argumentebi, TiTqos sawarmoo kultura qmnis axal subieqtebs, romelTac winaaRmdegobis gawevis naklebi unari SeswevT, an naklebad SeuZliaT gaum­klavdnen sazogadoebis kritikas, vidre es SeeZloT sacialuri uzrunvelyofis organizaciebs an liberalur ideologiebs, romlebic entrepreniuralizmma Caanacvla. imasac amboben, rom is niRbavs umuSevrobisgan daucvelobisa da gakotrebis SemTxvevebis raodenobaTa radikalur zrdas an rom ZiriTa­dad, SedarebiT ufro mdidari fenisken aris mimarTuli, rac simarTles Seesabameba. Tumca es yvelaferi ar aris. entre­preniuralizmma waaxalisa adamianebi (savaraudod, umTavres­

25

ad SedarebiT mdidrebi), imisken, rom TavianTi niWi bazarze gaetanaT, anu, ufro zustad rom v TqvaT, 80­iani wlebis Semdeg sagrZnoblad gazarda kulturuli aqtiuroba. gaerTianebul samefoSi man gaamartiva samuSao adgilebis xelmisawvdomoba kulturul sawarmoebsa da sxva dawesebulebebSi maTTvis, vi­sac oqsfordisa da kembrijis universitetebi ar hqonda dam­Tavrebuli (nawilobriv imis gamo, rom am sferoebis Seswavla gacilebiT iafia da moxvedrac ufro martivia). entrepreniu­ralizmma ufro mravalferovani gaxada samuSao adgilisa da drois arCevani; SemoqmedebiTi muSakebisgan moiTxovda, rom meti seriozulobiT mohkidebodnen TavianT auditoriebsa da moTxovnebs; mas axasiaTebs sakuTari utopizmi, radganac gvTavazobs sazogadoebas, Semdgars energiuli individebis­gan, romlebic erTimeores exmarebian (rogorc momxmareble­bi) da konkurenciasac uweven (rogorc mwarmoeblebi) da amiT erTmaneTis ocnebebs axorcieleben. amasTanave, unda aRiniS­nos, rom xelovnebaSi mas ise uaryofiTad ar umoqmedia ufro Zvel sistemebze, romlebic maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeodnen (ra Tqma unda, arsebobs gamona klisebic, rogoric aris, mag­aliTad, britanuli televizia, romelic produqtis aut­sorsingma da reitingebis mimarT ga daWarbebulma yuradRebam iseTi kompaniac ki rogoric aris BBC, misi msmenelebis azriT, naklebad azriani da originaluri programebis Seqmnamde mi­iyvana).

sawarmoo kulturaSi, kulturuli dargebi, Cveulebriv, ekonomikur kontributorebad, damqiraveblebad, turizmisa da biznesis momzidavebad da urbanuli regeneraciis agen­tebad aRiqmebian. es saxelmwifo struqturebis sul ufro met CarTulobaze metyvelebs. saxelmwifoebs unari aqvT Ta­vad miiniWon kulturuli brendebi, magaliTad, toni blers hqonda moklevadiani mcdeloba brendi mieniWebina didi bri­taneTisaTvis, rodesac 1998 wels `Cool Britannia~ uwoda mas. hobi SeiZleba swrafad gadaiqces mcire biznesad, rac xSirad im saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis daxmarebiT xdeba, romle­bic mewarmeobas uwyoben xels. samuSao adgilebis raodenoba swrafad izrdeba xelovnebis dargebis administraciasa da proeqtebis menejmentSi, romelTa mizania kulturuli me­warmeobisaTvis mewarmeebis mozidva. ufro metic, gamewar­

26

moebuli kultura Riaa saxelmwifos mxridan CarevisaTvis ara marto imitom, rom waaxalisos biznesi dafinansebis (`an­gariSgebis~) pirobebis gaumjobesebiT, aramed, imisTvis, rom cxovrebisa da Rirebulebebis formireba moaxdinos. kultura iTvleba iaraRad, romlis saSualebiTac mTavrobebs SeuZliaT marTon sazogadoebis sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi faseulobe­bi da tradiciebi (beneti 2007, 17). ase, magaliTad, avstralia­Si, 1980­ian wlebSi multikulturalizmi oficialur politi­kad iqca maSin, roca margaret tetCerma britanuli skolebis programaSi Seqspiri Seitana. SegaxsenebT, rom meTvramete saukunis londonSi healthy theatre­s Semosavali xSiri aRniSv­nis sagani iyo, arada saxelmwifo sferos ufro mkacrad are­gulirebda (da cenzuras awesebda produqciaze), vidre dRes.

kulturuli omebi

entrepreneuralizmi daaxloebiT ukanaskneli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi dominantur kulturul modelad iqca, dasav­leTSi mainc (da ara marto iq, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT sin­gapurs) da Tavis TavSi sawarmoo universitetebis saSualebiT gaaerTiana kulturologia, rac ar niSnavs imas, rom kulturis yvela sxva mniSvneloba gaqra. multikulturalistebi da (ro­gorc aSS­Si amboben) `umciresobebi~ kulturas Cveulebrivi, ufro tradiciuli mniSvnelobiT aRiqvamen, nawilobriv, imis gamo, rom rogorc pol gilroi amtkicebs, isini, vinc formal­uri politikidan, iseve, rogorc ekonomiku ri saqmianobis mra­vali sferodan gaaZeves, kulturas kvlav Zveli mniSvnelobiT aRiareben (ix. gilroi 1987). yuradRebas imsaxurebs kulturis koncefciis gansxvavebulad ganmsazRvreli ori momenti.

pirveli maTgania semuel hanTingtonis mniSvnelovani Ca­reva geografiul TeoriaSi Tavis nawarmoebiT `civilizaci­aTa Sejaxeba~ (1997). hanTingtoni amtkicebda, rom sabWoTa saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg civi omis ormagi politika, roml­iTac demokratiuli kapitalizmi komunizmis winaaRmdeg ilaS­qrebda, Secvala dapirispirebam xuT sxvadasxva bloks Soris, romelTaganac TiToeuli gaerTianebuli iyo `centraluri~ saxelmwifos irgvliv, romelic im droisaTvis ara ekonomi­

27

kur­politikuri orientaciiT, aramed kulturiT gamoirCe­oda. kulturis hanTingtoniseul interpretacias bevri saerTo aqvs tradiciul anTropologiasTan. misi azriT, kul­tura memkvidreobiT gadaecema da met­naklebad ucvlelia. yovel sazogadoebas erTi kultura gaaCnia. TiToeuli indi­vidi mTlianad im erTaderTi kulturis mixedviT yalibdeba, romelsac memkvidreobiT iRebs. es Sexeduleba Zireulad gan­sxvavdeba im mobiluri, cvalebadi, bazarze orientirebuli, samewarmeo da globalizebuli kulturisgan, romelzec me vsaubrobdi da romelsac Tanamedrove kulturologia mie­kuTvneba. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom hanTingtoni icavs mo­nokulturalizms da aSS­s mouwodebs winaaRmdegoba gauwios `multikulturalizmis gamanadgurebel, cru mowodebebs~ (hanTingtoni 1997, 40). kulturuli siwmindis politika, Ta­visi saCvenebeli mxridan, imis mcdelobaSi mdgomareobs, rom rogorme daamtkicos sxvadasxva kulturebis sruli gansx­vavebuloba, rac am wignSia gadmocemuli da asaxavs im politi­kas, romelsac mTeli msoflios konservatorebi uWeren mxars. hanTingtoniseuli Sexeduleba, romelic im tradiciebis max­eSi gvaqcevs, romelTa urTierTdamokidebuleba, sabolood, urierTgagebis ararsebobiTa da undoblobiT xasiaTdeba, gvexmareba davinaxoT progresuli Zala rogorc kulturo­logiaSi, aseve, mobiluri, cvalebadi komercializebuli kul­turis samewarmeo koncefciaSi.

meore, mniSvnelovani sfero, romelSic `kulturas~ same­warmeo kulturisgan bevrad gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba eni­Weba, aris egreT wodebuli `kulturuli omebi~, romlebic an­glofonur dasavleTSi mimdinareobda, Tavis piks oTxmociani wlebis bolos – oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi miaRwia da jer kidev ar damTavrebula. faqtobrivad, mravali sxvadasx­va kulturuli omi gaCaRebula, romelTagan, amjerad, sams gamovyofT. pirveli, koncentrirebuli iyo moralisa da cen­zuris problemebze, gansakuTrebiT ki `nebadarTulobaze~, anu liberalizmze, romelic Tamamad ilaSqrebda ̀ wesierebisa~ da ̀ ojaxuri Rirebulebebis~ winaaRmdeg. meore, koncentrire­buli iyo im riskebze, romlebic komerciuli kulturis mxri­dan tradiciul memkvidreobasa da kulturul Rirebulebebs emuqreboda. mesame, fokusirebuli iyo muqaraze, romelic

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konsensussa da erTian memkvidreobas emuqreboda multikul­turalizmisa da migraciis mxridan. (meoTxe kulturuli omis aRniSvnac SegviZlia, romelic yoveldRiurad mimdina reobs yvelgan, aSS­s sazRvrebs gareT: es aris omi amerikanizaciasa da mis mowinaaRmdegeebs Soris).

am TiToeuli davis gadawyveta mocemulia momdevno Taveb­Si, Tumca, aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom es erTi omis sxvadasx­va fronti ar aris, isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom arsebo­ben multikulturalizmis mravali momxreebi, romlebic, magaliTad, amarTleben `nebadarTulobas~. mTavari is aris, rom zustad iseve, rogorc hanTingtoni politikuri da eko­nomikuri dominirebis sakiTxebs cvlis kulturis sakiTxebiT geopolitikis zeobis pirobebSi, aseve, konservatoruli mxa­re sxvadasxva saxis kulturuli omebis pirobebSi kulturis sakiTxebs centralur adgils uTmobs nacionalur saxelmwi­foSi. gamodis, TiTqos, politikuri sxvadasxvaoba, romelic mis marjvniv da marcxniv ganlagebuli tradiciuli prob­lemebis – keTildReobisa da ekonomikuri politikis – SuaSi mdebareobs, qreba, kultura ki win wamoiwevs da mis adgils ikavebs, rogorc debatebisa da uTanxmoebebis obieqti. swored ase moxda, rodesac qristianul sarwmunoebebs (protestant­izmsa da kaTolocizms) Soris moqceulma mwvaleblobam Zala dakarga da misi adgili sekularulma kulturam daikava. faq­tobrivad, yoveli kulturuli omi aris Sedegi samewarmeo kulturis aRmavlobisa da im kulturis dacemisa, romelic moZvelebuli standartebis erTobliobas warmoadgens. kidev vimeoreb, rom kulturologiam, gamonaklisis gareSe, gauZ­lo konservatorul zewolas TiToeul aseT frontze, im er­Tianobis wyalobiT, romelic erTdroulad akavSirebda ro­gorc samewarmeo kulturasTan, ise progresulobasTan.

damatebiTi sakiTxavi: diu gei 1997; luisi 1990; luri 1996; marjinsoni da qonsidaini 2000; makrobi 1999; leqciebi 1996.

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1.3. Janrebi da genealogiebi

kulturologias aqamde ganvixilavdiT, rogorc erTian mecnierebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom SeiZleba mas gamaerTiane­beli meTodi arc ki hqondes. realurad, kulturologia mra­vali, gansxvavebuli formiT arsebobs da termini `kulturo­logiac~ xSirad sxvadasxva mxriv gamoiyeneba. rogorc adre vnaxeT, sxvadasxva erSi Camoyalibda kulturologiis gansx­vavebuli saxesxvaobebi. amasTanave, iq gansxvavebuli kultu­rul­politikuri mdgomareoba, gansxvavebuli inteleqtual­uri traeqtoriebi, gansxvavebuli disciplinaruli kavSirebi da kulturologiis gansxvavebuli inteleqtualuri aRqma Camoyalibda. msurs am gansxvavebul formebs Soris anglo­fonuri kulturologiis sami nacionaluri mode li gamovyo: britanuli, amerikuli da avstraliuri.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Cems daJinebas, rom kulturologia globalizaciis swraf process ganicdis da gaazrebul unda iqnes axali, globaluri movlenebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZle­ba ucnaurad mogeCvenoT, rom axla, kidev erTxel vcdilob xazgasmiT aRvniSno am disciplinis kargad danergili anglo­fonuri nacionaluri tradiciebi. Cemi argumentebi, samwuxar­od, pragmatulia da aSuqebs politikur da komerciul sinamd­viles, iseve rogorc inteleqtualurs. ar msurs vamtkico, rom britanuli kulturologia gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelova­nia am sferoSi, magram es wigni inglisur enazea dawerili da pirvel rigSi amerikel, avstraliel da britanel mkiTxvelzea gaTvaliswinebuli. Cemi kompetencia da moqmedebis sfero Sez­Rudulia (Zalian minda, ufro meti vicode, magaliTad, im naS­romebis Sesaxeb, romlebic yoveldRiurad qveyndeba `samxreT afrikis kulturologiis JurnalSi~) da Tu kulturologia gansxvavebuli formebiT da gansxvavebuli genealogiebis wiaRidan, sxvadasxva adgilas Cndeba, ar unda uarvyoT, rom yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli naSromebi, xSirad iyeneben Zveli, anglofonuri samyaros imperiuli qveynebis kultur­ologiis mier Seqmnil gamokvlevebs. codnas araviTar SemTx­vevaSi ara aqvs mxolod erTi mimarTuleba – centridan gareT

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– magram isic ar unda vifiqroT, TiTqos centrebi ar gamo­yofen centriskenul Zalas, Tundac evrocentrizmis sawi­naaRmdegod. am sakiTxze kamaTi mxolod sasurvelis realobad CaTvla iqneboda.

britanuli kulturologia

Cemi idealizebuli warmodgena am sferos, rogorc Taname­drove kulturis erTdroulad Teoriuli da empiriuli kuTx­iT Semswavleli mecnierebis Sesaxeb, Tavidan bolomde Camoya­libebulia britanuli kulturologiis mixedviT, romelic, xSirad (da seriozuli mizezebis gamo), am disciplinis sabadod iTvleba msoflio masStabiT. swored gaerTianebul samefoSi ganisazRvra kultura erTdroulad, rogorc cxovrebis wesi, teqstebis erToblioba da socialu ri dayofis instrumenti. britaneTSi kulturologi aRiqmeboda, rogorc `organuli inteleqtuali~, SezRuduli an SedarebiT uuflebo jgufis warmomadgeneli – adreul xanebSi garkveuli klasis, Semdeg sqesis, rasis an seqsualuri orientaciis, mogvianebiT ki raime jgufis an subkulturis mixedviT. kulturologs (sulerTia, qali iqneba es Tu kaci), ganaTlebisadmi iseTi damokidebuleba aqvs, rogorc progresuli politikis iaraRisadmi (britanuli kulturologia mSromelTa saganmanaTleblo moZraobidan iRebs saTaves) da SeiaraRebulia Teoriuli da interpretaci­uli koncefciebiT, romlebic saSualebas miscemen siRrmiseu­lad Caswvdnen nebismier teqsts an kulturul situacias.

britanuli kulturologia mudmivi davis sagans war­moadgenda. amJamad ar vapireb am davis detalurad ganxilvas (ix. terneri 1996; dvorkini 1997; stili 1997). aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom britaneTSi kulturologia aRmocenda `cen­trSi~ (birmingemis universitetSi), romelic daafinansa Pen-guin Books­is mflobelma. gamomcemloba im droisaTvis xarisx­ian literaturas avrcelebda. misi pirveli xelmZRvaneli iyo riCard hogarti, romlis nawarmoebma `ganaTlebis upirate­soba~ (The Uses of Literacy 1957) es axali sfero Tavis irgvliv gaaerTiana. am droisaTis kulturologia dialogis procesSi iyo literaturuli kritikis erT­erT formasTan, romelic

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f. r. livisma ganaviTara. livisizmi (rogorc mas daerqva) mi­iCnevda, rom ena Seicavs SemorCenil mniSvnelobebs, romlebic srulad ar aris CarTuli Tanamedrove, dabalxarisxovan ko­merciul kulturaSi. is Seicavs elementebs, romelTac unari SeswevT asaxon cxovrebis ufro metad sazogadoebrivi da har­moniuli wesi. erTi sityviT, ena Tanamedrove meqanizaciisgan dacvis saSualebaa (malherni 2000, 18). livisis azriT, es ufro literaturul enas exeboda, radgan literaturuli kritika, romelic literaturasTan aris dakavSirebuli, yvelaze met safuZvels iZleoda kulturuli kritikisTvis – rogor ucn­auradac ar unda gveCvenebodes es Tvalsazrisi dRes.

reimond uiliamsma uaryo azri, rom literaturuli ena am saxis eTikur kapitals Seicavs da yuradReba literatu­ridan kulturaze gadaitana. `kulturasa da sazogadoebaSi~ (1958) man gaaanaliza istoria, romelSic `kultura~ didi xnis ganmavlobaSi aRiqmeboda, rogorc Tanamedrove sazogadoe­bis komercializaciisgan da demokratizaciisgan dacvis sa­Sualeba. man uCvena, Tu rogor viwrovdeboda TandaTanobiT, edmund burkidan livisamde (e.i. daaxloebiT 1760­1960 wlebs Soris) absoluturi kulturis koncefcia, sustdeboda misi mimdevrebis kavSiri Zlier socialur ZalebTan da rogor xdeboda maT mimarT gaJRerebuli qebis ritorika sul ufro da ufro civi. `ordinaluri~ kulturis SegrZneba daikarga. amdenad, misi proeqtis mizani iyo kvlav SeekavSirebina kul­tura, xelovnebisa da literaturis saxiT, ordinarul (Cveu­lebriv) adamianTa kulturasTan (es, nawilobriv, dakavSirebu­li iyo e.w. ̀ axal memarcxeneTa~ mier oficialuri leninisturi doqtrinis uaryofasTan, romelic komunistur partias Cveu­lebriv muSaze ufro maRal, privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi ayenebda). swored es aris britanuli kulturologiis warmo­Sobis sakvanZo momenti.

`kulturisa da sazogadoebis~ problema imaSi mdgomare­obs, rom Tavad uiliamss ar SeeZlo kulturis ukugdeba, ro­gorc es burkes konservatoruli moZraobis mier iyo gansaz­Rvruli, radgan iziarebda mis uaryofiT Sexedulebebs Tanamedrove sazogadoebis mowyobis Sesaxeb. `kultura da sazogadoeba~ mTavrdeba mtkicebiT, rom Cven gvWirdeba kul­turis ufro vrceli gansazRvreba, rogoricaa `cxovrebis

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wesi~ (es fraza Semoitana t.s. eliotma, amJamad ki mas radikal­uri elferi mieca, romelic uiliamsma kidev ufro ganaviTara Tavis Semdeg wignSi `xangrZlivi revolucia~), magram, rogorc gairkva, aqac Secda, radgan gairkva, rom muSaTa klasis soli­darobas SeeZlo maRali kulturis sakuTari demokratiuli saxesxvaobis Seqmna kapitalisturi, bazarze orientirebuli Tanamedroveobis winaaRmdeg.

mogvianebiT, mas Semdeg, rac uiliamsma Camoayaliba, ro­gorc Tavad uwodebda, `kulturuli materializmis~ Teoria, misi mTavari Tema gaxda urTierToba politikurs, ekonomi­kursa da kulturuls Soris. kulturuli materializmi aR­mocenda marqsistuli `bazisisa da zednaSenis~ Teoriis mra­valwaxnagovani kritikis safuZvelze. am Teoriis mixedviT cvlilebebi `zednaSenSi~ (e.i. kulturasa da ideologiaSi, socialuri Rirebulebebisa da stereotipebis mniSvnelobiT) ganisazRvreba cvlilebebiT mis `bazisSi~ (anu ekonomikaSi). uiliamsi amis sawinaaRmdegod amtkicebda, rom cvlilebebi ekonomikur struqturebSi ver axsnian cvlilebebs kultu­ris organizaciaSi an mis SinaarsSi. kulturuli formebi da movlenebi ufro mravalferovania, kulturuli muSakebisT­vis xelmisawvdomi specifikuri SesaZleblobebi ufro didi raodenobiT arsebobs, vidre nebismieri ekonomikuri fondis cnobarSia. ufro metic, uiliamsma ganacxada, rom `bazisisa da zednaSenis~ Teoria sakmaris yuradRebas ar uTmobs uSualod kulturis materialurobas. misi azriT, kultura Sedgeba saqmianobaTagan, romlebic msoflios formirebaSi monawil­eoben da isinic materialurebi arian: rogorc kulturolo­giis erT­erTi fuZemdeblis, stiuart holis cnobili fraza gveubneba `sityva iseve materialuria, rogorc msoflio~. bo­los, uiliamsi kicxavs `bazisisa~ da `zednaSenis~ gancalkeve­bas. misi azriT, orive maTgani ufro didi, erTiani socialuri cnebis aspeqtebs warmoadgens, romlebic mudmivad urTierTq­medeben da icvlebian.

uiliamsis Teoria mis adreul wignSi efuZneba varauds, rom sazogadoebebi urTierTdakavSirebul mTlianobebs war­moadgenen, da radganac yvela socialuri saqmianobac aseve, kulturul saqmianobas wamoadgens, e.i. warmoadgenen saqmi­anobebs, romlebsac koleqtiuri mniSvneloba aqvT. es argu­

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menti, romelic `kulturalizmad~ moinaTla, adreul 70­ian wlebSi Setevis obieqtad iqca. Tavad uiliamsi miubrunda omamdeli italieli komunistis, antonio gramSis naSromebs, raTa wamoeWra misi adrindeli `organuli~ kulturalizmis, gansakuTrebiT ki gramSis `hegemoniis~ koncefciis problema. gramSis mixedviT hegemonia iZleoda imis axsnas, Tu ratom ar iRebda klasobrivi konfliqti epidemiis saxes, miuxedavad imisa, rom Zalaufleba da kapitali ase araTanabrad iyo ga­nawilebuli da mSromeli klasi (kerZod, italiaSi samxreTeli glexoba) aseT gaWirvebaSi cxovrobda. gramSi amtkicebda, rom Raribebi nawilobriv imis gamo eguebodnen TavianT mZime mdgo­mareobas, rom mdidrebTan saziaro hqondaT garkveuli kul­turuli faseulobebi. klasTaSorisi aliansebi, anu `bloke­bi~ yalibdeboda garkveuli interesebis irgvliv garkveul pirobebSi an garkveul garemoebaTa Tanxvedris dros. erT­erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani aseTi `kulturuli fronti~ warmoadgens popularul nacionalizms. Tumca, hegemonia, gansakuTrebiT ki, Selamazebuli saxiT, rogorc mas uiliamsi warmogvidgenda, mxolod rwmena, interesi an `ideologia~ ar yofila. rogorc uiliamsi werda: is mTlianad moicavda `praq­tikas da molodins, Cveni energiis gadanawilebas, Cven mier adamianis bunebisa da misi garemomcveli samyaros Cveulebriv aRqmas~ (uiliamsi, 1980 b, 38). rac mTavaria, is iZleoda cvli­lebis dapirebas, zogjer ki SesaZleblobasac. hegemonia imde­nad mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli rwmenebTan da vnebebTan, rom SeeZlo cxovrebiseuli praqtikis ZiriTadi arsis formireba.

samocdaaTiani wlebis ganmavlobaSi gramSis ideebi ilaS­qrebden socialuri analizis sxva, marqsistuli meTodis wi­naaRmdeg, romelsac `struqturalisturi~ meTodi uwodes. struqturalisturi analizi uaryofda kulturis kategori­as da sTavazobda sazogadoebis iseT ganmartebas (igi frangi revizionisti komunistis lui alTuseris did gavlenas gan­icdida), romelic warmoadgenda mas, rogorc `SedarebiTi av­tonomiis mqone~ (anu, erTmaneTTan sustad dakavSirebuli da TviTmyofadi) instituciebis – romelTa Soris ganaTlebis sistemas wamyvani adgili ekava – erTianobas, romlebic mori­geobiT qmnidnen codnisa da faseulobaTa sxvadasxva formebs (e.w. `gamomsaxvelobiTi formebi~) romlebic, bolo magaliTis

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mixedviT, ise iyo organizebuli, rom warmoebis kapitalistu­ri urTierTobebi ukvdaveyoT.

gramSianizmsa da struqturalizms Soris brZola etapo­brivad oTxmociani wlebis ganmavlobaSi dasrulda. im droi­saTvis stiuart holi (igi reimond uiliamsis gzas gahyva, rogorc britanuli kulturologiis yvelaze gavleniani Teoretikosisa da romelic amgvar inteleqtualur debatebSi didi mondomebiTa da seriozulobiT monawileobda) muSaobda modelze, romelic ganixilavda pluralistul, decentrali­zebul, post­fordistul sazogadoebas, romelSic gansx­vavebuli socialuri da kulturuli sferoebi (ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli) mudmiv da mudmivad cvalebad urTierTqmedebaSi arseboben. arc erTi sfero ar gansazRvravs danarCenebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomika kvlav awesebs SezRudvebs, romelTac danarCenebi emorCilebian (holi 1996, 44). (am tipis modeli, odnav Secvlili saxiT, zeviT maqvs ganxi­luli). am modelis mixedviT, calkeuli urTierTqmedebebi so­cialur da kulturul sferoebs Soris lokaluria da ar unda axdendes gavlenas sazogadoebaze mTlianobaSi. ufro sworad, TiToeul urTierTqmedebas Zlieri gavlena gaaCnia, radganac calkeuli pirovnebebis cxovrebas gansazRvravs. garda amisa, individebs aqvT gansxvavebuli, xSirad cvalebadi identuro­baTa mTeli rigi da ara erTaderTi mudmivi identuroba. iden­turobaTa amgvari gavrceleba, gamogonebisa da kombinaciebis Secvlis SesaZleblobebi, romelsac is iZleva, politikuri da kulturuli urTierTobebis safuZvels qmnis.

marTlac, am Teorias Tu ar CavTvliT, individisa da sazoga­doebis Sesaxeb warmodgena wlebis ganmavlobaSi Seicvala. mag­aliTad, birmingemis skolis avtorebis koleqtivis mier Se­qmnil SedarebiT adreul naSromSi – `krizisuli politikis gatareba~ (holi da sxv. 1978) aRwerilia, rom mediis panikam, romelic 1973 wels axalgazrda Savkaniani mamakacis mier hen­dsvorTSi Ca denil xulignobis aqts mohyva, saSualeba misca saxelmwifos, gaetarebina politika, romelic ara imdenad da­naSaulis winaaRmdeg, aramed zogadad Savkaniani axalgazrda mamakacebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. aman uCvena, rom ideo­logia, romelic sazogadod aRiarebuli rwmenebisa da stereo­tipebisgan Sedgeba, gansxvavebuli, zogjer ki dapirispirebu li

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Zalebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad aris Seqmnili. maT umete­sobas grZeli da rTuli istoria aqvs da rasistuli faseulo­bebis hegemoniisken da Savkaniani adamianebis SezRudvisken iyo mima rTuli. isini Savkanian axalgazrdebs miiCnevdnen ideologiis, policiis, mediisaTvis da a.S. safrTxis Semcvel obieqtebad da ara moTamaSeebad, romlebic molaparakebas mar­Taven da am socialur sferoSi dominanturi Zalis winaaRmdeg gamodian.

oTxmociani wlebis kulturologiaSi unda Secvliliyo msxverplis pasiurobis koncefcia, radgan adamianebs ukve Tvlidnen moqmed Zalad da ara ufro didi ideologiuri da socialuri struqturebis obieqtebad. amis Sedegad `war­momadgenlobiTi politika~ Zalian mniSvnelovani gaxda. am nabijiT warmomadgenlobam ori mniSvneloba miiRo: pirveli iTvaliswinebs imas, Tu rogor iqna warmodgenili TiToeuli socialuri jgufi, gansakuTrebiT ki mediaSi da agreTve, is politikuri sargebeli, romelsac im warmomadgenlobebis kritikis Sedegad miiRebdnen, romlebic maT daRs asvamen. meore mniSvneloba ki exeba im saSualebebs, romlebiTac war­momadgenlobiTma politikosebma Zalaufleba daakargvines garkveul interesebsa da erTeulebs da Seamcires maTi poli­tikuri Zalaufleba, gansakuTrebiT ki umciresobebis, ameri­kuli gagebiT.

britanulma kulturologiam pasiurobidan Semdegi nabiji gadaidga `eTnografiis~ mimarTulebiT, romelic mecniere­bas ki ar warmoadgens warmomadgenlobebis (rogorebicaa satelevizio Souebi an reklamebi) an instituciebis Sesaxeb, aramed imis analizs, Tu rogor gamoiyeneba da aRiqmeba kul­tura individebis an jgufebis mier. eTnografia or formas iRebs. is SeiZleba iyos `raodenobiTi~, rac didi masStabis gamokvlevebs da (xSirad) statistikur analizebs aerTianebs. Tumca, am tipis kvleva­Zieba, sabolood, ufro socialur mec­nierebebs miekuTvneba, vidre kulturologias. is, agreTve, SeiZleba moicavdes interviuebs adamianTa mcire jgufebTan an calkeul pirovnebebTan – e.w. `xarisxob rivi~ kvle va. bri­tanuli (da avstraliuri) kulturologia, samocdaaTiani wlebis bolos, eTnografiuli kvlevis am ukanasknel formas miubrunda, rac didi gayriT aRiniSna humanitarul mecniere­

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baSi iseT gabatonebul teqstur da saarqivo disciplinebTan, rogorebicaa literaturuli kritika da socialuri Teoria. Tavdapirvelad, kulturologiurma eTnografiam koncentri­reba moaxdina imaze, Tu rogor miiRebda an uaryofda cvaleba­di klasobrivi, sqesobrivi an eTnikuri Semadgenlobis audi­toria axali ambebisa da sxva programebis politikur ganxras. male gairkva, rom sazogadoebis naklebad privilegirebuli wevrebi umetesad, konservatiul programebs aniWebdnen upi­ratesobas, kulturologiuri eTnografia gadaerTo tele­viziis, kiTxvis, musikis da a.S. momxmarebelTa yoveldRiur cxovrebaze gavlenis moxdenis sakiTxze da yuradReba miapyro im siamovnebas, Sefasebebs, miRwevebs, kavSirebsa da SezRud­vebs, romlebsac kulturuli cxovreba Seicavda. oTxmocdaa­Tiani wlebisaTvis britanuli kulturologiuri eTnografia moicavda moxsenebebs garkveuli Janrebis Tayvanismcemlebis (fanebis) Sesaxeb, Tavad es momxseneblebic Tayvanismcemlebi (fanebi) iyvnen da erTdroulad swavlulebic – erTi sityviT warmoadgendnen inteleqtualebs gemovnebis subkulturebSi.

marTalia, britanuli kulturologiis traeqtoria zoga­dad kulturologiisaTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas in­arCunebs radgan pirvelad swored britaneTSi gamoiyo es sfero institucionalurad. samarTlianoba moiTxovs vaRiar­oT, rom britanuli kulturologia, amJamad, msoflio kul­turologiis mxolod erT­erT periferiad iqca. amJamad, is sakmaod SezRudulia britaneTze misi mzardi koncentrire­biT. disciplinam globalizacia ganicada da ganmazogadebeli Teoriebis mxardaWera ufro gaZnelda, swored amis gamo bri­tanulma kulturologim ukan daixia da sakuTari nacional­uri saxelmwifos CarCoebSi moeqca.

aSS-s kulturologia

kulturologias aSS­Si britanulisgan sakmaod gansxvave­buli mniSvneloba aqvs, Tumca, mis britanul versiebs aSS­Sic hyavT mimdevrebi. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia jeims qeri (masobri­vi komunikaciebis sferodan), lourens grosbergi da jorj lipsici amerikanistikis sferos warmomadgeneli (misi kari­

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eris dasawyisi muSaTa moZraobas ukavSirdeba) (ix. qeri 1983 da 1997; grosbergi 1997; lipsici 1990). araerTi mcdeloba yofila imisa, rom kulturologiisaTvis amerikaSi warmoSo­ba mieweraT (ix. mag. grosbergi 1996). yvelaze damajerebeli maikl deningis mcdeloba aRmoCnda, romelic Seecada sax­alxo frontis kulturologiis dargis inteleqtualTa, im moazrovneTa mier datovebuli memkvidreoba Seegrovebina, romelTac, marTlac gadamwyveti roli Seasrules omisSem­dgomi amerikanistikis ganviTarebaSi (deningi 2004, 136­142). (`saxalxo fronti~ iyo memarcxene Zalebis antifaSisturi aliansi, romelic rogorc komunist, ise arakomunist aqtiv­istebs aerTianebda da acxadebda, rom xalxis nebas gamoxatav­da). aRsaniSnavia, agreTve, rom meoce saukunis dasawyisis prag­matikosebi, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, jon diui, seriozul da sul ufro mzard yuradRebas aqcevdnen damokidebulebas ar­sebul kulturasa da socialur samarTlianobas Soris da aq­tiurad iswrafodnen SeeqmnaT iseTi instituciebi, romlebic muSaTa klass Tvalsawieris gafarToebaSi daexmareboda. am miznis gansaxorcieleblad SemdgomSi iseTma marqsistma soci­ologebma ganagrZes muSaoba, rogorebic arian magaliTad, s. raiT milzi (misi sadoqtoro Sroma diuianistur pragmatizms exeboda). milss klasisa da Zalauflebis sakiTxebi ukeTesad esmoda, vidre diuis; swored man gaavrcela termini `elita~ da yuradReba (uaryofiTi gagebiT) `masobriv kulturas~ mia­pyro. es memercxene, inteleqtualuri tradicia, gavlenas ax­denda iseT figurebze, rogoric aris, magaliTad, feministi beti feridani, romelic 60­iani wlebis muSaTa moZraobidan movida da romlis Sroma pirdapir ukavSirdeba kulturolo­gias.

meore mxriv, myari argumentebis moyvana SeiZleba imis sa­sargeblodac, rom afro­amerikeli lideri, u.e.b. diubua amerikul kulturologiur mimdinareobas mivakuTvnoT sa­mociani wlebis moZraobis – `Zalaufleba Savkanianebs~ – in­teleqtuali lerua jonsis meSveobiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iseT JurnalebSi, rogorebicaa `politika~ da `partizanuli mimomxilveli~, omisSemdgomi periodis antikomunisti, memar­cxene `niu iorkis inteleqtualebi~ (gansakuTrebiT ki duait makdonaldi), romelTac axlo kontaqti hqondaT nacisturi

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germaniidan gandevnil ebraelebTan, magaliTad, maqs horx­eimerTan (frankfurtis skolidan) kulturas britaneli kul­turologebis – livisis, oruelis da hogartis msgavsad ga­nixilavdnen. arsebobdnen iseTi mwerlebic, rogorebic arian robert uorSou, meni farberi da parker taileri, romlebic saxalxo (popularul) kulturas (gansakuTrebiT ki filmebs), meti TanagrZnobiT ganixilavdnen, vidre `partizanuli mi­momxilveli~ da isini, vinc Suamavlebis rols asrulebdnen Jurnalistikisa da amerikanistikis ganuxrelad mzard sfe­roebs Soris.

kulturologiis amerikuli warmomavlobis saTanadod dasabuTeba cota rTulia da warmoSobs kiTxvas: YRirs ki Tavis Sewuxeba? ratom iTreven debatebSi erovnul siamayes? faqti is aris, rom analizis formebi, romlebic uiliamsma da holma ganaviTares (gramSis, miSel de sertos, alTuseris, fukosa da sxv. kvaldakval) unikaluri da specifikuria da aSkarad mimarTulia tradiciul memarcxeneTa (amerikel memarcxene­Ta CaTvliT) humanisturi sistemebis winaaRmdeg. es adgilo­brivi, istoriis Semqmneli mosazrebebi xSirad ugulebelyofs im faqts, rom, tradiciuli disciplinebi, romlebic rTuli profesionalizmiT arian SeiaraRebulni, xSir SemTxvevaSi aSS­Si ufro Zlierni arian, vidre laTinur amerikaSi, aziaSi, britaneTsa Tu avstraliaSi.

Tanamedrove aSS­Si kulturologia, Cveulebriv, asocird­eba mecnierTa `umciresobasTan~, anu multikulturalizmTan da rasisa da Zalauflebis analizTan. (aq, ra Tqma unda, `um­ciresobas~ sruliad gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre f.r. livisisTvis hqonda, visTvisac `umciresobis kultura~ masobrivi komunikaciis winaaRmdegobaSi dadanaSaulebulTa alyaSemortymul samecniero kulturas aRniSnavda; gansxvave­buli mniSvneloba hqonda mas frangi Teoretikosis Jil deli­uzisaTvis da raRac ufro `marginalurs~ aRniSnavda).

aSS­Si kulturologia SeiZleba popularuli kulturis mxolod Seswavlas gulisxmobdes, rei Cou amtkicebda, rom misi amerikuli warmoSobis dasamtkiceblad oTxi, sakmaod gansxvavebuli mosazreba unda gaeTvaliswinebinaT (ix. Cou 1998, 2­4). pirveli maTgania aradasavluri kulturebis dasav­luri gamovlinebebis kritika, razec pirvelad edvard saidma

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isaubra Tavis wignSi `orientalizmi~ (1978). meore, gaiatri spivakis mniSvnelovani Sromis mixedviT, daqvemdebarebulTa problemas (e.i. uufleboTa da gabatonebulTa) da imis anal­izs warmoadgens, Tu rogor moqmedeben erToblivad sqesi, rasa, kulturuli sxvadasxvaoba da klasi daqvemdebarebu­lobis dasaweseblad (spivaki, 1988). mesamea – `umciresobis diskursis~ analizi, anu yuradReba daqvemdebarebulTa az­ris mimarT. meoTxe da bolo ki exeba `hibridulobas~ (ix. gb. 150­2 qvemoT). naklebad SesaZlebelia, rom britaneTsa da avs­traliaSi amgvari problemebi sxavadasxva disciplinarul ru­brikaSi moxvedriliyo. SesaZlebelia, rom isini ufro proto­kolonialistur, multikulturalistur an iqneb eTnikuri mecnierebebisaTvis miekuTvnebinaT, vidre kulturologi­isaTvis.

aSS­Si kulturologia ufro naklebad aris Sepyrobili amerikiT, vidre britaneTSi aris Sepyrobili britaneTiT. SeiZleba amis mizezi is iyos, rom aSS udidesi msoflio Zalaa da saerTaSoriso masStabiT akademiuri personalisa da stu­dentebis ufro did raodenobas izidavs. am konteqstSi, mniS­vnelovania aRiniSnos, rom aSS is qveyanaa, sadac `mxareTmcod­neoba~ ukeT aris ganviTarebuli, rac specifikuri regionebis interdisciplinaruli TvalsazrisiT Seswavlas niSnavs da `erovnuli gamocdilebis avtoritetulobisa da auTentiku­robis~ mimarT yuradRebas abalansebs. rogorc hari haruTuni­ani aRniSnavs, amas potenciuri sargebloba moaqvs oficialuri sagareo politikisTvisac (haruTuniani 2000, 41). ix. aseve, mi­ioSi da haruTuniani 2000). savaraudod, am regionebma im uxeSad da yofili da koherentuli gaerTianebebis formireba unda mo­axdinon, romlebic ganviTarebas saWiroeben. kulturologia, romelic xazs usvams sxvadasxva kulturebs Soris mobiluro­bisa da urTierTqmedebis mniSvnelobas, produqtiulad axdens `mxareTmcodneobis~ problematizeba maSinac ki, rodesac mas­Tan dialogSi Sedis. swored amgvari problematizeba Sesaxeb iyo gamarTuli kamaTi iseT JurnalebSi, rogoricaa `saxalxo kultura~. miuxedavad amisa, `mxareTmcodneobis~ upirateso­bam, amerikuli sauniversiteto sistemis ierarqiul struqtu­rasTan erTad, romelic sxva qveynebis universitetebTan Se­darebiT ufro naklebad imarTeba saxelmwifos mier, daxmareba

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gauwia am qveyanaSi kulturologiis ganviTarebas.

avstraliuri kulturologia

avstraliuri kulturologiis warmoSoba ufro metad britaneTis kulturologiasTan aris dakavSirebuli, vidre aSS­s kulturologiasTan. avstraliaSi kulturologiis im­portireba moxda axalgazrda britaneli mecnierebis nakadis mier, romlebmac samocdaaTiani wlebis bolosa da oTxmociani wlebis dasawyisSi avstralias samuSaos Sovnis imediT mia­Sures. eseni iyvnen toni beneti, jon fiske, jon harTli, qolin merseri, devid saundersi da sxvebi, maT Seqmnes nayofieri im­portirebuli inteleqtualuri kultura rogorc akademiis sazRvrebs gareT, ise mis momijnave sferoebSi muSaobiT. maTi gansakuTrebuli interesis sagans uaxlesi evropuli mimdi­nareobebi warmoadgenda, gansakuTrebiT ki iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad – Tu ras akeTebdnen axali alTuseri­anebi, raSi mdgomareobda fukos bolodroindeli gamokvleve­bi an romeli aqtiuri figurebi SeuerTdnen ien hanTers da me­gan moriss. rogorc aRmoCnda, kulturologiam avstraliur akademiur sistemaSi ukeT moikida fexi, vidre sadme sxvagan, rac imas niSnavda, rom misi moTxovna Zireuli politikuri fa­seulobebis mimarT ufro rTulad SesanarCunebeli unda yo­filiyo, magram es swrafad mogvarda.

miuxedavad amisa, sakmaod mniSvnelovan esseSi, romelic avstraliis kulturologiis krebuls mimoixilavda, jon frou da megan morisi amtkicebdnen, rom avstraliur kul­turologias hqonda unari, ganexila `warmosaxviTi social­uri jgufebi~ rogorc saSiSroebis Semcveli da `kulture­bi CaeTvala procesebad, romlebsac rogorc gamyofi, ise gamaerTianebeli funqcia gaaCniaT~ (frou da morisi 1993, ix). aseT pirobebSi, avstraliurma kulturologiam demistifika­toris roli Seasrula, romelic msgavsi iyo im Zveli, marqsis­tuli Teoriisa, romelic klass yvela socialuri formirebis centrSi aTavsebda da Cveul, erTian kulturas iluzorulad, cru cnobierebis produqtad Tvlida. frousa da morisis az­riT, migrant/mkvidrTa da kolonizator/kolonizebulTa

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jgufebi da ara klasebi warmoadgendnen adgilobrivi discip­linebis gansakuTrebuli interesis sferos, romelic, Tun­dac, popularuli kulturis interesebis win ikavebs adgils.

amJamad rTulia zustad ise aRviqvaT saqmis viTareba, ro­gorc es iyo oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi, miuxeda­vad imisa, rom arsebobs mniSvnelovani naSromebi, romlebic migrantTa kulturis Sesaxeb Seqmnes (magaliTad), ien engma (2001) da gasan heigma (1998), aseve, adgilobrivi inteleqtu­alebis axalma Taobam – toni birCma, marSa lengtonma da filip morisem – romelTac Tanamedrove aborigenuli kulturis ax­ali koncefcia Camoayalibes stiven muekesa da erik maiklsis pioneruli Sromis Semdgom (misi cudi aborigenuli mxatvroba mniSvnelovan sakiTxavad rCeba am sferoSi momuSave nebismieri adamianisTvis msoflios nebismier adgilas) (ix. mueke 1992; maiklzi 1994).

Tanamedrove avstraliuri kulturologia TandaTan nor­maSi dgeba, koncentrirebas axdens kulturuli politikis Seswavlaze da xSirad, kritikis gareSe, popularul kul­turasa da mediazec. friskesa da harTlis Sromebis Semdeg swored avstraliaSi daiwyo popularuli kulturis aRniS­vna ganmaTavisuflebel Zalad (amis Sesaxeb ufro detalu­rad qvemoT visaubrebT) . samocdaaTiani wlebis axalgazrda populistebs amJamad seriozuli Tanamdebobebi ukaviaT da rac adre gzis gakvalvad iTvleboda, axla normad aris miRe­buli. avstraliis mTavrobebis mTeli rigis Tanmimdevrulma mzadyofnam samewarmeo universitetebis xelisSewyobis saqme­Si, daexmara mesame klasis, teqnikuri ganaTlebis ufro Zvel fakultetebis ganviTarebas iseT dargebSi, rogorebicaa, mag. komunikaciebi, ramac saSualeba misca maT, gavlena moexdinaT kulturologiis ufro abstraqtul da Teorizebul dargebze iseTi saSualebebiT, romlebic TiTqos am ukanasknelT kri­tikis Zalas ukargavdnen. garda amisa, kvlevis dafinansebis struqtura, romelic axalgazrda mecnierebsac ki grantebis mopovebisken ubiZgebs, konformistuli xdeba. iqneb avstra­liuri kulturologia imas gviCvenebs, Tu rogori gaxdeba es disciplina, humanitarul mecnierebebs Soris SedarebiT meti gavlena rom moipovos.

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lokaluri kvlevebi

lokaluri kulturologiuri kvlevebis nacionaluri versiebi diferencirebul unda iqnes kvazi­disciplinebisgan, romlebsac specifikur naciebze an sazogadoebebze foku­sireba axasiaTebT: magaliTad, Cikano/Seswavla, britanistika da amerikanistika, romelTagan TiToeuli `lokalur kvle vas~ warmoadgens. damabnevelia is, rom lokalur kvlevebs, zogjer SeiZleba ufro viwro mniSvnelobis qve­formaciebi gaaCndes, romlebic fokusirebulia mxolod kulturaze, magaliTad, CikanoTa/kulturologia da britanuli kulturologia. amgvarad, anTologiaTa axlaxan gamosuli krebuli, romelic oqsfordis universitetma gamosca (Oxford University Press) sa­TauriT `britanuli kulturologia~, `amerikuli kulturo­logia~ da a.S. sinamdvileSi ar miekuTvneba kulturologias im gagebiT, romelzec aq vimsjeleT (`WeSmariti~ kulturo­logia); isini ubralod acnoben studentebs britanul da amerikul kulturebs rigi socialuri da humanitaruli per­speqtivebidan. amgvari akademiuri formaciebi imis gamo gan­viTarda, rom mosaxerxebelia klasebSi maTi mTlian Sekvrad efeqturad swavleba, xSirad iseTi studentebisTvisac ki, romelTa specialobas saerTod ar warmoadgens socialuri da humanitaruli mecnierebebi, an, sulac ara­kvleviTi insti­tutebis studentebisTvis. swored amis gamo maT ver miaRwies aRiarebuli, kvlevaze dafuZnebuli disciplinebis statuss. amasTanave, maT hqondaT tendencia emuSavaT erovnuli iden­turobis yvelaze mniSvnelovan cnebebze da xSir SemTxvevaSi (rogorc avstraliuri kvlevebis SemTxvevaSi) Ria naciona­listuri ganxriT. lokalur kvlevebs Soris amerikul dis­ciplinas gamorCeuli adgili ukavia: is am disciplinaTagan yvelaze metad dawinaurda profesionaluri TvalsazrisiT, Tanac realuri memarcxene fesvebi hqonda, Tumca misi nacio­naluri CarCoebi da Teoriisadmi daumorCileblobis tenden­cia gviCvenebda, rom misi mecnieruli gacvla­gamocvla WeS­marit kulturologiasTan SezRuduli iyo (medoqsi 1999).

zog SemTxvevaSi, WeSmariti kulturologia loka luri kv­levebis wiaRidan aRmocenda. magaliTad aviRoT hong kongis kulturologia. misi kvlevis ZiriTadi sagani hong kongis

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gamorCeuloba iyo: hong kongis britaneTis koloniis saxiT arsebobis xangrZlivi istoriis, kapitalizmTan da globalur saeqsporto bazrebTan misi mwvave damokidebulebis, aseve 1997 wlidan misi, rogorc CineTis saxalxo respublikasa da danar­Cen samyaros Soris ekonomikuri mediatoris rolis gaanalize­bam, is dasavleTisa da aziis sazRvarze daayena (ix. erni 2001; Cani 1995; Ciu 2001). gareSe piris TvalsazrisiT, hon kongis kulturologia, Tundac britanuli kulturologiis Tval­sawieridan, cota provincialurad gamoiyureba, magram eWvga­reSea, rom misi, rogorc akademiuri disciplinis lokaluri warmateba imis niSania, rom sazogadoebisaTvis aucilebelia arastabilurobis dros msoflio viTarebaSi gaerkves, raTa is inteleqtualuri kapitali SeinarCunos, romelic saWiroa saeqsporto audio­video bazrebisTvis da rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, imisaTvis, rom Tavis Tavs is konceptualuri iaraRi misces, romlis saSualebiTac moergeba an (frTxilad) winaaRmdegobas gauwevs CineTis saxalxo respublikas.

kulturologiaSi, garda amgvari nacionaluri da lo­kaluri mimdinareobebis arsebobisa (qvemoT, TavSi, romelic kulturologiis warsuls eTmoba, kulturologiis calkeul magaliTebs ganvixilavT), mniSvnelovania gamovyoT kidev ori mimdinareoba, romelic ganisazRvreba ara geografiuli niS­niT, aramed TviT disciplinis anti­elitizmTan da ordinaru­lobasTan damokidebulebiT.

kulturuli populizmi

rogorc vxedavT, kulturuli populizmi warmoadgens kulturulogiis mimarTulebas, romelic, gansakuTrebu­lad, avstraliel jon fiskesa da jon hartlis kvlevebze da­fuZnebul SromebTan asocirdeba (ix. fiske 1989; hartli 1992; kritika ix. makgigani 1992 da kelneri 1995). is gulisxmobs, rom popularuli kultura mxolod maRali kulturis sawinaaR­mdego cneba ki ar aris, aramed dominanturi kulturis sawi­naaRmdego cnebacaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom misTvis popularu­lis dacvas politikuri Rirebuleba aqvs (mulherni 2000, 138). amis cnobili magaliTia madonas mier maskaradis gamoyenebis

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gamawonasworebeli zemoqmedeba, romelic jon friskem oTx­mociani wlebis bolos ganixila (fiske 1987). radikaluri pop­ulizmis Tvalsawieridan, popularuli kultura yovelTvis hegemoniis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs, am SemTxvevaSi elituri he­gemonia igulisxmeba. is Tavdayira ayenebs maRali kulturis momxre `umciresobis~ mravalferovan tradicionalistur Sexe dulebebs, romelic maRal kulturas trivialuri maso­brivi kulturisgan dacvad miiCnevs. amgvari poziciis Senar­Cuneba kidev ufro garTulda samewarmeo kulturis epoqaSi ara marto imitom, rom maRali kultura ubralod Tavis Ri­rebulebas kargavda, aramed, rogorc ukve davinaxeT, popu­larulma kulturam Tavad daiwyo sxvadasxva niSebSi gafantva, Serwyma da auditoriis ufro didi diapazonis gamoxmaurebis moTxovna.

yoveldRiuri cxovreba

kulturologiis mimarTuleba, romelic yoveldRiur cxovrebas ukavSirdeba, meoce saukunis dasawyisis inteleq­tualuri tradiciidan aRmocenda. man scada yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Teorizacia im mizniT, rom Caswvdomoda da gan­eeitralebina Tanamedrove yofis mniSvnelovani gardaqm­nebi. SesaZlebelia sakvanZo momenti frangul siurealizms ukavSir deba, avangardul moZraobas, romelic omTaSorisi periodis ganmavlobaSi miznad isaxavda gamoevlina yoveldRi­urobaSi dafaruli saidumloebi (sulieri saidumlo, da ara saidumlo Serlok holmsis gagebiT – Tumca, siurealistebis azriT, deteq tivebSi SeiniSneba tendencia dagvanaxon yovel­dRiuri cxovrebis bneli mxa re). daaxloebiT imave dros imis gaazrebam, rom raRac Rirebuli SeiZleboda amoeRoT nac­nobi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan, SiSma, rom SesaZloa TviT yoveldRiur cxovrebasac ki damuqreboda safrTxe Taname­droveobisgan, xeli Seuwyo britaneTSi, 1940­ian wlebSi sao­cari, farTomasStabiani moZraobis Seqmnas, saxelad `masebze dakvirveba~. moZraoba TviT sazogadoebas mouwodebda mTeli qveynis masStabiT CaeniSnaT yoveldRiuri cxovrebis detalebi (haimori 2002).

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kulturologiasTan kidev ufro axlos dgas frangi komu­nisti Teoretikosi anri lefevri, romelmac 1940­ian wlebSi yoveldRiuri cxovreba surrealistebis sapasuxod, akade­miuri socialuri Teoriis kategoriad Camoayaliba. misTvis (rogorc ungreli Teoretikosis, georg lukaCis nawarmoe­bebis erTguli mkiTxvelisTvis) yoveldRiuroba adgilia, sadac muSebi `gaucxoebiT~ cxovroben: is isevea dayofili, rogorc adamianebis cxovreba kapitalizmis pirobebSi, sam­saxursa da dasvenebas Soris. lefevris azriT, kapitalis­tur Sromas, misi specializaciiTa da ganmeorebadobiT, ar SeuZlia srulad gamoxatos muSaTa adamianuri potenciali (ris gamoc isini `gaucxoebas~ ganicdian TavianTi WeSmariti potenciuri bunebisgan), xolo Tavisufal dros dasveneba mx­olod Zalebis aRdgenisa da energiis dagrovebis saSualebas warmoadgens samuSaos gasagrZeleblad, raTa kvlav ganagrZon kapitalizmisTvis mogebis motana. lefevrisTvis, yoveldRi­uri cxovreba, marTlac, kapitalisturi Tanamedroveobis produqtia: adre cxovreba ritualizebuli iyo, adamianebi Tayvans scemdnen kosmiur Zalebs da swamdaT, rom tradiciebi unda SeenarCunebinaT. es niSnavda, rom cxovreba arasodes iyo erTferovani Cveni yoveldRiurobis gagebiT. Tanamedrove yoveldRiuri cxovreba warmoiSoba socialuri wyobis si­carieleSi, romelsac fesvebi ar gaaCnia da romlis pirveladi mizani ekonomikuri dovlaTis Seqmnaa. miuxedavad yovelive amisa, is mainc rCeba sivrced, sadac adamianebs Tavisufali mo­qmedebis saSualeba eZlevaT da sadac politikuri dominanto­ba marcxs ganicdis. amgvarad, yoveldRiuri cxovreba oraz­rovania: is naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre unda iyos, magram amavdroulad avtonomias da sistemis mimarT winaaRmdegobas jer kidev aqvT raRac Sansi (ix. lefebvri 1991).

yoveldRiuri cxovrebis lefevriseuli, pioneruli gan­marteba Znelad aRsaqmelia, radgan igi iyenebs mas, rogorc Tanamedrove kapitalisturi sazogadoebis mier gancdili zaralis, ise daumorCileblobisa da gardaqmnebis SesaZleb­lobebis dasakonkreteblad Tanamedrove kapitalizmis pi­robebSi. `yoveldRiuri cxovrebis~ miseuli ganmarteba nam­dvilad met niuansebs Seicavs, vidre reimond uiliamsisa da riCard hogartis mowiweba yovelive `ordinarulis~ winaSe

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da maTi, SedarebiT, sworxazovani mcdelobebi kulturuli Rirebulebebisa da solidarobis lokalizaciisa Cveulebriv cxovrebaSi. mogvianebiT kulturologias `yoveldRiuri cxovrebis~ lefevriseuli rTuli kategoria unda SeeTanx­mebina uiliamsiseul martiv kategoriasTan. es moxerxda ie­zuiti mRvdlisa da qristianuli misticizmis istorikosis, miSel de sertos wignis gavleniT. am wignma – `yoveldRiuri cxovrebis wesebi~ (`The Practices of Everyday Life~), romelic inglisurad 1984 wels iTargmna, udidesi gavlena moaxdina oTxmociani wlebis bolosa da oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis da­sawyisis kulturologiaze. sertos mimarT kulturologiis Teoretikosebis keTilganwyobis mizezi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom man kulturuli winaaRmdegobis depolitizacia moaxdina da pirovnuli aqtiurobis koncefcia ganavrco. misi azriT, pirovnebas sazogadoebasTan urTierTobisas yvela xerxis gamoyenebis ufleba unda hqondes. is amtkicebs, rom kontro­lisa da saSualebebis qselebi, romelTa meSveobiTac calkeu­li individebi arseboben, kidev ufro Zlieri da racionaluri gaxda, Tumca, maTSi kvlav rCeba susti wertilebi. amdenad, jer kidev arsebobs iseTi garemoebebi, rodesac moqmedeba SeiZleba sistemis logikis gareSe, an mis sawinaaRmdegodac, Tundac isini, Cveulebriv, damalulni iyvnen. aseTi SemTx­vevebi ufro taqtikuria (yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan aRebuli) vidre strategiuli (ramiT gamowveuli da dagegmili yovel­dRiuri cxovrebis garedan). isini, rogorc de serto uwo­debs, `Sesrulebis xelovnebas~ (Arts de Faire) moiTxoven, rac zogjer raRac sruliad axals, moulodnels, gamomsaxvels qmnis da rogorc wesi, amovardnils Sromis an moxmarebis im formebidan, romlebic mogveTxoveba (de serto 1984, xii­xix). amis magaliTad SeiZleba miviyvanoT daqiravebuli mSromeli qali, romelic Tavisi damqiraveblis resursebsa da dros sa­kuTari saWiroebisaTvis iyenebs formalurad qurdobisa da motyuebis gareSe. de sertos koncefcia avstralielma Teo­retikosma megan morisma kidev ufro ganavrco da masSi kul­turul saqmianobaTa ufro farTo speqtri Seitana (morisi 1988 da 1998).

ufro axlo warsulSi kulturul TeoriaSi kidev erTi cxovrebiseuli koncefcia gamoCnda – es aris jorjo agam­

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benis `SiSveli cxovreba~. agambeni gulisxmobs amoucnob bi­ologiur organizms da fukes msgavsad iyenebs mas imisTvis, rom warmoadginos Tanamedroveoba, rogorc cxovrebis arsis sul ufro mzardi politizacia da rogorc umaRlesi Zalau­flebis (anu saxelmwifos) sakuTar moqalaqeTa cxovrebaSi maTi ZiriTadi biologiuri funqciebis doneze Carevis unari (agambeni 1998). gaurkvevelia, Tu ramdenad gamosadegi iqneba es koncefcia kulturologiisaTvis. misi erTi versia, war­moadgenili maikl hardtisa da antonio negris bestselerSi `imperia~, amtkicebs, rom globalizaciisa da axali teqnolo­giebis danergvis arsebul pirobebSi, adamianebma bolos da bo­los miaRwies nacionaluri da klasobrivi niSnebiT SezRudvis gauqmebis zRvars msoflio masStabiT. magram, am nawarmoebSi `cxovreba~ Zalian Sors dgas uiliamsis mier Camoyalibebuli yoveldRiuri wes­Cveulebebisgan. is ufro metafizikur cne­bas warmoadgens, romelic abstraqtul politikur funqcias asrulebs, vidre kategorias, romelic istoriasa da politi­kaSi CarTul yoveldRiur arsebobaSi gamoixateba da SeuZlia konteqstis Seqmna kritikuli analizisa da moqmedebisaTvis (hardti da negri 2000).

kulturologia da misi monaTesave sferoebi

kulturologia xSirad sxva, institucionalurad ukeT daculi disciplinebis gverdiT (an SigniT) viTardeba. ker­Zod, mas aqvs kompleqsuri da axlo kavSiri literaturul kv­levebTan, mediis kvlevebTan, anTropologiasTan, sociolo­giasTan, geografiasTan, istoriasTan, politikur Teoriasa da socialur politikasTan. geografiasa da istoriaze drosa da sivrcesTan dakavSirebul TavebSi SevCerdebiT. (Sesabamisad, 2 da 3 nawilebi). Cemi survilia mokled davaxasiaTo kulturu­logiis kavSirebi literaturul kvlevebTan, anTropolo­giasTan da sociologiasTan. modiT, pirvel rigSi yuradReba gavamaxviloT lite ratu rul kvlevaze. inglisuri literatu­ris ganyofilebebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki aSS­Si, kulturologias gauCnda tendencia gamxdariyo daSlis, feminizmis, postko­lonializmisa da axali istoricizmis procesis gamgrZele­

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beli, TiTqos es li teraturis `Seqmnis~ axali mimarTuleba yofiliyo. sinamdvileSi es gasaanalizebeli obieqtebis, anu popularuli teq stebis raodenobis zrdas gulisxmobs, aseve, literaturis – rogorc kulturuli produqtis – Seswavlas. nacvlad calkeuli teq stebis gauTavebeli interpretaciisa, amgvari gardaqmnis Semdeg kulturologiam meti yuradReba miapyro literaturul kvlevebs, rogorc sxvadasxva sazoga­doebisa da individis arsebobis Seswavlas sxvadasxva adgilas da dros. magram, ra Tqma unda, araswori iqneboda gvefiqra, TiTqos kulturologia, umTavresad, literaturuli kv­levebis erT­erTi ganxraa. aseTi azri, albaT, ufro liter­aturul mecnierebaTa Zalauflebisken swrafvis gamoxatule­baa.

kulturologias sociologiasa da anTropologiasTan ufro rTuli damokidebuleba aqvs. sociologia kulturo­logias xSirad ufro literaturul disciplinad Tvlis, romelsac postmodernizmisa da post­struqturalizmis elf­eri dahkravs, zedapiruli damokidebuleba aqvs empiriul kv­levasTan da warmodgena ara aqvs statis tikur ana lizze. kul­turologiuri mxriv ki, sociologiis mizania faseulobaTa mimarT neitraluri poziciis SenarCuneba, rac SeuZlebelia da ris gamoc is xSirad iqceva pozitivisturi azris msxver­plad, TiTqos faqtebsa da monacemebs socialuri realobis asaxva valdebulebebisa da faseulobebis gaTvaliswinebis ga­reSec SeuZliaT. maTi azriT, sociologia axSobs kulturas misgan gamoyofiT. sociologiuri kvlevebis didi nawili, kul­turologiis TvalsazrisiT, gamartivebuli abstraq ciebisgan Sedgeba. am bolo dros, kulturul sociologiaSi Semavalma seqtorebma kulturuli sferos racionalizacia scades misi yovlismomcveli socialuri Teoriebis zewolis qveS moqce­viT, raTa kulturologiis TiTqosda anarqia ganedevnaT. aseT gacnobierebul Canacvlebas SeiZleba anarqia mohyoloda (ix. smiti 1998). Tumca, sinamdvileSi, sociologiis zogierTma se­qtorma kulturologiis elementebi SeiTvisa (amis kargi maga­liTia reimond uiliamsis Sesaxeb dawerili Tavi entoni giden­sis wignSi `sociologiis dasacavad~ 1996) da kulturologiis didi nawili gadajaWvulia sociologiasTan. magaliTad, pol uilisis `Sromis swavleba~ (1977), mniSvnelovani wigni, ro­

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melic amtkicebda, rom muSaTa klasidan gamosuli biWebis sas­kolo ganaTlebis mimarT winaaRmdegobis mizezi racionalur strategiul pasuxs warmoadgenda im SezRudvebze, romlebic maT dabadebidan sdevdaT Tan, orive disciplinisTvis klasi­kad iqca (longi 1997).

kulturologiam ufro metad anTropologia ze moaxdina gavlena, vidre sociologiaze. amis mizezia is, rom anTropolo­giuri kvle vis klasikuri obieqtebi – `adgilobrivi mkvidrni~, romelTa sazogadoebebi da kulturebi SedarebiT xeluxle­beli darCa koloniuri da dasavluri gavlenisgan – Seiwove­bian globalur qselebSi da radgan dRes amgvari kulturebis TiTqosda, mecnierul Seswavlas politikuri mxardaWera ar gaaCnia. bolos da bolos, is adgilobriv mosaxleobas pasiur da daqvemdebarebul poziciaSi ayenebs. rodesac `sxva~ kulture­bi CaiTvleba dasavlur TanamedroveobasTan gaerTianebulad (rac maincdamainc imas ar niSnavs, rom TavianTi gansakuTrebu­loba da damoukidebloba unda dakargon) da rogorc ki Casuli mecnierebi maT mimarT araobieqtur pozicias daikaveben, maSin gaxdeba rTuli anTropologiis gansxvaveba kulturologiis­gan (markusi 2001; anTropologiaze kulturologiis gavlenis magaliTebisTvis ix. aivi 1995 da cingi 1993). dRes kamaTi ar wydeba am or disciplinas Soris, radgan anTropologia amt­kicebs, rom kvleva unda efuZnebodes gansazRvrul savele samuSaoebs – e.w. `monawileTa dakvirvebas~, romlis drosac mecnierebi TavianTi sakvlevi obieqtis cxovrebas – samyaros iziareben. magram, Tu ufro Rrmad CavwvdebiT, anTropologia, rogorc Cans, metwilad kvlav im azrze rCeba, rom kulturebi da sazogadoebebi, romelTac is Seiswavlis, avtonomiursa da sistematizacias daqvemdebarebad erTeulebs warmoadgenen (mokle istoriisa da kritikisaTvis ix. klifordi 1988, 1­25). kulturologiaSi saqme sxvagvaradaa, is, rogorc CvenTvis cno­bilia, amJamad Tavis obieqtebs Seiswavlis (magaliTad, urbanul umciresobaTa qve­kulturebs an satelevizio gadacemebis – Big Brother [realiTi Sous] auditoriebs), rogorc erTmaneTTan da sxva formaciebTan Tavisuflad dakavSirebulebs rogorc uw­yveti, xangrZlivi procesiT, ise dinamiuri urTierTqmedebiT da romelTa Sesaxebac kulturologebs SeiZleba erTdroulad mravali, gansxvavebuli pozicia ekavoT. yovelive amis gamo,

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ueWvelia, rom es disciplinebi sul ufro metad ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs.

politikuri Teoria da postmarqsizmi

kulturologia meTodebisa da ideebis sxva, naklebad cno­bili sferoebidan, gansakuTrebiT ki politikuri Teoriidan, importirebis saSualebiTac viTardeboda. daaxloebiT, bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi amgvari wyaroebidan umniSvnelova­nesi, rogorc mas xSirad moixsenieben – `postmarqsizmi~ iyo, romlis kvali kulturologiis Teoriuli mimarTulebis mra­val sferoSi SeiniSneba. postmarqsistuli politikuri Teo­ria ganaviTares iseTma Teoretikosebma, rogorebic arian: ernesto laklo, iudiT batleri da slavoi JiJeki, romlebic kulturologiis dargSi momuSaveTa msgavsad, ukuagdebdnen tradiciul marqsizms misi aqcentiT klasobriv brZolaze, proletariatis rolsa da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gadam­wyvet Zalaze. moZraoba aRmocenda, rogorc bolo dros far­Tod gavrcelebuli marqsistuli Teoriis – lui alTuseris `ideologiis~ gansazRvrebis kritika (simi 1998 da 2000). ide­ologiis alTuseriseuli formulireba samociani wlebisT­vis iyo damaxasiaTebeli im TvalsazrisiT, rom pirovnulisa (ufro zustad ki, subieqturis) da politikuris cal­calke ganxilvas SeuZleblad Tvlida. es imas ki ar amtkicebda, rom Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Semadgeneli urTierTobebi im struqturebis mier izRudeba, romlebic politikuri re­formebis gatarebas eqvemdebarebian, aramed imas, rom Tavad Cveni warmodgena samyaros Sesaxeb politikur niuansebs Sei­cavs. is faqti, rom Cven es ar viciT an ar gvgonia, rom es asea, swored imis maCvenebelia, Tu ramdenad Zlieria politika, ro­melic cvlis Cven mier realobis aRqmis unars. imis gamo, rom alTuseris mimdevrebis azriT, warmodgenebi, socialuri ste­reotipebi, gamoukvlevi normebi, mediis istoriebi da saubris xalxuri formebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, anekdotebi, poli­tikuri Rirebulebebis SekavSirebas iwvevs, politika ar Semoi­fargleba im instituciebiT, romlebSic politikosebi muSao­ben da romlebSic politikosi mecnierebi swavloben. politika yvelganaa. alTuseris azriT, individebis identuroba Tavad

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ideologiis funqcias warmoadgens. adamianebisaTvis social­uri identurobis mopoveba mxolod ideologiurad Camoya­libebul modelebTan Tavis gaigivebiT – `daqvemdebarebuli poziciiT~ – aris SesaZlebeli. Cven sakuTar Tavs amovicnobT Cveni msgavsi adamianebis gamosaxulebebSi, romlebic gve­kontaqtebian mediis saSualebebiT an sxvagvarad. es gamosax­ulebebi gvizidavs da gvacdunebs (teq nikurad rom vTqvaT, `interpelacias~ gvikeTebs), radganac gvTavazobs miviRoT maTi versia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras warmovadgenT sinamdvileSi. sabolood is, rac subieqtebs identifikaciis am procesSi iT­revs, aris maTi ltolva mTlianobisa da Tanmimdevrulobi­saken, ltolva, romelic amqveynad usafrTxoebis naklebobiT aris gamowveuli da romelic alTuserma frangi fsiqoanali­tikosis Jak lakanis gavleniT, fsiqoanalitikuri Tvalsaz­risiT Teoriad Camoayaliba.

postmarqsizmi Tavisi arsiT alTuserianulad rCeba, Tumca, iTvaliswinebs alTuseris Sromis mimarT xSirad gamoTqmul kritikas – TiTqos is amcirebs individTa damoukideblobasa da Tavisuflebas, radgan maT ideologiis anareklad Tvlis. garda amisa, alTuseris Teoria, rogorc Cans, Seicavs winaaR­mdegobas: adamians identifikaciis procesebamde ukve unda earseba, raTa am procesebs zemoqmedebis saSualeba hqonodaT, sxvagvarad rogor unda momxdariyo misi Camoyalibeba am pro­cesebis zegavleniT? iseTi marqsistebis azriT, rogoric JiJe­ki iyo, identuroba myarad dafiqsirebuli arasodes aris. Cven SeiZleba vacnobierebdeT sakuTar Tavs garkveul damokideb­ulebaSi raRac rasis, eris, eTnikuri jgufis, religiis, teri­toriis, sqesis da a.S. mimarT, magram rCeba kidev raRac mas Sem­deg, rac davadgenT, rom varT Savkaniani, mdedrobiTi sqesis, zambieli, protestanti da a S. am TvalsazrisiT Cven ar gagvaCnia identuroba, ufro swored gagvaCnia mxolod identifikaciis procesebi: kidev vimeoreb, Cven iZulebiT mivdivarT am pro­cesebisken, radgan socialuri struqturebi ver akmayofilebs subieqturobis yvela moTxovnas – moTxovnebs, romelTa mTli­anad dakmayofileba arasodes iqneba SesaZlebeli, radganac subieqturoba Zaladobisgan Sedgeba, romliTac individebs aSoreben TavianT dedebs – da motivirebulni arian surviliT. amave dros, ideologia fragmentirebulia. is yalib deba ara

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mTlianobad, aramed sxvadasxva gamosaxulebebis, diskursebi­sa da daqvemdebarebuli poziciebis simravled, romlebic ar aris aucilebeli erTmaneTTan iyvnen dakavSirebulni, erTi da igive mizani amoZravebdeT an erTnairi Sexedulebebi hqondeT faseulobebze an siamovnebis wyaroebze.

amdenad, Sexeduleba, romelic adamianebs sakuTari Ta­vis Sesaxeb aqvT, sando ar aris: TviTSefaseba imaze mets gvpirdeba, vidre mocema SeuZlia (rogorc lakanma aRniSna mas `gadaWarbebuli mniSvneloba~ aqvs). es simarTles Seesabam­eba maSinac, rodesac vsaubrobT gaerTianebebze: rodesac er­Tianobaze aqvT pretenzia, sinamdvileSi sust konstruqciebs warmoadgenen, `ararsebul mniSvnelobebs~, romlebic Tavs stabilurad da Tanmimdevrulad warmogvidgenen mxolod per­formatiuli Zalisxmevis an mudmivi ideologiuri an fizi­kuri muSaobis saSualebiT, romelTa Sedegad gansxavebebi ispoba da ~sxvebi~ ganidevnebian. es mimdinareoba Seicavs erT­gvar kritikas progresuli politikis iseTi formebis mimarT, romelTac ivaraudes an miznad daisaxes ararealuri gaer­Tianebebis Seqmna: magaliTad, arsebobda feministuri ocneba, TiTqos yvela qals erTnairi survili da moTxovnileba aqvs. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom politikuri moZraobebi yovelT­vis iqneba cvalebadi heterogenuli jgufebis kavSirebi, rom­lebic garkveul dros da garkveuli miznebiT iqmneba.

postmarqsizmi aris analizis Teoriuli forma, romelic dafuZnebulia ganzogadoebul warmodgenaze subieqturobis Sesaxeb, rac xSirad standartuli koncefciebis saxecvli­lebad miaCniaT evropuli filosofiis (hegeliseuli/fsiqo­analitikuri) istoriidan. postmarqsizmi kulturologias ase Rrmad imitom ukavSirdeba, rom urTierTobebs socialur struqturebs, politikur Zalauflebasa da individebs So­ris ufro kompleqsurad ganixilavs, vidre es tradiciul socialur mecnierebebs SeuZliaT. postmarqsistuli subi­eqti mudmivad moZraobs kanonebsa da struqturebs Soris da dauRalavad moqmedebs simbolur da politikur samyaroSi mis gardasaqmnelad imitom, rom es garemo ver akmayofilebs mis survilebs. politikurad, postmarqsizmi saWiroa imisT­vis, rom ugulebelyofs politikis subieqtebs (gaerTiane­bebs, romlebic politikur nebas ganageben), rogorc drois

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miRma fiqsirebuli identurobis mqoneT; postmarqsizmis war mod geniT, politikis mizani arc stabiluri, mudmiv prin­cipebze an uflebebze dafuZnebuli reJimis damyarebaa. misi wi naswarganusazRvrelobiT, cvalebadobiTa da aramyari ga ­erTianebebiT, promarqsistuli politika sarkesaviT ireklavs cvale bad kulturas. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, promarqsistuli kultura, kulturologiis msgavsad, baZavs kapitalistur aq­tiurobas da inovaciisa da destruqciis warmoudgenel Zalas. swored amitom, postmarqsizmi da kulturologia nayofier niadags warmoadgens erTmaneTisaTvis.

kulturologia sazogadoebriv sferoSi

me Seviswavle kulturologiis damokidebuleba sxva aka­demiur sferoebTan da disciplinebTan. ra Tqma unda, is sxva araakademiur instituciebTanac aris dakavSirebuli, magali­Tad, studentebis momaval damsaqmeblebTan, kulturis mwar­moeblebsa da mediasTan. CamoTvlilTagan ukanaskneli yvelaze met yuradRebas ipyrobs. marTlac, debatebi kulturologiis dargis mecnierebs, Jurnalistebsa da e.w. sajaro inteleqtua­lebs (anu inteleqtualebi, romelTac mniSvnelovani urTi­erToba aqvT mediasTan) Soris ufro intensiuria. ganxilvis sagani iyo Semdegi sakiTxi: rogor SeiZleboda kulturolo­gias pretenzia hqonoda imaze, rom is CarTulia `miwier praq­tikaSi~, eduard saidis terminis Tanaxmad, Tuki is mecniere­bazea mijaWvuli? arsebobs mTeli rigi mosazrebebisa imis Sesaxeb, rom kulturologiis dargis mecnierebma ver SeZles TavianTi movaleobis Sesruleba sazogadoebis winaSe da Tavi Teoriasa da Jargons Seafares. am TvalsazrisiT, mecnierebs sWir debaT TavianTi sazogadoebrivi profilis amaRleba, sa­kuTari Tavis popularizacia da mediisaTvis misawvdomoba.

aRsaniSnavia sawinaaRmdegoc, rom kulturologia zedme­tad ganicdis midrekilebas Jurnalistikisadmi da aucile­blad sWirdeba analitikuri da kritikuli distanciis aRdge­na Tavis Tavsa da Tavis obieqtebs Soris (seviji da friTi 1993). kidev erTi Tvalsazrisi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom akademiu ri kulturuli kritika, sinamdvileSi, SecdomaSia Seyvanili:

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distancirebuli avtoritetis pozicia, romlis saxeliTac is wers, qimeraa. xolo maT, vinc am mimarTulebiT midis, SeiZ­leba moeCvenoT, rom Jurnalistebi, romlebic ufro axlos arian kulturul warmoebaSi mimdinare yoveldRiur cvlile­bebTan da romelTac umTavresad moeTxovebaT weron aramec­nieri mkiTxvelisTvis, ukeTes poziciaSi arian imisTvis, rom kultura Seafason, vidre mecnierebi, romlebic valdebulni arian gaiTvaliswinon mecnieruli abstraqcia da analizi. sxva, daaxloebiT msgavsi argumentia, rom inteleqtualebma, ZiriTadad, marginalizacia ganicades da rom aRar arian mo­wodebulni kulturuli liderobisTvis, aseve, Tanamedrove TeoriaTa umetesoba (romelTa mixedviT samyaro ufro metad decentralizebuli da mouwesrigebeli gaxda, vidre adre iyo), imis gamoxatulebaa, rom inteleqtualebma Zalaufleba dakarges (baumani 1988).

am saxis debatebSi ar arsebobs erTi swori pozicia. mag­aliTad, ra kriteriumebiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rom Za­lian cota Tu zedmetad bevri sajaro inteleqtuali gvyavs? (piradad me im mxares vemxrobi, romelic ambobs, rom `zedme­tad bevri~ gvyavs, radganac, sajaro inteleqtualebi xSirad iaffasiani aslis funqcias asruleben mediisaTvis da avseben sivrces, romelic, umjobesi iqneboda, Tavad Jurnalistis mier gadmocemuli kargad dasabuTebeli, magram bevrad ufro ZviradRirebuli ambebisTvis SemoenaxaT.) rogor SeiZleba da­balansdes erT mxares zewola da SezRudvebi, romelTa simZi­mis qveSac uxdebaT muSaoba Jurnalistebs, rogorc mediis konglomeratebis TanamSromlebs, romelTa produqti – siu­Jeti – maT menejerebs, reklamis ganmTavsebelTaTvis audi­toriis miwodebiT kapitalze mogebis miRebaSi exmareba, xolo meore mxares – zewola da SezRudvebi, romlebic qmnian daus­rulebel, akademiur, kritikul ritorikas, romelic ucnobia, kulturis savaWro saqonlad qcevas dastiris Tu mis hibridu­lobas da mis mier sazRvrebis gadakveTas zeimobs?

aseT situaciaSi Znelia sxva ramis gakeTeba, garda TiTqmis banalur principebze dabrunebisa. socialuri samarTliano­bisTvis sasurvelia gansxvavebuli azrebisa da msjelobebis mosmena, rogorc samecniero, ise arasamecniero wreebis mxri­dan. gansakuTrebiT sasurvelia, waxalisdes media komentari

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(sul erTia, vin gaakeTebs mas, Jurnalistebi Tu mecnieri in­teleqtualebi), romelic Seecdeba socialuri sakiTxebi kulturuls iseTi saSualebebiT daukavSiros, romlebic mravalferovan gamomsaxvelobiT SesaZleblobas iyeneben (rac kulturologiis didi nawilis daxasiaTebis erT­erTi saSualebaa). mediis gabatonebul saSualebebs es kargad arc gamosdiT, swored imitom, rom ekonomikuri interesi aqvT im distanciis SenarCunebaSi, romelic kritikasa da Tavisufali drois komerciul dagegmvas Soris arsebobs. Cemi azriT, kul­turologia, pirvel rigSi dainteresebuli unda iyos gana­Tlebis sistemasTan, da ara mis did konkurentTan – mediasTan damokidebulebiT. es swored is Temaa, romelsac mogvianebiT, politikasTan dakavSirebul seqciaSi ganvavrcobT (ix. gv. 60­67).

kulturologiis warsuli

rogorc CvenTvis cnobilia, myari meTodologiuri ba­zis ararsebobisa da sauniversiteto disciplinad aRiarebis TvalsazrisiT orazrovani mdgomareobis gamo, kulturo­logia iZulebuli gaxda sakuTari sagani ufro dawvrilebiT Seeswavla. man daiwyo sakuTari istoriis zedmiwevniT Ses­wavla. kulturologia, rogorc disciplinaruli, ise geo­grafiuli TvalsazrisiT, msoflioSi Zalian aris gafantuli da swored amitomaa misi istoriac igive mdgomareobaSi. kul­turologias erTi istoria ver eqneba. ufro zustad, azri, rom kulturologia hogartisa da uiliamsis naRvawiT dai­wyo, rac is kulturologiis yvela saxelmZRvanelos safuZ­vels warmoadgens (winamdebares CaTvliT), ar niSnavs imas, rom pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs im Sromebis umravlesobasTan, romelic dRes kulturologiis saxeliT gamodis. ufro metic, zed­meti yuradReba am istoriis mimarT axSobs tradiciebs sxva, nacionalur kulturologiebSi. es problema gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgas msoflios im regionebSi, romelTac axlac nak­lebad miuw vdebaT xeli saerTaSoriso Jurnalebze, gamomcem­lobebsa da konferenciebze, magaliTad, afrikasa da laTinur amerikaSi (ix. raiTi 1998; kalimani 1998). Tu sakiTxs global­

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uri TvalsazrisiT SevxedavT, ratom ar unda CaiTvalos fer­nando ortizi, aSS­Si mcxovrebi `transkulturaciisa~ da af­rikuli diasporis sakiTxebis mkvlevari kubeli Teoretikosi kulturologiis fuZemdeblad reimond uiliamsis gverdiT? an oqtavo pazi, xose enrike rodo, alfonso reiesi da mrava­li sxva? am laTino­amerikel kulturis ganmmartebelTagan (romlebic ar iyvnen swavluli mecnierebi) bevrma xeli Seuwyo iseTi mecnierisa da Teoretikosis ganviTarebas, rogoricaa nestor garsia kanklini (warmoSobiT argentineli, ganaTleba miiRo parizSi, amJamad muSaobs meqsikaSi), romelic kultu­rologiis msoflio akademiis muSaobaSi iRebs monawileobas.

kulturologiis istoriis amgvari gafantulobis gamo, sasargeblo iqneboda Tu ganvasxvavebdiT mis winamorbedebs, wya roebsa da praqtikosebs. warsulis praqtikosebis ganxilva SedarebiT mokled SeiZleba: isini Tanamedrove, akademiuri kulturologiis CamoyalibebaSi uSualod monawileobdnen da Tavis rols asrulebdnen ara mxolod koncefciebis, meTo­debisa da Tematuri gamokvlevebis CamoyalibebaSi, aramed, SesaZloa, mogvianebiT studentebs da mecnierebs moZRvravd­nen da xelmZRvanelobdnen kidec. amaTgan yvelaze didi gav­lena stiuart hols hqonda. misi studentebi da axalgazrda kolegebi, romlebic anglofonur samyaroSi da mis miRma mu­Saobdnen, kulturologiis institucionalizaciis pirveli warmomadgendlebi iyvnen.

winamorbedebis naSromebi garkveulwilad Tanamedrove kul­turologiis msgavsi iyo, magram sxva institucionalur garemo­Si iqmneboda da xSirad, naklebi aRiareba hqonda. maT institu­cionalizebuli kulturologiis mimarT winaswar ganWvretis msgavsi damokidebuleba hqondaT, anu, winaswar ganWv rites mec­nierebis sfero, romelsac Tavad verc ki warmoidgendnen. s.r.l. jeimsis, franc fenonis, jorj oruelis da fernando ortizis msgavsi radikaluri moazrovneebic, romlebic muSaobdnen, rogorc aqtivistebi da Jurnalistebi, Zalian mniSvnelovani winamorbedebis ricxvs unda mivakuTvnoT, radgan maT kultur­asTan damokidebulebis iseTi suraTi dagvixates, romelic akademiis CrdilqveS ar eqceoda. magaliTad, jorj oruelis erT­erTi proeqti (misi saukeTeso) imaSi mdgomareobda, rom eCvenebina rogori uCinari iyo muSaTa klasebis gabatonebul

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britanul (misTvis igive inglisur) kulturaSi da warmoeCina, rom komerciuli masobrivi kultura, romelic muSaTa klasisT­vis iyo Seqmnili, gamoxatavda rogorc TviTgadarCenis ZiriTad survils, ise mis stoicizmsa da boboqar gamowvevas (orueli 1961, 461 da 1970, 194). oruelis argumentis versia mogvianebiT samecniero kulturologiaSi kulturuli populizmis saxiT Sevida. Tumca, orueli amas socialisti Jurnalistis farTo mkiTxvelisTvis gankuTvnili, yoveldRiuri komentarebis saSu­alebiT gamoxatavda da ara avtonomiuri, mkacri, Teoriebisaken mimarTuli da Caketili akademiuri sferosaTvis.

kulturologiaSi `wyaros~ koncefcia ufro sadavoa, vid­re winamorbedisa an praqtikosisa. erTi mxriv, wyaroebs mecni­er­Teoretikosebi warmoadgenen, romelTac Seqmnes is konce­fciebi, romlebic kulturologiis ama Tu im mimdinareobaSi gamoiye neba, Tumca, Tu maTi saerTo proeqti da disciplina­ruli orientacia sferos gareT aris moqceuli. amasTan daka­vSirebiT mravali mecnieri SeiZleba gagvaxsendes, umravleso­ba frangi – rolan barte, miSel fuko, Jul deliuzi, miSel de serto, antonio gramSi – post marqsistebi. am saxelebis gar­da, kulturologia humanitarul mecnierebaTa ufro farTo nakadebis STamomavalicaa.

magaliTad, germaniaSi, kulturologiis WeSmarit dama­arseblad iTvleba iohan gotfrid fon herderi, romelmac pirvelad gamoiyena cneba Kultur nacvlad Enlightenment­is (ga­naTlebuloba) racionalizmisa da universalizmisa, romelic meTvramete saukunis moazrovneebis mier gamoiyeneboda. her­deris azriT, gansxvavebul sazogadoebebs gansxvavebuli kul­turebi gaaCniaT (romelTac adgilobrivi garemo da pirobebi gansazRvravs), romelTa saSualebiTac eqmnebaT warmodgena sakuTar Tavze, im samyaroze, romelSic cxovroben da romlis saSualebiTac TavianT adamianur Tvisebebs gamoxataven. aqvea mocemuli anTropologiis adreuli da Zalze mniSvnelovani Sexeduleba kulturaze. nebismieri varaudi imis Sesa xeb, rom kulturologia herderma daaarsa araistoriulad da mcda­rad iTvleba, gamomdinare Tanamedrove kulturologiis specifikidan, amis sabolood uaryofa ar SeiZleba. kulturo­logiis erT­erTi problema is aris, rom is Zalian Sors idga kulturasa da sazogadoebaze fiqris Zveli tradiciisgan, da

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rom Tavs arc ki moiazrebda im disciplinebis STamomavlad, romelTac pirvelebma Seqmnes kulturis cneba, Semdeg ki misi disciplinaruli kvleva daiwyes (ix. kitleri 2000). garda amisa, kulturologiaSi kvlav rCeba herderis mtkicebulebis aSkara kvali imis Sesaxeb, rom kultura koleqtiuri gamoxatulebaa.

amgvari amneziidan gamonaklisia frensis malhernis Tama­mi wigni kultura/metakultura (2000), romelSic cneba `me­ta­kultura~ gamoyenebulia im procesis aRsawerad, rom­lis drosac kulturebi `Tavis Tavze saubroben~ (mulherni 2000, xvi). malhernis argumentis Tanaxmad, kulturologiis Tanamed rove disciplinam ver SeZlo imis aRiareba, rom kul­turuli kritikis ufro Zvel meTodebs imeorebs (is germanul termins `Kulturkritik~ iyenebs) maSinac ki, rodesac Tavdayira ayenebs kulturuli kritikis socialur poziciebs da fa­seulobebs maRali kulturis normebis popularuli kul­turis normebiT SecvliT. kulturuli kritikis istoriuli Sejamebis saSualebiT malherni gvagonebs, ramdenad Zlieri da gavrcelebuli iyo azri, rom bazarze damyarebuli kapi­talisturi kultura daculi iqneboda fragmentaciisa da zedapiru lobisgan mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tu imdenad gana­Tlebuli da Tavisufali droiT uzrunvelyofili adamianebi marTavdnen, romelTac ar eqnebodaT piradi daintereseba da seriozul da informirebul damokidebulebas gamoavlendnen kulturuli tradiciebis mimarT. malhernis azriT, kultur­ologiis mizania moipovos da masobriv kulturasac moupovos is avtoriteti, romelic erT dros hqondaT meTiu arnolds, f. r. liviss da t. s. eliots, magram TamaSis wesebis Secvlis gareSe. orive SemTxvevaSi, kulturas reformatoris samuS­aos Sesruleba evaleba, rac, sinamdvileSi, mxolod politi­kas SeuZlia ikisros. marTlac, malhernis azriT, kulturis energia politikisgan daSorebas moiTxovs: swored maT Soris `SeuTavsebloba~ aZlevs kulturas saSualebas flobdes im socialur Zalauflebas, romelic gaaCnia.

amgvarad, malherni, arnoldi, livisi da elioti kulturo­logiis araRiarebul wyaroebs warmoadgenen. es sakamaTo sakiTxia Tavad britanuli kulturologiis farglebSic ki (swored mas mimarTavs malherni). kulturologiis mizani ar aris (mcire raodenobis populistebis gamoklebiT) maRali

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kulturis savaraudo Zalaufleba socialuri anarqiis mar­Tva, Secvalos popularuli kulturis savaraudo SesaZleb­lobiT, Ziri gamouTxaros memkvidreobiT miRebul socialur ierarqiebs. piriqiT, is cdilobs uCvenos, Tu rogor daexmar ­nen garkveuli kulturuli formebi socialur jgufebs da gamo naklisebs da xeli Seuwyos kulturas, romelic gansx­vavebulad moqmedebs: mobiluri, ara­ierarqiuli, mraval­ferovani, naklebad normatiuli kultura, romelic zogjer axali tipis, araformalizebuli politikis interesebidan gamomdinare – rac srulebiT gansxvavebul proeqts warmoad­gens. malhernis daJineba, rom arnoldisa da eliotis msgavsi figurebi kulturologiis winamorbedebi arian, sul cota, imas mainc gvaxsenebs, rom kulturologiis `wya rod~ vinmes CaTvla disciplinis proeqtis individualur interpretaci­azea damokidebuli.

damatebiTi sakiTxavi: dvorkini 1997; frou da morisi 1993; haimori 2002; longi 1997; makgigani 1992 da 1996; mileri 2001; simi 2000.

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1.4. problemebi

kulturologiisadmi kidev erTi vargisi midgomaa de­batebis ganxilva im meTodebisa da interesebis Sesaxeb, romelTac am sferos Sinagani dayofa gamoiwvies. marTlac, swored amgvar debatebs miuZRviT didi wvlili imaSi, rom am disciplinam TviTgamoxatva SeZlo. maTgan aRsaniSnavia sami: 1) debatebi imis Taobaze, rom kulturas (e.i. kulturologiasac) didi politikuri Zalaufleba gaaCnia; 2) debatebi kulturul formaciebze ekonomikuri struqturebis Zlieri zegavlenis Sesaxeb da 3) debatebi im rolze, romelic individualurma ga­mocdilebam unda Seasrulos kulturologiis analizSi. gan­vixiloT ToToeuli maTgani.

kulturologia da politika

britanulma kulturologiam samociani wlebis axali me­marcxeneebis mimdinareobis gezs gadauxvia, igi sakmaod da­Sorebuli iyo orTodoqsaluri marqsizmisa da Sromis or­ganizebuli formisgan (stiuart holi erT dros britanuli marqsistuli Jurnalis `axal memarcxeneTa mimomxilvelis~ redaqtori iyo), misi uZlieresi kritikosebidan zogierTi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, frensis malherni, rogorc axla uwo­deben `Zveli~ axali memarcxeneebidan movida. am kritikosebs ar moswondaT gavrcelebuli azri, rogorc kulturologia­Si, ise postmarqsizmSi, rom kultura igive politikaa. yvelaze metad swored es azri qmnis kulturologiis mtkicebis safuZ­vels, rom is imdenad akademiuri disciplina ar aris, ramde­nadac politikuri Zalis mqone `kritikuli saqmianoba~. es mtkiceba, ra Tqma unda, skepticizms iwvevs: rogor SeiZleba saklaso oTaxSi jdoma da televiziaze saubari politikuri aqtiurobis TvalsazrisiT SevadaroT kandidatis mxardasaW­erad flaerebis momzadebas? swored es TviTkmayofileba, ro­melic igrZnoba kulturologiis pretenziebSi politikuri

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aRmavlobis Sesaxeb, xels uwyobs im azris Camoyalibebas, rom kulturologiur azrovnebaSi arsebobs garkveuli Sabloni, romelic igive saxis politikurad koreqtul ritorikas qmnis nebismieri sakiTxis Se saxeb (ix. morisi 1990).

sinamdvileSi, kulturologiis politikuri ambiciebis kritika am disciplinis sami ZiriTadi meTodis arsebobaze miuTiTebs, esenia: kulturuli populizmi, romelic (ro­gorc davinaxeT) ise epyroba popularul kulturas, rogorc kontr­hegemoniurs; identurobis politika, romelic adas­turebs eTikis garSemo gaerTianebul sazogadoebriv gaer­Tianebebs, seqsualur da lokalur identurobas; da ideolo­giis kritikuli analizi, romelic (kulturuli populizmis sawinaaRmdegod) realur politikur Rirebulebebs miawers iseTi gadacemebis miwodebas, romlebic mayureblebs ubiZge­ben gabatonebuli normebis miRebisken. mogawvdiT bolo meTo­dis erTi formis magaliTs: bob marlis Sesaxeb bolo dros gamocemul erT­erT sakmaod saintereso esseSi miSel stiv­ensi amtkicebs, rom bob marli apolitikurad Seracxes imis gamo, rom misi Canawerebi Zalian mniSvnelovani gaxda audio­Canawerebis mTavari kompaniisaTvis. marlis rastafarizmi da mari xuanas mwevelis reputacia, rogorc seqsualizebuli da `uxeSi biWisa~, daeca, aseve Sesustda misi winaaRmdegoba ko­lonializmis mimarT. rogorc ki misi politikuri simwvave da meamboxeoba Sesustda, Seiqmna `legendebi~ mis karg meo­jaxeobasa da mistikosobaze (stivensi 1998; jilroi 1987, 169). amgvari midgoma politikur Zalebs saSualebas aZlevs aCve­non, rogor warmoSobs komercia lizacia SezRudul normebs.

Cven ukve ganvixileT frensis malhernis ieriSi kulturo­logiis politikur pretenziebze, misi azriT, kulturolo­giaSi politikis koncefcia mxolod Jestikulaciuri gaxda, anu, rogorc Tavad acxadebs, `faturi~. misi azriT, kultur­ologi mecnierebis mier politikuri Zalauflebis miwera sxva araferia, garda survilisa; formaluri politika ki kvlav im arenad rCeba, romelzec imarTeba mniSvnelovani debatebi resursebTan dakavSirebuli politikis, socialuri samar­Tlianobisa da keTildReobis Sesaxeb. Tu kulturologias marTlac aqvs politikuri programa, maSin is dezinformaciu­li da Seusrulebadia da imaSi mdgomareobs, rom politikurze

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kulturulma gamarjveba moipovos imis gancxadebiT, rom kulturuli igive politikuria. sinamdvileSi, aman kulturo­logia unda daadanaSaulos imaSi, rom ufleba misca kultu­ris koncefcias Tavis sazRvrebs gascdenoda imdenad, rom TiTqmis yvelaferi gadaefara. SedarebiT ufro axalma mwer­lebma, rogoricaa toni beneti, gansxvavebuli perspeqtividan msgavsi argumentebi moiyvanes: maTi azriT, kulturologia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeZlebs moipovos Jestikulaciurze meti politikuri neba, Tu kulturuli politikis gaanalize­bas daiwyebs da masze zegavlenas moipovebs.

SeiZleba imis aRiareba, rom kulturologia Tavisufali politikuri statusisa da efeqturobis moTxovnebiT aris gadatvirTuli. aSkaraa, imedebi, rom kulturologiis dar­gis mecnierebi axali socio­politikuri formaciebisaTvis organul inteleqtualebad iqcevian, aseve moTxovnebi, rom­lebic disciplinis britaneTSi gamoCenis dros arsebobda, ar Sesrulda (holi 1996, 267­268). kritikosebi saTanadod ver aRiareben, rom bolo ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi umetes qveyanaSi, politikasa da kulturas Soris damokidebule­ba namdvilad Seicvala da maTi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba kulturo logiis im politikis mimarT, romelsac igi kultu­ris mimarT atarebs, politikis iseT praqtikas gulisxmobs, romelic sul ufro da ufro iSviaTi xdeba.

dasavleTSi politikasa da sazogadoebriv kulturas So­ris damokidebulebaSi swored es cvlilebaa gansakuTrebiT rTuli, Tumca imis aRsaniSnad, rom memarjveneebad da memarcx­eneebad moZvelebuli dayofa, romelic istoriis filosofi­aze (memarcxeneTa azriT, istoria, rogorc uTanasowrobisgan gaTavisufleba, xolo memarjveneTa azriT, istoria, rogorc wesrigisa da stabilurobis SenarCuneba) da klasobriobaze (memarcxeneebi, rogorc muSaTa klasisa da maTi liberaluri mokavSireebis momxreebi; memarjveneebi, rogorc damsaqme­belTa da maTi tradicionalisti mokavSireebis momxreebi) iyo damyarebuli, namdvilad ar gamqrala. es im situaciasac exeba, romelmac marqsizmi adamianTa didi raodenobisTvis sarwmuno gaxada. marqsistebis mTavari argumenti iyo is, rom kapitalisturi wyobilebis dros sazogadoebrivi warmoebis mesakuTre ara xalxi, aramed burJuazia iyo. Tumca, ro gorc ki

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ekonomika redistribucionaluri sagadasaxado sistemisa da ke TildReobis donis mixedviT ganisazRvra, ro g o rc sazoga­doebrivi sakuTreba, romelsac saxelmwifo marTa v da da rom­lis resursebi ara mxolod sakuTrebisa da kapita lis intere­sebis, aramed Tanasworobis principiT, keTildReobis donis mixedviT unda gadanawilebuliyo, marqsistuli ana lizis gavlena bevrad Sesustda. ra Tqma unda, umuSevarTaTvis dax­marebis gacemisa da progresuli sagadasaxado reJimebis dewe­sebas SeeZlo kapitalisa da socialuri resursebis Tanabari ganawilebis moTxovnebis aRdgena mTavari politikuri dine­bebis fonze.

imis gamo, rom masobrivi moxmareba kapitalisturi ekonomi­kis sayrden wertilad iqca, konfliqti muSa/mesakuTre, momx­marebeli/mwarmoeblis solidarobam waSala. amitom, mravali politikuri argumenti teqnikurad iqca. romeli ekonomikuri politika imuSavebda ukeTesad, Tu nebismier, specifikur situaciaSi, yvelas interesebs daicavda, anu umuSevrobasa da inflacia/deflacias gaakontrolebda, erovnuli produqciis warmoebis zrdas SeinarCunebda da Sida saxelmwifoebrivi Se­mosavlis usamarTlobas SezRudavda – rac mdgomareobs unar­Si, uwyvetad marTos ekonomika da moaxdinos misi politizire­ba indikatorebisa da mimarTulebebis Sesaxeb informaciis Segrovebis sul ufro swrafi, kompiuterebze damyarebuli sa­SualebebiT. Tumca, maSin, rodesac politika ekonomikur mene­jmentze iyo koncentrirebuli, saxalxo meurneobebi Sinaga­nad sul ufro da ufro daumorCileblebi xdeboda, imis gamo, rom maT beds sul ufro da ufro metad ganagebda globaluri finansuri nakadebi (`kapitalis gadineba~), uzarmazari multi­nacionaluri korporaciebi, samuSao da saeqsporto bazrebi da gauTvaliswinebeli teqnologiuri inovaciebi.

Zveleburi, memarjvene­memarcxened dayofa ar Secvlila sxva, Zlieri da yovlismomcveli politikuri dualizmiT. me­marjveneebi namdvilad gansxvavdebian memarcxeneebisagan, rogorc Tavisi `ojaxuri~ kulturuli faseulobebiT, ise ekonomikis marTvis gansxvavebuli gziT – rac politikis cen­trSi kulturalisturi elementis arsebobaze migvaniSnebs. yovelive es niSnavda, rom masobrivi politika dauZlurda. partiulma politikam dakarga adamianebze is zegavlena, ro­

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melic adre hqonda. politikuri partiebi sul ufro metad urTierToben sazogadoebasTan `sazogadoebasTan urTier­Tobis~ (PR), mediisa da gamokiTxvebis saSualebiT. kampaniebis mowyoba sul ufro da ufro met fuls moiTxovs, rac aiZulebs politikosebs da maT partiebs ufro metad dainteresdnen fuliT. formaluri radikaluri politika (e.i. organizebuli memarcxene politikosebi, romlebic partiis struqturebs ga­reT arian) sul ufro da ufro Sordeba sazogadoebriv aRiare­bas da naklebad misaRebi xdeba misTvis, asevea, maTi politika, romelic xSirad, mxolod mediis yuradRebis mipyrobisken aris mimarTuli. ra Tqma unda, warmoiSva naklebad organizebuli radikaluri politikac, romelic, umTavresad, iseTi specifi­kuri kulturuli erTeulebisagan Camoyalibda, rogorebicaa: feministuri, eTnikuri da rasobrivi politikebi; geebis, les­boselebis, transseqsualebis moZraobebi; multikultural­izmi; mwvaneTa moZraoba; msoflio samarTlianobis moZraoba. mTavrobebis azriT maTi umetesoba moqmedebs, rogorc Sedare­biT susti da sporadulad xmauriani, dainteresebuli jgufebi.

aseT situaciaSi usamarTloba iqneboda imis Tqma, rom kul­turologiam politikas gza gadauRoba. ufro swori iqneboda imis Tqma, rom politikuri sfero ufro didma socialurma Zalebma gamofites. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, kulturologiis politikuri miswrafebebis ganxilva swored am dauZlurebu­li politikis farglebSi unda moxdes. radgan kultura sul ufro met informacias awvdis politikas, kulturologias SeuZlia pretenzia hqondes politikurobaze; daJineba, rom socialuri da kulturuli ierarqiebi erTmaneTs exeba da xels uwyobs; gaxseneba, rom gansxvavebul socialur da kul­turul sazogadoebebs awmyoSi dominirebisa da Seviwrovebis sxvadasxva istoriebi SemoaqvT; demonstrireba, rom kultura mravalia da nawilobriv, araTanazomieri (SeuZlebelia maTi erTimeored gardaqmna ZiriTadi racionaluri kodis saSu­alebiT); muSaoba iseT ganaTlebis sistemaze, romelic iTval­iswinebs (magaliTad) kulturul nacionalizmsa da kritikul analizs sawarmoo kulturis mamoZravebeli Zalisa; kul­turuli gansxvavebebis aRiareba; `teroris~ cnebis istoriisa da Teoriis Seswavla `terorizmTan globaluri omis~ fonze da Tu ufro utopiur gadaxvevas moviyvanT, kulturuli ana­

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lizis gziT axali socialuri urTierTobebis warmodgena – ai es aris politikuri programebi politikuri sferosgan gaTa­visuflebis konteqstSi.

zog SemTxvevaSi kulturologias SeuZlia politikuri iyos ufro praqtikuli gagebiT: instituciebi gamoiyenos rogorc adgili, sadac aqtivistebi, mecnierebi da studen­tebi erTmaneTs xvdebian, sadac pedagogika damyarebulia TviT gamomsaxvelobiT dialogze rogorc studentebs, ise studentebsa da pedagogebs Soris da warmoadgens kargad or­ganizebuli sazogadoebrivi sferos magaliTs (am saxis peda­gogikisTvis ix. anri Jiros Teoria 1992). dResdReobiT, albaT, am saxis kulturologiuri aqtivizmis yvelaze efeqturi maga­liTia Sidsisadmi reaqcia: moZraoba gmobda homoseqsuali­stebis mimarT siZulvils, romelic, Tavis mxriv, xels uSlida SidsiT daavadebulT mieRoT is saxelmwifo da profesional­uri daxmareba, romelic maT sWirdebodaT. kulturologiam da misma Teoretikosebma amgvar aqtivizmSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules, rogorc amas mogvianebiT, me­6 nawilSi vnax­avT, romelic sqess exeba.

es sakiTxi SegviZlia sxva kuTxiTac gavaSuqoT da xazi ga­vusvaT im politikur SesaZleblobebs, romlebic ixsneba ga­naTlebis sistemis Signidan, imis gamo, rom mas centraluri adgili ukavia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. ganaTlebis siste­ma sazogadoebrivi instituciaa (anu, imgvarad aris organi­zebuli da SenarCunebuli, rom sazogadoebrivi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT imoqmedos, pasuxi agos am interesebze da ara mxolod kerZo saqmianobis sferos warmoadgendes) da mraval qveyanaSi saxelmwifos uSualo nawils warmoadgens. amgvarad, TviT ganaTlebis sistemis Signidan SeiZleba kulturisa da sazogadoebis daaxloeba. kulturologias gaaCnia saTanado politikuri energia da SesaZleblobebi, rom itvirTos funq­cia, idges am sakvanZo institucionalur punqtSi, sadac kul­tura da sazogadoeba/saxelmwifo erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba. dResdReobiT, akademiuri humanitaruli mecnierebebi avto­maturad ki ar gadascemen swavlebis obieqtebs kulturul Rirebulebebs, aramed kars uReben ganaTlebul sazogadoebas, romelsac ganaTlebis sistema qmnis. maT SeuZliaT daicvan da oficialuri xma miscen im kulturul formaciebs, romelTac

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ugulebelyofs rogorc bazari, ise oficialuri politika, swored es aris maTi politikuri Zlierebis safuZveli. es mainc ar niSnavs imas, rom universitetebi universalurni arian Zveli gagebiT: imis gamo, rom saqme humanitarul mecnierebebs exeba, mecnierebica da kritikosebic dainteresebulni arian, gamoxaton gansazRvruli interesebi. neitraluri, gulgri­li poziciis arCeva mxolod teqnikuri samuSaos SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli. rogorc ki saqmeSi interpretacia da Sefaseba erTveba, pirovneba mimarTavs gare kulturul­politikur dajgufebebs (feministuri, diasporuli gaerTianebebi, kul­turuli konservatorebi, fanebis bazebi) iseve, rogorc gan­yofilebebs, romlebic Tavad instituciebSi damoukideblad arseboben (gansazRvruli disciplinebi an qve­disciplinebi) da pedagogebs, romlebic maT mixedviT cxovroben.

tradiciulad, kulturologiis mizani, ra Tqma unda, kul­turis `demokratizacia~ iyo. reimond uiliamss Tavis uaRres­ad mniSvnelovan wignSi `xangrZlivi revolucia~, argumentebi mohyavda `uSualo monawileobis demokratiis~ sasargeblod, romelic gulisxmobda, rom yvela adamians, rogorc Sinaganad kreatiulsa da dainteresebuls, mniSvnelovani roli unda Seesrulebina arsebuli, formalurad demokratiuli saxelm­wifoebis winaaRmdeg (uiliamsi 1961, 118). es idea SeiTvises maT, vinc kulturologias aRiqvams Zireulad `demokratiul~ disciplinad (qoldri 2000, 26). am midgomis sirTule imaSi md­gomareobs, rom ̀ demokratiis~ ena mTlianad amerikulma samar­Talma STanTqa da mas Semdeg warmatebiT aRniSnavda umravle­sobis tiraniasa da individualuri momxmareblis arCevanis suverenitets. swored es aris, risTvisac ibrZvis jorj buSi `borotebis RerZis~ winaaRmdeg da ara is, risTvisac ibrZvi­an multikulturalistebi qristianuli Tu nacionalisturi uflebebis winaaRmdeg, an is, risTvisac muSaTa moZraoba ebrZ­vis eqsploatator damsaqmeblebs. demokratia, upirveles yovlisa, politikuri cnebaa, magram iseTi, romelsac SeuZlia moicvas uamravi, gansxvavebuli formireba da organizacia, ris gamoc misi gamoyeneba SezRudulia iseTi humanitaruli sferos aRwe risTvis, rogoricaa kulturologia.

swored am TvalsazrisiT, ufro sworad migvaCnia gan­vacxadoT, rom kulturologiis mizani imdenad demokra­

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tizacia ar aris, ramdenadac liberalizaciaa – kultura unda ganimartos individebisa da jgufebis interesebis, maTi represiuli cru Sexedulebebis mier dawesebuli SezRud­vebis, socialuri ierarqiebisa da ekonomikuri uTanasworo­bis gaTvaliswinebiT. kulturologias uWirda liberalizmis Camotoveba, imis aRiareba, rom garkveuli sagnebi da faseu­lobebi TavisTavad Rirebulni arian. kulturologia ewi­naaRmdegeba Tavis liberalad warmoCenas ara marto imitom, rom liberalizmi individebs ver aRiqvams, rogorc social­urad da ekonomikurad Camoyalibebulebs, aramed imitomac, rom inarCunebs midrekilebas sxvadasxva saxis koleqtivizmi­saken. Tumca, rogorc davinaxeT, misi koleqtivizaciis unari SezRudulia. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi mas SeuZlia moizidos Tavisi praqtikosebi institucionalur da profesionalur CarCoSi, romelic mxolod iribad ukavSirdeba sxva socialur Tu kul­turul formirebebs.

kulturologia da politikuri ekonomika

albaT ukve droa vaRiaroT, rom kulturis formireba, pirdapir Tu iribad, ekonomikuri struqturebis mier xdeba. magram ra xarisxiT da zustad rogor (da ramdenad misaRe­bia am SemTxvevaSi sityva `formireba~) gansazRvravs eko­nomikuri struqturebi kulturul formirebebs? Tanac, Tu ekonomikuri uTanasworoba umniSvnelovanes socialur problemad rCeba, maSin rogor SeZlebs kulturologia kul­turuli formebis aRiarebas uTanasworobis SenarCunebasTan maTi damokidebulebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe?

kulturo logiis formirebas swored aseT sakiTxebze msj­elobam Seuwyo xeli. nikolas garnhemis azriT, disciplina di­dad dazaralda, rodesac politikuri ekonomika seriozulad ver aRiqva (garnhemi 1997 da 1999). ras Seexeboda politikuri ekonomiis analizi garnhemis azriT? pirveli, disciplinis centrSi kulturuli produqciis warmoebis da ara moxmarebis an miRebis dayenebas; meore, im klasobrivi ierarqiebis miRe­ba, romlebic kapitalizmSia CarTuli, kulturuli analizis saboloo horizontad da miznad; mesame, `cru cnobierebis~,

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rogorc sakvanZo kategoriis aRdgenas, im mize ziT, rom so­cialur­ekonomikuri `dominirebis struqturebi~ masobrivi kulturiT arian SeniRbulni da swored kultu rologebis saqmea dafaruli WeSmaritebis gamovlena; meoTxe, sxva, met­naklebad Camoyalibebuli socialuri dajgufebebis (feminis­turi, eTnikuri, da sxv.) marginalizacias imis gamo, rom ara­sakmarisad arian ganviTarebulni mTavari mimarTulebebiT: klasebisa da kapitalizmis urTierTdamokidebuleba.

SeiZleba bevrs moeCvenos (maT Soris mec), rom es `Zveli ax­ali memarcxeneebis~ mimarTulebaa, romelic saTanadod ar iT­valiswinebs Zvrebs, romlebic sawarmoo kulturis global­izaciam da Zveli stilis politikaSi mimdinare cvlilebebma gamoiwvia. amgvarad, sapirispiro Tvalsazrisis mqone lou­rens grosbergi miuTiTebs, rom garnhemis koncefciebi kapi­talizmis, cru cnobierebisa da klasebis Sesaxeb, istoriulad da sivrcobrivad aradiferencirebul abstraqciebs warmoad­gens; rom klasi, rasa da sqesi erTimeores gansazRvravs da rom, garnhemis azriT, bazari da misi SesaZleblobebi kapitalsa da Sromas Soris arsebul klasikur antagonizmamde daiyvaneba (grosbergi 1998). amas SeiZleba daematos, rom garnhemi mTlad naTlad ar ayalibebs, Tu ra miaCnia kapitalizmis alternati­vad an rogor unda daexmaros kulturis politikuri ekonomi­kis kvleva am alternativis gansazRvras.

aRsaniSnavia, agreTve, rom praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, kulturologiis sferoSi Seqmnili mravali Sroma ekonomi­kuri struqturebisa da kulturuli formaciebis urTierTq­medebas marTlac Seiswavlis (maqsueli 2001a, 129­136). ise Cans, TiTqos dava politikuri ekonomiis Sesaxeb agrZelebs istoriul oms or Zvel antagonists: liberalizmsa (romelic pirovnul Tavisuflebas da damoukideblobas wina planze ay­enebs) da materializms (romelic kulturul da socialur formirebebs ekonomikuri struqturebis epifenomenad Tvlis) Soris. Tumca, amgvar zedmetad gamartivebul terminebSi, ro­gorc zemoT aRvniSneT, naTlad Cans, rom kulturologia im­denadve miekuTvneba liberalizms, ramdenadac materializms. bolos da bolos, es sfero, prvel rigSi, vulgaruli marqsis­tuli dogmis – `bazisi gansazRvravs zednaSens~ – uaryofazea damyarebuli, da meorec, im koncefciaze, rom kulturis Si­

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naarsi da Rirebuleba unda movZebnoTYimaSi, Tu rogor iyene­ben mas adamianebi cxovrebaSi da ara imaSi, rom garkveuli Ri­rebulebebis sawyobad iyos gamoyenebuli.

sinamdvileSi am debatebSi gamoyenebuli Sexedulebebi gamartivebulia, radganac kulturologias tendencia aqvs erTsa da imave dros warmoadgendes rogorc liberalizmis, ise materializmis formas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Teoriis doneze, kulturologiur formaTa umetesoba alTuserisa da fukos koncefciis gavlenas ganicdis (romelic SegviZlia mivakuTvnoT im tradicias, romelic meCvidmete saukuneSi mcxovrebma filosofosma, baruq spinozam Seqmna), konkretu­lad, rom ideebi da saqmianoba SeiZleba CaiTvalos socialuri energiisa da Zalauflebis formebad (ix. alTuseri 1971, 168­169). rogorc reimond uiliamsma Camoayaliba `cnobiereba da misi produqtebi yovelTvis, cvalebadi formebis saSualebiT, socialuri procesis nawils warmoadgens~ (uiliamsi, 1977, 60). Tu politikuri TvalsazrisiT es niSnavs, rom Cagvrisa da su­bordinaciis yvela forma ar aris ekonomikuri, kulturolo­giis TvalsazrisiT aRniSnavs, rom kulturuli produqciis­gan miRebuli siamovneba, misi gamoyeneba da aRqma ar saWiroebs politikur­ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT ganxilvas, da rom ekonomikuri da `kulturuli~ zonebi SeiZleba warmovidgi­noT erTmaneTTan dinamiuri urTierTkavSiris monawileebad da ara ise, TiTqos erTi, ubralod, gansazRvravs meores.

modiT, es azri ufro davakonkretoT da warmovidginoT, Tu rogori iqneboda warmatebuli kulturologiuri analizi jenis redueis sanimuSo aSS­s `Tvis wignis klubis~analizze dayrdnobiT wignSi: `wignebis siyvaruli: Tvis wignis klubi, literaturuli gemovneba da saSualo klasis survili~ (1997). 1990­ian wlebSi wignebis klubebis aseTma popularobam saga­momcemlo industriaSi sakuTrebis, Serwymisa da marketin­guli meTodebis cvlilebebi gamoiwvia, iseve, rogorc cvli­lebebi wignis beWdvis teqnologiaSi. amas mohyva im adamianTa urTierTdamokidebulebebis, motivaciebisa da miznebis (ar aris erTi da igive) kvleva, romlebic wignis klubebSi iyvnen dasaqmebulni, iqnebodnen eseni moyvaruli organizatorebi, marketingis menejerebi, kritikosebi Tu sareklamo masa­lebis avtorebi, romlebic werdnen wignis klubebisTvis an

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klubebis Sesaxeb. es Seqmnida garkveul warmodgenas zogadad kiTxvis, rogorc televizoris yurebis an internetiT sargeb­lobis msgavsi saqmianobis kulturuli statusis Sesaxeb da gviCvenebda, rom `wignis klubis~ mier warmoCenili wignebis kiTxva, Tavisufali drois gatarebis erT­erT arCevans war­moadgenda. imave dros, is warmodgenas Segviqmnida mkiTxvelis ekonomikur da socialur mdgomareobaze (maTi samsaxuris, sqesis, Semosavlis Sesaxeb). SesaZloa moeca informacia im pi­robebze, romlebic arsebobs garemoSi, sadac is wignebi gamo­dis da romlisTvisac, Cemi azriT, araliteraturuli midgoma da dabali xelfasebia damaxasiaTebeli.

wignis klubebis biznesisa da socio­ekonomikuri struq­turebis da maTi mkiTxvelebis mimarT amgvari yuradReba, aseTi klubebis arsebobas saTanado axsnas ver miscems. kul­turologiis centraluri seqciis midgoma wignis klubebisad­mi, savaraudod, gagvacnobs Tu ras fiqroben da grZnoben Ta­vad monawileebi, miuxedavad imisa, iqnebian isini industriis warmomadgenlebi Tu mkiTxvelebi. mkiTxvelebs waaqezebdnen aReweraT, Tu rogor aisaxeboda wakiTxuli maT cxovrebaze. kulturologiis mizani iqneboda daxmareboda adamians wig­nis klubis samyaros inteleqtualur, kritikul da emociur gaazrebaSi. inteleqtualuri gaazreba niSnavs im industriul da kulturul pirobebSi Cawvdomas, romlebSic klubebi aRma­vlobas ganicdis; kritikuli gaazreba niSnavs mixvdnen amgvari socialuri da kulturuli danaxarjebis azrs da gaiazron gamonaklisebi am pirobebidan (da im pirobebidan, romelTac es pirobebi ganapirobes), iseve, rogorc daZabulobebi da uwyve­toba – da erTianobebi – biznesis faseulobebsa da mkiTxvelTa faseulobebs Soris. efeqturi gaazreba niSnavs TanagrZnobas rogorc mkiTxvelebis, ise gamomcemlebis mimarT da SesaZloa maT waxalisebas klubebSi gawev rianebisa an wignebis klubebis axali saxeobebis Seqmnaze.

individualizmi, daqvemdebarebuli poziciebi da disciplinaruloba

kulturologiaSi, rogorc Cans, adamianis (pirovnebis) rolic sakmaod problemuria. yvela interpretaciuli disci­

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plina mimarTulia iqiT, rom maTi obieqtebis personalu ri da individualizebuli gaazreba gamoiwvion, miuxedavad imisa, rom ritorikul da akademiur SromebSi xSirad gamoiyeneba `me~­snacvlad `Cven~ (gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualeba, romelic kulturologias warmogvidgens, rogorc politikur gaer­Tianebas). imdenad, ramdenadac kulturologia uaryofs kul­turul individualobas (mag. gei, amerikeli, muSa, TeTrkani­ani), romelic uaryofs amgvari individualobiT gansazRvrul Sinagan gansxvavebebs gaerTianebebis farglebSi; imdenad, ram­denadac is uaryofs fsiqoanalitikur midgomas, romlis mixed­viTac individualur fsiqologiur struqturebs seriozuli stimulebi marTavs da imdenad, ramdenadac is gamocdilebiT da adamianTa cxovrebiT interesdeba, kulturologia cdi­lobs sayrdeni eZebos pirovnul SexedulebebSi kulturuli formaciebis Sesaxeb. amdenad, am sferos mecnierebi sul ufro didi raodenobiT weren esseebs, romlebSic isini gamoxataven TavianT pirad damokidebulebas da grZnobebs ama Tu im kul­turuli formis mimarT (maga liTebisTvis ix. kipnisi 1992 da repingi 2002).

piradi Sexedulebebis mecnieruli Rirebuleba yovelTvis SezRudulia: akademiur Sromebs moeTxovebaT, rom codnas iZleodnen an iseTi Teoriuli datvirTva hqondeT, romelic saWiro da gamosadegi iqneba adamianebisTvis, aRsarebis tipis Sromebi ki am moTxovnebs xSirad ar akmayofileben. am daZab­ulobis daregulireba Zalian mcire raodenobis wignebma Se­Zlo. erT­erTi maTgania kerolin stidmanis `landSafti kargi qalisTvis~ (1986), romelSic avtoris cxovrebiseuli gamoc­dileba gadaxlarTulia Tavisi muSaTa klasis wris warmomad­geneli dedis cxovrebasTan. wigni yuradRebiT da gaazrebiT ganixilavs istoriasa da sazogadoebas, romlis wiaRSic maTi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli karierebi yalibdeboda. nawar­moebSi pirovnuli axal Suqze warmoaCens ufro mniSvnelovan istorias da exmaureba mimdinare akademiur debatebs, aseve stidmanis uamravi (magram ara yvela) mkiTxvelis cxovrebis Tanmdevs warmoadgens. Tumca, mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom stidmani Tavs ar miakuTvnebs arc erT gamokveTil politikur gaerTianebas: es rom ase yofiliyo, mis midgomas, romelic aR­sarebas hgavs, naklebi mniSvneloba eqneboda.

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zogadad, kulturologia Tavisi energiis nawils iRebs sistematuri, xangrZlivi socialuri Semobrunebidan dasav­leTis individualizmisken, romlis Sesaxebac Teoriebs aya li­bebdnen sociologebi, dawyebuli fukodan da damTavrebuli qristofer laSiT (fuko 1978, laSi 1978). arsebobs ramde nime kiTxva, romelic studentebis kulturologiiT kidev ufro met dainteresebas gansazRvravs, vidre iseTi kiTxva, ro­goricaa: ras warmoadgens garemo pirobebi, romelTac Camo­mayalibes da romelTa saSualebiTac sakuTari Tavis Secnoba SemiZlia? Tumca, roca am kiTxvas aqcenti garemo pirobebis analizidan pirad gamocdilebaze gadaaqvs, saxifaTo terito­riaze SevdivarT. sabolood: ra aris piradi gamocdileba? ada­mianma SeiZleba ifiqros, rom met­naklebad, yvelaferia. ufro zustad, gamo cdileba imdenad zemoqmedebs cnobierebaze, rom xels gviSlis Cveni qmedebebis gamomwvevi rTuli mizezebis amocnobaSi. gamodis, TiTqos Cven, rogorc SemosazRvruli Sinagani samyaroebi, romlebic mudmivad ivseba SegrZnebebiT, mogonebebiT, fiqrebiTa da grZnobebiT, Cvenive cxovrebis Semqmnel Zalas warmovadgenT. magram es Sinagani sisavse, ro­melic amgvar SegrZnebas iwvevs, dakvirvebisas SeiZleba sakma­od faqizi aRmoCndes. is uCinaria; is arc imdenad unikaluria, rogorc gveCveneba; is warmavalia. magram, is bevrad metia, vi­dre subieqturoba, romelic unikaluri Sinagani fsiqologi­uri movlenebis nakadad migvaCnia da imavroulad sisavses da gaqrobis wertilsac warmoadgens. amis kidev erTi mizezi is aris, rom imisaTvis, rom subieqturoba gaaCndes vinmes an vin­mesTvis (an zogjer, Tundac CvenTvis) mniSvneloba hqondes, is komunikacias saWiroebs, xolo komunikaciis aqtebi (romlebic, Cveulebriv, niSnebiTa da SeTanxmebebiT gamoixateba), safrTx­es uqmnis gamocdilebis individualobas, an sul cota, dadge­nili sakomunikacio meTodebis batonobis daqvemdebarebaSi mainc gadahyavs, radganac individualobis TviTgamoxatva mx­olod amgvari meTodebis saSualebiT SeiZleba. (ra Tqma unda, fizikuri da emociuri urTierTobac SegviZlia – magaliTad, tkivilisgan gamowveuli yvirili, Sexeba, romelTac SeiZleba TanagrZnoba gamoiwvion, magram, individualobas naklebad gamoxataven).

modiT, am saTuT sakiTxs sxva kuTxiT mivudgeT: ramde­

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nad xdeba subieqturi azrovnebisa da gamocdilebis struq­tuireba da SezRudva ufro Zlieri istoriuli procesebiT, romlebic socialur struqturebSia asaxuli? am sakiTxTan dakav SirebiT gamoTqmuli erT­erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani mosazrebis Tanaxmad, Tu miSel fukos termins gamoviyenebT, `pirovnebebad individualobis procesis Sedegad Camovyalib­diT~. Tavad termin `pirovnebis~ arsi istoriisa da kulturis ganviTarebis procesis ganmavlobaSi gansxvavebul cnebebs warmoadgenda, radganac pirovnebebi iqmnebian rogorc `TviT­formirebis~, ise garkveuli Teoriebis safuZvelze. magali­Tad, mecxramete saukunis bolos, bevri dasavleli adamiani imyofeboda aracnobier an qvecnobier mdgomareobaSi, romlis drosac grZnobebi da mogonebebi `represirebulia~ da uadgi­lo an moulodnel azrovnebaSi gamoixateba. es aris individu­alobis mdidari, istoriulad gansazRvruli tipi, romelic didad aris damokidebuli fsiqoanalitikur Teoriaze da ro­melic farTod aris gavrcelebuli iseT specifikur sfero­ebSi, rogorebicaa bavSvis movla da mkurnaloba, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, rTuli socialuri da institucionaluri gare­mos produqtebs warmoadgenen. amgvari procesebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli pirovnebebi xSirad Tavs aseTebad ar scnoben da hgoniaT, rom rogoric arian, iseTebi spontanurad gaxdnen. marTlac, sakuTari Tavis istoriuli da socialuri Tvalsaz­risiT gagebas (mecnieruli Seswavlis saSualebiT) iqneb imi­tom ki ar vcdilobT, rom raRac axali gavigoT, aramed imitom, rom sakuTari Tavis axali forma SeviZinoT.

kulturologia individualobas yovelTvis cota gan­sxvavebulad, rogorc `daqvemdebarebul pozicias~, ise ga­nixilavda da aRniSnavda met­naklebad fiqsirebul poziciebs, romelTac SeuZliaT individs individualoba mianiWon garkveul socialur formaciebSi. aSkara aratradiciuli orientaciis pirovnebebi, iraneli qalebi an brius springsti­nis fanebi akeTeben garkveuli formis gancxadebebs da aqvT garkveuli formis damokidebulebebi, romlebic, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, maTTan ukve gamzadebuli saxiT modian. ai, swored amas aRniSnavs ̀ daqvemdebarebuli pozicia~. magram, es analizi cota gamartivebulad gamoiyureba, radgan aSkaraa, rom ar SeiZleba am `poziciebis~ daufiqreblad miReba. taqtikuri mizezebiT an

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daskvnebis gamosatanad maTi elementebis SerCeva Segnebulad unda moxdes. ratom SeiZleba, magaliTad, rom viRac, muSaTa­klasis warmomadgeneli qali konservatiul partias ekuTv­nodes, xolo viRac – mumbaiSi mcxovrebi farsi italiuri ope­ris Tayvanismcemeli iyos? iqneb individualobis gamosaxatad, an monawileobis misaRebad imaSi, raSic Tqveni adgili ar aris, iqneb imis uarsayofad, rac TqvenTvis winaswar gansazRvru­lia an piriqiT, imasTan gasaigiveblad, rasac ar warmoadgenT? zogadad, kulturologiis mixedviT, memkvidreobiT miRebuli an dakisrebuli daqvemdebarebuli poziciebis daZleva SesaZ­lebelia, maSinac ki, rodesac adamianis SesaZleblobebi maTi daZlevis TvalsazrisiT, garkveulad SezRudulia.

rodesac davfiqrdebiT imaze, Tu rogor moqmedebs daqvem­debarebuli pozicia yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, swori ar iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom dadgenili daqvemdebarebuli poziciebi mem­kvidreobiT gvergeba. piriqiT, Cven vgrZnobT maTTan damoki­debulebas da zogjer `biTumad~ viRebT maT mier SemoTavaze­bul individualur Tvisebebs (cnobierad an gaucnobiereb lad). magram, amasTanave, xSirad Tavs varidebT maT, risTvisac vi­yenebT saWiro tonalobebisa da meTodebis farTo diapazons, romlebic amis saSualebas gvaZleven, ironiisa da gulubry­vilobis CaTvliT (am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT).

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, individualoba ar aris is kategoria, romlis iolad gamoyeneba SeiZleba imisaTvis, rom davicvaT kulturuli analizi abstraqciisa da gansxvavebaTa uxeSad damalvisagan. igi warmoadgens kategorias, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes kulturologiis xelovnebisa da litera­turisken misamarTad. Tumca, rogorc ar unda iyos, litera­tura, xelovneba da saSemsruleblo xelovneba kulturis is dargebia, romlebSic individualoba aisaxeba da romlis kul­tivirebac sajarod xdeba, iqneb imave mizeziT, ris gamoc kul­turis dargebi yvelaze metad arian gaxsnili impresionizmisa da narcisizmisTvis. ra Tqma unda, Zlieri aqcenti individu­alizmze Seicavs Serwymis saSiSroebas popularuli libera­luri individualizmis iseT saxeobasTan, romelTa konceptu­aluri bazisi TiToeuli adamianis unikalurobas eyrdnoba da romlis politika mudmivad mimarTulia TiToeuli adamianis uflebisken, gamoxatos sakuTari Tavi da icxovros pirovnu­

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li Taviseburebebis Sesabamisad, xolo eTika fokusirebulia Cvens movaleobaze, yuradRebiT movepyraT da pativi vceT sxva adamianebis unikalurobas.

kulturologiisaTvis sirTule imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mas ar SeuZlia dauSvas koleqtivizmis Sesaferisi forma, ro­melic am tipis individualizms daupirispirdeba. am Tval­sazrisiT, mis xelT arian mxolod pedagogebi/mecnierebi, romlebic am sferoSi moRvaweoben da studentebis Taobebi, romelTac isini aswavlian. xolo amgvar institucionalur koleqtivizms `me~­s Zala da avtoriteti ar gaaCnia, miuxeda­vad im individualobis aramyarobisa, romelsac es nacvalsa­xeli gamoxatavs.

damatebiTi sakiTxavi: diuringi 1999; grosbergi da sxvebi 2000; maqsueli 2001a; malherni 2000.

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nawili II

dro

2.1. warsuli: kulturis istoria/kulturuli mexsiereba

kulturologias kidev ufro rTuli damokidebuleba aqvs istoriasTan, vidre literaturaTmcodneobasTan, socio­logiasa an anTropologiasTan. oficialurad, is kulturis istoriisgan gansxvavebiT, Tanamedrove kulturazea foku­sirebuli. es gansxvaveba ufro mniSvnelovani rom yofiliyo, is SezRudavda kulturologiis interess istoriis mimarT warsulis im gzebisa da gamovlinebebis TvalsazrisiT, rom­lebic Tanamedrove kulturas ukavSirdeba. magaliTad, in­teress ara Tavad jadoq rebis, aramed imis mimarT, Tu ra sax­iT arsebobs jadoqroba dRes, gansakuTrebiT ki, dRevandel popularul kulturaSi. marTalia, kulturologia aqcents xSirad warsulze akeTebs, magram amgvari warmodgena mainc cota ar iyos martivia. bolos da bolos, rodesac gvinda ar­sebuli mdgomareobis axsna, yovelTvis gviCndeba survili, moviyvanoT warsulis magaliTebi, romlebic SeiZleba imis dadgenaSi dagvexmaron, Tu ra gziT movediT Tanamedrove mdgomareobamde. amgvari magaliTebi (romelTagan mravali am wignSia warmodgenili) ufro metad imeds gvisaxavs, vidre sinamdvileSi gvadgeba, radgan istoria srulad verasodes ganmartavs Tanamedroveobas: is yovelTvis ufro SerCe viTi da mikerZoebulia. miuxedavad amisa, ukeTesia vicodeT isto­riuli ambebi da ganmartebani, romlebic marTlac gamartive­bulia, vidre araviTari warmodgena ar gagvaCndes sakuTari warsulis Sesaxeb.

garda amisa, cneba `Tanamedrove~ arc Tu ise zustia, ro­gorc amas ufro detalurad 2.2 nawilSi vnaxavT. zustad ro­dis mTavrdeba warsuli (kulturis istoria) da rodis iwyeba awmyo (kulturologia)? es rTuli sakiTxia, romelic auqmebs kultu rologiis sazRvrebs. metic, sxvadasxva kategoria, romelTac viyenebT, raTa sistemaSi moviyvanoT samecniero

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da arasamecniero azrebi da daskvnebi am sakiTxis Sesaxeb, yov­elTvis pirobiTia, xSirad farul politikur azrs Seicavs da ar SeiZleba upirobod iqnes miRebuli kritikuli azris mier, maT Soris yvelaze naklebad ki `progresis~ koncefcia, ro­melic erT­erTi ZiriTadia Tanamedrove istoriaSi. amgvarad, es nawili eZRvneba warsulis konceptualizaciebis axsnas da TanamedroveobaSi warsuli cxovrebis mokle mimo xilvas.

garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, awmyo sxva araferia, Tu ara war­sulis gamoxatuleba – araferi Cndeba arafridan da Tu Cven gamov ricxavT RmerTsa da Sanss Cveni konceptualuri CarCo­dan, yvelafris SesaZlebloba gveZleva da warsulis real­izacia xdeba struqturebis saSualebiT. Cveulebrivi cxovre­ba savsea warsuliT: magaliTad, warmovidginoT samzareulo, sakvebi da is, Tu rogor aris is CabeWdili Cvens mexsierebaSi. kerZebis receptebi Taobidan Taobas gadaecema da iqneb, samu­damod asocir deba bebiasTan; aseve, Taobebs gadaecema sufra­sTan moqcevis manerebi; restornebis romeliRac qseli Cveni cxovrebis romelime periodTan gvakavSirebs – iqneb yofil samsaxurSi muSaobisas iq sadilad siarulis gamo; sakvebi, ro­melic ar gviyvars, im dros gvagonebs, rodesac mSoblebi mis Wamas gvaiZulebdnen; yofili Seyvarebulis sayvareli kerZi mas gvagonebs; `smarti~ an `em end emi~ Soreul bavSvobaSi gva­brunebs, rodesac isini yvelafers gverCivna amqveyanad; So­koladi kanfetSi ki im sisxliT gaJRenTili industriis mier aris warmoebuli, romelmac monawileoba miiRo Tanamedrove samyaros formirebaSi, amis fesvebi ki kolonizaciis istori­aSia da a.S.

yoveli qmedeba atarebs warsulis kvals, Tundac misi gaucnobierebeli mogonebebis. Tanamedrove Teoriebis umetesobis analizis sagans warmoadgens is, Tu rogor xdeba warsulis awm yoSi SeumCnevlad gadmotana. individebis SemTx­vevaSi, warsulis mier awmyos ararefleqtorul gansazRvraze saubrisas yovelTvis gamoiyeneba termini `Cveva~, romelic Tavis TavSi socialur Cvevebsac aerTianebs. xSirad ise Cans, TiTqos moulodnelad Zveli socialuri formaciebi cocxl­deba da raRac amoucnobi Zalis saSualebiT Cvens cxovrebaSi warsuli Semodis. gana Tanamedrove anti­islamuri paranoia ganmeoreba ar aris im Suasaukuneobrivi qristianuli crur­

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wmenebisa, romlebic erT dros moZvelebulad gveCveneboda da amis gamo gaucnobierebeli mogonebebiT savse?

Tumca, akademiuri mecnierebebis TvalsazrisiT, warsuli umTavresad ara ganmeorebebis, socialuri Cvevebisa da arac­nobieri kauzaluri jaWvebis, aramed swored istoriis saxiT arsebobs. mniSvnelovania imis Tavidanve gaazreba, rom `isto­ria~ warsulis Secnobis mxolod erT­erTi gzaa. rogorc xSir­ad aRniSnaven, Tavad es sityva orazrovania: is gulisxmobs rogorc warsulis Sesaxeb codnas (akademiuri disciplinebis doneze), ise Tavad warsuls, rogorc aseTs, da gansakuTrebiT ki warsuls, romelic awmyomde agrZelebs arsebobas. marT­lac, arsebobs mosazreba, romelic mTel istorias awmyos mia­kuTvnebs. rac awmyoSi ar arsebobs, imas arc warsuli aqvs, is ubralod daviwyebulia. es orazrovneba, istorias, rogorc codnasa da istorias, rogorc movlenas Soris, imas niSnavs, rom istoria warsulis warmodgenis disciplinaruli gzaa, Tanac, warsulis warmodgenis SedarebiT axali gza, rac imas niSnavs, rom marTalia istoria evropuli Tana medroveobis qmnileba ar aris, im istoriam, romelic Tana medrove evropa­Sia Seqmnili, daTrguna CvenSi arsebuli warmodgena warsu­lis Sesaxeb.

es azri cota paradoqsulad JRers, radganac Tavad Tanamed roveoba istoriuli da sakamaTo cnebaa. Cveulebriv, is aRniSnavs transformacias im sazogadoebisa da ideologiisa, romelmac renesansis xanaSi RmerTis garSemo koncentrire­buli istoriuli azri CamoiSora da SemdgomSi komerciuli da teqnologiuri ganviTarebisken aiRo gezi. Tanamedroveoba, sruli ZaliT, daaxloebiT safrangeTis revoluciis periodSi aRmocenda, rodesac aSkara gaxda, rom dasavleTis garkveul regionebSi `uxsovari drois~ tradiciuli sazogadoeba dasas­ruls uaxlovdeboda (ix. kose leki 1985). istoria, romelic Tanamedroveobis suliskveTebiT Seiqmna iyo `ganaTlebuli~ istoria, romelic garkveul teqnologiebze iyo dafuZnebuli (sargeblobda arqivebiT) da garkveuli eTikiT iyo aRWurvili (misi mizani iyo WeSmaritebis Zieba da miTebisa da legendebis uarmyofeli hipoTezebis damamtkicebeli sabuTebis moZe­bna). aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom Tana medrove isto­ria dafuZnebuli iyo konceptualur struqturaze, romlis

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Tanaxmadac garkveuli istoriuli faqtebi moTxrobili iyo im qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT, romlis mixedviTac adamian­ebi TandaTanobiT TavianT sakeTildReod awyobdnen sazoga­doebasa da bunebas. e.i. istoria progress aRniSnavs. istoriis Sesaxeb araprogresuli Sexedulebebi (magaliTad, TiTqos is statikuria da amdenad misi mxolod Sesabamisi gakveTilebis mowodebis wyarod gamoyeneba SeiZleba; an, rom TandaTano­biT degradacias ganicdis da esqatologiurad gankiTxvis dRes damTavrdeba; an TiTqos moZraobs ciklebad, romlebic imperiebis aRmavlobisa da dacemisgan Sedgeba) marcxs ganic­dis. igive moxda istoriis `providencialur~ Sexedu lebasTan dakavSirebiT, romlis mixedviTac RmerTi aqtiur interess iCens adamianebis cxovrebis mimarT da mudmivad ereva masSi. marTalia, bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi (rogorc Semdgom vnaxavT, 2.3 TavSi) progresivizmze mniSvnelovani Teoriuli ieriSebi ganxorcielda, Tanamedrove akademiuri mecniereba mainc mis gavlenas ganicdis, momavalSic igive gezis gagrZele­bas apirebs da imedi aqvs, rom xels Seuwyobs socialur da kulturul winsvlas.

istoriis progresuli gageba, TavisTavad, orazrovania: is ganadidebs humanurobas, rogorc istoriul cvlilebaTa mamoZravebel Zalas da imavdroulad ganadidebs istoriasac, romelic TandaTanobiT eTikuri standarti da socialuri arsebobis safuZveli xdeba. swored amgvari qronologiuri wyobis safuZvelze gakeTebuli Sedarebis Sedegad iTvle­boda, rom sxva, ko lonizebuli sazogadoebebi `istoriis~ naklebobas ganicdidnen da ufro warsuls miekuTvnebodnen, vidre awmyos. am gagebiT, istoria xSirad iqceva didi ganxeTq­ilebebis asparezad sxvadasxva tipis sazogadoebebs Soris, romelTagan erTi nawilis qmedebebs memkvidreobiT miRebuli modelebi gansazRvravs, xolo meorisas – improvizireba da sakuTari momavlis Seqmnisaken swrafva. swored Tanamedrove qronologiurma wyobam ganapiroba, rom rac (istorikosTa TvalsazrisiT) sazogadoebaSi ucvlelad darCa, an is, rasac progresi ar Sexebia, `moZvelebulad~, `tradiciulad~ an an­ti­istoriulad iTvleboda. aseve amgvarma qronologiurma Tanmimdevrobam ganapiroba, rom instituciebi da Cveule­bebi (rogoricaa CamoxrCoba, Treva da Sayis kvra), romlebic

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Tana medrove cxovrebaSi aRar arseboben, istorias Cabardnen kidev erTi gagebiT: usargeblo nivTebad iqcnen.

sazogadoebebi, romlebic mudmiv cvlilebas ganicdian da romlebic sakuTar istorias qmnian, istorias am gziTac qm­nian (agroveben): dangreuli da moZvelebuli iseve axasiaTebs Tanamedroveobas, rogorc axlis brwyinvaleba. mkvdari is­toria gansazRvrul problemas warmoSobs: warsuli iseTive ucxo xdeba, rogorc sxva kulturebi. es meTodologiuri problemis winaSe gvayenebs. rogor unda CavwvdeT warsuls misive pirobebis codnis gareSe, im pirobebisa, romlebic Cven, Tanamedrove adamianebs aRar gvesmis, aRar viziarebT da met­naklebad dakargulia? azrovnebis amgvar mimarTulebas, romelic warsuls, rogorc misgan Zireulad gansxvavebul, `sxva~ kulturad miiCnevs, `istorizms~ uwodeben da pro­gresivizmTan axlos mdgom, mis meore mxared Tvlian.

istorizmis Tanaxmad, warsuli gvexmareba awmyos aR­qmaSi umTavresad, Txrobisa da sasiamovno gaucxoebis (defamiliari zaciis) saSualebiT iqamde, vidre Zalebi, romelTaganac awmyo warmoiqmneba, mxolod umniSvnelod ukavSirdeba warsuls, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu misgan gamomdi­nareobs. warsuls SeuZlia bevri ram gvaswavlos ara imitom, rom mis msoflmxedvelobas vi ziarebT, aramed imitom, rom gvaxsenebs, rom raRacis misaRwevad sxva gzebic arsebobs. amgvarad, maSinac ki, rodesac warsuli gvaZlevs sasargeblo gakveTilebs, (magaliTad, rodesac mogviTxrobs orTodo­qsaluri ekonomikis ganmeorebad warumateblobebze sabazro urTierTobebis rac SeiZleba metad gafarToebis saqmeSi), am gakveTilebs ugulebelvyofT. warsulis Zireuli Seswavla momavlis gansazRvris mizniT ukve ise mniSvnelovnad aRar iTvleba, rogorc adre, meTvramete saukunis bolomde iTv­leboda, rodesac istoria jer kidev ufro metad providen­cialuri iyo, vidre saero. metic, Tanamedrove TvalsazrisiT istorias SeuZ lia warmodgena Segviqmnas awmyoze, miuxedavad imisa, rom am warmodgenas SeiZleba akldes Zala an mecnieruli dasabuTeba, rac igivea, rom, magaliTad, CavwvdeT pirovnebis qmedebebis azrs misi ganzraxvebis safuZvelze.

amave dros, imis gamo, rom warsuli `ucxod~ da warmav­lad iTvleba, misi dacva sul ufro da ufro met Zalisxmevas

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moiTxovs. misi dacva, Senaxva da gamofena dRes muzeumebis sferos evaleba. mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom istoriis es mdgomareoba, romelic warsuls ukvdavyofs, gulisxmobs da atarebs evropuli Tanamedroveobis faseulobebsa da pro­tokolebs, kolonializmis Semdgomi periodis kritikosTa, gansakuTrebiT ki dipeS Cakrabartis kritikis sagani gaxda, romlis mizani iyo daecva warsulis mimarT ara­dasavluri da ara­istoriuli midgoma (ix. Cakrabarti 1992). faqtobrivad, miuxedavad imisa, rom warsulis Sesaxeb Tana medrove dasav­lur SexedulebebSi istoricizmsa da progresivizms gaba­tonebuli mdgomareoba ukaviaT da simarTles Seesabameba is, rom saero da kritikuli azrovneba maTzea koncentrirebuli, maT araviTar SemTxvevaSi ara aqvT monopolia Tundac dasav­lur kulturaSi. istoria inarCunebs Zalian specifikur da axlo kavSirebs konservatizmTan, rac warmoadgens mizezs erT­erT imis, rom kulturologiis damokidebuleba isto­riasTan Zalian problemuria.

es kavSiri pirvelad edmund burkes anti­revoluciur nawarmoebebSi warmoCnda (gansakuTrebiT ki mis `fiqrebSi safrangeTis revoluciaze~ 1790), romelic safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg, Zalian male daiwera. burke civilize­bul erovnul memkvidreobas (kulturul istorias) upirisp­irebs ganaTlebul, radikalur socialur politikas (mizezs) da am ukanasknels ara warsulidan memkvidreobiT miRebuli sibrZnis, keTilSobilebisa da faseulobebis mimarT upa­tiviscemlobaSi adanaSaulebs, aramed ganixilavs rogorc arastabilurobisa da danawevrebulobis mizezs. burkes kv­leva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo im TvalsazrisiT, rom man kulturis, rogorc politikisgan calke mdgomi zonis, gansazRvraSi Seitana wvlili. burkes opozicia, rogorc Cans, aRar asrulebda wamyvan rols dasavlur politikaSi, magram misi logika kvlav ar kargavs mniSvnelobas ersa da kulturas Soris kavSiris moZebnis sakiTxSi. is azri, TiTqos erovnuli identuroba axlo kavSirSia maRali kulturis memkvidreobas­Tan, romelic kvlavac mniSvnelovania evropaSi da sul ufro metad imkvidrebs adgils aziaSi, safuZvlianad damarcxda. aSS­s erT­erTi mniSvnelovani damaxasiaTebeli niSani, garda imisa, rom Tavs sxvadasxva diaspo ruli jgufebis gaerTianebiT

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ganaTlebuli revoluciis (romelsac, unda vaRiaroT, rom ax­algazrda burke did pativs scemda) Sedegad Seqmnil qveynad cnobs, aris is, rom post­burkeanistulia. is erTmaneTTan ax­los arasodes akavSirebda erovnul identurobas da memkvi­dreobiT miRebul kulturas.

istoriis politikuri buneba kidev ufro naTlad ikveTeba debatebSi imis Sesaxeb, rasac avstraliaSi `Savi samklauris~ istoriad moixsenieben. es aris Tanamedrove sazogadoebis is­toria, romelSic xazgasmulia, rom dasavleTis aRmavloba da msoflio batonoba arahumanurobisa da Zaladobis, kerZod ki, kolonializmis droindeli sistematuri mkvlelobebisa da afrikuli monobis istoriazea agebuli. am tipis kritikuli istoria dafuZnebuli iyo imperializmis axal, postkolonis­tur gagebaze, romelic ormocdaaTian­samocian wlebSi Zve­li, formaluri imperiebis daSlis Semdeg gamoikveTa, magram, romlis popularizaciis mcdelobebi dasavleTSi ukve arse­bobda. kerZod, qristefore kolumbis mier amerikis egreT wo­debuli `aRmoCenis~ 500 wlis iubiles aRsaniSnavad gamosul wignSi, rogoricaa magaliTad, kerkpatrik seilis bestseleri `samoTxis dapyroba~ (sainteresoa, rom am wignis saTauri nas­esxebi aqvs ridli skots gaxmaurebuli, araerTmniSvnelovnad revizionistuli filmisTvis ­ `1492: samoTxis dapyroba~). aSS­Si afro­amerikelTa moqalaqeobrivi uflebebis damcav­ma moZraobam amerikis istoriaSi monobis rolisa da rasiz­mis Sesaxeb revizionistuli Sexedulebebis gavrcelebaSi seriozuli roli Seasrula. amgvari kritikuli istoriebi mwvave opoziciaSi udganan iseTi tipis Sexedulebebs, rom­lebic xazs usvamen, magaliTad, dasavleTis TviTgaTavisuf­lebas cru rwmenebisa da tiraniisgan, mis mier warmoebis is­eTi meTodis – kapitalizmis – gamogonebas, romelsac masebi materialuri keTildReobis ufro maRal doneze ahyavs an mis misias, msoflioSi civilizacia Seitanos. postkolonialis­turma istoriebma Zalze gaamwvava holokostis mier danergi­li eWvi dasavluri Tanamedroveobis istoriuli safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. `Savi samklauris~ istoriis mimarT winaaRmdegoba mniSvnelovan stimulad iqca konservatorebisTvis, raTa oTxmociani wlebis Semdeg ieriSi mietanaT `multikultur­alizmze~. am droisaTvis ise Cans, TiTqos ufskruli warsulis

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Sesaxeb arsebul akademiur Sexedulebebs, romlebic kvlav im­perializmisa da rasizmis revizionistul da kritikul pozi­ciaze dganan da im gavrcelebul msoflmxedvelobas Soris, romelic am formaciebs esazRvreba, TandaTanobiT izrdeba da es mxolod dasavleTSi ar xdeba.

modiT, ganvixiloT rogor aris warmodgenili da rogor gamoiyeneba warsuli Tanamedrove dasvenebis kulturaSi. Cven vcxovrobT iseT sazogadoebaSi, romelSic, rogorc am­boben, awmyo uprecedento masStabiT dominirebs warsulze, magram, miuxedavad amisa, warsuli yvelgan gvxvdeba. ufro abstraqtulad rom gamovxatoT, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi warsulisken Semobruneba, ZiriTadad, ori gziT xdeba: reaq­tiulad, anu ukan daxeviT rTuli, gaurkveveli awmyodan da pozitiurad, rac gamoixateba didi droisa da Tanxebis da­bandebaSi siZveleebis dacvisaTvis, es ki pirvel rigSi, das­venebis kulturis interesebSi xdeba. garda amisa, warsuli, ra Tqma unda, xSirad SenarCunebulia TanamedroveobaSi yovel­gvari formaluri istorizaciis gavlis gareSe. amasTan daka­vSirebiT gvaxsendeba musikaluri semplingi (gansakuTrebiT ki Zveli simRerebis gamoyeneba hip­hopSi); Zveli simRerebis radio­gadacemebi; Zveli satelevizio programebisa da Zveli filmebis ganmeorebiTi Cveneba. amgvari obieqtebi arsebobs zogierT naklebad gansazRvrul zonebSi Tanamedrovesa da istoriuls Soris, sadac warsuli (romelic warsulad iTv­leba) ar aris muzeumisa da mecnierebis xelSi da ubralo mox­marebisaTvis aris gankuTvnili.

romeli gzac ar unda avirCioT, misi ufro konkretuli gaanalizebisas naTeli xdeba, rom Tanamedrove istoria mra­valgvar yovlismomcvel da urTierTgadamkveT funqcias as­rulebs da sxvadasxva interess akmayofilebs. zogierTisT­vis romelime qve­kulturis an raime sazogadoebis aRmoCena mxolod hobis sagans warmoadgens. istoriis moyvarulTa sxvadasxva jgufebi, magaliTad, didad arian daintereseb­ulni sxvadasxva periodebiT an mimarTulebebiT (mamakacebSi gansakuTrebiT popularuli iyo samxedro istoria, magali­Tad, nacistur germaniaSi). sxvebi saqmeSi ufro aqtiurad da SemoqmedebiTad erTvebian, magaliTad, adgilobriv istori­ul sazogadoebebTan erTad an arqeologiuri gaTxrebis sa­

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SualebiT praqtikulad Seiswavlian siZveleebs; an warsuls `TamaSis~ saxiT aRadgenen, rasac xSirad `cocxal istorias~ uwodeben. gaerTianebul samefoSi warsulis `aRdgenis~ moda 1968 wels SemoiRo samoqalaqo omis TayvanismcemelTa jguf­ma, romelsac `daluquli kvanZis sazogadoeba~ erqva da, ro­melic dResac britaneTis am tipis udides sazogadoebas warmoadgens. samoqalaqo omi aSS­Sic yvelaze popularuli `dadgmebis~ umTavres Temas warmoadgens, Tumca iq amgvar `dadgmebs~ ufro konservatoruli, rom araferi vTqvaT ra­sizmze, xasiaTi aqvs, radgan maTSi jer kidev Zlieria nostal­gia konfederaciis mimarT (samxreTuli monaTmflobeloba). istoriis aRdgenis moyvarulebs Soris arsebobs aqtivistebis birTvi, romelic umZimes pirobebSi cxovrobs mxolod imi­tom, rom icxovros ise, rogorc warsulSi maTi winaprebi cxovrobdnen, Tanamedrove komfortis yovelgvari pirobebis gareSe.

danarCenebisTvis ki istoria ufro pasiuri garTobis for­mas warmoadgens, kerZod, televiziis saSualebiT dokumentu­ri filmebis yurebiT Semoifargleba. es filmebi bolo dros uaRresad komerciuli gaxda. aviRoT, magaliTad, A & B saka­belo televiziis istoriis arxi, romelsac (iseve, rogorc mis msgavs biografiebis arxs) saerTaSoso mauwyebloba aqvs da SeuZlia awarmoos didi moculobis filmebi, romelTac kom­pania Tavad yidis, rogorc `msoflio programebis movlenas~. aseTia, magaliTad, 2000 wels gamoSvebuli am tipis pirveli aTsaaTiani programa `Tanamedrove saocari saTamaSoebis kvi­ra biWebisaTvis~, romelic sxvadasxva teqnikuri mowyobile­bebisa da saTamaSoebis istorias warmoadgenda da specialu­rad im mamakacebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili, romlebic gulis siRrmeSi kvlavac biWebad rCebian. istoria, gansakuTrebiT ki istoriuli biografia, sagamomcemlo industriis ZiriTad Janrsac warmoadgens. am Temaze dawerili wignebi saukeTeso saCuqaria iseTi mamakacebisTvis, romlebic `namdvil mkiTx­velTa~ kategorias ar miekuTvnebian. did britaneTSi, peri­odul gamocemas ­ `Tanamedrove istoria~, warmoudgeneli warmateba xvda wilad. istorias, garTobis mizniT, fantazi­is elementebi emateba: istoriuli mxatvruli literatura, romlis fuZemdeblad mecxramete saukunis Sotlandieli

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mwera li uolter skoti iTvleba, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba dasrulebulad CaiTvalos (skotis mizani iyo Ta­namedrove, progresuli istorizmisa da burkeanuli konser­vatizmis Serigeba istoriuli Zalebis mier formirebuli is­eTi mxatvruli garemosa da personaJebis SeqmniT, romlebic Tanamedroveobis msubuq SemoWras Seeguebodnen).

Tanamedrove, istoriul mxatvrul literaturas, ro­gorc nabeWdi, ise audio­vizualuri mediis saxiT, msgavsi ideologiuri miznebi iSviaTad amoZravebs. amis magaliTad SegviLZlia gamoviyenoT barbara kartlendis bestseleri ro­manebi, romelTac didi wvlili Seitanes inglisis regentobis sicocxliT savse da Tavisufali periodis asaxvaSi (swored im periodisa, rodesac ser valter skoti Tavis romanebs qm­nida). Tumca, bolo dros, mxatvrul literaturaSi mwer­lobis axali Janri aRmocenda, romelic gaurkvevlad urevs erTmaneTSi istoriasa da beletristikas. mwerlobis es saxe­oba istoriis miwisqveSa dinebebs acocxlebs da faseulad mx­olod imitom iTvleba, rom sazogadoebis farTod gavrcele­buli mexsierebis miRmaa darCenili da maTi xseneba, swored am mizezis gamo, garkveul riskTan aris dakavSirebuli. am Janris yvelaze kargad cnobil warmomadgenlTa ricxvs miekuTvnebi­an ingliseli mwerali ien sinkleri da germaneli v. g. sebaldi, romelTa nawarmoebebSi ganwyoba sakmaod melanqoliuria. aw­myos saSinelebas mxolod virtuozuli literaturuli sti­li arbilebs. gansakuTrebiT sebaldis nawarmoebebSi, drois warmav lobis uZvelesi Tema cocxldeba da istorias sasa­flaos barokosdroindel (mistikur) mniSvnelobas aniWebs.

miuxedavad istorizmisa da progresivizmisa, warsuli funqcionirebas agrZelebs, iseve, rogorc identurobaTa safuZveli sxvadasxva doneze. magaliTad, ojaxis doneze, ge­nealogiis aR mavloba daaxloebiT meCvidmete saukunis meore naxevridan, `postmodernuli~ droidan iwyeba. Tanamedrove dasavleTSi mravali biblioTekis arqivi specialurad am sakiTxebze muSaobs – adamianebs TavianTi sagvareulo xaze­bis moZebnaSi exmareba. es, Cemi azriT, ufro imaze mianiSnebs, rom zogierT asakovan da adgilebis Semcvlel adamians bevri Tavisufali dro da fuli aqvs, vid re imisa, rom kulturis warsulTan damokidebulebaSi raRac seismuri cvlilebebi

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moxda.socialur doneze istoriuli gadmocemebi eTnosebisa

da erebis identurobis safuZvlis Seqmnas agrZelebs. aman SeiZleba garkveuli movlenebis (gansakuTrebiT, tragikuli movlenebis) pirdapiri identifikaciis forma miiRos da Ta­namedrove cxovrebis wesebi da grZnobebis struqtura gansaz­Rvros: amis magaliTebia afro­amerikelTa monoba, koloniza­cia mravali kolonizebuli qveynisTvis da Tundac, londonis dabombva londonis mcxovrebTaTvis. franguli identuroba kvlavac im Segnebis garSemoa koncentrirebuli, rom safran­geTma msoflios Tanamedrove civiluroba da racionaluroba SesZina ­ ideologiis elementi, romelic ufro mniSvnelova­nia, vidre es ucxoelebs warmoudgeniaT (isini safrangeTs ufro sxva, istoriuli momentebiT afaseben, gansakuTrebiT ki mecxramete saukunis bolo periodiT belle epoch (mSvenieri dro). CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi, komunisturma partiam, kapitalisturi wyobis damkvidrebisaken misi SemobrunebiT gamowveuli socialurad mougvarebadi uTanxmoebebis dareg­ulireba, CineTSi uZvelesi civilizaciis arsebobiT gamowveu­li siamayis grnobis aqcentirebiT scada. samociani wlebis bolosa da samocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisis feministurma moZ­raobam energiis didi nawili istoriisken Zalze warmatebuli mibrunebidan miiRo, raTa qalebis Rvawli samudamo daviwyebi s ­g an gadaerCina da axali pirobebis Sesabamisad, trans­istoriu­ li, genderulad Tanasworuflebiani sazogadoeba Seeqmna.

istoriis saSualebiT mopovebulma identurobam SeiZle­ba kidev ufro susti formac miiRos, magaliTad, rogoricaa nostalgia. nostalgia imperialisturi da klasobriv prin­cipze damyarebuli sazogadoebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki sa­Sualo klasis britaneTisTvis imdenad aris damaxasiaTebeli, rom bevrs im mniSvnelovan tradiciad miaCnia, romelic maT britanelobas gansazRvravs. kritikosi frederik jeimsoni, Tanamedrove nostalgiis Teorizacias axdens da mas awmyoSi namdvili istoriis (e.i. materialisturi istoriis, romelic revoluciuri moZraobis safuZvels qmnis) uqonlobis niSnad miiCnevs. ufro mizanSewonili iqneboda, Tu amgvar nostal­gias (genealogiiT gatacebis msgavsad) ganvixilavdiT, ro­gorc warsulisa da memkvidreobiTobis rolebis Sesustebas

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socialur identurobaTa Seqmnis procesSi. nostalgia da genealogia warmoadgens post­istoriuli epoqis sust isto­riebs, romelic istorias sul ufro metad miiCnevs garTobis sagnad da imave dros, sul ufro naklebad adardebs warsuli.

istoriasTan diletanturi damokidebulebebis gaerTiane­ba SeiZleba terminiT `memkvidreobiTi industria~, rogorc mas of icialur instituciebSi uwodeben, an terminiT ­ `kul­turuli mexsiereba~, rogorc uSualod sazogadoebaSi moixse­nieba. es terminebi urTierTdakavSirebulia, radganac orive maTgani warsulis im elementebs mimarTavs, romlebic form­aluri da specializebuli mecnierebis miRma arseboben. amas­Tanave, kulturulma mexsierebam uaRresi biurokratizacia da komercializacia ganicada, anu igi memkvidreobis indus­triam CaiTria. warsuli, romelic gvaxsovs, umeteswilad, warmoadgens warsuls, romelic awesrige bda Cvens interesebs, ZiriTadad komerciuls, romlebic CvenTvis ukve awmyoa, raTa gvxsomeboda isini. marTlac, istoria, vinaidan is arakvleviT saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi Seiswavleba, axlo kavSirSi Sedis memkvidreobiT industriasTan, vinaidan, am dawesebule­bebis mizania daaintereson studentebi istoriiT, es ki misi prezentaciis komercializebuli meTodebiT keTdeba. memkvi­dreobis istoria istoriuli garTobis iseT formebs moicavs, romlebic cota xnis win ganvixileT, magram aerTianebs saqmi­anobebisa da organizaciebis kidev ufro farTo speqtrs: muzeumebs, qalaqTmSeneblobisa da sxvadasxva industriebis memorialebs (magaliTad, aSS­s `arakomerciuli foladis in­dustriis memkvidreobis korporacia~, romlis valdebuleba­Si foladis mwarmoebeli Zveli teqnologiebisa da sawarmoe­bis naSTebis dakonserveba da dacva Sedis) da aseve, turizms.

Tavad kulturologiaSi, dava memkvidreobis industriis mniSvnelobisa da Sedegebis Sesaxeb grZeldeba. erT­erTi TvalsazrisiT, aseTi aqcenti memkvidreobaze yuradRebis gadatanis mcdelobiT aixsneba (hiuisoni 1987). is aRmocenda gaerTianebul samefoSi oTxmocian wlebSi mimdinare social­uri movlenebis Sedegad, kerZod ki, socialuri uTanasworo­bis zrdisgan, romelic tetCeris neo­liberalizms mohyva. sxva TvalsazrisiT, memkvidreobis industria eyrdnoba sazoga­doebas (metwilad saSualo klass) da gacilebiT naklebad

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elitaruli, vidre kulturuli mexsierebisa da istorio­grafiis ufro Zveli formebi (semiueli 1994). vnebaTaRelva am debatebis irgvliv, albaT, gulisxmobs, rom warsuli kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre sinamdvileSia. ueWvelia, rom memkvidreobis industriis Zlieri mimzidveloba warsuls am­artivebs da xSirad sentimentalur stereotipebamde dahyavs, magram isic ueWvelia, rom arsebobs uamravi aseTi mimzidveli obieqti, romelic mnaxvels seriozul informacias awvdis warsulis Sesaxeb. soveren hilSi (mdebareobs balaratis max­loblad, viqtoria, avstralia) vizitis dros davaTvaliere oqros mompovebelTa aRdgenili (daaxloebiT 1865 wlis) sofeli (rekreacia) da imaze meti gavige oqros mopovebis te­qnologiis Sesaxeb, vidre sxva raime saSualebiT iyo SesaZle­beli. amave dros, istoriis mTeli siRrme sadRac gauCinarda: Zaladoba, sicrue, fantaziebi, imedgacrueba, sirTuleebi, anti­Cinuri rasizmi, rac oqros cieb­cxelebas Tan sdevda da es yvelaferi nostalgiur, vizitorisTvis sasiamovno sanax­aobad gardaiqmna.

msgavsi daZabuloba warmoiSoba maSinac, rodesac katego­ria `memkvidreoba~ maregulirebeli xdeba, rac arc Tu ise iSviaTia. misi saxeliT kanonebis miReba Zveli Senobebis dan­grevis an saxecvlilebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb, xan mniSvnelovani da lamazi Senobebis SesanarCuneblad xdeba, xan ki Tanamedro­veobis sawinaaRmdego `meSCanobis~ gamo. am SemTxvevaSi daZ­abuloba Cndeba konservatizmsa (winaaRmdegoba cvlilebaTa mimarT) da istoriuli procesis uwyvetobas (am SemTxvevaSi, esTetikur faseulobaTa safuZveli) Soris.

Tumca, kulturuli mexsierebis yvela formis institu­cionaluri memkvidreobisTvis mikuTvneba ar SeiZleba. popu­laruli kulturuli mexsierebis erT­erTi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani da saintereso forma, romelic win aRudga `memkvidreobad~ gardaqmnas, TaobaTa mexsierebaa, romelic aTwleulebad iyofa. yovel aTwleuls sakuTari saxe, ganwyo­bileba, nostalgiisa da kontr­nostalgiis (Svebis SegrZneba imis gamo, rom raRacas gadaurCi) nazavi axasiaTebs: ociani, ocdaaTiani, ormociani, ormocdaaTiani, samociani, sa­mocdaaTiani, oTxmociani, oTxmocdaaTiani wlebi. garkveul momentSi es popularuli mogonebebi xundeba da mTeli aT­

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wleuli daviwyebas miecema. aviRoT, magaliTad oTxmociani wlebi, romelTac odesRac unikaluri identuroba axasiaTeb­da, magram axla, ramdenime profesionalis garda, ukve aRara­vis axsovs es. zogi aTwleulis dros ufro Zlieri pirovnebebi iyvnen asparezze, vidre sxva dros: oTxmociani wlebis dasawy­isis gadmosaxedidan samocdaaTiani wlebi uferul, ubralo gardamaval periodad gamoiyureboda (hanti 1998). rogor Seicvala yvelaferi! es mogonebebi xSirad mRelvarebas da aw­myos ukeT aRqmas iwvevs: konformistuli ormocdaaTianebis Sexedulebebi (gansakuTrebiT ki groteskuli gamartiveba, Tumca, im droisaTvis dafuZnebuli popularul sociolo­giaze) Semdgom Taobebs uflebas aZlevs sakuTar Tavs gaTa­visufleba da TavgadasavalTa Ziebisken swrafvis survili miulocon; samocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi mamakacurobis simbolod warmodgenili ostin pauersis msgavsi SiSveli ma­makacis gamosaxulebebi, Tumca xumroba iyo, magram, garkveul protests gamoxatavda feminizmis winaaRmdeg, romelic aseve, am aTwleulSi gamoCnda.

sazogadoebriv­kulturuli mexsierebis kidev erTi forma, romelsac Zala Seswevs winaaRmdegoba gauwios `memkvidreo­bis industrias~, myarad eyrdnoba adgilobriv mosaxleobas, gansakuTrebiT ki iseT gaerTianebebs, romelTac erTobisa da sauTari fesvebis SegrZneba aqvT. aseTi mexsiereba SeiZleba istoriulad iqces zepiri gadmocemebis, memuarebis, `adgi­lobrivi istoriebis~ samoyvarulo kvlevisa da Caweris saSu­alebiT. SemTxvevis wyalobiT, kulturologi mecnierebi dae­xmarnen izolirebul sazogadoebebs kulturuli mexsierebis istorizaciasa da SenaxvaSi. batetaunis istoriisa da xe­lovnebis centrma, romelic glen jordanma kardifSi daaarsa, Seqmna muzeumi, arqivi da gamosca Zveli, multikulturaluri, kardifis Taiga beis portis muSaTa klasis zepirsityviereba, romelsac gareSe pirebi xSirad an kritikis qar­cecxlSi at­arebdnen, an sruliad sawinaaRmdegod, romantikul xotbas asxamdnen (jordani da uildoni 2000). am saxis istorias mra­valgvari funqcia da mniSvneloba aqvs: is warmoadgens saSu­alebas am sazogadoebis wevrTa Svilebisa da SvilTaSvilebi­sTvis, maTTvis, visac ojaxuri kavSiri aqvs sazogadoebasTan, magram vinc maTTan erTad ukve aRar cxovrobs. es naTlad war­

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moaCens, aseve, statussa da solidurobas aniWebs sazogadoe­bas. saerTo jamSi, yovelive es identurobis safuZvels qmnis. Taiga beis SemTxvevaSi, organizebul kulturul mexsierebas SeuZlia winaaRmdegoba gauwios da Sesworebebi Seitanos gar­eSe pirebis mcdar SexedulebebSi, xolo Raribebisa da margin­alizebuli pirebis sazogadoebebSi kulturuli mexsierebis formalizaciam SeiZleba politikuri rezonansi gamoiwvios. es gansakurebiT marTebulia im sazogadoebebisTvis, romelTa Sesa xebac jer kidev arsebobs mcdari Sexedulebebi da rom­lebic Seviwroebul mdgomareobaSi arian. es yvelaze marTebu­lia kolonizebuli qveynebisTvis, romelTa mkvidrTaTvis mo­gonebebi da miTebi, romlebic wina koloniur warsuls exeba, yvelaze mniSvnelovan kapitals warmoadgens.

oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis ganmavlobaSi, damokidebulebam istorias – rogorc usamarTlobasa da Tanamedroveobas So­ris – erTgvari cvlileba ganicada. es or, urTierTdakav­Sirebul sferoSi moxda: pirveli sazogadoebrivi sfero iyo, meore ki _ kerZo. sazogadoebriv sferoSi warsul usamarT­lobaTa msxverplTaTvis sul ufro da ufro SesaZlebeli xde­ba kompensaciis axla, awmyoSi miReba; kerZo sferoSi ki sul ufro meti masStabebiT xdeba istoriul saSinel movlenaTa naxevrad fsiqo­analitikuri gagebiT diagnozireba, rogorc travmulisa, im pirTaTvis, vinc isini gadaitana. warsulsa da awmyos Soris arsebuli am axali damokidebulebis centrSia holokosti, romelic evropuli Tanamedroveobis ganmsaz­Rvrel movlenad da imavdroulad, ganmanaTleblobis Sesa­Zlo marcxis, adamianebis erTimeoris mimarT arahumanuro­bisa da evropuli antisemitizmis sisastikis simbolod iqca. holokostis saSinelebaTa gamosworebis mcdeloba Tanamed­rove sazogadoebis civilurobis moTxovnis gamoxatu lebad iqca. travmis koncefcia holokostis mier miyenebul zarals aRiarebs da imave dros misgan erTgvari gamojansaRebis da­pirebas Seicavs.

is, rom istoriuli travmis problema holokostze iyo fokusirebuli, arafers niSnavs, radgan istoriis, rogorc travmis, aRmoCena moxda maSin, rodesac bavSvebis mimarT sas­tik damoki debulebaze da CvenTvis nacnobi socialuri Za­ladobis sxva formebze sul ufro Riad daiwyes msjeloba.

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am msjelobaSi iuridiuli da samedicino dargebis mTeli rigi CaerTo. travma iqca popularul paradigmad warsulze fiqrisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki mas Semdeg, rac amerikeli ja­riskacebi vietnamidan Sin dabrundnen. maTi gancdebi, ganv­lili saSinelebis amsaxveli kadrebis xilvebi, halucinacie­bi, mrisxaneba da depresia diagnozirebul iqna, rogorc axali sindromi – posttravmatuli stresiT gamowveuli aSliloba (PTSD). mogvianebiT, organizebulma koleqtiurma usamarT­lobam, rogoric iyo „moparuli Taoba~ avstraliel abori­genebSi (aborigenul sazogadoebebSi mTavrobis mier sanq­cionirebuli SezRudva bavSvebis gaCenaze), an iaponelebis mier II msoflio omis dros koreeli qalebisTvis prostitu­ciis iZuleba, romelic aseve travmatulad iqna aRiarebuli, sajaro gamoxmaureba da kompensaciisa da bodiSis moxdis moTxovnebi gamoiwvia (ix. frou 2001).

travma sakamaTo koncefciaa (ix. leisi 2000), magram safuZ­vlad udevs azri, rom zogierTi movlena imdenad damangrev­elia, rom masTan gacnobierebulad gamklaveba SeuZlebelia. travmis msxverplni Trgunaven TavianT tkivilebs, ris Sede­gadac isini gardaiqmnebian simptomebad, romelTa umetesoba Tavad travmatuli movlenebis damaxinjebul ganmeorebas warmoadgens. am ganmeorebebSi warsuli kvlav cocxlobs, ma­gram, gaucnobierebeli, arakontrolirebadi mogonebebisa da warmodgenebis saxiT. gadamwyveti kiTxva, romelic trav­mis Teorias fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT upirispirdeba, aris: Tu ramdenad warmoadgens is xasiaTis gamovlinebas, romelSic qceva da zegavlena tkivilTan da paTologiasTan arian Sereuli. magaliTad, rogor unda SevafasoT holo­kosti: rogorc travma zogadad TanamedroveobisaTvis YTu mxolod im mcire raodenobis adamianebisaTvis, romlebic mas ga daurCnen? warmoadgens Tu ara avstraliis kulturuli identuroba, garkveulwilad, koleqtiur pasuxs galipolis (II msoflio omis damRupveli kampania, romlis drosac, um­niSvnelo samxedro mizans 8000 adamiani Seewira da romelic anglo­avstraliuri xasiaTis oficialur gamoxatulebad iT­vleba) travmaze? travmis Teoriis problema, rodesac is ara individebs, aramed sazogadoebriv dajgufebebs exeba, zedme­tad usvams xazs am dajgufebebis erTianobisa da saerTo ga­

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mocdilebis mniSvnelobas da zedmetad aqcevs awmyo realobas warsuli gamocdilebis gavlenis qveS. garda amisa, Tuki arse­bobs raime mosazreba, romelic mxars uWers warsulis gaSuqe­bas kulturologiis TvalsazrisiT, aris is, rom warsuli, romelic Cven dRes gvaqvs, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris war­suli, romelic odesRac sxvadasxva saxiT arsebobda. magram, es araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs imas, rom rogorc istoria varaudobs, is sruliad gansxvavebuli cnebaa.

damatebiTi sakiTxavi: qonertoni 1989; hiuisoni 1987; laisi 2000; morisi 1998; noura da kricmani 1996; semiueli 1994; uil­iamsi 1961).

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2.2. awmyo

Tanamedroveoba

rogorc ukve vnaxeT, kulturologia iseTi disciplinebi­sgan, rogoricaa literaturaTmcodneoba, kinomcodneoba an xelovnebaTmcodneoba, nawilobriv, imiT gansxvavdeba, rom Tanamedoveobazea koncentrirebuli. Cveni mizania, am TavSi Tanamedroveobis mniSvnelobis analizi mogawodoT. amisaT­vis pirvel rigSi mas ganvixilavT rogorc koncefcias, Semdeg ki postmodernizmis, rogorc Tanamedroveobis Teorizaciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani kategoriis, mokle mimoxilvas Semog­TavazebT. amasTanave, unda gavixsenoT, rom Tanamedroveo­bas dRes ufro meti gavlena aqvs dasavleTze, vidre odesme hqonia. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos wina TaobebTan SedarebiT Cven ufro met interess viCenT awmyos, vidre war­sulis mimarT – rasac Tavad kulturologiis Seqmna mowmobs. kulturologiis kavSiri TanamedroveobasTan mimarTavs mas, Tanamedrove termini rom gamoviyenoT ­ „prezentizmisaken`, rac gulisxmobs rogorc warsulis Tanamedrove kuTxiT da­naxvas (imgvarad, rom misi „ucxooba` TvalSi sacemi ar iyos), aseve istoriis enaze rom vTqvaT, narcisizmisken, rac imis gadaWarbebul rwmenaSi gamoixateba, rom istoriuli mimar­Tulebebi TavianT apogeas swored axla aRweven (Tumca, ro­gorc TavSi 2.1. aRvniSneT, anti­prezentizmsac aseve, Tavisi danakargebi aqvs).

amgvarad, ras niSnavs Tanamedroveoba? erTi mxriv, gulisx­mobs awmyos, magram, amis Tqma bevrs arafers niSnavs, radganac awmyo warmavali kategoriaa: is imavdroulad nulicaa, rom­lis gavliTac momavali warsuli xdeba da siuxvec, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT. rogorc semiotika gvaswavlis, awmyo mniS­vnelobas iZens mxolod im upiratesobis gamo, romelsac mas aniWebs Tavisi adgili misgan gansxvavebuli elementebis mowesrigebul rigSi, anu warsulTan da kidev ufro naklebad, momavalTan mimarTebaSi. awmyos raRac mniSvneloba aqvs mis mier warsulidan SeTvisebuli gansxvavebebisa da saerTo niSnebis TvalsazrisiT, warsuli ki warmodgenilia, rogorc

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daxvavebuli debatebis, movlenebis, gamosaxulebebis, ten­denciebis, ganmeorebebisa da Cixebis grova. amgvarad (dasav­leTSi), awmyo aRniSnavs imas, rasac aRniSnavs iseT movlenebT­an mimarTebaSi, rogorebic iyo safrangeTis revolucia da holokosti, romlebic gansazRvraven mas, rogorc garkveul moments TanamedroveobaSi. igive SeiZleba iTqvas, Tundac, SedarebiT ufro mSvid warsulTan mimarTebaSi, rogoric warmogvidgenia, magaliTad, met­naklebad miTiuri, tradici­uli inglisuri sofeli mediisa da momxmarebelTa ufle­bebis dacvis gareSe, daubinZurebeli garemoTi. momavalTan mimarTebaSi ki awmyos mniSvneloba aqvs misi damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT momavalTan, winaswarmetyvelebebTan im drois Sesaxeb, rodesac CineTi ufro Zlevamosili gaxdeba, vidre aSS, an, vTqvaT, rodesac adamianebi sinTezirebulni iqnebian manqanebTan. awmyos araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs warsulis qronikebis an warmosaxuli momavlis gareSe, im qronikebis da warmosaxvebisa, romlebic movlenebisa da procesebisgan Sedgeba. rac ufro didia survili, ufro metad mniSvnelovani gavxadoT awmyo (es albaT imitom xdeba, rom vkargavT isto­riis, rogorc meta­koncefciis rwmenas), miT ufro metad aris mosalodneli, rom warsulebi da momavlebi, romlebic mas mniSvnelobas aniWeben, zedmetad gamartivebulad war­moCndes. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom mecnieruli istorio­grafia, romelic istoriis gamartivebis winaaRmdegia im Sem­TxvevaSi, Tu is warmatebulia, Zarcvavs warsuls da arTmevs mas mniSvnelobas.

Tanamedroveoba, ubralod, awmyos ar aRniSnavs. zogi ram, rac axla xdeba, ufro Tanamedrovea, vidre sxva raRacebi, rac aseve axla xdeba. Tanamedroveoba warsulis nawilia, romelic Cvens sakuTrebad migvaCnia axla, is nawili, ro­melic jer arqivSi ar Caketila. reimond uiliamsma awmyo sam nawilad araCveulebrivad dayo: gadmonaSTi (arsebuli for­maciebi, romlebic memkvidreobiT gadmogveca, magram mokle momavali aqvT); dominanturi (formaciebi, romlebic awmyos akontroleben); da axlad ganviTarebadi (romlebsac jer sab­oloo saxe da Zala ar SeuZeniaT). Tumca, dRes socialuri formaciebis aseT kategoriebad dayofa arc Tu ise advilia: romel kategorias unda mivakuTvnoT, magaliTad, religiuri

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fundamentalizmi? Tavisi uryevi progresivizmiT uiliamsis sqema sinamdvileSi `Tanamedroveobis~ kategorias ar exeba, radganac, is, rac garkveul istoriul momentSi yvelaze Ta­namedroved iTvleba, aucilebeli ar aris dominanturi iyos. namdvilad aris garkveuli azri imaSi, rodesac Tanamedro­veobas efemerulad miiCneven (magaliTad, bolo dros gamo­suli kino­hiti efemerul fenomens warmoadgens), maSinac ki, rodesac kulturologia efemeruls naklebad efemerulad aqcevs misi disciplinarul arqivSi SetaniT da zog SemTxveva­Si, uflebas aZlevs efemerul movlenebs, sayrden wertilebad iqcnen Semdgomi analizisa da sociologiuri kvlevebisTvis. unda gvaxsovdes, rom akademiuri disciplinebi da instituc­iebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben warsulis awmyoSi da aseve awmyos momavalSi gadatanaSi. amasTanave, isini mexsierebis bankebs warmoadgenen. maT Soris aris kulturologiac, ro­melic rac ufro xandazmuli xdeba am TvalsazrisiT, miT ufro met mniSvnelobas iZens.

arsebobs, agreTve, garkveul damokidebulebaTa jgufi Tanamedroveobas, axalgazrdobas, modasa da kulturlo­gias Soris. axalgazrdoba ufro Tanamedroved gvesaxeba, vidre sxva kulturuli niSebi da kulturologiasac masTan gansakuTrebiT mWidro kavSiri aqvs (gansakuTrebiT ki ax­algazrdobis garkveul seqtorTan) imis gamo, rom swored isini avseben auditoriebs, romlebic kulturologiis um­niSvnelovanes institucionalur sferos warmoadgenen. radgan kulturologia warmoadgens disciplinas, romelic ar sargeblobs arc sakuTari da arc im disciplinebis Zalau­flebiT, romlebic mas aRiareben, mas ufro gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba aqvs studentebTan, vidre SedarebiT Zvel disciplinebs. is usmens Tavis studentebs da maT interesebsa da codnas iTvaliswinebs. kulturologia students aRiqvams ara rogorc cariel WurWels, romelic codniT unda Seivsos, radganac swavlis unari aqvs, ara med, rogorc Tanamosaubres, romelsac azrovnebis garkveuli meTodebi, perspeqtivebi da msoflmxedveloba unda gauziaron da pedagogebTan dialo­gis reJimSi unda iyvnen. yovelive amis gamo, asakobriv (Tao­bebs Soris) sxvaobas studentebsa da pedagogebs Soris didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. zogjer (gansakuTrebiT ki anglofonur

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qveynebSi), saSualo asakis adamianTa interesi axalgazrdebis mimarT vuaieristulad, odnav Seufereblad iTvleba. garda amisa, arsebobs mkacri logika, romlis mixedviTac moduri mimdinareobebi jer aqtualobas kargaven da Semdeg mosawy­enni, naxevrad miviwyebulni da sasacilonic ki xdebian, ma­gram dgeba dro, rodesac isini kvlav aqtualobas ibruneben `retros~ stilis gavleniT. es ki saklaso oTaxis pirobebSi imas niSnavs, rom is pedagogi, romelic Tavisi axalgazrdobis droindeli kulturuli simpaTiebis (am SemTxvevaSi modis) erTguli rCeba (daaxloebiT, 1977 w. konfliqti) da pedagogi, romelic wlidan wlamde gmirulad cdilobs ukanasknel mo­das misdios, Tanabari saSiSroebis winaSea sasacilod gamoiy­urebodes Tavisi studentebis TvalSi. Taobebis mixedviT cva­lebadi stilebis Cvenebis procesSi Tanamedroveoba modamde dadis, xolo awmyo ­ `tendenciebamde~.

ufro abstraqtuli TvalsazrisiT, Tanamedroveoba xSi­rad ganixileba, rogorc Znelad xelCasaWidi cneba, es ar xdeba filosofiuri mizezebis gamo. erT­erTi argumentis Tanaxmad, romelic amas asabuTebs, Tanamedroveoba axla ufro swrafad icvleba, vidre adre, faqtobrivad, imde­nad swrafad, rom inteleqtualuri analizi mis aRqmas ver axerxebs (ix. grosbergi 2000, 149). Zneli saTqmelia, istoria axla ufro swrafad viTardeba, vidre adre viTardeboda Tu ara, radganac ar arsebobs iseTi kriteriumebi, romelTa dax­marebiTac amgvari Sedareba moxerxdeboda. varaudis doneze Tu vimsjelebT, aseTi ram naklebad aris SesaZlebeli. amis dasamtkiceblad moviyvanoT ori gansakuTrebiT mwvave mag­aliTi: ras ifiqrebdnen 1939 wels britanelebi an 1862 wels, samoqalaqo omis dros, amerikelebi aseTi mosazrebis Sesaxeb? meore mxriv ki, ras vityviT sul ramdenime wlis win gavrcele­bul mosazre bebze istoriis dasasrulis moaxloebis Sesaxeb (rac imas niSnavda, rom demokratiulma kapitalizmma gamar­jveba moipova, rogorc globalurma sistemam da misi aranairi realuri alternativa aRar arsebobda)?

Tamedroveoba Znelad xelCasaWid cnebad iTvleba kidev erTi mizezis gamo, Cven aRar gagvaCnia saerTo da sazogadod SeTanxmebuli Tvalsazrisi, romlis saSualebiTac misi gaana­lizeba gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli. codnisa da Rirebulebebis

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fragmentacia moxda da amasTan erTad adamianTa winsvlisa da Tavisuflebisken swrafvis `ZiriTadi qronika~ damajereblo­bas kargavs (ix. liotari 1984). mokled rom vTqvaT, rogorc frederik jeimsonma Camoayaliba (1991), Tanamedroveobas lokaciis adgili ar gaaCnia. asea Tu ise, arasodes arsebula iseTi sazogadoeba, romelsac imaze meti infromacia eqne­boda sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, vidre Cven gvaqvs. moviyvanoT ramdenime magaliTi: kompaniebs, romlebic bazars ikvleven, uamravi da detaluri aRweriloba aqvT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ro­gor vrceldebian samomxmareblo modelebi sivrceSi, anu, ro­gorc dik hebdijma (1989, 53) uwoda, `socialuri survilebis rukebi~, romlebic aregulireben samarketingo kampaniebs, axali produqciis warmoebasa da sacalo gasaRebis bazrebis Seqmnas; samarTaldamcav organizaciebs danaSaulebaTa aR­werilobisa da gavrcelebis geografiis Sesaxeb uamravi mo­nacemi gaaCniaT; ekonomikuri geografia uaRresad detalur informacias flobs teritoriaze ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sesaxeb; politikuri moRvaweebi da/an biurokratebi mTeli saarCevno istoriis manZilze yvelaze ufro xSirad aweseben saarCevno sazRvrebs quCebisTvis; sul ufro ukeT aRweren da Seiswavlian mcenareTa da cxovelTa gavrcelebis adgilebs (Tumca, isini bevrad uaresad arian asa xulni rukaze, vidre adamianTa sazogadoeba da kultura), imdenad, rom zogierT, ganadgurebis piras myof saxeobaTa calkeuli individebisaT­vis saxelebic ki aqvT darqmeuli. faqtobrivad, qseliT daka­vSirebul samomxmareblo sazogadoebaSi, yoveli moqmedeba kvalis datovebas niSnavs: sakredito baraTiT raimes SeZenis dros maSinve rCeba kvali samomxmareblo rukaze. problema imaSi ki ar mdgomareobs, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebebi da kulturebi rukaze saTanadod asaxuli ar aris, aramed imaSi, rom mzardi Seusabamoba arsebobs maT Sesaxeb arsebuli in­formaciis raodenobasa da im normatiul struqturebs So­ris, romlebic amgvari informaciis gamosayeneblad unda Se­vimuSavoT.

naTeli mxolod erTia: Cven Tanamedroveobas ufro proce­sebisa da tendenciebis, da ara fiqsirebuli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT ganvixilavT, is ki mudmivad icvleba rogorc moce­muli, ise sxva TvalsazrisiT. amgvarad, rogor unda moxdes

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misi periodizacia?

postmoderni

kulturis momavali istorikosebi oTxmocian da oTxmocda aTian wlebs postmodernizmis xanad miiCneven. postmodernizmi, rogorc aseTi, swored am periods – meoce saukunis bolo aTwleulebs miekuTvneba. im droisaTvis es mimdinareoba koncefciis saxiT aRmocenda, radgan zogier­Ti inteleqtualis azriT (maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani figura iyo marqsisti literaturis kritikosi frederik jeimsoni) ukve SeuZlebeli xdeboda sazogadoebis istoriis logikuri gadmocema. es daskvna dakavSirebuli iyo Taname­droveobis rTul diagnozTan, romelic askvnida, rom emo­ciuri cxovreba nadgurdeboda (e.w. `emociebis dacema~); rom warsuli dausruleblad da uazrod ga damuSavdeboda; rom sul ufro metad xdeboda awmyos ironizi reba, misi, TiTqos­da, brWyalebSi Casma da mis mimarT zedapiruli damokideb­ulebis zrda (siRrmis nakleboba); rom Usaukuneebis manZilze arsebuli progresis rwmena gaqra da rom Tavad realobac warmavalia, radgan sul ufro metad ixlarTeba warmosaxv­asTan, xolo arsebuli sinamdvile Tavis sakuTar aCrdilSi qreba (jeimsoni 1991).

Tumca, axal saukuneSi postmodernizmi sul ufro da ufro naklebad emsgavseba epoqis damajerebel diagnozs an kulturaTa erTianobas da sul ufro metad – im stilis dasaxelebas, romelic im gansazRvruli droisaTvis mraval Janrs aerTianebda. SeiZleba mogveCvenos, TiTqos postmod­ernizmi, rogorc Tanamedroveobis diagnozi, globalizaciam Caanacvla, magram, sabolood, globalizacia kulturuli meTodis dasaxelebas ki ar warmoadgens, aramed ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri procese bisas. amdenad, Cven sak­maod ucnaur mdgomareobaSi aRmovCndiT, romelSic kultura uprecedentod aris warmodgenili, magram, mas ar gaaCnia say­ovelTaod aRiarebuli konceptualuri da kritikuli struq­tura. verc imas vityviT, rom adekvaturi TviTSefaseba, ro­melic postmodernistuli kulturis Teoriasa da kritikaSi naTlad aris Camoyalibebuli, moZvelebulia. yovelive ze­moTqmulidan gamomdinare, raRa mniSvneloba aqvs postmod­

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ernizms? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad unda CavuRrmavdeT postmodernizmis, rogorc koncefciis, warmoSobis sakiTxs.

virjinia vulfma gamoTqva cnobili mosazreba, rom adamia­nis buneba, daaxloebiT 1910 wlisaTvis sagrZnoblad Seicva­la. dRes SeiZleba sagonebelSi Cagvagdos kiTxvam: nuTu 1900 wels mcxovrebi adamianebi marTla amdenad gansxvavdebodnen 1920 wels mcxovrebTagan? ramden adamianze imoqmeda amgvar­ma gansxvavebam? Tu SevecdebiT imis mixvedras, Tu ram gamoi­wvia virjinia vulfis amgvari gazviadebuli daskvna, Cvens Tvalwin warsdgeba is mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi, romelTac mecxramete saukunis bolos hqondaT adgili. am cvlilebebis jgufs vaerTianebT `modernizmis~ saTauriT. xelovnebaSi es cvlilebebi moicavdnen realizmTan daSorebas da utopiuri eqsperimentebisken gezis aRebas; socialur RirebulebaTa sferoSi aRiniSna naklebad moralisturi damokidebuleba seqsualuri damokidebulebebis TvalsazrisiT, es gansa­kuTrebulad araheteroseqsualur urTierTobebs exeba. cv­lilebebi aRiniSna, aseve, klasobriv urTierTobebSic: muSa­Ta klasi ukve Zireulad aRar gansxvavdeboda burJuaziisgan; aseve, gaCnda ekonomikuri warmoebisa da momxmareblobis ax­ali meTodebi, rac imas niSnavda, rom xangrZlivi moxmarebis saqonelma gadaavso bazrebi, romlebic sul ufro naklebad Semoifarglebodnen mxolod mdidrebiT; sul ufro izrde­boda, agreTve, to lerantoba saxelmwifos mxridan xalxis keTildReobis sakiTxebSi Carevis mimarT.

vinc sityva `postmodernizms~ im epoqis aRsaniSnavad iy­enebs, romelSic cxovrobs, igives amtkicebs, rasac Tavis droze virjinia vulfi amtkicebda. daaxloebiT 1980 wels sazogadoeba kvlav icvleba im TvalsazrisiT, romelzec vsaubrob. SesaZlebelia Tu ara gamovkveToT is socialuri pirobebi, romelTac postmodernizmi eyrdnoba iseve, ro­gorc isini, romelTac mo dernizmis diagnozi eyrdnoboda? amis pasuxia kompetenturi `diax~ _ kompetenturi imis gamo, rom saboloo jamSi, postmo dernizmi modernizmTan ubralo ganxeTqilebas ki ar aRniSnavs, aramed mis gaZlierebul for­mas warmoadgens. mravali (magram ara yvela) procesi, ro­melic meoce saukunis dasawyisSi moqmedeb da, amave saukunis samocdaaTian da oTxmocian wlebSic agrZelebda moqmedebas,

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Tumca, maTi kulturuli zemoqmedeba, albaT, ramdenadme gan­sxvavebuli iyo.

naTelia, rom zogierTi socialuri garemoeba Seicva­la. im mravalferovan movlenaTa Soris, romlebsac postmo­dernizmi moicavs, SeiZleba gamoiyos: neo­liberalizmisa da imijis politikis aRmavloba, gansakuTrebiT dasavleTSi, ma­gram ara marto iq; qalTa moZraobis gasaocari (Tu ara sayov­elTao) warmateba, esec gansakuTrebiT dasavleTSi; civi omis dasasruli 1989 wels da msoflioSi socialisturi idealebis warmatebuli damxoba; klasebis, rogorc identurobisa da kulturuli gansxvavebulobis maCveneblis Sesusteba; me­diis centrSi televiziis moqceva; umaRlesi ganaTlebis gavrcelebis zrda mravali ganviTarebadi qveynis mosaxleo­baSi; migrantTa nakadebis zrda msoflio masStabiT, ramac gamoiwvia multikulturalisturi politikis gatareba.

msurs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba kidev ramdenime faqts mivapyro: postmodernizms axlo kavSiri aqvs samociani wlebis utopiuri idealebis msxvrevasTan. Tanamedroveobis kritikul Sefasebas, rogorc `postmodernistulisa~, LSD –s mier gamowveul halucinaciebTan ucnauri msgavseba axasi­aTebs (araTanmimdevruloba, ganmeorebebi, uemocioba, Sizo­frenia [kidev erTi termini, romelsac postmodernisti Teo­retikosebi iyeneben]) da es SemTxveviTi ar aris. rogorc ki im aTwleulis revoluciuri imedebi gacruvda, TiTqos maSinve ganadgurda Tanamedrove normaluri cxovreba da araferi darCa, rasac misi adgilis dakaveba SeeZlo. Tu amas ~msoflio istoriis~ doneze ganvixilavT, magaliTad SeiZleba moviyva­noT dasavleTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis maTi yofili kolonie­bidan gayvana, rasac dekolonizaciis formaluri gamarjveba SeiZleba daerqvas (`formaluri~ imitom, rom im dros dekolo­nizacia saxelmwifo da samarTlebrivi kontrolis, magram ara yovelTvis ekonomikuri da kulturuli dominirebis daTmo­bas niSnavda). es imitomac iyo ase mniSvnelovani, rom dasavle­Tis mier sakuTari Tavis warmodgena, rogorc msoflio pro­gresis da ganaTlebis matareblis Sesaxeb, Zalian mWidrod iyo gadaxlarTuli mis rwmenasTan, rom koloniebSi civilizaciis Setanis misia ekisreboda. mas Semdeg, rac yofili koloniebi, Teoriulad mainc, Tanasworuflebian saxelmwifoebad iqc­

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nen da ganaTlebuli civilizacia mxolod dasavleTiT aRar Semoifargleboda, yvelaferi Seicvala. Znelia ar SeewinaaR­mdego daskvnas, rom postmodernisti Teoretikosebis im azrs ukan, TiTqos Tanamedrove progresivizmsa da racionaluro­bas safrTxe emuqreba, faruli (Tanac, daufiqrebeli) pasuxi imaleba dasavleli TeTrkaniani Tanamdebobis pirebisaTvis (mamakacebis Tvis) globaluri hegemonis uflebis gadacemaSi (ix. morli da robinsi 1995). amgvari hegemoniis dasrulebis Semdeg standartul msoflmxedvelobad iqceoda ~relativ­izmi~ ­ romelic gulisxmoda yvela kulturis, erovnebisa da rwmenis gaTanabrebas imgvarad, rom arc erTi maTgani sx­vaze dawinaurebuli ar unda yofiliyo – an standartul mso­flmxedvelobad iqceoda mxolod liberalurad ganwyobili mdidrebisTvis.

am cvlilebebis sxvagvari interpretaciac SeiZleba: ara mo­salodneli safrTxisa da muqaris, aramed zedmeti Tavdajere­bulobis kuTxiT. SesaZloa, yvelaze metad, postmodernizmi swored im cvlilebas warmoadgens, romelic warsulis Cveneul aRqmaSi moxda da romelzec 2.1 TavSi mivuTiTe. istoriis nacv­lad, romelic progresze mogviTxrobda: xangrZliv, mtkivneul brZolaze, romelic socialuri samarTlianobis ganmtkicebisa da ayvavebisken iyo mimarTuli, is socialur struqturebSi da cxovrebis wesebSi momxdari cvlilebebis amsaxvel cnebad iqca. amgvari azrovneba `relativizmis~ asociacias iwvevs, radgan, Tuki cxovrebis arc erTi modeli (wesi) ar dawinaur­deba, rogor SeiZleba istorias progresi daerqvas? rogori paradoqsulic ar unda Candes, amqveynad sruli daculobis aseTi Tvalsazrisi srulyofilebis maCvenebelad iTvleba, anu iZleva imis rwmenas, rom istoria gverds ar auvlis demokra­tiul kapitalizms – sazogadoebrivi organizaciis im formas, romelsac ase ufrTxildebian dasavleTSi da romelic amJamad mxolod nominalurad arsebobs msoflios umetes nawilSi. es azri SeiZleba Semdegnairad Camoyalibdes: idea progresis Ses­axeb, bolos da bolos, SeiZleba ignorirebul iqnes, radga nac progresma Tavis apogeas ukve miaRwia.

Tanamedrove demokratiuli kapitalizmis legitimuroba da atmosfero, Tavis mxriv, didad aris damokidebuli mis un­arze kooptireba gaukeTos mis winaaRmdeg mimarTul mTel

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winaaRmdegobas. liberalur pirobebSi, demokratiasa da ba­zris kooptirebis erTobliv Zalauflebas SeiZleba orgvari interpretacia mieces. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom demokratiuli kapitalizmi Tavis msxverplT da disidentebs gamoxatvis ara­viTar realur saSualebas da Zalauflebas ar aZlevs misTvis konkurenciis gasawevad. amis erT­erTi ZiriTadi mizezi is aris, rom dRes medias da gansakuTrebiT ki televizias, Seu­Zlia zegavlena moaxdinos faseulobebze, uzrunvelyos rwme­niT, mianiWos siamovneba, SezRudos protesti da moTxovnebic ki, im zomamde, rom maT, vinc warumatebelia arsebuli siste­mis dros, saSualeba ar eqneba protesti gamoxatos an zara­li warmoadginos. dRevandeli demokratiuli kapitalizmic, aseve, kapitalizmis postmodernistul suraTs warmoadgens: Cemi azriT, gamodis, rom media qmnis da zRudavs nacvlad imi­sa, rom Cveni realoba asaxos.

meore mxriv, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom mediizirebulma demokratiulma kapitalizmma im wertils miaRwia, rodesac maspinZlis rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia identurobaTa masSta­buri da pozitiuri zrdis saqmeSi: uflebamosilebis miniWebis gziT is saSualebas aZlevs adamianebs, icxovron rogorc: `geebma~, `feministma separatistebma~, `axali eris~ warmomad­genlebma, `mwvaneebma~, `sicocxlis uflebisa~ da `iesos xalx­is~ sazogadoebebis wevrebma an, Tundac rogorc radikal­urma muslimanebma. amgvari jgufebi naklebad miekuTvnebian sazogadoebriv sferos, romelSic erovnuli an geografi­ulad SemosazRvruli sxva sazogadoebebi arian gaerTianeb­ulni, vidre ekonomikuri sistemis sivrces moklebuli sako­munikacio da samomxmareblo qselebi, romlebic sul ufro metad iReben gezs mzardi moTxovnilebebisa da qselebisken, romlebic produqciis warmoebaze maRla dganan.

amgvar situaciaSi – da esec postmodernizmis damaxasi­aTebeli niSania ­ politika, rogorc ukve vnaxeT I nawilSi, xdeba ekonomikis menejmentis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb debatebis asparezi, romlebic informaciis moZiebis saocrad rTuli teqnologiebisa da gamosaxulebaTa konstruirebis gamoy­enebiT warimarTeba. es ukve aRar warmoadgens memarcxenee­bis, Tanasworuflebianobisa da socialuri samarTlianobis partiis dapirispirebas memarjveneTa, pirovnebis Tavisu­

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flebis partiasTan. postmodernul, formalur politikaSi adamiani xmas ar aZlevs imas, rac samarTliania, an imas, rac mis interesebs gamoxatavs, imitom, rom es interesebi SeiZ­leba, ubralod, politikurad, molaparakebis gziT gamoixa­tos (magaliTad, geebis an feministebis interesebi). magram, postmodernizmis yvelaze ufro niSandoblivi gavlena Cans im meTodebSi, romlebic isea SemuSavebuli, rom warmomad­genlobiTi damokratiis pirobebSi SesaZlebeli arCevanis ga­keTebis sistema im survilebisa da moTxovnilebebisaken iyos mimarTuli, romlebic, mniSvnelovanwilad, Tavadve media konstruqciebs warmoadgenen. sazogadoebrivi azris Seswav­lis Sedegad aSkara xdeba, rom amomrCevlebi xSirad xmas iseT kandidatebs aZleven, romlebic swored im kanonebis gayvanas ewinaaRmdegebian, romelTa amoqmedebac Tavad amomrCevlebs yvelaze metad surT. yofili msaxiobi, romlis mier omze gadaRebul filmebSi Sesrulebuli rolebi gamoyenebuli iyo, rogorc misi sakuTari biografiis nawili, amerikis pre­zidentad airCies. magram, rodesac amgvari tyuilebi saaS­karaoze gamoaqvT, amas yuradRebas aravin aqcevs, araviTari mniSvneloba ar eniWeba. es iyo udidesi Soki, romelmac saSu­aleba misca postmodernistebs, ganecxadebinaT, rom realoba ukve aRar arsebobda da sayovelTao gulgriloba gabaton­da. rodesac erovnuli gaerTianebebi winaaRmdegobas uweven demokratiul kapitalizms, postmodernistuli diagnozis damajerebloba safuZvels kargavs. Tuki arsebobda movlena, romelsac postmodernizmisTvis, rogorc koncefciisTvis, safuZvlis Seryeva SeeZlo, es 9/11 iyo – romelmac demokra­tiuli kapitalizmi aiZula Tavis mtrebs dapirispireboda.

Tqven SeiZleba sapirispiro azri gamoTqvaT da ganacxadoT, rom postmodernizmi ufro kulturuli, vidre politikuri an ekonomikuri fenomenia. isic marTalia, rom es termini pirve­lad xelovnebaSi gavrcelda (kerZod ki arqiteqturis kri­tikaSi), Tumca, misi kulturuli aspeqtebi sul ufro metad emsgavseboda zemoT aRwerili gardaqmnebisa da movlenebis manifestacias. magaliTad, ganvixiloT arqiteqtura. `post­modernizmi~ am konteqstSic or mniSvnelobas iZens: pirveli mniSvneloba im moZraobas SeiZleba davukavSiroT, romelsac warmatebiT warmoadgenda britaneTis princi Carlzi. es moZ­

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raoba adgilobrivi sazogadoebebisa da pirovnebebis saxeliT yovelgvar modernizms uaryofda. Zveli stilis modernis­tuli arqiteqtura, romelic asocirebulia msxvilmasStabi­an, mravalsarTulian sacxovrebel kvartlebTan, socialur gegmarebaSi utopiur xedvasa da Tavdajerebulobas ganasax­ierebda. aseTi arqiteqtura urbanistul, uklaso, anonimur da komfortul moqalaqeTaTvis iyo gansazRvruli. moqalaqe­Ta Sesaxeb amgvari warmodgena keTilganwyobilma mTavrobam Seqmna, xolo betonisgan Camoasxes arqiteqtorebma, romelTa gemovnebasac araferi hqonda saerTo popularul kiCTan an nebismieri saxis ornamentaciasTan. arqiteqturuli post­modernizmi (am tipis) uaryofs modernistul imedebs da pro­eqtebs, romlebic am imedebs gamoxatavdnen, raTa, ukeTes Sem­TxvevaSi, SeeqmnaT garemo identurobaTa (tipiur SenobaTa) swrafi zrdisaTvis. magram, sabolood, ise Cans, rom is arq­iteqturul stilebs mxolod imiT SemosazRvravs, rac warsu­lidan aris memkvidreobiT miRebuli.

arqiteqturuli postmodernizmis meore tipi cvlis mod­ernistul Sexedulebas SenobebiT, romlebic did socialur da esTetikur programebs (faseulobebs) ar gamoxataven. garegnulad es Senobebi an wina stilebis ̀ citirebas~ akeTeben harmoniisa da Tanmimdevrulobis wmindaTawminda cnebebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe an sulelur Seusabamobas interier­sa da eqsteriers Soris. maTi interierebi araviTar warmod­genas ar qmnian farTis daniSnulebaze, xolo eqsterierebi, mibaZvisa da didi raodenobis gaurkveveli detalebis dax­vavebiT, araprogresuli gaTavisuflebis simbolos warmoad­gens. am tipis postmodernizms analogebi xelovnebis sxva dargebSic, kerZod ki literaturasa da mxatvrobaSic gaaC­nia. am dargebSi, Sexeduleba, rom xelovneba garkveul, myar realobas an myar faseulobaTa (silamaze, harmonia) erTiano­bas unda asaxavdes, an kiTxvis, danaxvis an yofis radikalurad gansxvavebuli meTodebisken miiswrafvodes, warmoudgenlad, an sul cota, utopiurad iTvleba. amis nacvlad, amgvari kul­turuli postmodernizmi `pastiSiT~ aris dakavebuli, anu Tavisuflad sesxulobs Zvel simboloebs (kodeqsebs) da sti­lebs. maTi azriT, gansxvaveba maRal kulturasa da masobriv, popularul kulturas Soris aRar arsebobs – anu maRali

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kulturuli formebi ufro faseulad (ufro gamorCeulad da momwifebulad) aRar iTvleba, vidre masobrivi kulturisa. (am gagebiT, Tavad kulturologiac postmodernistuli swav­lebis/codnis/formaa). es, nawilobriv, imiT aris gamowveuli, rom Taviseburebebi, rogoricaa TviTSemecneba da ironiuli interteqstualoba, romlebic odesRac, ZiriTadad, mxolod eqsperimentul da maRal xelovnebas axasiaTebda, axla komer­ciuli kulturisTvisac banaluri, Cveulebrivi damaxasiaTe­beli niSani gaxda (kolinzi 1995, 2­3). bolos aRvniSnavT, rom postmodernistulma xelovnebam da literaturam saerTo ena gamonaxes bazarTan. azri, rom xelovnebis brwyinvale ni­muSebi ubralo moxmarebis sagnebze mets niSnavdnen, rTuli SesanarCunebeli gaxda, rac, isev da isev postmodernizmis mxardamWerTa TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleboda ufro metad sarge­blobis, vidre zaralis momtanad aRqmuliyo.

SevajamoT yovelive zemoTqmuli: postmodernizmis, ro­gorc koncefciis, Zala imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gvaiZulebs yuradReba mivapyroT imas, Tu rogor Seicvala Tanamedrove samyaro, es cvlilebebi ki an oTxmocian wlebSi daiwyo, an iqneb kidev ufro adre. magram, unda vaRiaroT, rom postmod­ernizmis Teoria cvlilebas yovlismomcvelad ar ganixilavs. zogierTi gansakuTrebiT mwvave kiTxva da eWvi upasuxod rCe­ba. aRsaniSnavia, magaliTad, rom yvela ar cxovrobs postmod­ernizmis pirobebSi: Tundac, magaliTad, is indonezielebi, romlebic aSS­s bazrisTvis tansacmels saaTSi 70 centad ker­aven. postmodernizmi, ZiriTadad, mxolod urbanizebul, mdi­dar fenas exeba msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi. swored amitom aris, rom mis mier asaxuli samyaro moumzadebeli iyo teror­izmTan omis geopolitikisTvis.

udidesi inteleqtualuri sirTule, romelic postmod­ernizms axasiaTebs, misi Sinagani araTanmimdevrulobaa. post­modernizms Cvens sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli mdgomareoba rom hqonoda im TvalsazrisiT, romelsac misi kritikosebi gulisxmobdnen, sinamdvileSi, verasodes mivxvdebodiT imis gamo, rom postmodernizmi asparezze gamovida ara rogorc sazogadoebis sxva, gasayidad gamotanili forma, aramed, ro­gorc obieqturi aRweriloba imisa, rasac sazogadoeba real­urad da namdvilad warmoadgens. miuxedavad amisa, pirdapir

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rom vTqvaT, postmodernizmi, albaT, WeSmaritebasa da re­alobas ar asaxavs. iqneb, sabolood, am kategoriam Tavisi Zala marTla amgvar winaaRmdegobaSi ipovos. yovel SemTxvevaSi postmodernizmi gviCvenebs, rom `awmyos~ istoriulad unda mivudgeT da rom `post~, bolos da bolos, droebiTi cnebaa, romelic imas gulisxmobs, rom socialur­politikuri reJi­mi, romelsac is aRwers, mxolod meoce saukunis dasasrulis istoriis sakuTrebaa. postmodernizmis kritikul analizs Tu sxva kuTxiT mivudgebiT, gamoCndeba, rom postmodernistuli samyaros winaaRmdegobrivi suraTi, romelic progresuli kritikosebis mier aris warmodgenili, maT sxvadasxvagvar SiSs asaxavda, im xarisxiT, ramdenad sworadac afasebdnen isi­ni samyaros. SesaZloa, rom swored amgvari SiSebis gamoxatva dagvexmaros sistemisken gezibs aRebaSi, romelSic amgvari SiSebi safuZvels iqneba moklebuli da swori diagnozis das­maSic dagvexmareba.

damatebiTi sakiTxavi: grosbergi 2000; laturi 1993; lio­tari 1984; morisi 1990.

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2.3. momavali: politika da winaswarmetyveleba

Tavisi progresulobis miuxedavad, humanitaruli mec­nierebebi yovelTvis, Tundac qvecnobierad, ufro warsu­lisken iyvnen mimarTulni, vidre momavlisken. rodesac moma­vlisken iyvnen orientirebulni, maT, ZiriTadad, filosofia da abstraqtuli humanizmi amoZravebdaT. Teoriulad mainc, yovelTvis arsebobda pirovnebaTa sruli da dabalansebuli potencialis Seqmnis idealisturi proeqti imisTvis, rom samomavlod, ufro civilizebuli da erTiani sazogadoeba SeeqmnaT Semdegi TaobisaTvis. mecxramete saukunis kultu­ris kritikosebma, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, meTiu arnoldi, Tavis tradiciul humanizms daamates cneba, rom kultura SeiZleboda socialuri cvlilebebisTvis Sesaferis niadagad qceuliyo. daaxloebiT imave dros, idealisti moazrovneebi, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, t. h. grini, amtkicebdnen, rom kul­tura swored is sfero iyo, sadac Cveni `saukeTeso nawilis~ arseboba da cxovrebac ki SeiZleboda warmogvedgina. kul­turam utopiuri mniSvneloba SeiZina. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, re­imond uiliamsis azriT, Cveulebriv (ordinarul) kulturas aqvs saSualeba gasaqani misces koleqtiuri gamocdilebis iseT formebs, romelTac socialuri status qvos gauqmebis unari gaaCniaT. am konteqstSi, kritikis roli amgvari kultu­ris gafrTxilebaSi mdgomareobs.

reimond uiliamsis mixedviT, kulturologiis azri imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi momavlis Sesaxeb socializmis tradici­uli, progresuli Sexedulebis ukanasknel amosunTqvas warmoadgens, im momavlisa, romelic warmoadgens mxolod dapirebas, rom sazogadoeba ganaxorcielebs kontrols produqciis warmoebis pirobebze. mas Semdeg, ra Tqma unda, mo­mavlis amgvari xedva da nebismieri, sworxazovani progresuli azris farTo masStabiT arseboba TiTqmis SeuZlebeli gaxda, iseve, rogorc im azrisa, TiTqos humanitaruli dargebi mo­mavlis formirebis umniSvnelovanes Zalas warmoadgenen. Ta­namedrove akademiuri codna humanitarul sferoSi, rogorc adre vivaraude, kvlav progresulad rCeba gaumjobesebis

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imediT, magram mas ar gaaCnia saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli imedebi sazogadoebisa da kulturis axali formebebis Seqm­nasTan dakavSirebiT. garda amisa, is sul ufro naklebad ac­nobierebs Tavis sakuTar rols amgvari momavlis momzadebis saqmeSi. Tavi davaneboT postmodernizmis Teoretikosebs da movubrundeT miSel fukos, romlis Sromebmac gansakuTreb­uli zegavlena moaxdina progresivizmis dacemaze. fukos az­riT, istoria ufro metad Cavardnebisa da erTi formaciidan meoreze mkveTri gadasvlebis rigs warmoadgens, vidre uywvet nakads (ix. fuko, 1972). fukos wvlili msjelobaSi ufro me­tad iyo Tavisuflebisken mimarTuli, vidre istoriis prog­resisti kritikosebisa, romelic, ZiriTadad, kritikuli iyo. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, isini progress amarTlebdnen, radganac am ideiT iyvnen Sepyrobilni, xolo yvelafer danarCens, gaz­viadeba ar iqneba Tu vityvi, sikvdils uTanabrebdnen. garda amisa, fuko amtkicebda, rom socialur politikas, romelic istoriis progresivistul Teoriaze iqneboda damyarebuli (magaliTad, rogoricaa sasjelis Zveli da sastiki formebis patimrobiT Secvla), socialuri da calkeuli qmedebebis mogvareba SeeZlo meTodebiT, romlebsac mosaxleobis ara imdenad gaTavisufleba, ramdenadac Semdgomi damorCileba unda gamoewvia. magram swor xazovani istoriis amgvarma de­montaJma misi sakuTari institucionaluri sferos – humani­taruli mecnierebebis – mniSvnelobis Semcireba gamoiwvia.

aSkara gaxda – Tumca, es fukos azrovnebis mimarTulebas ar warmoadgenda ­ rom saxelmwifo struqturebis mier pro­gresis ritorikis gamoyenebas, gansakuTrebiT ki e.w. `ganu­viTarebel~ regionebSi, iseTi proeqtebis waxaliseba See­Zlo gamoewvia, romelTa ganxorcielebasac, xSirad, RaribTa mdgomareobis gauareseba an garemos dabinZureba mohyve­boda. amis klasikuri magaliTia CineTsa da samxreT aziaSi dambebis mSenebloba, rasac gamanadgurebeli kritika mohyva iseTi aqtivistebis mxridan, rogoricaa, magaliTad, novel­isti arundhati roi (ix. roi 1999 da aseve, seni 2001, rogorc developmentalizmis liberaluri mxar daWeris magaliTi). aseTi SemTxvevebis dros, faseulobaTa Rrma inversiis gamo, progresuli politika jiutad dgeba mdgradi ganviTarebisa da bunebis dacvis sadarajoze. developmentalizmis kriti­

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kul analizs exmaureba kidev ufro Rrma azriT gaJRenTili uxerxuloba, romelsac braleulobis elferi dahkravs, imis Sesaxeb, rom dRevandeli mosaxleoba saboloo resursebis gaTvaliswinebiT, imaze mets xarjavs, vidre mas samarTli­anad ekuTvnis, riTac sakuTar Taobas seriozuli pasuxismge­blobis winaSe ayenebs Tavisi STamomavlebisTvis myari da usafrTxo momavlis uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT (am Temas­Tan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli mosazrebis gasacnobad ix. endriu rosi gv. 211­2).

Cndeba kiTxva: ra adgili ukavia momavals kulturologia­Si (anu, garkveulwilad, kulturaSi) progresivizmis Semdeg? rogorc warsulis SemTxvevaSi, am kiTxvas ori mimarTulebiT mivyavarT: momavali arsebobs momavlis Sesaxeb Cveni warmod­genebisa da suraTebis saxiT (romlebic, ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba winaswar metyvelebis elementebsac Seicavdnen); is arsebobs, agreTve, dagegmvaSic, romelic momavlisTvis momzadebis mcdelobas aRniSnavs. am Tavis umetesi nawili swored am ukanasknels daeTmoba, radgan kulturologia Rrmad aris da­kavSirebuli dagegmvis procesebTan, rac `kulturuli poli­tikis~ rubrikiT aris warmodgenili, magram mniSvnelovania imis codnac, Tu rogor warmogvidgenia momavali dRes.

CvenTvis cnobilia, rom progresivizmis meryeobam ver Se­Zlo daebrunebina Zveli azri istoriis, rogorc cikluri, winaswargansazRvruli, mesiis molodinSi myofi an uwyveti degradaciis procesSi myofi (yovel SemTxvevaSi, xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi) cnebis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa, rom na­Telmxilvelobam, qiromantiam da taros kartiT mkiTxaobam samocdaaTiani wlebidan axali aRmavloba ganicada, meryevma progresivizmma mainc ver moaxerxa dasavleTSi winaswarm­etyvelebis sxvadasxva formebis iseTive gamococxleba gamoewvia, rogoric ganmanaTleblobis wina epoqisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. faqtobrivad, progresis koncefciis daR­mavloba, rogorc Cans, racionaluri winaswarmetyvelebis mimarT ndobis zrdas ukavSirdeba (rac nawilobriv, albaTo­bis kalkulaciebs emyareba). winaswarmetyvelebam, rogorc mas ormocdaaTian wlebSi daerqva, prognozis saxe miiRo da momavals warmosaxvis an gansjis sferod ki aRar aRiqvamda, aramed, rogorc awmyo qmedebebis Sedegs, miuxedavad imisa, es

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qmedebebi gamiznuli iyo Tu ara (binde 2001, 94). prognozireba imas ki ar niSnavs, rom Cven darwmunebulni varT, TiTqos raRac xarisxiT momavlis gakontroleba SegviZlia da amis gakeTebas albaTobis kalkulaciebis gamoyenebiT vcdilobT kidevac, aramed imas, rom Tu Tavidanve gvecodineba, ra gvelis moma­valSi (miuxedavad imisa, SevZlebT Tu ara mis gakontrolebas), materialuri upiratesobis movipovebas SevZlebT. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, momavlis Sefaseba damokidebulia Cven mier ro­gorc warsulis, ise momavlis Sesaxeb sakmarisi informaciis mopovebaze. saSineli panika, romelic aSS­Si iseTma movlenam gamoiwvia, rogoric 9 seqtemberi iyo, SeiZleba aseve aixs­nas, rogorc pasuxi TviT prognozirebasa da prognozirebis riskebs Soris gaTiSulobis arsebobaze. es gauTvaliswinebe­li iyo epoqaSi, sadac, TiTqos, yvelaferi gaTvaliswinebulia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, `makro~ (farTomasStabur) doneze mainc. es ki, ra Tqma unda, pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba postmodernis­tul azrebs. momavlis ganWvretis unari niSnavs imas, rom mo­mavali sul ufro da ufro metad xdeba politikuri da mene­jeruli procesis obieqti. magaliTad, globaluri daTboba, garda imisa, rom yvelaze mwvave saerTaSoriso problemaa, aseve, umniSvnelovanes politikur da teqnikur problebas warmoadgens nawinaswarmetyvelevi momavlis safuZvelze.

nawinaswarmetyvelevi momavali kulturul formas iRebs da eqspertebisgan pirdapir garTobisa da kulturis sfero­Si inacvlebs im gamoxatulebebiT, romlebic Semdeg, Tavad, Janrebad iqcevian. amgvar gamoxatulebebs SemdgomSi `fu­turistuls~ vuwodebT mecnierul fantastikasTan maTi gan­sakuTrebuli kavSiris gamo, romelic Tavad warmoadgens war­mosaxviTi momavlis Janrs axal teqnologiebTan siaxlovis gamo. magaliTad, hiugo gernsbeki, romelic sayovelTaod aris aRiarebuli Tanamedrove mecnieruli fantastikis fuZem­deblad, pirveli radioJurnalis prodiuseri da eleqtro xelsawyoebis pirveli (sacalo) gamyidveli iyo. (termin `fu­turistis~ istoria sxva kulturul epoqaSi daiwyo, xolo futuristebi im adamianebs ewodebodaT, romelTac swamdaT, rom RmerTis movlineba adamianTa Tvalmisawvdom istoriaSi moxdeba. futuristuli moTxrobebi da suraTebi Sinaganad utopiur da disutopiur xedvebad iyofa: futuristul xed­

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vas Rrma istoriuli fesvebi akavSirebs utopizmTan, magram, miuxedavad amisa, disutopiuri xedva metad Zlierdeba maSin, rodesac gveCveneba, rom momavali mTlianad eqceva meneje­rialisturi Zalebisa da socialuri dagegmvis gavlenis qveS. marTlac, sad aris dRevandel masobriv kulturaSi Blade Run-ner, The Truman Show an Minority Report­is utopiuri alterna­tivebi?

momavlis futuristuri suraTebi, ra Tqma unda, im awmyos proeqcias warmoadgens, romelSic iqmnebodnen. ormocdaa­Tiani wlebis samecniero fantastikis Janris filmebis yure­bisas SeiZleba ucnauri grZnoba dagveuflos, radganac erTis mxriv, moZvelebul teqnologiebs vxedavT (telefoni rotaci­uli diskoTi an koWebiani kompiuteri), romlebic im drois teqnikis ukanasknel miRwevebs warmoadgendnen, xolo meores mxriv, im momavals, romliskenac faqtiurad mivdivarT (sao­cari simaRlis caTambrjenebi, romlebic Ria kosmosamde aRw­even da erTmaneTs mzis energiaze momuSave, araCveulebrivad organizebuli sazogadoebrivi satransporto saSualebebiT ukavSirdebian) da am or momavals erTmaneTTan Zalian cota ram aqvs saerTo (gleiki 1997). miuxedavad amisa, progresiviz­mis meryeobam migviyvana xSir SemTxvevaSi farul, erTgvarad mougvarebel da aralogikur azramde, rom Cven axla moma-valSi vcxovrobT. es, nawilobriv im kampaniebis damsaxurebaa, romlebic sazogadoebis yuradRebis axali teqnologiebisken mipyrobiT arian dakavebulni. ociani wlebis Semdeg teqnol­ogiebi, rogoricaa: eleqtroba, televizia, radio da person­aluri kompiuterebi, iyideboda, rogorc momavali teqnolo­giebi – magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT 1939 wlis eqspozicia `momavlis qalaqi~ niu­iorkis msoflio gamofe naze, romelic warmoadgenda ocdameerTe saukunis warmosaxviT megapoliss ­ `mecnierebis, atomuri energiis, kosmosSi mogzaurobisa da maRali kulturis qalaqs~ – rogorc werda Jurnali Amazing Stories. magram, rogorc bolo magaliTSi iyo warmoadgeni­li, awmyos aRqma, rogorc momavlisa, romelic dRes da aq aris, unda gaviazroT, rogorc Sedegi dasavluri utilitarizmis xangrZlivi istoriisa, romelic mimdinare situaciebisa da politikis abstragirebas tradiciebisa da cxovrebis wesebis mixedviT axdenda, raTa Semdeg momavali Sedegebis Tvalsaz­

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risiT SeefasebinaT. aqedan gamomdinare, awmyoze misi moma­vali Sedegebis mixedviT msjeloba, mniSvnelovanwilad, ukve momavalSi cxovrebas niSnavs.

awmyos mier momavlis miTviseba mraval kulturul sfer­oSi igrZnoba. gavixsenoT, magaliTad, samecniero­fantasti­kuri filmebis qve­Janri `ukan, momavlisken~ Back to Future, romlebSic droSi mogzaurobas kvlevis forma ki ara aqvs (ra Seusabamobac ar unda iyos), aramed, momavlis gadarCenisa – anu, momavalSi mogzauroba im awmyoSi Carevis uflebas iZl­eva (rogorc momavalis warsulSi), romelmac momavali unda Secvalos.

am JanrSi damokidebuleba warsulsa da awmyos Soris gaaq­tiurebulia da maT Soris didi gansxvaveba ar keTdeba. es im fantastikur filmebSic igrZnoba, sadac dRevandeli yovel­dRiuri cxovreba, romelic samkaod Cveulebrivad mimdin­areobs, uecrad araCveulebrivi da axali movlenebisTvis ixsneba: magaliTad, kunZulze klonirebuli dinozavrebis gamoCena `iuruli periodis parkSi~, an kosmosuri xomaldis daSveba amerikis qalaqebis gareubnebSi filmSi ET. aq momava­li gansxvavebuli ki ar aris, ubralod patara gadaxvevaa iqi­dan, rac sinamdvileSi xdeba.

miuxedavad amisa, awmyosa da momavlis gadakveTa, rogorc xSirad amboben, radikaluri siaxlis saSualebiT xdeba. cno­bili futurologis, Tomas homer­diqsonis azriT: `gasuli saukunis uTvalavma, mzardma cvlilebebma, rogorc mTeli planetis sazogadoebebSi, ise teqnologiebsa da garemomcvel bunebriv garemoSi, Tavi moiyares, raTa xarisxobrivad axali samyaro SeeqmnaT~ (homer­diqsoni 2000, 3). paradoqsulia, rom es axali samyaro swored is momavlis samyaroa, romelSic amJa­mad vcxovrobT. es is siaxlea, romelic Tavisi arsiT mxolod politikuri an kulturuli ar aris, radgan poltikisa da kulturis oficialuri struqturebi radikalurad ar Secv­lilan, Tumca maTi damokidebuleba socialuri formaciebis mimarT namdvilad Seicvala. ucnauri Seusabamoba arsebobs im siaxles Soris, romelTa Teorizacia iseTma figurebma moax­dines, rogoricaa homer­diqsoni da stiven spilbergis uwy­inar `momavlebs~, holivudSi Seqmnil damTrgunvel futur­izmsa an meoce saukunis Suaxanebis distopiuri klasikosebis

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mier Seqmnil nawarmoebebs Soris, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ol­dos haqslis Brave New World an jorj oruelis 1984. SeiZleba vinmem ifiqros, rom Tanamedrove warmodgena momavlis Ses­axeb, zogadad, zomieri utopianizmisken aris mimarTuli ma­Sin, rodesac komunikaciebsa da socialur urTierTkavSire­bzea koncentrirebuli, xolo distopianizmisken ­ rodesac socialur kontrolsa da bunebaze axdens fokusirebas (am Temebze ufro dawvrilebiT visaubrebT Semdeg TavebSi, rom­lebic digitizaciasa da bunebas exeba). momavlis Sesaxeb Cve­ni warmodgenis yvelaze didi safuZvelia azri, rom adamiani wyvets biologiur arsebobas bunebriv garemoSi da teqnikisa da mecnierebis garemoSi gadadis. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, ar­sebuli gansxvaveba organulsa da araorganuls Soris qreba, rac gvaTavsebs post­humanur momavalSi, romlis mzardi SesaZleblobebisa da safrTxeebis winaswar gansazRvra Seu­Zlebelia. es swored is samyaroa, romelSic totalizmi (er­Tian sistemaSi Tavmoyra), bunebasac moicavs ise, rom amgvari miTvisebis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala (romelic, saboloo analizis Semdeg aSkara xdeba, rom sxva araferia, garda kapi­talizmisa), kidev ufro Zlieri da usafrTxo gveCveneba vi­dre winaT, magram, amasTanave, ufro daucvelic seriozuli riskebisa da totaluri katastrofebis winaSe, ubralod imis gamo, rom sistema aseTi sirTulis da erTianobis gamo.

kulturuli politika

rogorc ukve vnaxeT, kulturis kritika humanitaruli mecnierebebis dargSi, ukve aRar ganicdis aucileblobas, rom dawv rilebiT gangvimartos, ra saSualebebiT gaxdeba SesaZlebeli Tanamedrove pirobebis Secvla. swored dageg­mvis epoqaSi Seqmnilma socialurma mecnierebebma gadadges konkretuli nabijebi momavlis mowesrigebisaTvis mas Sem­deg, rac pirvelma sociologebma, ogiust komtma da anri sen­simonma momavali sazogadoebebis detaluri gegma SeimuSaves da amiT safrangeTis saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis xasiaTi gansazRvres (britaneTSi daaxloebiT igive, magram naklebad saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobiT, gaakeTes jeremi benThemma

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da misma mimdevrebma). kulturologiis mimarTulebam ganavi­Tara dagegmva, nacvlad momavlis mimarT humanuri damokide­bulebisa, rac procesebisa da warmoebis normebis Seswavlis safuZvelze taqtikis SemuSavebaSi mdgomareobda.

Tavad kulturul politikasac aqvs istoria. jim makgi­ganma aRwera britaneTSi misi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva momenti dawyebuli mecxramete saukunis Sua xanebidan da mogvca sqema, romelic dasavleT evropis sxva qveynebisTvisac aris gamosa­degi (mcire variaciebiT). is gamoyofda oTx moments, romelT­agan TiToeuli eqvemdebareboda specifikur paradigmas, ro­melic kulturuli saqmianobisaTvis saxelmwifo mxardaWeras akanonebda. esenia: sazogadoebrivi kontroli (sadac kultu­ris mxardaWera/daaxloebiT 1850­1940 wlebSi/xorcieldebo­da imisaTvis, rom win aRdgomodnen warmosaxviT gaTanabrebas da demokratiis anarqiul tendenciebs); erovnuli prestiJi (ormociani wlebis dasawyisidan samociani wlebis dasawy­isamde); socialuri misawvdomoba, romelic aqcents akeTebda ignorirebuli sazogadoebebisTvis xelis Sewyobaze, raTa maTTvis saSualeba miecaT ufro farTo kulturaSi mieRoT monawileoba (samociani wlebis Suaxanebidan samocdaaTiani wlebis bolomde); da Tanamedroveobis bazarze orientire­buli politika (makgigani 1996, 54­60).

rogorc kulturologiis mimarTulebas, kulturul politikas ufro viwro sfero da Sesabamisad, viwro istori­ac aqvs. is daiwyo, rogorc analizebis rigi, miSel fukos dam­saxurebiT, romelmac eWvqveS daayena kulturologiis kri­tikuli saqmianobis efeqturoba. man yuradReba gaamaxvila imaze, rom kulturologia saTanadod ar xsnida, Tu rogor SeeZlo kritikas praqtikuli Sedegebis miRweva (ix. beneti 1998 a). kulturuli politikis TvalsazrisiT, praqtikuli Sedegebis miaRwevisTvis saWiroa kulturis uSualo mmarTv­elobasa da organizaciaze zemoqmedeba, rac mxolod im Sem­TxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, Tu, pirvel rigSi, iarsebebs saimedo adgili socialuri sistemis SigniT (e.i. diskretuli, gamW­virvale da principuli akademiuri disciplina), xolo Semdeg saqmeSi is instituciebi CaerTvebian, romlebic namdvilad `marTaven kulturas~, rac imas niSnavs, rom isini namdvilad CaerTvebian politikis Seqmnis procesSi.

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es niSnavs, rom Tavi unda davaneboT biurokratiis Zagebas da inteleqtualebis, rogorc binZuri da korufciuli sa­myarosgan ganze mdgomi xalxis idealizebas. Teoriis doneze Tu ganvixilavT, am moZraobas zurgs umagrebda Tanamedrove Zalauflebis miSel fukoseuli interpretacia, romlis mixedviTac, Zalauflebis nakadebi represiisa da kontrolis instrumentebad ki ar unda CaiTvalos, aramed, piriqiT, maTi obieqtebis formirebis da maTTvis uflebaTa miniWebis in­strumentebiT, rac, Cveulebriv, saxelmwifo procesebis sa­SualebiT xdeba (ZiriTadad ki maSin, rodesac Zalaufleba e.w. `saxelmwifoebrioba~ xdeba). mniSvnelovania, rom samTavrobo Zalauflebis amgvari nakadebi Tvisobrivad Riaa kritikisa da molaparakebebisaTvis. swored am TvalsazrisiT, kulturo­logiam mimarTa germaneli sociologis, maqs veberis `faseu­lobaTa racionalurobis~ koncefcias, romelic sanqcias aZlevda faseulobaTa biurokratiul Sesrulebas. vebers warmodgenili hqonda grZeli, prusiuli istoria, romelSic moTxrobili iyo, rom, daaxloebiT, 1800 wels iseTi germane­li filosofosebi da Teoretikosebi, rogorebic iyvnen, mag­aliTad, iohan fihte da vilhelm fon humbolti, CarTulni iyvnen gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaSi da mmarTvelobaSi (ix. han­teri 1994, romelic sakvanZo dokuments warmoadgens am mimar­TulebiT). nebismier SemTxvevaSi, kulturologiis am mimar­Tulebam gavlena moaxdina kulturis, Teoriisa da mTavrobas Soris TanamSromlobis misaRebi da naklebad winaaRmdegobri­vi formiT Camoyalibebaze. amas xeli Seuwyo garkveulma wnex­mac, romlis qveSac mouxdaT muSaoba mecnierebs imisTvis, rom samuSao praqtikuli SedegebiT daesrulebinaT.

Tu sxvadasxva kuTxiT SevxedavT, kulturis ekonomikuri da nacionaluri faseulobis sayovelTaod aRiarebam stimu­li misca mTavrobebs ganeviTarebinaT kulturuli politike­bi. mTavrobebi am mimarTulebiT oTx mniSvnelovan, magram erTmaneTisgan Zalian gansxvavebul Zalas iTvaliswinebdnen: pirveli maTgani iyo kulturuli industriebis ekonomikuri mniSvnelobisa da potencialis, gansakuTrebiT ki kulturu­li turizmis mzardi mniSvneloba; meore – saSiSroeba, ro­melic nacionalur kulturas neo­liberaluri saerTaSoriso savaWro politikisa da holivudisa da aSS­s brendebis finans­

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uri da distribuciuli yovlisSemZleobis mxridan emuqrebo­da; mesame – ukureaqcia subsidirebuli maRali/avangarduli xelovnebis winaaRmdeg, romelic Seuracxyofas ayenebs e.w. sazogadoebriv faseulobebs (termini, romelic, am konte­qstSi, kulturuli konservatorebisa da zog SemTxvevaSi, `Cumi~ umravlesobis Sexedulebebs aRniSnavs); dabolos, mul­tikulturalizmis aRmoceneba, romelsac mTavroba marTavda da mxars uWerda. ese igi, arsebobs, sul cota, oTxi gansxvave­buli struqtura mainc, romelTa saSualebiTac nacional­uri politikis naTlad formulireba SeiZleba: kulturul industriebze an uSualod xelovnebis organizaciebze kon­centrirebuli; nacionalur ekonomikaze koncentrirebuli; kulturul nacionalizmsa da TviTdawinaurebaze koncen­trirebuli da adgilobriv kulturul sazogadoebebze kon­centrirebuli.

aSS­Si sadac kulturuli politikis koordinirebuli sistema ar arsebobs, mis mimarT interesi ufro sustia, vidre sxva ganviTarebul qveynebSi. kanadaSi, gaerTianebul samefo­sa da avstraliaSi – Tu marto anglofonur qveynebs CamovT­vliT – kulturuli istoriis Zveli, neo­fukodianuri forma `SemoqmedebiT industriebad~ da `kulturul ganviTarebad~ gardaiqmna. termini `SemoqmedebiT industriebi~ SedarebiT axalia da samocdaaTian wlebSi inglisis regionalur sabWoe­bTan erTad Seiqmna (gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia `londonis didi sabWo~), Semdeg ki 1994 wels avstraliuri Tanamegobro­bis kulturuli politikis dokumentSi `SemoqmedebiTi eri~ mimarTulebas gansazRvravda. SemoqmedebiTobis koncefcia, romelsac termini gulisxmobs, bevrad ufro Zvelia: azri, rom Cveulebrivi kulturuli saqmianobac SemoqmedebiTia da maRal kulturasTan SedarebiT meorexarisxovnad ar unda iT­vlebodes, gvabrunebs kulturologiaSi reimond uiliamsis `xangrZlivi revoluciis~ pirvel TavTan. uiliamsis azriT, SemoqmedebiToba maRal, romantikul koncefcias ki ar war­moadgens, romelic Semoqmeds RmerTis tol Zalauflebas ani­Webs, aramed ­ ubralo, adamianur SesaZleblobebsac. Tumca, dRevandelobaSi is ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba, rodesac, mag­aliTad, sareklamo saagentoebs `SemoqmedebiTi direqtorebi~ uZRvebian. es mniSvnelovan niuansebsa da gansxvavebebze – Sei­

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Zleba sakvanZozec ki – Tvalis daxuWvas niSnavs. maSin, rode­sac adamianTa umniSvnelo raodenoba privilegirebul, esTe­tiur, SemoqmedebiT warmoasaxvis ideas emSvidobeba, mainc rCeba realuri gansxvaveba unarisa da niWis saxiT maT Soris, visac SeuZlia `simpsonebis~ scenari daweros da maT Soris, visac mxolod samarketingo katalogis Sedgena SeuZ lia.

`kulturuli ganviTarebis~ koncefcia Tavdapirvelad UNESCO­s frangma warmomadgenlebma Camoayalibes 1960­ian wlebSi. lisan gibsonisa da tom o’reganis mier am koncefci­is gansazRvra ki seriozul kiTxvas warmoSobs: `kulturuli ganviTareba prioritets kulturuli SesaZleblobebis Se­qmnasa da gaZlierebas ormagi mizniT aniWebs: socialuri da kulturuli CarTulobisa da industriis ganviTarebisaTvis (gibsoni da o’regani 2002, 5). kiTxva, romelsac es koncefcia warmoSobs, SemdegSi mdgomareobs: SeiZleba ki sinamdvileSi iTqvas, rom industriis ganviTareba da socialuri da kul­turuli CarTuloba erTi mimarTulebiT moqmedeben? meore mxriv, SemoqmedebiTi industriebis diskursi moicavs kul­turul saqmianobas, romelic damyarebulia individualur niWze marketinguli potencialiT da gansakuTrebul yur­adRebas iseT kulturul formebs uTmobs, romlebic inteleq­tualur qonebas qmnian (aSS­s ekonomikur wreebSi, sadac ter­mini `SemoqmedebiTi industria~ naklebad gamoiyeneba, amgvar industriebs ubralod `saavtoro uflebaTa industriebs~ uwodeben). amgvarad, SemoqmedebiTi industriis cneba, ener­gias im azridan iRebs, rom Tanamedrove ekonomikuri sisteme­bi sul ufro metad emyarebian aramaterialur faseulobebs, maT Soris, proeqtebs, stilsa da warmosaxvas. xSirad ise Cans, TiTqos, `SemoqmedebiTi industria~ iqca terminad, romelic, umTavresad, im pirovnebebis mier gamoiyeneba, romlebic di­dad arian dainteresebulni ilaparakon TavianT mniSvnelovan wvlilze nacionaluri ekonomikis romelime specifikuri se­qtoris ganviTarebaSi. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, Semoqmedeb­iTi industriis politika sxva industriebis politikebisgan arafriT gansxvavdeba da koncentrirebulia iseTive sakiTxe­bze, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi da sainkubacio sqemebi.

ufro konkretulad Tu vityviT, SemoqmedebiTi indus­

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triebisa da kulturuli ganviTarebis organizaciebis mizans, sazogadoebriv da kerZo seqtorebSi erToblivi or­ganizaciebisa da amxanagobebis Seqmna warmoadgens, romelTa daxmarebiTac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba dasvenebis ufro metad gamravalferovneba da aseve, specifikur adgilebSi kul­turuli interesebisaTvis saTanado infrastruqturis Seqmna (o’regani 2002, 18­20). amgvari sia SeiZleba moicavdes: sacurao auzebs, xelovnebis centrebs, internet kafeebs, komediur festivalebs, fexiT sasiarulo marSrutebs, biblioTekebs (Tumca, sajaro biblioTekebi, albaT, yvelaze popularuli da yvelaze naklebad komerciulia saxelmwifos mier subsi­direbul instituciebs Soris), modebis Cvenebebs, sacekvao kompaniebs da sazogadoebrivi xelovnebis nimuSebs. garda amisa, kulturuli ganviTarebis politikam aucileblad unda miaqcios yuradReba qalaqebis mSeneblobis, industriisaTvis xelis Sewyobis programebisa da marketingis saxelmwifo de­partamentebis muSaobas sxvadasxva doneze. rodesac amdenad davkonkretdebiT, kvlav dgeba SemoqmedebiTi industriebis statusis sakiTxi: ramdenad gaaCniaT maT sakuTari, gansaz­Rvruli statusi da ekonomikuri struqtura, an ramdenad warmoadgenen isini, sinamdvileSi, momsaxurebis industriis sferos? terminis momxreebs mtkicebulebebi am ukanasknelis sasargeblod mohyavT, Tumca, amiT isini esTetikis, rogorc aseTis, mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebulebis gamovlenis ris­kis qveS eqcevian, radgan xelovneba da SemoqmedebiTi poten­ciali, tradiciulad, arasodes iTvleboda momsaxurebis sferod (qaninghemi 2002, 59­60).

amgvarad, kulturuli gegmareba, pirvel rigSi, kvlav specifikuri adgilebis (ZiriTadad, qveynebis an qalaqebis) ganviTarebazea fokusirebuli da rogorc wesi, sxva poli­tikebTan erTad (romelTa mizanic amgvari adgilebis ganviTa­rebaa da romlebic globalur dinebebsa da neo­liberalur politikur­ekonomikur garemoze reagireben) iRvwian dasax­uli miznebis misaRwevad. es asea miuxedavad imisa, rom argu­mentebi imis Sesaxeb, rom kulturuli ganviTareba qalaqebSi xels uwyobs ekonomikis aRmavlobas, araerTmniSvnelovania. SeiZleba, nawilobriv, amiT iyo gamowveuli ramdenime mcd­eloba, urbanul arealebSi kulturuli ganviTarebisTvis

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iseTi pirobebis Seqmnisa, romlebic viwro ekonomikurTan er­Tad iseT cnebebs iTvaliswinebdnen, rogoricaa `kulturuli uflebebi~ (ix. lendri da biankini, 1995). `kulturuli ufle­bebi~ tradiciulad, aRniSnavs adamianis uflebebs monawileo­ba miiRos da gamoxatos Tavisi Tavi im kulturaSi, romelsac Tavad airCevs, magram is SeiZleba gafarTovdes da Tavis TavSi gaaerTianos ufleba, rom kulturuli pativiscema mi­iRos sxva adamianebisgan. kulturuli politika kulturul uflebebTan TanamSromlobs iseT sakiTxebSi, rodesac pirve­lis erT­erTi mizani meoris usafrTxoebis garantirebas war­moadgens (ix. http://www.unescobkk.org/culture). kulturo­logia, ra Tqma unda, Tavis simaRleze dgas, raTa warmoaCinos kulturul uflebaTa da gansxvavebis politikis mniSvnelo­ba, romlebic mas miekuTvnebian.

seriozuli debatebis Sesajameblad, SegviZlia xSiri ka­maTis sagnad qceuli problemebi, romlebic Semoqmedebi­Ti industriis midgomas ukavSirdeba, kulturologiasTan mimarTebiT, xelovanebis, politikosebisa da mecnierebis rakursiT ganvixiloT. SemoqmedebiTi sferos warmomad­genlebis (mwarmoeblebis) TvalsazrisiT, gadawyvetilebis mimRebebs (maRali Tanamdebobis pirebs) midrekileba aqvT daakninon maTi monawileoba procesSi da garda amisa, saTana­do yuradRebas ar aqceven prestiJisa da inovaciis logikas, romliTac isini samuSaos Sesrulebisas xelmZRvaneloben, es gansakuTrebiT maRali xelovnebis sferos exeba. (aSkaraa, rom Cveulebriv, rogorc xelovanTaTvis, ise mwarmoebelTaTvis (prodiuserebi), meti mniSvneloba aqvs Janris ganviTarebaSi maT mier Setanili wvlilis xarisxs da am wvlilis Tavis wreSi aRiarebas). kulturuli politikis pirobebSi kultura dgeba safrTxis winaSe, rom formaluri da uintereso gaxdes. bo­los da bolos, is xom winaswar unda damtkicdes da daigegmos. am procesSi SeiZleba cenzurac CaerTos, rac gulisxmobs, rom xelovnebam an unda gaiziaros umravlesobis, SeiZleba, arc imdenad demokratiuli, ramdenadac umravlesobis mier dadgenili faseulobebi da interesebi (gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini bazris mxardaWeriT sargebloben), an iqces kulturuli mravalferovnebis oficialuri politikis nawilad. Zlieri da radikaluri kulturis didi nawili amgvar politikur da

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biurokratiul wnexs ver uZlebs. kulturuli politikis formirebis procesSi TandaTano­

biT ikargeba gansxvavebani xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebsa da kulturis sferoebs Sorisac. maRali xelovnebis Zveli dargebi gansakuTrebiT cdiloben individualobis SenarCune­bas da im idealebiT sazrdoobas, romlebic xelSeuxebeli rCe­ba da winaaRmdegobis gawevasac ki axerxeben burJuaziuli da ekonomikuri faseulobebisaTvis (maSinac ki, rodesac TavianT meTodsa da stils regularulad ufro komerciul formas aZleven). aq bevri paradoqsi iCens Tavs. magaliTad, rogorc, albaT, oficialuri pirebi aRniSnaven, rac ufro arakomer­ciulia xelovani programuli TvalsazrisiT, miT ufro met subsidias iTxovs, Cveulebriv, mTavrobisgan, raTa farTo­masStabiani proeqtebi ganaxorcielos. racionalizmi da kul­turuli dargebis gaTanabreba, rac kulturuli politikis ZiriTad moTxovnas warmoadgens, xarisxis sakiTxis marginal­izacias iwvevs. argumentebi fondebis ganawilebasTan daka­vSirebiT iseT maRal doneze subsidirebuli da maRali sta­tusis mqone xelovnebisaTvis, rogoric operaa, ufro metad popularul formebTan SedarebiT, endemuria da gviCvenebs, ratom aris kulturuli politika aucilebeli. es argumenti xarisxis maCvenebeli ar aris, radganac, rogorc ufro detal­urad ganvixilavT me­7 nawilSi, tendenciuria imis SefasebaSi, kulturis erTi forma ufro maRla dgas Tu meore.

politikosebis TvalsazrisiT, kulturuli politika, prob­lemebsac qmnis. maTTvis mtkivneuli sakiTxia, magaliTad, is, Tu ratom ixarjeba sazogadoebrivi saxsrebi specifikur proeqte­bze, gansakuTrebiT ki avangardul proeqtebze, romlebic far­To sazogadoebisTvis miuRebelia. isini iZulebulni xdebian ebrZolon realur daZabulobas, romelic arsebobs erTi mxriv, multikulturalizmze gakeTebul aqcentsa (romelic erT eT­nikur saxelmwifoSi sxvadasxva kulturebis arsebobas uWers mxars) da kulturul mravalferovnebas (romelic msoflioSi arsebuli sxvadasxva kulturuli nakadebis mimarT gaxsnilobas gulisxmobs) Soris, xolo meore mxriv, kulturuli erTiano­bis Sefarul moTxovnas eTnikur saxelmwifoebSi. dasavleTis qveynebis umetesobaSi umravlesoba am ukanasknels uWers mxars maSin, rodesac kulturuli politikis analitikosebi da kul­

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turologi mecnierebi, umciresobis warmomadgenel sazoga­doebebTan erTad, pirvelis mxareze arian.

mecnierTa azriT, swored es aris imis mizezi, rom kul­turul politikas (rogorc mecnierebas) damoukideblobis Semcirebis tendencia aqvs. kulturuli politikis dargis mecnierTa didi nawili muSaobs iseT centrebSi, romlebic samTavrobo an did kulturul firmebTan gaformebul kon­traqtebzea damokidebuli da gavlili aqvT samecniero kv­levebis warmoebis tradiciuli avtonomia. amaSi garkveuli saSiSroeba imaleba, radgan samecniero damoukidebloba iseT samecniero muSaobasac uwyobs xels, romelic, faqtobrivad, sasargeblo sferos gareT gadis, magaliTad, teqstebis, filmebis an suraTebis detaluri Seswavla maTi istoriuli fonis gamosakvlevad, rac sainteresoa mxolod im Tvalsaz­risiT, rom Tavisi obieqtebis faseulobebis aRqmaze, rito­rikul SesaZleblobebze an konteqstualur miniSnebebze mogviTxrobs. ra Tqma unda, Tavad kulturul politikas ar SeuZlia im sazogadoebisa da kulturis analizis ise naTlad Camoyalibeba, rom aRtacebulni davrCeT, an, Tundac is, rom mogvawodos cnobebi mxatvrebis, mwerlebis, an sxva kulturu­li moRvaweebis Sesaxeb.

yvela am siZnelis gaTvaliswinebiT, kvlav dgas problema: kulturologiam aucileblad unda daamtkicos, rom garkveu­li kulturuli landSaftebi bunebrivsa da gardauvals ki ar warmoadgenen, aramed gansazRvruli politikebisa da warmoe­bis meTodebis mier arian formirebulni. kulturuli politi­kis kvleva amgvar pedagogikas did daxmarebas gauwevs. metic, vidre kulturuli warmoebis resursebi SezRudulia da maT saxelmwifo administracia gankargavs, kulturuli politika aucilebeli, xolo daxvewili kulturuli politika mniS­vnelovani iqneba. metic, kulturuli politika (rogorc mec­niereba) – aseve kulturologiis STamomavalia da misi mTavari mizania xeli Seuwyos momavali xelovnebis dargis moxeleebis, politikis konsultantebisa da proeqtis menejerebis pro­fesionalur­teqnikur momzadebas, rac misi didi upirate­soba iqneba. kulturuli politikis sxvebze (politikosebze, kerZo seqtoris patronaJze, ekonomikis damgegmareblebze, filantropebze) damokidebuleba SeiZleba imas niSnavs, rom

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mis samecniero mimarTulebas kvlav naklebi statusi eqneba avtonomiis, idealizmis an kritikis sferoSi, magram me vxe­dav momavals, romelSic kulturologiis dargis mecnierebi sul ufro metad iqnebian dainteresebulni imiT, rom monaw­ileoba miiRon kulturulo politikis profesionalebTan gacvliT programebSi, romelTa farglebSic (sauniversite­to sistemis samewarmeo mimarTulebis mixedviT) mecnierebs sul ufro metad miecemaT saRamoobiT konsultantebad muS­aobis SesaZlebloba. miuxedavad yvela im sirTulisa da Sez­Rudvisa, romlebsac kulturuli politika kulturologiis winaSe ayenebs, ueWvelia, rom is mainc disciplinis erT­erT yvelaze ufro stabilur elementad iTvleba. umniSvnelova­nesi kiTxva, romlis winaSec momavlis es suraTi gvayenebs, Sem­degSi mdgomareobs: ramdenad zustad unda gavuwonasworoT kulturuli politika kritikis, qeba­didebisa da mecnierebis naklebad efeqtur saqmianobas?

damatebiTi sakiTxavi: bari 2003; beneti 1998; qreini 1992b; mileri 1993; rosi 1991.

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III nawili

samyaro

3.1 globalizaciis gaazreba

rogorc davinaxeT, oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis Semdeg, globa­lizaciam, sityvam, romelic mravalnairad SeiZleba iqnes ga­gebuli, Caanacvla sityva ̀ postmodernizmi~, rogorc Ziri Tad­ma terminma Tanamedroveobis socialuri da teqnologiuri transformaciebis saxeldebisa da interpretirebisaTvis. mis mravalnair mniSvnelobaTa Soris gamoirCeva ori, romelnic gulisxmoben bazris mier cxovrebis ufro meti sferos dapy­robas. am TvalsazirisiT igi neoliberalizms emTxveva, ramde­nadac neoliberalizmi gulisxmobs iseT doqtrinasa da poli­tikas, romelic gacnobierebulad uwyobs xels am dapyrobas. igi aseve emTxveva kapitalizms, ramdenadac kapitalizmi aris warmoebis iseTi ti pi, romelic xels uwyobs Tanamedrove ba­zars. amdenad, globaliza cia aRniSnavs kapitalizmis glo­balur gavrcelebas, gansakuTre biT ki misi bazarze orien­tirebuli formebis gavrcelebas.

globalizacia aseve gulisxmobs process, rodesac plan­etaruli distanciis gadalaxva xdeba. rogorc TeoriaSia naTqvami, Cndeba axali, samyaro sazRvrebis gareSe, sadac ar arsebobs distancia. sul mcire, es transformacia niSnavs imas, rom viwro adgilobriv qmedebebs farTomasStabiani Sedegebi aqvs, rac aris kidec entoni gidensis mier SemoTava­zebuli globalizaciis ganmarteba (gidensi 1990, 64).

`globalizaciis~ es ori mniSvneloba erTmaneTisagan gan­sxvavdeba. erTi socialuria, xolo meore sivrculi. Tumca faqtob rivad, rogorc amas davinaxavT, isini mraval aspeqtSi emTxvevian erTmaneTs. socialuri da sivrculi mniSvnelo­bebis damTxveva niSnavs imas, rom cxadi xdeba, rogor ixveWs met Zalas sabazro principebi da kapitalizmi msoflios yvela kuTxeSi. kerZod, saSualo klasis cxovrebis swrafi ritmidan gamomdinare, metropolitanur regionebSi, advilia daiviwyo, rom magaliTad afrikaSi produqcia kapitalisturi ar aris.

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an is, rom msoflios mosaxleobis daaxloebiT or miliards eleqtroenergia ar miewodeba da 4,5 miliards telekomuni­kaciebze xeli ar miuwvdeba. da bolos, globalizaciis cneba biZgs aZlevs process, romelsac igi aRwers: magaliTad pol du gei amtkicebs, rom globalizaciis Sesaxeb msjeloba sa­Sualebas aZlevs sxvadasxva xelisuflebebs, ganaxorcielos Careva instituciebis formirebis, normalizaciisa da in­strumentalizaciis procesSi, raTa ufro marTvadi gaxadon globalizacia (du gei, 2000, 116).

sivrce

globalizaciis termini nebismier SemTxvevaSi ufro me­tad sivrces gulisxmobs (moicavs), vidre dros. es Tavis mxriv imis niSania, rom Cvens analitikur CvevebSi gadanacvleba xdeba. ukanaskneli, daaxloebiT, ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi Tanamedrove globa lizaciis TariRebs zustad ver ganvsaz­RvravT), sivrcis gaazreba Seicvala. adre dros socialur da kulturologiur TeoriebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili eTmoboda. naklebi yuradReba eTmoboda sivrces. anu moxda ise, rom istoriam Secvala sazogadoeba, xolo geografiam safuZveli moumzada istorias samoqmedod. sivrce­drois mimarTebis amgvari aRqma moitana progresulma Tanadrou­lobam, romelic dasavleTis modernistul eraSi ganviTarda, roca istoria did imedebs iZleoda. sapirispirod, individebi da sazogadoebebi, romlebic modernizaciis process jer ar Sed gomodnen da amdenad istoriis miRma rCebodnen, ganisaz­Rvren sivrcul terminebSi. aseTi sazogadoebebi, ase vTqvaT, viwro adgilobriv wreSi iyvnen gamoketili.

Tumca dResdReisobiT geografiac transformirda. misi sagani axla isa aris, rasac dorin masei `socialuri urT­ierTobebis sivrceSi ganSlas~ uwodebda (masei, 1994, 23). sx­vagvarad rom vTqvaT, misi sagania gza, romliTac geografia ganapirobebs da ayalibebs sazogadoebasa da kulturas. sa­mecniero lite raturaSi es imas niSnavs, rom iseT disci­plinebs, rogoricaa sociologia da anTropologia, geo­grafia umcirebs sivrces kulturis kvlevebisaTvis. ufro

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zustad, geografiisa da kulturis kvlevebis gadakveTis wertilSi Zveli modernistuli `sivrcis~ cneba (abstraqtu­li cneba, gancalkevebuli adamianTa samyarosgan) Caanacvla `adgilis~ cnebam (sivrce, romelic dayofilia regionebad, punqtebad da aRqmuli da Sefasebulia individebisa da maT­gan Semdgari jgufebis mier). (sivrce­adgilis klasikuri ganmartebisaTvis ixileT sertie, 1984, 91­130). amas mivyavarT `globaluris~ kategoriis problemamde: am termins ver aRviq­vamT, rogorc qalaqs an Tundac qveyanas. Tumca amave dros es ar aris abstraqtuli cneba, realurad arsebobs Cvens yovel­dRiur cxovrebaSi. ufro metic, cxadi xdeba, rom sivrcis (da drois) dayofa gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva kulturebSi da es danayofebi kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba, rodesac momavlis or­ganizebasa da dagegmvaze midis kamaTi. namdvilad, sivrcisa da drois erTmaneTisgan gancalkeveba advili ar aris. magal­iTad, dRes politikuri sakiTxebidan cotas Tu gavixsenebT imaze ufro mwvaves, vidre kiTxvas – aris Tu ara konkretuli adamiani globalizaciis momxre. debatebSi naTeli xdeba, rom globalizacia Tanamedrove, socialuri da politikuri cne­baa, iseve, rogorc sivrculi. es exeba imas, Tu rogori unda iyos momavalSi sazogadoeba da, rogor unda gavumklavdeT distanciis batonobas.

globalizaciis mokle istoria

Cven ukve viciT globalizaciis kompleqsurobis Ses­axeb, kargi iqneba Tu warmodgena gveqneba mis istoriazec, romelSic nawilobriv meordeba zemoT ganxiluli postmod­ernizmis safuZvlad mdebare pirobebi. globalizacia popu­laruli gagebiT, iTvleba met­naklebad uwyvet (da araTana­bar) procesad, romelsac Tanamedrove usazRvro samyaros Seqmnamde mivyavarT. es sadavo sakiTxia istorikosebsa da sociologebs Soris. magaliTad, mwvave kamaTi midis Temaze, aris Tu ara dRevandeli erovnuli ekonomika ufro globali­zebuli, vidre es iyo 1900 wels an Tu asruleben erovnuli xe­lisuflebebi ufro did, an ufro patara rols sakuTari moqa­laqeebis cxovrebaSi, vidre amas akeTebden warsulSi (ixileT

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hopkinsi, 2002, sadac gaecnobiT globalizaciis istorias; argumentebis gasacnobad imis Sesaxeb, rom gviandeli mecx­ramete saukunis ekonomika ufro globalizebuli iyo, vidre dRevandeli, ixileT hersti da tompsoni, 2000). radgan glo­balizacia Tavisi gansazRvrebiT ar aris mxolod dasavluri procesi, globalizaciis istoria, iseve, rogorc moderniza­ciis istoria badebs kiTxvas: rogoria globalizaciisken mi­mavali aradasavluri gzebi?

istorikosebi dRes saubroben `arqaul globalizaciaze~, mimocvlaze regionebs Soris da gansakuTrebiT araevropul regionebs Soris, rasac adgili hqonda modernistul erTeu­lebsa da ekonomikebs miRma (beili, 2002). yovel SemTxveva­Si 1648 wlis vestfaliis zavi Tanamedrove globalizaciis sakvanZo momenti iyo. radgan swored maSin, dasawyisSi Taname­drove suverenuli saxelmwifos ideam farTo aRiareba moipo­va. aman Cauyara safuZveli dedamiwis yvela regionis mier erTi politikuri struqturis gaziarebas (vgulisxmobT sax­elmwifos struqturas) da saerTaSoriso kavSirebs, urTier­Tobebs erebsa da sa xelmwifoebs Soris, romlebic flobdnen suverenitets.

Semdeg safexurze globalizacia unda ganvixiloT rogorc dasavluri eqspansionizmis Sedegi, rac 1492 wels daiwyo da apogeas gvian, mecxramete saukuneSi miaRwia, im dros, rodesac ZiriTadma evropulma Zalebma (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis CaTvliT) mTel danarCen samyaros Tavs Tavisi ekonomikuri da politikuri sferoebi moaxvies. mecxramete saukunis imperia­lizmi moitana ara mxolod samxedro Zalebma, aramed sakomuni­kacio teqnologiebma, romelTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo rkinigza, Tbomavlebi da telegrafi (ramac gaamartiva komuni­kacia did distanciaze da transportis aucilebloba moxsna. ixileT keri, 1989). transportirebisa da komunikaciebis am ti­pebma saWiro gaxada dedamiwis dayofa grZedebisa da ganedebis sayovelTaod miRebul baded. aseve saWiro gaxda 1884 wels grinviCis universaluri saSualo drois dadgena. globaluri sivrcis abstraqtuli cneba ase iqca realobad.

imperialistur epoqaSi zogierTma dasavlurma erma ma­namde warmoudgeneli simdidre moipova. istorikosebi bevrs kamaTobdnen imperializmis ekonomikur sargebelze evropu­

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li sa xelmwifoebisTvis, magram dadasturebulia, rom impe­riam kritikuli roli Seasrula maT warmoebadobaSi (ixileT arigi, silveri da ahmedi, 1999, 37­97). nawilobriv am simdid­ris gamo maTi politikuri sistemebis demokratizacia nela mimdinareobda. daiwyes socialuri institutebis daarseba, romelTa daniSnuleba mosaxleobis ganaTlebis, kulturisa da janmrTelobis gaumjobeseba iyo. marTlac, 1900 wlisaTvis bevri socialisti imperialistic iyo, radgan fuls, romelic socialuri politikis gasatareblad iyo saWiro, imperiuli sargebeli mohqonda. 1930 wlis didi depresiis Semdeg, rode­sac muSaTa klasi gaaqtiurda da metadre maSin, roca meore msoflio omma warmoaCina saxelmwifos mier marTuli ekon­imikis produqtiuloba (ara mxolod germaniasa da sabWoTa kavSirSi), dasavlurma saxelmwifoebma ganaviTares farTo sistema da sagadasaxado reJimi, romlis mizani iyo kvlavm­warmoebluroba. im periodSi aseT politikas safuZvels uqm­nida vaWrobis mniSvnelovani ganviTareba evropas, iaponiasa da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Soris. es iyo winapiroba gvi­andeli meoce saukunis globalizaciisa. miuxedavad imisa, rom yofil koloniebSi industrializaciis programebsa da importis Semcirebas uwyobdnen xels, omis Semdgom wlebSi masobrivi saxe miiRo Raribi erebidan mdidari erebisaken migraciam. es xels uwyobda kulturul gacvla­gamocvlas, fondebis daarsebas da erovnebaTSoris mobilurobas.

rogorc vnaxeT, II msoflio omis Semdeg, evropis imperi­ulma qveynebma TandaTanobiT xeli aiRes Tavisi koloniebis uSualo kontrolze (britaneTma mecxramete saukunis meore naxevridan Tavi daaneba TeTrkanianebiT dasaxlebuli kolo­niebis marTvas). am ukandaxevis mTavari mamoZravebeli motivi iyo kolonializmis mimarT winaaRmdegoba da Tavad dapy­robili xalxebis nacionalisturi neba, magram eWvs ar unda iwvevdes, rom rasizmis winaaRmdeg sayovelTao Semotriale­ba, rac nacistur genocids mohyva da iaponiis magaliTi (ro­melic nawilobriv antievropuli kolonializmis motiviT ibrZoda, Tumca es xSirad aviwydebaT), aseve mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda. dekolonizaciis adreul wlebSi yofil ko­loniaTa umetesoba ganviTarebis iseT politikas misdevda, romelic gulisxmobda saxelmwifos mier ekonomikis mWidro marTvasa da sabazro Zalebis SedarebiT naklebobas.

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kamaTis sagnad rCeba, ratom daiwyo keTildReobis damyarebis dasavlurma reJimma ideologiuri muxtis da­kargva da ratom Caanacvla is neoliberalizmma da entre­preneurializmma, rogorc upirobo alternativam. albaT, upriani iqneba Tu am gardatexas met­naklebad SemTxveviTi faqtorebis (rogoricaa ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri, poli­tikuri da kulturuli) Serwymis Sedegad CavTvliT. Taname­drove globalizacias xelisSemwyob faqtorTagan erT­erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo industralizaciis gavrceleba dekolonizebul samyaroSi, ganviTarebis ideologiis mo­tiviT da transnacionalur ZalTa meTaurobiT. am process didi biZgi misca dasavluri ekonomikis sagrZnobma damokide­bulebam navTobis arabuli saxelmwifoebis mimarT mas Semdeg, rac navTobis momwodebeli qveynebis organizaciam (OPEC) 1974 wels fasebi awia. aman (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi­sa da vietnamis omTan erTad) gamoiwvia inflacia da mzardi daqveiTeba pirveli samyaros qveynebis warmoebis momgebiano­basa da pirveladi saqonlis moxmarebis seqtorSi, ramac Tavis mxriv gaaZliera ekonomikis restruqturizaciis saWiroeba mzardi konkurenciis pirobebSi. ekonomikis restruqtur­izacia gulisxmobda investiciebis mimarTvas im seqtorebze, sadac kapitalisa da warmoebis nixri SedarebiT maRali iyo. SezRudvebi, rasac fiqsirebuli fuladi mimoqceva da finans­uri regulireba uwesebda erovnul konkurentunarianobas, sul ufro metad gamoikveTa, radgan kapitalis gadineba sul ufro did zians ayenebda erovnul warmoebas. saxelmwifoebi atarebdnen ucxouri investiciebisa mozidvisa da vaWrobis xelSemwyob politikas, amcirebdnen kontrols sakuTar eko­nomikaze, sTavazobdnen gadasaxadebis Semcirebas ucxour organizaciebs da a.S. da am gziT cdilobdnen mogebis miRebas.

imavdroulad, SedarebiT ganuviTarebeli qveynebi mim­zidveli wyaro iyo iafi muSaxelisa da investiciebis Casa­debad. iaponiam da evropam gansakuTrebulad gazardes Tavisi wili saerTaSo riso investiciebSi da Seamcires Statebis ba­tonoba am arealSi. inglisurenovan qveynebSi gamorCeulad imata saxelmwifo sawarmoebis privatizaciam. warmoebaSi ucxoeli muSaxelis gamoyeneba da pirveli samyaros qveynebis deindustrializacia gulisxmobda, rom pirveli samyaros

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ekonomikaSi dasaqmebuli personalidan Zalian mcire Tu iyo dakavebuli industriuli (gansakuTrebiT, kvalificiuri) samuSaos SesrulebiT. umuSevroba matulobda (nawilobriv imitomac, rom ekonomikis warmmarTvelTa mier es isaxeboda inflaciis daZlevis gzad da nawilobriv imitomac, rom omis Semdgom, ramdenadac mniSvnelovnad Semcirda muSaxelis baza, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda qalebis CarTva SromiT procesSi) imdenad, rom dRevandeli SefasebiT 6­dan 15 procentamde meryeobda maSindel SromiT bazarze. am tendenciebs Rrma kulturuli da politikuri Sedegebi mohyva, maT Soris prof­kavSirebis gavlenis dakargva, mSromelTa solidarobaze da­myarebuli Zveli memarcxene socialisturi partiis dasuste­ba da `klasis~, rogorc socialuri da kulturuli analizis kategoriis, mniSvnelobis daqveiTeba – am yvelaferma ra Tqma unda Tavis mxriv xeli Seuwyo kvlevebis warmoebas kulturis kvlevebis sferoSi.

globalizaciisTvis kidev erTi sakvanZo momenti 1989 wels komunizmis damxoba iyo, rac niSnavda civi omis dasasrulsa da socializmis, rogorc legitimuri politikuri sistemisa da ideologiis gaqrobas. axla aSS iqca msoflios erTaderT sam xedro zesaxelmwifod (da gaxda dominanti ekonomikur politikaSi iseTi saerTaSoriso institutebis kontrolis saSualebiT, rogoricaa IMF (saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi) da msoflio banki, romlebic aqtiurad atareben neoliber­alur politikas. aRmosavleTis blokis daSlam daaCqara pro­cesebi, da Sedegad sul ufro met korporacias SeeZlo CarTva raime saxis transnacionalur vaWrobaSi. zogierTma firmam moaxdina warmoebis gadabareba da ar cdilobda sazRvarga­reTuli sawarmoebis investirebas an kontrols, ubralod globalizebas uwevda Tavis marketingul strategias da gasaRebis qselebs. zogierTi sakuTari brendis warmoebas da organizaciul struqturas mTel msoflioSi avrceleb­da. zogic saeqsporto bazris mo Ziebas cdilobda sakuTari produqciisaTvis. sul ufro izrdeboda politikuri da kul­turuli gavlena im korporaciebisa, romlebic srulmasSta­bian operaciebs awarmoebdnen mraval qveyanaSi (multinacio­naluri kompaniebi), ramdenadac maTze sul ufro meti wili modioda msoflio ekonomikaSi. am kompaniebs erTamneTisgan

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mniSvnelovnad ganasxvavebda is, Tu ramdenad vrceldeboda saTavo ofisis gavlena mis filialebze.

teqnologiuri faqtorebi globalizaciis procesSi moicavda axali sakomunikacio teqnologiebis ganviTare­bas, gansaku TrebiT ki internets, aseve safinanso sistemis kompiute rizacias. am ukanasknelma SesaZlebeli gaxada fu­ladi kapitalisa da servisebis internacionalizacia, ra­sac Tavis mxriv biZgi misca bankebze SezRudvis moxsnam da valutis brunvam. kompiute rizaciam SesaZlebeli gaxada axa­li finansuri instrumentebis gamoyeneba (sesxebi, sxvadasxva kontraqtebi). swrafma, iafma kontinentSorisma sahaero mg­zavrobam uzrunvelyo biznesis globaluri gafarToeba da turizmi sakvanZo globalur industriad aqcia.

adgilobrivi globalizaciebi

globalizacia, rogorc JurnalistikaSi, politikasa da yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gamoyenebadi cneba asaxavs raRac sruliad gansxvavebuls, vidre es am istoriul mimoxilvaSi Cans. modiT, ufro kargad davakvirdeT, rogor muSaobs es termini saSualo klasis dasavleli adamianis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. es dakvirveba STa beWdilebiTi xasiaTisaa, radgan Zalian cotaa cnobili imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aris global­izaciis cneba konceptualizebuli da aRqmuli rigiTi moqa­laqeebis mier. igi SeiZleba aRniSnavdes ubralod samyaros SekumSvas (samecniero lite raturaSi amas dro­sivrcis kom­presias uwodeben), rogorc es turizmSi gamoixata. Cveni sa­mosi, albaT, umeteswilad CineTSi an `mesame samyaros~ sxva romelime qveyanaSi mzaddeba. sakomunikacio distancia in­ternetma, iafma satelefono sistemam da a.S. gadalaxa. reaq­tiuli TviTmfrinavi globalizaciis xanis avtobusad iqca. am SekumSvas mivyavarT msgavsebamde – import­eqsportis, vaWro­bis zrdasa da brendebis globalizebas mosdevs gancda, rom erovnuli da lokaluri gansxvavebani waSlilia. singapurSi, vankuversa Tu berlinSi sayidlebze wasvlas Soris aRar aris didi gansxvaveba. globalizacias zogi uyurebs, rogorc erovnuli saxelmwifosadmi safrTxes, memarjvene frTis pop­

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ulisturi Tavdasxmebi gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaze aSS­Si swored amis gamovlinebaa. globalizacias xSirad uka­vSireben agreTve SromiTi Zalis farTomasStabian gadaadg­ilebas, emigraciasa da multikulturalizmis politikas, romelic 1970­ian wlebSi Camoyalibda.

adgilobrivi globalizacia SeiZleba agreTve gulisxmob­des imas, rasac Cven transnacionalur multikulturalizmad anu popularul kosmopolitobad SeiZleba movixseniebdeT, es albaT mdidar dasavleTTan aris kavSirSi. `transnaciona­lurSi~ vgulisxmob `Cven yvela erTni varT~ tipis gancdas, romelic win wamoswies benetonma, olimpiurma TamaSebma, sx­vadasxva saxis msoflio Tasebma da satelituri televiziis saqvelmoqmedo aqciebma, rogoric 1985 wels gamarTuli kon­certi `Live Aid~ iyo. aseT popularul kosmopolitizms Ta­vad geografia ganapirobebs da istoriulad mizezi SeiZleba globusebis popularizaciaSic davinaxoT, rac adamianebs exmareba dedamiwa warmoidginon planetad, romelic TiToeu­lisTvis saerTo da saziaroa. amJamad geografiuli global­uroba yvelaze efeqturad, albaT, kosmosSi mogzaurobiT vlindeba. dedamiwa, rodesac mas kosmosuri xomaldidan vuy­urebT, mcire burTia an rogorc es, magaliTad, satelituri amindis rukebzea gamosaxuli. Cvens mier planetis `zemodan~ sivrculi xedvis gaziareba saSualebas gvaZlevs ufro marti­vad warmovidginoT msoflio erToba.

popularuli kosmopolitizmi SeiZleba agreTve niSnavdes transnacionalur anu kroskulturul mgrZnobelobasa da uflebamosilebas, rasac xSirad ori kulturis farglebSi mcxovrebi diasporebi saWiroebs. filipineli mosamsaxuree­bi quveiTSi, sudaneli taqsis mZRolebi avstraliaSi, mavri mSeneblebi CikagoSi, meqsikeli manqanis mrecxavebi aSS­s aR­mosavleT sanapiroze, maRaziebis pakistaneli mflobelebi britaneTSi, erayeli vaWrebi indoneziaSi, avtralieli mas­wavleblebi papua axal gvineaSi, Turqi muSebi germaniaSi, Tun­dac saSualo klasis samxreTazieli IT personali vankuverSi – yvela am adamians sWirdeba SesaZlebloba, rom imuSaon da ori kulturis konteqstSi iazrovnon, Tuki gadarCena surT. Tumca es SesaZleblobebi SezRuduli ar aris maTTvis, vinc mogzaurobs: samxreT afrikaSi xalxis umetesoba (TeTrkani­

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anTa gamoklebiT) aTwleulebia, erTze met enaze laparakobs da mWidro kavSirSia erTze met kulturasTan, radganac urT­ierTobs Tavis damqiravebelTan da sxva tomebTan. mumbaiSi aSS­s romelime bankis satelefono xazze momuSave samxreT aziels unda SeeZlos yoveldRiurad gaiTavisos (da ganasax­ieros) namdvili amerikeloba. naTelia, rom globalizacia aseT kosmopolitizms farTod gaavrcelebs.

ufro Rrma gagebiT, adgilobrivi globalizacia bevrad negatiuria. am SemTxvevaSi, igi niSnavs lokaluri da adgilo­brivi ekonomikebis mzard kontrols msxvili kapitalizmisa da neoliberaluri politikis mier, adgilobrivi avtonomiis da uflebebis SezRudvas, dasaqmebisTvis safrTxis gazrda­sa da daSlilobis gaRrmavebis SegrZnebas. aq globalizacia ganxilulia, rogorc wyaro uwyveti da mzardi ekonomikuri usamarTlobisa sxvada sxva erebsa da regionebSi. globaliza­ciis amgvari gaazreba kidev sxva midgomis ganviTarebas iwvevs: globalizacia aRiqmeba, rog orc msoflios amerikanizacia, zogjer sasikeTod, umTavresad ki, sazianod.

globaluri msgavseba

adgilobrivi globalizaciis sakvanZo sakiTxi is aris, rom erTdroulad mcirdeba distanciac da sxvaobebic. es in­terpretacia globalizaciis im Teoriis msgavsia, romelic amtkicebs, rom globalizaciis procesebs msoflio erTgva­rovnebisken mivyavarT. totaluri globalizmis mTavari Teo­retikosebi, devid harvi da imanuil uolerStaini, romlebic e.w. `globalur – sistemur midgomas~ iziareben, marqsizmi­dan amodian da globalizaciis maTeuli gageba kapitalizmis hegel­marqsiseuli versiaa. maTTvis globalizmi kapital­izmia, xolo kapitalizmi – warmoebis saxe, romelic warmoe­bis yvela gansxvavebul xerxs STanTqavs da radikalurad zRudavs maT cxovrebas, vinc am reJimis farglebSi cxovrobs (ix. uolerSteini 1999; harli 1990). globalizacia am Tval­sazrisiT gansakuTrebiT saxifaToa, radgan demokratiul struqturebs ayenebs riskis winaSe. Zlieri demokratiuli mmarTveloba lokaluri aspeqtia, amdenad, rac ufro didi

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teritoria eqvemdebareba politikur kontrols, miT ufro sustad aRwevs centramde xalxis xma.

globaluri sistemebis Teoria ekuTvnis sxva post­hege­lianur skolas, romelic amjerad globalurs universalur­Tan akavSirebs (gansxvaveba am cnebebs Soris mniSvnelovania: is, rac universaluria, WeSmaritia yvelgan da yovelTvis, maSin, rodesac globaluri ubralod planetis Tvisebaa aq da amJamad). iseTma inteleqtualebma, rogoricaa magaliTad frensis fukiama, globalizacia daaxasiaTes, rogorc swored universaluris ganxorcieleba. rogorc viciT, fukiama izi­arebda `istoriis dasasrulis~ arguments, amtkicebda, rom yvela sazogadoeba iswrafvis demokratiuli kapitalizmi­saken da TiTqos sayovelTao da uryevi WeSmaritebaa, rom socialuri kapitalizmi organizaciisTvis yvelaze samar­Tliani da efeqturi formaa (ix. fukiama 1992).

yvela es Tvalsazrisi Seicavs safrTxes: SeiZleba wagvi­yvanos im gziT, rom ar gaviTvaliswinoT, ramenad gansxvavebu­lad moqmedebs globalizaciis procesebi sxvadasxva adgilas. namdvilad arsebobs iseTi adgilebi, sadac globalizaciis Sedegebi zogadad ewinaaRmdegeba saerTod globalizaciis mniSvnelobas: mzardi erTianoba holivudel mwerlebs So­ris; kunZulebis mzardi izolacia (magaliTad pitkernis kun­Zuli), romlebic globaluri turistuli qselis nawili ar arian, gansakuTrebiT ki mas Semdeg, rac iklo naosnobam (ma­sei 1994, 148); an politikuri winaaRmdegoba Tavad global­izaciis mimarT. aRniSnul SemTxvevebSi, globalizmi ar aris aRqmuli msoflio sazogadoebis maformirebel umTavres Zalad. yvelaze ukeT globaluri koleqtivizmis gancdis Za­las gamoxatavs saerTSoriso daxmarebis amsaxveli cifrebi, romelic am monacemebiT arasaxarbieloa: 1974 wels OECD-is-erebi (ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis orga­nizacia) pirobas debdnen, rom TavianTi GDP-s (erTiani Sida produqti) 0,7%­s daxmarebisTvis gaiRebdnen; 1997­Si ucxo qveynebisaTvis realurad gaRebuli daxmareba 0,22%­s Sead­genda (ganviTarebis saqvelmoqmedo komiteti 1998). dRes aSS Tavisi GDP-s 0,13% gamoyofs daxmarebisaTvis. sinamdvileSi Tavad aSS­s hegemonia ewinaaRmdegeba globaluri erTiano­bis Camoyalibebas: am mizeziT, Seferxebulia TanamSromloba

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globaluri daTbobisa da sxva uamravi transnacionaluri sakiTxis irgvliv.

am hegelianur SexedulebebTan dakavSirebuli meore safrTxe aris is, rom isini sxvaobis, rogorc aseTis, Sem­cirebas gadaWarbebiT afaseben, im arealSic ki, sadac mniS­vnelovnad aris ukve gatarebuli globalizaciis socialuri da politikuri procesebi. Tumca safuZveli gvaqvs vTqvaT, rom sxvaobebi msoflioSi ar mcirdeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs mravali saSualeba (teqnologiebi, kulturuli mi­mocvla, socialuri da ekonomikuri organizaciebi), romelT­ac dRes ufro meti sazogadoeba iziarebs, vidre adre. Tum­ca es, TavisTavad, ar aqcevs am sazogadoebebs, absoluturi gagebiT, nakleb gansxvavebulad. es damokidebulia imaze, Tu kidev ra xdeba im sazogadoebebSi. Tanac zogierT globali­zebul teqnologias (magnitofoni, interneti) marTlac Seu­Zlia gaaZlieros lokaluri gansxvavebebi adgilobrivi kul­turis mxardaWeriTa da gavrcelebiT.

analizis dasasruls SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom arsebobs konceptualuri problema argumentis Sesaxeb, mcirdeba Tu ara gansxvavebebi. rogor SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom amJamad msoflioSi nak lebi lokaluri gasxvavebaa, vidre odesme, Tuki es gansxvavebe bi iseT gamocdilebas emyareba, romelsac pirdapir Tu vity viT, verafers SevadarebT? beisbolis gavrcelebam iaponiaSi TiTqos warmoqmna `igiveoba~ massa da aSS­s Soris, magram mainc, iaponuri beisbolis matCis yureba Zalze gansxvavdeba aSS­s TamaSis yurebisagan (da orive Ta­visTavad Zalze gansxvavebuli SeiZleba iyos). aris Tu ara isini ufro msgavsi, vidre aSS­s beisbolis TamaSi da iaponuri sumo? erTi mxriv, aSkarad asea, magram erovnuli TamaSis or ersa da or kulturaSi gavrceleba kidev axal gansxvavebasac badebs, SesaZloa SAedarebiT mcires, rasac mxolod sportis Tayvanismcemeli SeamCnevs. am mosazrebiT TamaSTa Tanxvedra sxvaobebs amcirebs da zrdis kidec.

es rom abstraqtulad gamovTqvaT, im doneze, romelzec Cven Sedarebis zogad ganzomilebebsa da kulturul miTiTe­bebs viziarebT, gansxvavebebi iqamde warmoiqmneba, vidre maTi cnobisa da aRqmis saerTo saSualebebi da SesaZleblobebi gvaqvs. SesaZloa umjobesi iyos, rom problema ase gavigoT:

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rodesac komunikaciebi msoflioSi umjobesdeba, xolo kul­turuli formebi sul ufro metad saziaro xdeba, msoflio sxvaobebisken ufro miiltvis, vidre imisken, rasac SeiZleba ucxooba vuwodoT. aris Tu ara `gansxvavebulis~ qveS nagu­lisxmevi ram naklebad gansxvavebuli Cvengan, vidre is, rasac vgulisxmobT sityvaSi `ucxo~? es rTuli SekiTxvaa da eWvqveS ayenebs arguments globalizaciis efeqtebis Se saxeb kul­turul homogenurobaze (`sxvaobaTa dasasrulis~ Tezisis `kulturul imperializmTan~ mimarTebis sakiTxis SesaniSnavi ganxilvisaTvis ixileT tomlinsoni 1991).

globaluri samarTali

1999 wlis seqtemberSi, sietlSi daxloebiT 40 000 demon­stranti Segrovda, raTa gaeprotestebina msoflio savaWro organizaciis Sexvedra, sadac unda ganxiluliyo transnacio­naluri Tavisufali vaWrobisadmi meti mxardaWeris aRmoCenis sakiTxi. uamravi adamiani Seikriba msoflios mravali kuTxidan da Zireulad gansxvavebuli politikuri jgufebisgan, romel­nic imeiliTa da eleqtronuli fostiT iyvnen informireb­ulni am Sekrebis Sesaxeb. demonstrantebi gansakuTrebulad aprote stebdnen samuSaos dakargvas ucxouri konkurenciis gamo; ara kva lificiuri muSaxe lis dabal xelfasebs; bavSvebis dasaqmebas; adgilobrivi mosaxleo bis uflebebs; garemos de­gradacias da imas, rasac Statebis mier marTuli mediis kul­turul imperializms uwodebdnen. protestma metad farTo sazogadoebrivi gavrceleba hpova da ganixileboda (albaT, mcdarad) savaWro organizaciis Sexvedris mTavar CamSlel faqtorad. sietlis Semdeg msgavsi saprotesto gamosvlebi Catarda sxva adgilebSic, maT Soris gansakuTrebulad Za­ladobrivi aRmoCnda 2001 wels genuas gamosvlebze momxdari faqti, rodesac demonstrants policielma esrola.

es saprotesto gamosvlebi sazogadoebrivi saxe iyo imi­sa, rasac maleve antiglobalisturi moZraoba ewoda – aseT saxelwodebas Tavad moZraobaSi bevri ewinaaRmdegeboda da `globalur samarTlianobas~ amjobinebda. moZraobas didi daxmareba gauwia naomi kleinis bestselerma `araviTari

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logo~ (2000), romelsac zogierTi moZraobis manifestad ga­nixilavda. igi marTlac uzrunvelyofda mas genealogiiT, ken sarovivas sabediswero brZolis CaTvliT Selis navTob­kompaniis winaaRmdeg nigeriaSi. `araviTar logoSi` kleini aerTianebs or gancalkevebul, magram urTierTdakavSire­bul kritikas. pirveli Tanamedrove kapitalizmSi brendebisa da marketingis batonobis kulturaluri kritikaa – kleini kicxavs kapitalizmis warmodgenas arabrenduli moxmarebisa da gamocdilebis ubralo, spontanur da auTentikur ganma­saxiereblad (savaraudod 60­iani wlebis frangi avangardisti Teoretikosisa da reJisoris gai deboris da misi postmod­ernizmis adreuli versiis aSkara gavleniT, romelic `situa­cionizmis~ saxeliT aris cnobili). meore nawili ekonomikuri argumentaciaa pirveli samyarosa da multinacionaluri kor­poraciebis sazRvargareTuli warmoebis SedegTa winaaRmdeg.

11 seqtembris movlenebma da Semdgomma `omma teror­izmTan~ ukan daswia globaluri samarTlianobis moZraoba, nawilobriv imitom, rom misi programa anti­saomarma sapro­testo talRam STanTqa da Caanacvla da nawilobriv imitomac, rom Seicvala antiglobalizmis politika aSS­s interesebze al­qaidas Tavdasxmis Semdeg. sxva Tu araferi, islamuri fun­damentalizmi TavisTavad antiglobalizmis formaa. Tumca moZraobas araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar daukargavs muxti – amis magaliTad ikmarebs farTo daintereseba indoeTis subkon­tinentze didi kaSxalebis winaaRmdeg warmoebul kampaniebSi. kidev erTi magaliTia evropuli asociaciebis amJamindeli ga­mococxleba moqalaqeTa dasaxmareblad warmoebuli finans­uri transaqciebis dabegvris asociaciis misamarTiT (ATTAC), maTi erT­erTi moTxovnaa dawesdes e. w. tobinis gadasaxadi, romelic gulisxmobs mcire gadasaxads saerTaSoriso savalu­to mimocvlaze. savsebiT darwmunebiT SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom momavalSi amgvari moTxovnebi metad aqtualu ri iqneba politikis ZiriTad xazSi.

globaluri samarTlianobis moZraobis mimzedvelobas Zi ri Tadad is faqti ganapirobebs, rom globalizaciam ki ar Seamcira, piriqiT, ufro gazarda globaluri uTanasworoba. dRes msof lio mosaxleobis umdidresi mexuTedi Crdilo­eT amerikaSi, evrokavSirsa da iaponiaSi moixmars msoflio

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produqciis 90%­s. msoflios sami umdidresi adamianis qone­ba aRemateba mTeli danarCeni ganviTarebadi erebisa da maTi 600 milioni mcxovrebis qonebas (gaerTianebuli erebis gan­viTarebis programa 1999, 3; Se saZloa ufro gazviadebuli SexedulebebisaTvis uTanasworobasa da globalizaciaze ix. greideri 1997). es aris tradiciuli `internacionaluri~ problema, romlis gadawyvetac moiTxovs msoflio mmarTv­elobis centralizacias.

moZraoba SedarebiT axal formaciebzec reagirebs, anu im gzebze, riTac msoflios mzardi urTierTdakavSirebulobis gamo mis erT nawilSi momxdar movlenas Sedegi sadRac sxvagan mosdevs. amdenad, masobrivad mzard moxmarebas pirveli sa­myaros qveynebSi (gansakuTrebiT aSS­Si) koreqtivebi Seaqvs ekonomikasa da garemoSi mTel msoflioSi. moTxovnileba teqtonis xis magidaze aCanagebs tyeebs iseT qveynebSi, ro­goric aris magaliTad indonezia; sazogadoebrivi trans­portis nacvlad sakuTari avtomanqaniT mgzavroba aramarto abinZurebs garemos yvelasTvis, aramed asustebs sazogadoe­brivi transportis erovnul da saerTaSoriso industriebs. globaluri samarTlianobis moZraoba, am SemTxvevaSi, mud­mivad cdilobs pirveli samyaros qveynebis momxmareblobis mTel msoflioze gavlenis Sedegebis dadgenas.

siZnele, rasac es moZraoba awydeba, mainc is aris, rom am ar­gumentacias ekonomikuri ganzomileba aqvs da danaxarjisa da mogebis gazomva, Tundac neoliberalur ekonomikur politi­kaSi, rTulia. magaliTisTvis aviRoT sazRvargareT warmoebis sakiTxi: Tuki aSS­Si samuSao adgilebis Semcireba iwvevs samuS­ao adgilebis zrdas CineTSi, gana es misasalmebeli araa, radgan amas saerTaSoriso ekonomikis Tanasworobis damyarebamde mi­vyavarT, an Tundac imitom, rom axali samuSaos povna aSS­Si ufro iolia, vidre CineTSi? gana CineTSi xelfasebis zrda ram­denadme ar daabalansebs aSS­s xelfasebis klebas? Tavisufali vaWroba, saSualebebis farTo gavrceleba komunikaciebis da kapitalis mobiluroba amis ganxorcielebas emsaxureba. prob­lema aris ara imdenad is, rom bazris liberalizaciis poli­tika mcdaria, aramed is, rom isini Rrma kavSirSi arian sxva socialur transformaciebTan: kerZod, naklebganviTarebuli qveynebis urbanizaciasa da fuladi saxsrebis metad gaiole­

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bul transaqciebTan sazRvargareT. Sedegad izrdeba adgil­obrivad usafrTxoebis ararsebobis done, zRvari mogebulsa da wagebuls Soris, Sesabamisad izrdeba moTxovnac, zaralis kompensaciasa da misgan dacvaze. es sakiTxebi cal­calke gul­dasmiT unda iqnes Seswavlili. antiglobalur kritikas xSirad mivyavarT calkeul garemoebebSi saxelmwifo keTildReobis efeqturi, samarTliani sesxebis meqanizmis Sesaxeb mdgomareo­bis Sesaxeb teqnikur da taqtikur debatebamde; mzardi sazoga­doebrivi fondebisTvis; kanonier reJimis Sesaxeb, romelic mi­waTmflobelebs daicavs; umiwaw ylo glexebisTvis ioli fulis uzrunvelyofis saSualebebis Sesaxeb; urbanuli infrastruq­turisa da binaTmSeneblobis Sesaxeb da a. S. am sakiTxebSi erTi mainc umTavresia: savaraudod, ra saxis mmarTveloba (rogori kanonmdeblobiTa da konstituciiT) gaatarebs karg politikas da amavdroulad gaiTvaliswinebs da yuradiRebs xalxis nebas.

ufro zogadad, antiglobalisturi moZraoba `desocial­izaciis~ procesis mimarT winaaRmdegobis formac Aaris, romlis saSualebiTac, mzardi msoflio konkurenciis wnexis pirobebSi saxelmwifoebi cdiloben marTon yvela institucia maTi eko­nomikuri produqtiulobis gaTvaliswinebiT, raTa gazardon sabazro Zalebisa da samomxmareblo eTikis efeqturoba da misawvdomoba. saxelmwifo marTvis am formisaTvis TiToeuli pirovneba adamianuri resursia, romelsac Tavisi, rogorc resursis Rirebulebis mudmivi zrda sWirdeba, raTa damqi­ravebeli Tavisi energiiT, unar­CvevebiTa da codniT moxiblos.

`globaluri samarTlianobis~ moZraoba orazrovnad gana­calkevebs Tavis Tavs progresuli globaluri politikuri kursebisagan, romlebic universalizms moicaven. maT Sorisaa moZraoba adamianis uflebaTa dasacavad, romelic mzad aris kulturuli imperializmis moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofile­blad (vinaidan uflebebi istoriulad dasavluri liberal­uri cnebaa) da romelic sinamdvileSi warmoqmnis uxerxul msgavsebas imperializmis im formebTan, romlebic aralib­eraluri sazogadoebebis gaTavisuflebas gvpirdebodnen (ix. supioti 2003 globalizebuli adamianTa uflebebis rTu­li politikis Sesaxeb). amave niSniT, igi emijneba moZraobas, romelsac zogjer `saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo sazogadoe­bas~ uwodeben anu mimarTulebas, romelic sazogadoebrivi

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sakiTxebis globalur CarCoebSi ganxilviT cdilobs miaR­wios sayovelTao da demokratiul gagebasa da Tanasworobas; romlis instituciuri safuZvlebi liberaluri internacio­nalisturi arasamTavrobo organizaciebi da specialisti mecnierebi ufroa, vidre Tavad globaluri samarTlianobis moZraobis droebiTi da iatakqveSa safuZvlebi. am konteqstSi moZraoba ubrundeba humanizms, romelic uZluris Rirsebas icavs, es Tema STambeWdavad aris asaxuli rois romanSi `pa­tara arsebebis RmerTi~.

mesame formacia, romelic globaluri samarTlianobis moZraobidan unda gamovarCioT da romelic naklebad damkvi­drebulia, vidre saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo sazogadoeba an moZraoba adamianis uflebaTa dasacavad, aris Tanamedrove inteleqtualuri kosmopolitizmi. dasavleTSi lokalizmis sapirispiro movlenas `kosmopolitizms~ uwodeben. amdenad misi istoria mokle mimoxilvis Rirsia. misi sawyisebi anti­kur berZnul stoicizmSi unda veZioT, xolo evropuli gan­manaTleblobis periodSi igi `msoflio moqalaqis~ cnebasTan iyo mWidrod dakavSirebuli. imperialisturi antisemituri nacionalizmis periodSi kosmopolitizmis cnebas metad nega­tiuri elferi daedo, radgan im periodSi umeteswilad ase fesvebmowyvetil ebraelebs moixseniebdnen. 90­iani wlebidan termini kvlav aRdga mecnierTa wreSi, rogorc Sualeduri gza universalizmsa da globalizacias Soris. igi ganisazRvre­boda, rogorc kulturuli nacionalizmis, neoliberaluri globalizaciis da (meti sifrTxiliT) identurobis poli­tikisa da postkolonializmis sapirispiro cneba. amas xeli Seuwyo iman, rom kultura sazRvrebs daubrkoleblad laxa­vda, agreTve transnacionalurma organizaciebma, rogoric progresuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebia, xolo ideolo­giuri TvalsazrisiT, adamianTa uflebebis doqtrinebma, romlebic kulturul gansxvavebas afasebs. didi Sroma iqna gaweuli imis dasamtkiceblad, rom kosmopolitizmi maincda­mainc lokalizmisa da `fesgadgmulobis~ sawinaaRmdego da­mangreveli ram ar aris (ix. Cihi da robinsi 1998).

kosmopolitizmis erTi SezRudva is aris, rom isic uSua­lod unda Tavsdebodes dasavluri liberalizmis inteleqtu­alur CarCoebSi. mas Tan sdevs Tanamedrove globaluri kul­

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turis amJamindeli dinebebisgan gansxvavebuli specifikuri evropuli da elitaruli istoria. ufro mniSvnelovania, rom igi ar iZ leva raime analitikur meTods, globaluri kultur­is analizis politikur­kulturuli problemebis gadasaWre­lad. rogorc globalur epoqaSi dasavluri liberalizmis areuli politikis gamoxatuleba, igi ar cdilobs Tavad Se­qmnas kulturuli warmoeba. faqtobrivad, misi mTavari Rire­buleba isaa, rom igi pirveli samyaros qveynebis kulturuli nacionalizmisa da identurobis politikis kritikis formaa.

amdenad, unda davadginoT, Tu romeli samecniero koncef­cia da kulturuli ruka (Tu saerTod arsebobs aseTi) moicavs srulad globalizebuli kulturis sxvadasxva sferos, rodesac iseTi Zveli terminebi, rogorc postmodernizmia (an postkolonializmi) qreba. rogorc aRvniSnavdi, TavisTavad kulturis kvlevebi uzrunvelyofili unda iyos Tanamedrove proeqtebiT, romlebic acnobiereben globalur dinebaTa Zalas da teqnologiebs, romlebic yvela mimarTulebiT mo­qmedebs, acnobiereben aseve yvela im risksa da danaxarjs, ro­melic arsebobs msoflio wyobaSi am energiis warmosaqmnelad.

globalizacia da kultura

axla cxadia, rom globalizacia sakmaod abstraqtuli aqcentia farTomasStabian, mravalwaxnagovan procesebze, emyareba politikur ekonomikas da metad ucxoa kulturis kvlevebis kvlevebisaTvis. amasTanave, miuxedavad imisa, rom globaluri samarTlianobis moZraoba nawilobriv imarTeba kulturis kvlevebis sakiTxebiT, igi didad ar eqvemdebareba mas, radgan eWviT uyurebs kulturis komercializacias, ro­gorc aseTs. kulturologiis midgoma globalizaciis mimarT win unda aRudges sxvadasxva saxis ritorikas, romelic am cne­bas iyenebs, imisaTvis, rom Seafasos ramdenad gardaiqmneba an narCundeba adgilobrivi sxvaobebi Tanamedrove samyaros sistemaSi (klifordi 2000, fridmani 1994).

Tumca, arsebobs globalizaciis ramdenime Sedegi, romel­zec kulturis kvlevebia mimarTuli:

1. popularuli kultura naklebadaa aRbeWdili glo­balur skalaze (diuringi 1997), imis gaTvaliswinebiTac ki,

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rom globalizaciam transnacionaluri kulturuli gacvla­gamocvla moitana da saeqsporto bazrebis mniSvneloba bevrad gazarda. romeli varskvlavi anda produqcia aris marTlac yvelgan cnobadi? Zalze cota: SesaZloa, mxolod erTic – ko­ka­kola. mTlianobaSi, maRali dafinansebis mqone kulturuli industriebis (rogoricaa kino­industria da naklebad tele­vizia) globalizacia TiTqmis iseTivea, rogorc magaliTad manqanebis industriis globa lizacia. produqti iqmneba sx­vadasxva erovnuli Tu regionaluri bazrisTvis da marketingis ganyofilebas (xolo televiziaSi Tavad produqts) evaleba gaiTvaliswinos adgilobrivi Taviseburebebi.

2. kulturaluri produqciis globalizacia axdens kulturaluri industriis restruqturizacias. aviRoT kino: prodiuserebs produqti msoflio bazarze gaaqvT (dRes holivudis sazRvargareT aRebuli mogeba Sida bazarze aRe­buls aRemateba), calkeuli filmis biujeti izrdeba ise, rom riski minimumamde davides, rac iwvevs nawarmis Semoqmedebi­Ti mxaris zedmiwevniT kontrols bazris kvlevis Sedegebis mier da varskvlavebis mozidvas, radgan isini arian market­inguli kampaniis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala. saerTaSoriso finansebis mozidva da dazRveva riskis Tavidan acilebis sa­Sualebaa. produqciis garkveuli samuSao nawili sazRvarga­reT igzavneba, sadac danaxarji ufro mcirea, xolo inteleq­tualuri uflebebi, varskvlavebi da proeqtis menejmenti SeerTebul StatebSi xorcieldeba. garkveuli ucxo stilis CarTva produqciaSi, kung­fus elementebi holivudis blok­basterebSi amis naTeli magaliTia. garda amisa, filmis glo­baluri Semosavlianoba sul ufro metadaa damokidebuli TamaSebze, wignebze, diskebze da sabavSvo filmebis SemTx­vevaSi saTamaSoebze. meore mxriv, Jurnalebi da sareklamo kampania varskvlavebis monawileobiT produqtis globalur warmatebas uw yobs xels. erTi sityviT, globalizacia gigan­tur zomebs iRebs da zogierT kulturul niSas zRudavs.

3. globalizacia zrdis nacionaluri kulturisa da me­diapolitikis mniSvnelobas da amZafrebs debatebs kultura­luri vaWrobis gamafarTovebelTa (ZiriTadad, aSS da iaponia, romelnic msxvili kulturaluri eqsportiorebi arian) da maT Soris, visac surs lokalur industriaTa da kulturul for­

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maciaTa dacva. yvelaze cnobili magaliTia molaparakebebis CaSla 1993 wels urugvaiSi servisis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb Tanx­mobis miRwevis komisiis (GATS – General Agreement on Trade in Services) Sekrebaze, rodesac aSS da evro­kavSiri ver SeTanxmd­nen, rom kultura warmoebis sxva formebisagan gansxvavebulad unda ganixilebodes. aq gansakuTrebul sakiTxad idga evropis survili, SeenarCunebina wili adgilobriv satelevizio pro­gramebSi, Tumca ufro farTo sakiTxi iyo calkeuli erebis kulturuli damoukideblobis ufleba, raTa maT daecvaT Tavisi kulturuli industriebi erovnuli tradiciebisa da globaluri kulturuli mravalferovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT. es sakiTxebi mniSvnelovanwilad SeerTebuli Statebis domi­nantobis Sedegia satelevizio mauwyeblobisa da filmebis eqs­portSi mTel msoflioSi: mTeli msoflios masStabiT satele­vizio eqsportis 75% aSS­ze modis. Tumca iaponuri eqsportic aziasa da Sua aRmosavleTSi did SeSfoTebas iwvevs im erebSi, romlebic TavianTi kulturis dakargvas ganicdian.

4. lokaluri kulturebi, cxadia, ar amjobineben sazR­vargareT kulturis importirebas. ganvixiloT mxolod erTi magaliTi: mari jilespi 90­iani wlebis dasawyisSi swavlobda axalgazrda penjabiel londonelTa momxmareblobas. man aR­moaCina, rom isini Zalze dadebiTad afasebdnen koka­kolas satelevizio reklamas, radgan, erTi mxriv, es ar iyo ingli­suri produqti, xolo isini ingliselobas rasizmTan akav­Sirebdnen da meore mxriv, igi ar iyo arc samxreTaziuri, rac maTTvis mSoblebis mier Canergil da Tavs moxveul SezRud­vebTan asocirdeboda. maTTvis amerikeloba da axalgazrdoba igivdeboda TavisuflebasTan, raRac sasiamovnosTan. Tumca, 2003­2004 wlebis erayis omis Semdeg, es albaT ase aRar iqneba (jilespi 1995).

5. regionebs Soris mzardi mimocvla aZlierebs ingli­suris, rogorc msoflio enis pozicias. es inglisuris mcod­neTa ekonomikur potencials amaRlebs da iseTi anglofonuri formaciebis Camoyalibebamde mivyavarT, romelTa samoqmedo are aRaraa Zveli anglo­amerikuli samyaro. induri litera­tura inglisur enaze amis momaswavebelia.

6. globaluri qalaqebi Camoyalibda iseT adgilebad, romlebic rogorc finansuri an kulturuli industriebis

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centrebi (an orive erTad) kulturul da ekonomikur mmarT­velobas axorcieleben (sawinaaRmdego formas saxelmwifo Tu mmarTvelobiTi kontrolisa) rogorc erovnul, ise re­gionalur doneze. Tavad maTi kulturuli profili (rogorc `aucileblad mosanaxulebeli~ turistuli adgilebisa) gan­sakuTrebiT maRalia. esaa erTdroulad umdidresTa da Rar­ib migrantTa didi gaerTianeba. swored aseT qalaqebSia is infrastruqtura da regulirebis sistema ganviTarebuli, rasac hiper­mobiluri msoflio mimocvla moiTxovs (saseni 2001). amdenad isini mowinave arqiteqturisa da dizainis mTa­vari bazebia. aseve mTavari orientiri da gzis gamkafavi ur­banizaciaSi, qalaqTmSeneblobaSi, multikulturalizmsa da memkvidreobiTobis tendenciebSi. am gagebiT arsebobs mxolod sami marTlac msoflio qalaqi: londoni, niu­iorki da tokio. sxva didi qalaqebi funqcionirebs rogorc `regio­nuli msoflio qalaqebi~. dReisaTvis aseT qalaqebad moiaz­reba: hong­kongi, mexiko, sidnei, buenos­airesi, milani, los­anjelesi, parizi, frankfurti, toronto, bombei, san­paulo, bangkoki, tapei, iohanesburgi da Sanhai.

7. globalizacia aZlierebs diasporaTa kriziss. erTi mxriv, emigracia pasuxia ganviTarebad qveynebSi moderniza­ciis or Sedegze. saxelmwifo centralizacia Semaviwrovebel pirobebs qmnis umciresobebisaTvis an iseTi jgufebisaT­vis, romlebic keTilganwyobiT ar sargebloben, rac zogjer samoqalaqo omebs iwvevs da am jgufebis wevrebs gaqcevis Zlier motivebs aZlevs. xolo industrializacias da urban­izacias mSromelTa mateba da arasaimedo dasaqmeba mosdevs, rac agreTve imigraciis motivi xdeba. meore mxriv, imigra­cias xels uwyobs erebs Soris kulturuli kontaqtebis zrda: satelevizio Souebi, samxedro bazebi, turizmi, multinacio­nalur korporaciaTa arseboba, codna mdidar saxelmwifoTa Sesaxeb, rac Raribi qveynebis macxovreblebs imigracias Sesa­Zlo da mimzidvel gamosavalad usaxavs. emigracia Tavis Tavs aZlierebs: rodesac ojaxis romelime wevri sazRvargareT Tavs daimkvidrebs, danarCenebisTvisac ioldeba masTan wasv­la. emigraciis kulturuli saxe, cxadia, aris multikultur­alizmi, romelic qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli.

8. globalizacia moiTxovs did manZilze mentaluri

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kavSirebis axal formebs. arjun apadurai amtkicebda, rom globa lizaciam gaaZliera warmosaxvis roli yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. igi wers:

`warmosaxva aRar aris pirovnuli niWis sakiTxi, yovel­dRiurobisgan gaqceva, an Tundac, esTetikuri ganzomileba. esaa SesaZlebloba, romelic uamravi gziT gvawvdis infor­macias Cveulebriv adamianTa yoveldRiur cxovrebaze: igi saSualebas aZlevs adamianebs ifiqron imigraciaze, gauZlon saxelmwifo Zaladobas, gadaurCnen socialur daqveiTebas da Seqmnan samoqalaqo asociaciebisa da TanamSromlobis axali formebi, xSirad erovnul sazRvrebs miRmac. warmosaxvis ro­lis, rogorc popularuli, socialuri koleqtiuri faqto­ris aseTi xedva globalizaciis xanaSi mis xasiaTSi arsebul garRvevaze miuTiTebs. erTis mxriv, warmosaxvaSi (da misi saSualebiT) xdeba Tanamedrove moqalaqeebis disciplini­reba da kontroli saxelmwifo, bazris da sxva ZalTa intere­sebis mier. Tumca esaa niWi, romlis saSualebiTac uTanxmoe­bis koleqtiuri paternebi da koleqtiuri cxovrebis axali formebi ikveTeba. rodesac warmosaxva, rogorc socialuri Zala kveTs saxelmwifo sazRvrebs da lokalurobas war­mogvidgens rogorc sivrcis elements, Cven vxedavT sawyisebs iseTi socialur formebisa, romlebic Tavisufalia araregu­lirebadi kapitalis mtacebluri garemosgan an mravali sax­elmwifos mZarcveluri bunebisagan.

(apadurai 2001, 6)

SesaniSnavi iqneboda, es rom marTali iyos. magram ro­gor SevuTavsoT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi warmosaxvis gavrcelebis es jadosnuroba formalur realobas? magali­Tad, gana ar Sesustda warmosaxvis politikuri roli (empa­Tia sxva adamianebis gasaWirisadmi) identobis politikisa da globalizaciis pirobebSi? gana religia warmosaxvis udidesi gamoxatuleba araa, romelsac globalizacia rogorc seku­larizacia amcirebs? magaliTad ar Seaviwrova global­izaciam Tundac holivudis produqcia? xom ar warmoqmnis igi iseTive did paranoias, rogorc `samoqalaqo asociaciis axa­li formebi~ – gavixsenoT omi terorizmTan. miuxedavad amisa, SegviZlia vifiqroT, rom globalizacia kulturuli arCev­

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anisa da gamoxatvis formaTa gafarToebiT, aseve araprog­nozirebadi auditoriisa da koleqtivebis erTad TavmoyriT niadags qmnis eqsperimentirebisa da inteleqtualuri Tavga­dasavlebisaTvis. kulturis kvlevebis unda gamoikvlios es sakiTxi.

damatebiTi literatura: Appadurai 1996; Held and McGrew 2000; Robbins 1999; Roy 1999; Sassen 1998; Tomlinson 1991.

3.2 regionaluri, erovnuli, lokaluri

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regionebi

socialurad organizebuli sivrcis saSualo zomis gaer­Tianebebi da gansakuTrebiT qveynebi da regionebi, kulturis kvlevebSi naklebadaa warmoCenili. maT kulturul kvlevebSi ufro mcire danayofebi eZRvneba da ar gvevlineba TavisTavad sakvlev obieqtebad. amitom mocemul nawilSi warmodgenili iqneba ara naSromebis mimoxilva, aramed is, Tu rogor mo­qmedebs regionebi da erebi kulturis kvlevebis Tvalsaz­risiT.

globalizaciis erTi Sedegi, romelic mniSvnelovania kulturaSi, aris is, rom gazrdili globaluri ekonomikuri konkurencia samyaros axleburad yofs. kerZod, gviani 80­iani wlebidan moyolebuli, aqcenti gadatanilia `regionebze~, gansakuTrebiT evropaSi, CrdiloeT amerikaSi, aRmosavleT aziasa da samxreT­aRmosavleT aziaSi. umetesad am regionebs fiqsirebuli politikuri sazRvrebi ar gaaCnia. isini arsebo­ben ideaSi, an STagonebaSi, Tumca amave dros isini SeiZleba arsebobdnen gaerTianebebis saxiT regionaluri ekonomikuri aqtiurobisa Tu usafrTxoebis mxardasaWerad. calkeuli erovnuli saxelmwifo SeiZleba sxvadasxva regionSi xvde­bodes: amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi ekuTvnis amerikas, Tum­ca agreTve (misi dasavleTi sanapiro mainc) `wynari okeani­spireTia~. TurqeTi, romelic esazRvreba evropasa da axlo aRmosavleTs da romelic odesRac evropuli Tvalsawieri­dan aRmosavleTis nawilad aRiqmeboda, amJamad mTlianobaSi, orive regionis kuTvnilebad ganixileba da evro­kavSirTan SeerTebis kandidaticaa.

erTi mxriv, regionalizmisken mimarTuli es tendencia, rogorc wesi, ganixileba civi omis dasasrulis gamovlinebad da moiTxovs TavdacviTi kavSirebis restruqturizacias da TanamSromlur ekonomikur blokebad gaerTianebas, romlebic gauZleben ufro msxvil erovnul Tu regionul warmonaqmnebs, gansakuTrebiT aSS­sa da iaponias. regionalizmi, raRac done­ze mainc, kulturuli fenomenia. zogi regioni specifikuri da faseuli kulturis transistoriul matareblad moiaz­reba. evropa da azia, gamorCeulad cdiloben Camoyalibdnen

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istoriasa da tradiciebze agebul kulturul erTeulebad. rogorc teni barlou amtkicebs, aRmosavleTaziuri Cinuri diaspora Cinuri kulturis axali cnebis (venhua) irgvliv gaerTianda, romelic moicavs dasavlur radikalur azrovne­basac da konfucianizmsac, rogorc vesternizaciis sawi­naaRmdego movlenas (ix. ongi 1999, 59). am regionaluri iden­turobis gamosaxatavad iqmneba filmebi da teleSouebi: MTV Asia da Star TV am moZraobis wina xazze arian. SesaZloa aziis `gaaziurebis~ yvelaze cnobil magaliTad iaponuri satele­vizio korporaciis NHK-s nawarmoebi, dRis CvenebisTvis ga­miznuli satelevizio drama `oSini~ moviyvanoT, romelic hitad iqca aziis umetes nawilSi, radgan aRmosavleTaziur gamocdilebasa da faseulobebs exmaureboda (ix. takahiko 1997). miuxedavad amisa, saxezea vnebaTaRelva dominantobisa da daqvemdebarebulobis, gamoyofisa da mierTebis Sesaxeb. iaponuri popularuli kultura gansakuTrebiT mozRvave­bulia samxreTkoreul da taivanur bazrebze da safrTxes uqmnis maT kulturas, gansakuTrebiT koreaSi. xolo imis gancda, rom iaponia da CineTi erT dRes regionSi kulturuli da ekonomikuri hegemoniis misaRwevad erTmaneTs Seebmebian, iseve arTulebs aziis, rogorc erTi mTlianis warmodgenas, rogorc samxreT aziis subkontinentis gaurkveveli statusi zogadad `aziaSi~.

aseve matulobs evropis, rogorc kulturuli erTobis TviTSegrZneba. erebs Soris sul ufro mWidro ekonomikuri da politikuri kavSirebi iqmneba. Tumca, albaT, `evropuli~ kulturuli produqti jer kidev iSviaTobaa da realurad speqtris erTi maRalganviTarebuli nawilis mier ganisaz­Rvreba. magaliTad TanamSromloba kinowarmoebaSi safran­geTs, germaniasa da did britaneTs Soris an kulturologi­uri istoriebi, romlebic evropuli TviTgancdis fesvebs iZieben gansakuTrebiT safrangeTSi. sportSi, turizmsa da dasvenebis industriebSic Cndeba popularuli `evropeloba~, romelTan nacnobobac da romlisgan gansxvavebulobac mniS­vnelovnad aRiqmeba. evropul safexburTo Sejibrebebs bevri Tayvanismcemeli hyavs. britanelebi espaneTSi isveneben, ger­manelebi – saberZneTsa da italiaSi, italielebs Cans londo­ni uyvarT. evro­popi gamorCeuli Janria.

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aRsaniSnavia, rom amerikis kontinentebi naklebad warmoad­genen kulturul mTlianobas, miuxedavad imisa, rom kubeli antiespanuri revolucioneri – xose marti daaxloebiT 1890 wlis naSromSi, gvisaxavs gzebs, riTac es naxevarsfero SeiZle­ba `iqces amerikad~ (vrclad martis Sesaxeb ix. fernandesi da belnapis eseebi, 1998). es ar niSnavs imas, TiTqos aq regional­izacia ar mimdinareobdes, aramed aq igi ubralod anglofon­uri Crdilo amerikis hegemoniis miRma da mis sawinaaRmdegod xdeba. es umTavresad laTinur amerikasa da aSS­Si meqsikur da laTinur gaerTianebebs (romelTa mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 33 milionia da axlaxans afro­amerikelebsac gadaaWarbes) Soris mimdinareobs. da mainc, es metad rTuli fenomenia. erTi mxriv, am regionalizmis SekavSirebas xels uwyobs espanurenovani me­dia, romelic sul ufro TvalsaCinoa aSS­Si da espanuri tele­vizia, sadac importirebuli telenovelebis (sapnis operebis), Toq­Souebisa da musikaluri videomasalebis zeimia. xolo meore mxriv, aSS­s laTinuri mosaxleobis mxolod daaxloe­biT naxevari adevnebs regularulad Tvals espanur medias, aSS­Si dabadebuli meore Taoba ki mTlianad inglisurenova­nia. momavalSi aSS­Si, savaraudod, SenarCundeba hibriduli anglofonur­laTinuri kultura, albaT, mcire regionuli gavleniT, rac amerikul regionalizms mxolod samxreT saz­RvarTan Tu dautovebs samoqmedo areals.

afrikaSi pan­afrikuli Segnebisa da politikis damkvidre­ba erTi saukuniT mainc CamorCeba da jer kidev maTi imedga­cruebebis daZleva SesaZlebelia. pan­afrikanizmi, romelic metwilad iseTi afrikuli diasporuli inteleqtualebisgan imarTeboda, rogorc u. e. b. diu bua da markus garli iyvnen (romlebic imedovnebdnen, rom Seqmnidnen dabrunebul emi­grantTa gaerTianebebs, monobisagan Tavisufals), jerac ar­sebobs, rogorc inteleqtualuri da politikuri moZraoba. dReisTvis es moZraoba ikvebeba afrikanuli kvlevis (ara­regionalisturi) TeoriiT, romelic aSS­s sauniversiteto sistemebSi standartul programad iqca da aseve regionis mravali erovnuli saxelmwifos dacemiT. mainc Ria sakiTxad rCeba, SeZlebs Tu ara pan­afrikanizmi ara mxo lod warsuli imedgacruebebis daZlevas, aramed gandgomas abstraqtuli `afrikanizmisgan~ (afrikuli cxovrebis stereo­tipebisgan),

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sadac SavkanianTa TviTdamkvidreba da TeTrkanianTa rasizmi erTmaneTSia areuli (akahi 1999). arsebobisTvis ibrZvis re­gionze mimarTuli post­panafrikanuli afrikeloba.

Sesajameblad vityviT, rom kulturebi, romlebic tran­snacionalur regionalizmzea dafuZnebuli, ganviTarebas ver hpovebs da gaWedili rCeba lokalizmsa da globa lizms Soris.

erebi da nacionalizmi

regionebi SesaZloa naklebad iyos Seswavlili kultur­is kvle vaSi, magram erebsa da nacionalizms didi yuradReba eTmoba, ramdenadac isini, cxadia, ufro metad xelSesaxebi politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli erTeulebia. miuxe­davad amisa, globalizaciis Teoretikosebi amtkiceben, rom eri ukve amowuruli da narCeni warmonaqmnia (ix. ohme 1996 am Tvalsazrisis gamoTqmisaTvis). sazogadoebrivi azris cvli­leba da sicxade sxva rames gviCvenebs, ramdenadac kapital­izmi moiTxovs da afarTo ebs maregulirebel da infrastruq­turul CarCos, romelic sa xelmwifos kontrolis qveS rCeba (ix. hersti da tompsoni 1996). yvelaze ganviTarebuli saxelm­wifoebi aqtiurad uWeren mxars politikas, romelic aCqarebs globalizacias Tavis sakuTar interesebSi. SemTxveviTi araa, rom saxelmwifoebi da erebi sustia iq, sadac sustia global­izacia, magaliTad, afrikaSi.

Tanamedroveobis erT­erT ZiriTad niSnad rCeba is, rom msof lio dayofilia damoukidebel erovnul saxelmwifoe­bad. TiTqmis yvela adamiani dabadebulia calkeuli erovnu­li saxel mwifos moqalaqed. es ar niSnavs, rom yvela erovnul saxelmwifoSi cxovrobs: xalxi SesaZloa zogjer Taobebis manZilze Caketili iyos afrikis ltolvilTa banakebSi, Razas seqtorsa da palestinis Caketil teritoriaze, pakistansa da indoneziaSi. xolo msoflios calkeuli adgilebi – pakistan­avRaneTis sasa z Rvro raioni, magaliTad, saxelmwifo kon­trols ar eqvemdebareba. Tumca es ufro gamonaklisia, vidre wesi da sinamdvileSi ltolviloba xSirad utopiur ideebs warmoSobs samSoblos Sesa xeb da SesaZloa hiper­nacionaliz­mamdec migviyvanos (ix. naiersi 1999).

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odesRac erebi ganixileboda, rogorc politikuri da ekonomikuri erTeulebi, magram 80­iani wlebidan isini ufro metad kulturul erTeulebad moiazreba. umniSvnelovanesi wvlili am cvlilebebSi, udavod, benediqt andersenis Sexed­ulebam Seitana eris, rogorc `warmosaxviTi erTobis~ Ses­axeb, misi amave saxelwodebis wignidan. es cneba rogorc vixi­leT, globalur doneze ganvrco arjun apaduraim (andersoni 1991; apadurai 1996). andersonma, indoneziuri politikisa da istoriis eqspertma, `warmosaxviTi erTobis~ koncefcia ga­naviTara mis mier indoneziis dekolonizaciis gaazrebisas. igi amtkicebda, rom pirovnebebi, romlebic koloniamdel xanaSi Tavs arasodes moiazrebodnen nacionaluri erTobis wevrad, iZulebuli gaxdnen azri SeecvalaT, rogorc mkiTxve­lebs mraval lokalur teritoriaze gavrcelebuli beWdviTi kulturisa. beWdviTma mediam kulturulad da enobrivadac miizida Zireulad gansxvavebuli mkiTxvelebi da aiZula isini Tavi erTi eris moqalaqeebad warmoedginaT, romlebic erT­droulad da erTnairad ecnobodnen danarCen gare samyaros. afrikis Sesaxeb aSil embembes sityvebi rom moviyvanoT, na­cionalizmamde `zog SemTxvevaSi, politikuri erTeulebi gamoyofili iyo ara sazRvrebiT, am sityvis klasikuri mniSvn­elobiT, aramed mravali urTierTmomcveli faqtoriT, rom­lebic mudmivad erTdebian, ganiyofian da kvlav SeerTdebian produqciisa da pirovnebaTa moZraobis, omebisa da dapyrob­ebis Sedegad (embembe 2001, 27). nacionalizmis Semdgom ada­mianebma gaacnobieres sakuTari Tavi da miekuTvnen mkiTxvel moqalaqeebs. amasTanave maT dauSves drois (dro, romelsac regularuli intervalebiT moaqvs siaxleebi da informacia da dro, rogorc erovnuli progresis sazomi) da sivrcis (eris sazRvrebi, romlebic emTxveva saziaro sakomunikacio qselebsa da koleqtiuri interesebis sferos) cnebebi.

andersonis warmosaxviTi erToba iyo Sebrunebuli nacio­nalizmis Sedegi, politikuri geografiis gansazRvra dekol­onizatorTa mier, romlebmac msoflio erovnul danawevre­bul saxelmwifoebad dayves. am konteqstSi, mniSvnelovania gavixsenoT, rom koloniur samyaroSi erovnuli identobebi erTdroulad Tanamedrovec iyo da anti­kolonisturic. indonezieloba Tanamedrove msofliosTan SeerTebas niS­

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navda, magram ara evropul koloniur ZalTa moqmedebis obi­eqts. damoukidebeli eris moqalaqed qcevisken swrafva sab­olood kolonizatorTa mimarT winaaRmdegobaSi gamoixata da am gagebiT igi politikuri ufro iyo, vidre kulturuli. indonezia Tavadac nakleb xelSesaxebi qveyana iyo – sinamd­vileSi igi `warmosaxviT~ cnebad gvevlineboda. SesaZloa es dagvexmaros avxsnaT, ratom moxda ase swrafad Tavganwiruli vnebebis gaRviveba: adamianebi iseTive motivirebuli iyvnen sakuTari qveynisaTvis momkvdariyvnen, rogorc amas religiis gamo akeTebdnen (meore ideologiuri formacia, romelic or­ganizebul warmosaxvas efuZneba).

es imis axsnaSic gvexmareba, Tu ratom aris bevr post­koloniur qveyanaSi, indoneziis CaTvliT, Zneli SesanarCu­nebeli erovnuli erToba. rodesac kolonizatorebi midian, erovnuli erToba safrTxis winaSe dgeba da sazogadoebebi Tavis Tavs kvlav religiur an kulturulistur terminebSi moiazreben, anu ufro metad Tavis tradiciul memkvidreo­biT kulturas iziareben, vidre erovnul kulturas. samyaros mier imperialistur eraSi evropaSi dawesebuli erovnuli sazRvrebis gamo, daZabuloba kulturul erTobaTa da post­koloniur erebs Soris endemuri xasiaTisaa (dipeS Cakrabarti 1992). umTavresad am mizeziT eris geografiaSi unda gadaixe­dos Sida regionuli uTanasworoba da yuradRebis koncen­tracia moxdes administraciulsa da komerciul urbanul centrebze: garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, erovnuli saxelmwifos wevroba ver aanazRaurebs Rarib, ugulebelyofil provin­ciebSi cxovrebas.

`warmosaxviTi sazogadoebis~ idea metropolitanur are­alSi naklebi warmatebiT moqmedebs, vidre yofil kolonieb­Si. swavlulTa zogadi SeTanxmebiT, evropuli nacionalizmi 1800 wlisaTvis Cndeba, rodesac politikuri da ekonomikuri avtonomiis survili daukavSirda kulturuli TviTgamox­atvis moTxovnilebas. am TvalsazrisiT, `kultura~, rogorc cneba, herderisa da misi romantizebuli mimdevrebis mier dakavSirebulia evropul nacionalizmTan. kulturuli na­cionalistebisaTvis 1800 wlisTvis koleqtiuri faseulo­bebi enaSi, miTebSi, xalxur TqmulebebSi da a.S. anu kultur­aSi aris Tavmoyrili. kulturis es cneba da nacionalizmi,

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romelsac is uqmnis niadags, mxolod arapirdapir ukavSird­eba medias im TvalsazrisiT, rasac andersoni varaudobs. herderiseuli midgomiT, kulturebs, romlebic imTaviTve eqspresiulia, Tavisufleba sWirdebaT dasrulebisa da sab­oloo formirebisaTvis. isini garedan ar unda imarTebodnen sxva kulturebis mier: TiToeuls sakuTari eri da saxelm­wifo sWirdeba.

axali erovnul­kulturuli individualoba xSirad saer­Tod ar gamoirCeva eTno­rasobrivi identobebisagan: rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, kulturalizmi da rasizmi mWidro kavSirSi arian. am konteqstSi, etien balibari postmarqsistul yaid­aze amtkicebda, rom nacionalizmi is formaciaa, romelic iZleva erTianobis gancdas da es scildeba realur socialur dayofas, saxeldobr, klasebad danawevrebas (balibari 1884), magram misi azriT nacionalizmi verasdros mogvcems srulad im mSvidobasa da erTianobas, rasac gvpirdeba. es niSnavs imas, rom igi rasizmiTa da qsenofobiiT ikvebeba. balibaris argu­menti struqturulia da namdvilad imsaxurebs dafiqrebas, ramdenadac xsnis nacionalizmis mimzidvelobas, Tumca nak­lebad gvexmareba CavwvdeT im gzebs, riTac kavSirebi rasizms, kulturalizmsa da nacionalizms Soris gansxvavebulia sx­vadasxva regionebsa da sxvadasxva droSi. arasakmarisia imis gasaazreblad, rom nacionalizmi gasakuTrebiT Zlierdeba, rodesac ganTavisuflebis stimuli xdeba.

dReisTvis, magaliTad, ganmaTavisuflebeli motivebis mqone nacionalizms mTel dedamiwaze SexvdebiT, ra Tqma unda, indoneziis CaTvliT. igi yvelaze Zlieria im sazoga­doebebSi, romlebsac saziaro ena, tradiciebi, religia da eTnikuri individualoba aqvT. am SemTxvevaSi nacionalizmis sawyis etapzeve xdeba winaaRmdegoba da gamoricxva sxva kul­turuli individisa, gansakuTrebiT ki mCagvrelTa klasisa. aq qsenofobia ara imdenad nacionalizmis sicarielis Sedegia, ramdenadac erTgvari iaraRis nawili, ris saSualebiTac eri ibrZvis da Tavs imkvidrebs.

Tuki bilibaris mosazrebas garkveuli SezRudvebi aqvs, TiTqos nacionalizmi rasizmisken mibrunebaa, radgan ers ar SeuZlia Tavisi moqalaqeebis emocionaluri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba, cxadia Cndeba eWvi, rom es logika kapital­

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isturi nacionalizmis sxva aspeqtebs ver moicavs. rogorc vnaxavT, nacionalizmis erTi safuZveli individualuri mi­jaWvulobaa ekonomikur sargebelze, rasac saxelmwifo uz­runvelyofs, magram kapitalizmis pirobebSi es sargebeli aramyaria, radgan ekonomikuri sistema, riTac individualuri interesebi kmayofildeba, mudmiv arastabilurobas iwvevs. kapitalizmi, yovelive amis Semdeg, cvlilebas, konkurencias, arasaimedoobas gulisxmobs. amdenad, igi reaqciulad aRvivebs mgznebare mikedlebas ideologiurad sapirispiro Zalebisad­mi, romelTagan erT­erTi `tradiciuli~ erovnuli individua­lobaa. amdenad, Tanamedrove nacionalizms axasiaTebs rogorc erTguleba ekonomikuri struqturebisadmi, sadac bazrebi da saxelmwifoebi kombinirebulia, aseve garkveuli zomiT, mRel­varebac, romelic mimarTulia sabazro Zalebis sawinaaRmde­god. am gagebiT globalizacia aZlierebs am ormag standarts. erovnuli individebi ebrZvian aRqmul safrTxeebs, upirveles yovlisa, transnacionalur kapitals da Semdeg, postmodern­izmsa da kosmopolitizms, romelic am kapitals moaqvs.

turizmi

kulturul nacionalizms aqvs sxva, ufro sworxazovani da mZlavri, Tumca aranakleb rTuli kavSiri globalizaciasTan – turizmi. calkeuli eri bazarze Tavs waradgens, rogorc erovnul kulturas, raTa miizidos rogorc turistebi, ise biznes­investiciebi da iyenebs mTel Tanamedrove sakomunika­cio teqnologiebis arsenals. es gansakuTrebiT iseT qveyneb­Sia TvalSisacemi, rogoricaa tailandi, magram avstraliasa da gaerTianebul samefoSic xdeba. Teoriulad turizmi far­Todaa ganxiluli kulturis kvlevebSi sociolog jon aris `turistuli xedvis~ koncefciiT, romelic TavisTavad iy­enebs `xedvis~ Teoriebs, iseve rogorc filmis Teoriebs (ari 2002). arisTvis es istoriuli cnebaa, romelic xazs usvams, rom meTvramete saukunis ganmavlobaSi turizmis warmoSobam yuradReba gaamaxvila erT konkretul grZnobaze, xedvaze da moiTxovda rogorc materialur, aseve ideologiur infra­struqturas.

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am argumentaciis Tanaxmad, turisti mogzaurobda da ax­lac mogzaurobs, pirvel rigSi, vizualuri siamovnebisT­vis, rac gulisxmobs rogorc cnobiT mogvril siamovnebas (im adgilebis naxvas, romelTa Rirsebasa da mniSvnelobaze winaswar aris informirebuli), aseve egzotikur siamovne­bas (imis naxvas, risi naxvac Sin ar SeuZlia). turistuli xe­dva, Tumca sasiamovno, magram gaucxoebuli da zedapirulia, miRma rCeba Semovlili adgilebisa da qveynebis ufro Rrma mniSvnelobebi da gamocdileba. ase Tu vimsjelebT, turizmi imTaviTve Cafiqrebulia, rogorc biznes­iniciativa, romlis TandaTanobiTi industrializacia mecxramete da meoce sau­kuneebSi SeTavsebulia procesebTan, riTac kulturuli mox­mareba masobrivi gaxda ganviTarebuli erovnuli ekonomikis mniSvnelovan aspeqtad qcevis Semdeg. tu rizmi britaneTSi daaxloebiT 1760 wlidan iRebs saTaves.

amdenad, turizmze msjelobisas mkacrad unda gavmijnoT, Tu ras niSnavs turistuli adgilebi mnaxvelTaTvis da ras niSnavs isini adgilobrivi macxovreblebisaTvis. bolos da bolos, turizmi mniSvnelovani elementi gaxda mraval lo­kalur kulturaTa ganviTarebisTvis da ara aucileblad auTentikurobis dakargvis motiviT. neba momeciT, moviyvano ori metad gansxvavebuli istoriuli magaliTi. pirveli axal zelandia/oteroa maoris exeba.

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom maoris kultura, gansa­kuTrebiT xeze kveTa, kolonizaciis dartymas mniSvnelovan­wilad imitom gadaurCa, rom mecxramete saukunis Suaxanidan (rodesac koloniuri omebi jer isev mZvinvarebdnen) igi tur­istul industriaSi CaerTo. saxelmwifo xels uwyobda axali zelandiis maoris xelovnebisa da xelosnobis instituts, sa­dac xeloba gadarCa ufro imitom, rom daexmara rotoruas (zelandiis CrdiloeT kunZulis sofels) SeenarCunebina Tavisi metad Zlieri pozicia, rogorc turistebisTvis mim­zidveli adgilis (aq yvelaze saintereso cxeli wyaroebi da geizerebi iyo) da te arauas ivis toms amiT mogeba enaxa. daax­loebiT 1890 wels rotoruas turistulma industriam Seqmna is, rac dReisTvis farTod cnobilia rogorc maoris musika, Tumca es sinamdvileSi, dasavluri melodiebis variaciebze dadebuli maoris poeziaa. ufro Tanamedrove magaliTisaTvis

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moviyvanoT uare runanga kunZulTa yureSi, vaitangTan mde­bare adgili, romlis mSeneblobac 1940 wels damTavrda. igi aSenda, nawilobriv rogorc turistebis misazidi adgili (es axali zelandiis RirsSesaniSnaobebs Soris erT­erTi upirve­lesia), magram amavdroulad igi farTodaa cnobili, rogorc maoris xeze kveTis ostatobis namdvili Sedevri (misi ocdar­va pano maoris TiToeul `ivis~ warmogvidgens) da axalzelan­diuri `bikultu ralizmis~ mniSvnelovani simboloa.

meore magaliTia centralur inglisSi stretford­afon­eivonis, rogorc turistuli RirsSesaniSnaobis ganviTare­ba. am SemTxvevaSi turistuli industriis sawyisis dadgena ufro specifikuri sakiTxia. stret­fordi oficialur tur­istul RirsSesaniSnaobad 1768 wels iqca, roca devid garikma, londonis imdroindeli Teatraluri samyaros wamyvanma msax­iob­menejerma aq Seqspiris xsovnisadmi miZRvnili `iubile~ moawyo. es moxda adgilobriv mcxovrebTa Civilis sapasuxod, romelnic wuxdnen, rom turistebs SesaZloa am adgilebis mimarT interesi daekargaT, roca Seqspiris Zveli saxlis mflobelma moWra muxa, romelic gadmocemis mixedviT, Ta­vad Seqspirma dargo. es iubile mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda in­glisuri nacionalizmisTvis, ramdenadac man xeli Seuwyo Seqspiris mimarT siyvarulis komerciuli TvalsazrisiT momgebian movlenad qcevas da Seqspiris Tayvaniscema garikis iubiles Semdeg inglisuri kulturuli nacionalizmis mniS­vnelovani komponenti gaxda. Seqspiri inglisuri nacional­izmis xatad mogvevlina, masSi simbolizebuli iyo ingliselis saidentifikacio maxasiaTeblebi: igi ganasaxierebda buneb­rivobasa da araierarqiulobas, rac ingliselis pirovnebas misi imJamindeli mTavari metoqisgan, frangisgan ganasxvaveb­da (ix. dilmani 1964).

am magaliTebis mTavari azri isaa, rom, pirveli: turizmi ar aris adekvaturad Sefasebuli iseTi koncefciebis mier, rogoricaa turistuli xedva, radgan turizmi xels uwy­obs Tavad nacionalur da lokalur kulturaTa warmoqmna­SenarCunebas. meore: turizmsa da kulturas Soris yovelT­vis iolad ver gavarCevT erTmaneTisgan auTentikursa da araauTentikurs, vinaidan turistebis mosazidad Cafiqre­buli RirsSesaniSnaobebi SeiZleba agreTve miekuTvnebodes

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da marTlac gadamwyveti iyos lokaluri kulturebisa da individualobisaTvis. mesame: nacionalizmi ar aris mxolod identifikacia – igi biznesicaa, saxeldobr, turizmi. (ra Tqma unda, turizmis yvela forma ar eqvemdebareba erovnul marketings, magaliTad, Tundac seqsturizmi; agreTve yovel­gvari gasarTobi mogzauroba ar aris turizmi – magaliTad, sakurorto Svebuleba.) yovel SemTxvevaSi, masobrivi turiz­mis gansxvaveba Tanamedrove samyaroSi sxvadasxva regionebis turistebsa da adgilobrivebs Soris sul ufro mcirdeba, ramdenadac yvela adgilobrivi sazogadoeba warmoadgens Ta­vis Tavs, rogorc msoflio turistuli industriis nawils. iseTi qveynebi, rogoric tailandia da, romelic SeiZleba goliaTur nakrZalad moeCvenos stumars, migvaniSnebs iseT momavalze, sadac mogzauris interesebi, siamovneba da codna sul ufro metad marTavs adgilobrivisas.

amave dros pirveli samyaros qveynebis turizmi mesame sam­yaros qveynebSi SesaZloa turistisTvis didi gamowveva iyos, radgan sxvaoba mdidarsa da Raribs Soris ufro TvalSisa­cemia aq, vidre maT sakuTar qveyanaSi. mimaCnia, rom mdidari adamianisTvis aseTi SEexvedrisgan Tavis arideba privilegire­bul narcisizmSi gadasvlas da realobisgan gamijvnas niSnavs. mniSvnelovania meti vicodeT, mets vxedavdeT, mets vgrZnob­deT imitom, rom es Sexvedrebi xSirad moulodnelobisa da gamowvevis matarebelia. sxva SemTxvevaa melanqoliuri tur­izmi (agreTve `bnel turizmad~ cnobili), esaa mogzauroba ekonomikuri siduxWiris, genocidis memorialebis, stiqiuri ubedurebebis, urbanuli qaosis, saomar da a.S. zonebSi. tur­izmis es saxe imdenad ar moicavs globalur uTanasworobas­Tan Sejaxebas, romelic unda daiZlios da romliTac tur­istis yuradReba mimarTulia borotebisa da ngrevisaken (lenoni da foli, 2000).

patriotizmi da kulturuli nacionalizmi

mivubrundebiT ra nacionalizmis sxva formebs, mniS­vnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom nacionalizmi Zlierdeba iq, sa­dac es politikurad da ekonomikurad yvelaze metad Ses­

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aZlebelia. marTlac, arsebobs SemTxvevebi – magaliTad, Sotlandiuri nacionalizmi – rodesac umciresi gansxvave­bac ki nacionalur gamijvnas iwvevs. Sotlandielebsa da in­gliselebs saerTo ena aqvT (Tumca, cota gansxvavebul di­aleqtebze metyveleben); TiTqmis sami saukunea, politikurad gaerTianebulni arian; maTi ZiriTadi Rirebulebebi da kul­turuli sferoebi met­naklebad erTnairia (Tumca Sotlan­diaSi ase ar miiCneven); am or teritorias Soris migracia da gacvla­gamocvla saukuneebis manZilze Zlieri iyo. maT erT­maneTisagan ZiriTadad politikur­ekonomikuri interesebi aSorebs: fesvgadgmuli SiSi, rom Tuki regionis marTvas lon­doni daiwyebs, Sotlandias aRar eqneba sakmao avtonomia Ta­visi interesebis dasacavad. am SiSma imata 1970 wels, rodesac navTobis Semosavali gaizarda. sazogadoebis mexsierebaSi ki es SiSi ukavSirdeba warsulSi inglisis mier Sotlandiis da­pyrobas.

amdenad, mTlianobaSi, nacionalizmis kulturis kvlevebis analizi amcirebs nacionalizmis politikur da socialur impulsebs. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom kulturuli naciona­lizmis gazrda saxelmwifos Zalauflebis gavrcelebasa da demokratizacias emTxveva droSi. marTlac, nacionalizms demokratiis valdebuleba moaqvs, ramdenadac yvela moqa­laqes aniWebs statuss maTi erovnuli mikuTvnebulobis gamo da piriqiT, demokratia nacionalizms aferxebs yoveli moqa­laqisTvis saerTo suverenobis miniWebiT. erTi mizezTagani, ris gamoc CineTs ar gaaCnia nacionalizmis standartuli forma, is aris, rom hani – CineTis eTnikurad dominanturi sazogadoeba – Tanabar socialur uflebebs ar aniWebs um­ciresobebs. hanis wevroba civilizaciuri movlena ufroa, vidre nacionaluri an rasobriv­eTnikuri. racionalizmis racionaluri safuZveli is aris, rom yovel moqalaqes aqvs wili erovnul saxelmwifoSi, ramdenadac saboloo jamSi isini dazaraldebian (pirovnulad da/Tu koleqtiurad), Tu saxelmwifo im jgufTa xelSi gadava, vinc maT interesebs ar warmoadgens.

amerikuli patriotizmi, umetesi evropuli da post­koloniuri nacionalizmisgan gansxvavebiT, emyareba ara kul­turulsa Tu eTnikur individualizms, aramed erTi mxriv de­

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mokratias da meore mxriv ekonomikur kerZo interesebs (sadac kerZo SeiZleba piradsac niSnavdes, ojaxursac an Tundac, ufro didi jgufebisas). kerZo interesebSia gasaRebi keTil­dReobasa da nacionalizms Soris mimarTebis gasarkvevad: nacionalizmis Zlieri mxardaWera muSaTa klasebSi istori­ulad emyareba (nawilobriv mainc), im gancdas, rom keTildRe­obis politikis gansaxorcieleblad eris Zlierebaa saWiro. brius robinss, romelic ZiriTadad kosmopolituri an ro­gorc Tavad ambobs, `internacionalisturi~ Tvalsazrisidan amodis, swams, rom swored am mizeziT, mniSvnelovania garige­ba internacionalizmsa da nacionalizms Soris (robinsi 1999, 31­36).

patriotizmis an igive safuZvlis mqone sxva memarcxene Zalebi Tavs miakuTvneben, mimarTulebas. magaliTad, iurgen habermasi, `konstituciur patriotizms~ qadagebda. misTvis Zveli yaidis `organuli nacionalizmi~, romelic eTnikur identurobas emyareba, SeiZleba Canacvldes rigi principebi­sa da instituciebis gaziarebiT, `demokratiuli moqalaqeo­biT~ (habermasi 1998). magram aseTi msjeloba saTanadod ar afasebs nacionalizmis uwyvet kulturalistur, qsenofo­biur da militaristul istorias. ar unda daviviwyoT, mag­aliTad, amJamindeli radikalizmi indoeTSi, romlisTvisac indoeloba niSnavs indusobas, sawinaaRmdegod, mahmadianuri umciresobebis oficialuri sekularizmisa da dacvisa, wax­alisebulia saarCevno procesebis, masmediisa da ekonomikuri interesebis mier. inglisur imperializmsac mecxramete sau­kuneSi aZlierebda ara demokratizaciis procesebi, aramed nacionalizmi. rodesac pirvelad muSaTa klasebma arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba miiRes, `jingoizmi~ (agresiuli da mas­mediaSi gamyarebuli, imperiuli gardauvalobisa da rasobri­vi upiratesobis grZnobaze damyarebuli patriotizmi) gaba­tonebuli kulturuli formacia gaxda britaneTSi.

am gzebs, romlebic nacionalizms politikurad iazreben unda SeeZloT dauSvan is jgufebic, vinc Tavs im ers miakuT­vnebs, romelic im saxelmwifos ar marTavs, sadac es jgufebi cxovroben. amis klasikuri magaliTia ebraelebi, Tumca adgi­lobrivi xalxic SeiZleba Tavs sxva ers miakuTvnebdes. albaT sakmarisi iqneba iTqvas, rom, Cveulebriv, amgvari jgufebi is­

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toriulad `normidan gadaxrad~ iTvleboda saxelmwifoSi, sa­dac cxovrobdnen, socialur da ekonomikur dovlaTze xeli ar miuwvdebodaT. es danamdvilebiT asea umetes adgilobriv xalxTaTvis kolonizebul qveynebSi. `mSobliurTan~ gaigive­bas safuZveli eTnossa da kulturaSi aqvs da im crurwmenam Tu gariyvam, romelsac isini awydebian, SeiZleba gamoiwvios maT mier `sakuTari~ kulturis siwmindisa da tradiciona­lizmis gadaWarbebuli Sefaseba. Tumca daqvemdebarebul jgufTa marcxi, romlebic CarTulni iyvnen nacionalizmis mimarTulebaSi, ar abaTilebs zogad arguments, rom kul­turuli faqtorebi ufro naklebmniSvnelovania nacional­izmisTvis, vidre is, rasac TeoriaTa umetesoba varaudobs. rogorc vnaxavT, am argumentTa erT­erTi daskvna isaa, rom multikulturalizmi imaze ufro naklebad emuqreba nacio­nalizms, vidre amas konservatorebi acxadeben.

adgilobrivoba

globalizaciis gaazrebam ramdenadme paradoqsuli Sede­gi iqonia cnebis `lokaluri~ win wamoweviT, swored imitom, rom globaluri umetesad (Tumca, es gamartivebuli midgo­maa) aRiqmeba rogorc lokalurisTvis saSiSi ram. amas mosdevs argumentebi, rom sinamdvileSi, globalizacia mraval lo­kalur formas iRebs da mas lokaluri formaciebis gaZliere­bac SeuZlia da dasustebac. ganzogadebisas, garkveulwilad, aseTi gansxvaveba tendenciuria, radgan, rogorc bruno la­turi amtkicebs, sityvebi `loka luri~ da `globaluri~ im qselTa Sefasebaa, romlebic TavisTavad arc lokaluria da arc globaluri, aramed `met­naklebad grZeli da met­nak­lebad urTierTdakavSirebulia~ (laturi 1993, 122). miuxeda­vad amisa, samyaroSi sadac realurad vcxovrobT, lokaluris aralokalurisgan garCeva xSirad arc Tu ise Znelia da es gansxvaveba SeiZleba uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyos, rogorc politikurad, aseve kulturuladac.

marTlac, roca erovnebaTa siZliere trans­nacionalur ZalTa mier gamoicdeba, masze aseve moqmedebs subnacionaluri Zalebic. msoflios mraval kuTxeSi, rogorc vnaxeT, wnexi mo­

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dis eris SigniT arsebuli sazogadoebebisa da regionebisagan rigi uflebebisa da kulturuli gamorkvevis moTxovniT, ro­melic tradiciulad Tavad erovnul saxelmwifoSi arsebobs – gavixsenoT britaneTis `gaxleCa~; safrangeTSi decentral­izaciisken swrafva; politikuri kulturis lokalizacia samxreT aziaSi. unda iTqvas, zog SemTxvevaSi, ganviTarebul qveynebSic globalizaciis teqnologiebi da politikuri eko­nomika, aSS­s batonobasTan erTad, xels uwyobs amas, radgan erTianobaSi isini amcireben saxelmwifo administrirebis da­naxarjsa da usafrTxoebaze zrunvis mniSvnelobas. mravali Tanamedrove kulturul­politikuri formaciis msgavsad, denacionalizaciis es biZgi Zvel memarcxene­memarjveneobis dapirispirebis logikas ver esadageba. neoliberalebi cdi­loben decentralizacias miemxron, radgan igi erovnuli saxelmwifos Zalas asustebs; adgilobrivi kulturalistebi moiTxoven SesaZleblobas Tavis tradiciaTa gamosaxatad, romelTa winaaRmdeg xSirad koloniuri Tu neokoloniuri reJimebi moiazreba.

lokalurobas, erovnulobisa da globalurobis msgavsad, gansxvavebuli Zalebi da mimarTulebebi aqvs sxvadasxva adg­ilas. garkveuli sazogadoebebi sxvebze metad inarCuneben siaxloves adgilobrivi cxovrebis wesTan, ufro met erT­gulebas iCenen mis mimarT. magaliTad, meqsikeli migrantebi samxreT kaliforniaSi, ufro metad cxovroben iseTive sof­lis cxovrebiT, rogoric manamde hqondaT, vidre kenieli mi­grantebi germaniaSi. aseve, garkveuli aspeqtebi sxvaze metad lokalizebuli rCeba – vTqvaT, amindi, romelic arcTu umniS­vneloa kulturisa da ekonomikisaTvis, istoriulad lokal­uria, Tundac masze globaluri daTboba moqmedebdes.

lokaluri kulturis Zalisa da mimzidvelobis erTi axsna imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu rogor esadageba erTmaneTs lokalu­rad pirovnuli keTildReobis, identurobisa da qonebrivi interesebi da sazogadoebrivi mexsiereba. neba momeciT, pi­radi magaliTi moviyvano. gareubnis mcxovrebni, sadac ram­denime weli vicxovre – qlifTon hili melburnSi, avstra­liaSi – SeSfoTebulni iyvnen magistralis mSeneblobis gamo maTsa da maT uaxloes mezobel ubans, qolingvuds Soris 70­ian wlebSi. es savaraudod gamijnavda qolingvuds (muSaTa

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klasis emigrantul gareubans, brZolis, leiborizmisa da avs­traliuri fexburTis adgilobrivi gundis fanatikuri erT­gulebis xangrZlivi istoriiT) ramdenadme ufro SeZlebuli qlifTon hilisgan. orive samezobloSi bevri iyo saavtomobi­lo gzis winaaRmdegi, radgan es negatiurad imoqmedebda ori sacxovrebeli raionis ~Sida~ cxovrebis stilis Sedarebaze.

avtogmagistralis winaaRmdeg wagebuli brZola ar da­viwyebula da qlifTon hilis TviTgancda, rogorc arasa­surveli gareubnisa axlo warsulSi kvlav arsebobda. magram warsulis es xsovna xundeba, rac ufro imatebs fasebi binebze da Zvel mcxovrebTa adgils ufro mdidari da axalgazrda emigrantebi ikaveben. lokaluri istoria da mexsiereba, ro­gorc lokaluri identurobis dasturi, sustdeba. marTlac, sakuTrebaze fasis zrdis periodSi qlifTon hilis mcxovre­blebsa da maT raions TiTqos saerTo interesi akavSireb­daT, Tu ra fasi daedeboda binebs da kamaTi am Temaze iseTive bunebrivi iyo, rogorc amindis ganxilva mezoblebs Soris. am SemTxvevaSi, lokaluroba araa kulturis mniSvnelovani kom­ponenti: Tu ar CavTvliT qolingvudis safexburTo klubs (romelic naklebad ainteresebs bevr emigrants, vinc evropul fexburTs amjobinebs da muSaTa saSualo klasebs, romelTac SesaZloa saerTod ar ainteresebT sporti) da adgilobriv sajaro biblioTekebs, lokaluroba ebrZvis medias da sxva kulturul formaciebs (mogzaurobis CaTvliT), romlebic erovnuli an globaluria Tavisi warmomavlobiTa da dafi­nansebiT. qolingvudSi, TavisTavad, lokalurma midrekile­bebma SeinarCuna Zala da avtonomiisa da meamboxeobis Zveli proletaruli grZnoba warmosaxviTad SeiTvisa am ubanSi gadmosaxlebulma saSualo klasis zogma warmomadgenelma (umTavresad, bohemurma adamianebma an damwyebma profesion­alebma).

lokalur kulturaSi cxovrebis mravali sxva gzac arse­bobs, magram kulturis kvlevebis TvalsazrisiT, es magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom gansxvavebaTa lokalur­erovnul­global­uri samkuTxedi yovelTvis saukeTeso sqema ar aris, romelSic `lokaluri~ kulturebi arsebobs an Tundac SeiZleba ga­nixilebodes. lokaluroba gansxvavdeba Tavisi unariT it­virTos sakuTari kulturuli ganviTarebis traeqtoria da rogorc es monaTxrobi gviCvenebs, istoria da politikuri

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ekonomika kvlavac mniSvnelovania, Tuki am gansxvavebaTa Secnobas movindomebT. qlifTon hilis SemTxvevaSi, sivrce swrafad uTmobs gzas socialur procesebsa da ekonomikur kavSirebs, ramdenadac mexsiereba da fuli erTad socialuri da kulturuli organizaciis geografias ayalibebs.

zogadad, kulturis kvlevebis kavSiri sivrcesTan ufro Rrma gaazrebas moiTxovs. Tuki disciplina mWidrod ukav­Sirdeba mobilurobas, rogorc amas wignis pirvel nawilSi vamtkicebdi, da igi kategoriuladaa ganwyobili SezRudul sivrciT terminebSi ganmartebul identurobaTa da kul­turul formaTa winaaRmdeg, igi aucileblad unda ganixi­lavdes sivrces, rogorc kulturuli formaciebis makoor­dinirebels. gansakuTrebiT unda moxdes imis gaazreba, ramdenad araTanabradaa ganfenili sivrceSi Zalaufleba da globalur qselSi CarTvis SesaZlebloba da aseve rogor Seu­Zlia kulturis mobilurobis zrdas gaaZlieros `lokaluri warmosaxviToba~.

damatebiTi literatura: Anderson 1991; Bhabha 1990; Massey 1994; Morley 2000; Nairn 1981.

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nawili IV

media da sazogadoebrivi sfero

4.1. televizia

1964 wels, rodesac kulturis britanulma kvlevam ganvi­Tareba daiwyo, kulturis CamoyalibebaSi araCveulebriv un­ars avlenda axali kavSiri – televizia. im drosa da adgilas televizia SedarebiT pasiuri iyo: gamosaxuleba Sav­TeTri, sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli, BBC xsnida Tavis meore arxs, ro­melic britaneTis sazogadoebas samive arxis yurebis SesaZle­blobas miscemda, xolo SesaniSnavi diqtorebi saRamos gasar­Tob programas ise gvacnobdnen, TiTqos varietes sanaxaobas warmogvidgendnen sastumro oTaxSi. miuxedavad amisa, axali media ukve aRvivebda vnebaTaRelvas axali kulturuli mov­lenis – bitlomaniisTvis, ramac ara mxolod Seiyvana brita­neTi rok­en­rolis xanaSi misi popkulturis transnacionali­zaciiT, aramed gza gaukvala revoluciur aTwleuls – 60­ian wlebs, romelic axalgazrduli Zalis axali saxeobiT xasiaT­deboda. aSS­Si televiziam TiTqmis aTwleuliT adre erovnul sensaciad aqcia elvis presli, xolo 1961 wels disneis mauw­yeblobam daarwmuna mayurebeli feradi gamosaxulebis upi­ratesobaSi. 1964 wels StatebSi, CBS­ma vidoeCanaweri gauSva da bolo mouRo xanas, rodesac televiziaTa umravlesoba pirdapir mauwyeblobda. es moxda, rodesac lindon jonsonma Tavisi respublikeli metoqis winaaRmdeg pirvelad gamoiy­ena `uaryofiTi~ politikuri satelevizio reklama. garemos transformirebisTvis gamiznuli ori mowyobiloba SemoiRes: sportis gadacemebis pirdapiri CarTvisTvis, (romlis wyalo­biT aSS­s profesiuli fexburTis sferos wamomadgenlebi mix­vdnen, rom realuri fuli televizias mohqonda) da ukabelo distanciuri marTva, ramac televiziis yurebis procesi ara­formaluri gaxada. televizia, dRevandel saxes iZenda (ix. http://www.museum.TV/archievs/index.html, televiziis isto­riis Sesaxeb). televizias, rogorc mTavar media saSualebas im xanebSi, gansakuTrebuli kavSiri hqonda kulturis kvlevebT­

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an, romelic, Tavis mxriv, televiziasTan kavSirSi formird­eboda – am disciplinis Semobruneba populizmsa da maRali kulturis gaufasurebisken; misi yuradRebis gamaxvileba kulturul aRqmaze rogorc cxovrebiseul saqmianobaze, ufro metad, vidre interpretaciasa Tu warmoqmnaze; kultu­ris momxmarebelTa segmentacia – yovelive es televi ziasTan Sexebisa da `medias~ (sityva, romelic, rogorc irkveva, xmare­baSi mxolod 60­iani wlebis bolos Semovida) TV­centrulad gaazrebis wyalobiT moxda. ra Tqma unda, kulturis kvlevebi sulac ar aris erTaderTi, rac televiziis wyalobiT Camoy­alibda: TiTqmis sruliad warmoudgenelia televiziasTan mravalmxrivi urTierTobis gareSe Tanamedrove partiuli politika, sporti, musika, kinematografi da samomxmareblo kultura.

erTi mniSvnelovani Sefaseba imTaviTve unda gakeTdes. sx­vadasxva ers gansxvavebuli satelevizio industria aqvs da misi transnacionaluri ganzogadeba TiTqmis sruliad Seu­Zlebelia. am TvalsazrisiT, aSS kvlav gamonaklisia, radgan komunikaciis es saxe pirvelad aq gamoCnda (Tumca es britanu­li aRmoCena iyo), radgan, Cveulebriv, teqnologiuri da pro­gramuli siaxleebi pirvelad aq iCens Tavs da misi nawarmebi msoflio saeqsporto bazrebze dominirebs. ioli safiqrebe­lia, rom televizia iq yvelaze sufTa saxiT arsebobs da Tuki masSi siaxle Semodis, momavalSi sxva qveynebsac Seexeba. es warmodgena mcdaria, ufro metic, SeuZlebelia sxva qveynebis satelevizio sistemebis axsna aSS­sTan Sedarebis gareSe da, sasikeTod Tu sazianod, SemdgomSi rasac vityviT, aSS­s gaT­valiswinebiT iqneba naTqvami.

mainc ra saxis aris es mediasaSualeba, aseTi Zala rom SeiZina? igi oTxi gansxvavebuli elementisgan Sedgeba: sa­translacio programa; sistema, romliTac programas vuyure­bT; am programis gavrcelebis saSualeba; da industria, ro­melic satelevizio programas awarmoebs. am kavSiris ganxilva 60­iani wlebis Semdgom ase SeiZleba SevajamoT: sistemebi, ro­gorc kerZo, aseve sazogadoebriv sferoSi, ayvavebas ganic­dis; satelituri da sakabelo televiziis popularizebis Sem­deg arxebi kvlav warmatebulia da mauwyebloba, Cveulebriv, 24­saaTiani gaxda. rogorc am procesis nawili, televiziaSi

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sul ufro iklo scenarianma sanaxaobebma da gansakuTrebiT, gamonagonma. mraval qveyanaSi industriam mowinave pozicia dakarga da sul ufro mWidrod Seerwya sxva gasarTob da media formebs, gansakurebiT sportsa da gazeTebs. yovelive es Sei­Zleba zogad daskvnad gamovTqvaT: Tavisi SedarebiT xanmokle istoriis ganmavlobaSi televiziis urTierTobebi yovel­dRiur cxovrebasTan mkveTrad gaZlierda.

televizori xSir SemTxvevaSi (globalurad YTu vityviT), televizo­

ri, pirvel yovlisa, Sinaur garemoSi arsebobs da amis gamo satelevizio programis Sinaarsi da wyoba yovelTvis ojaxur faseulobebsa da cxovrebis weszea gaTvlili (ix. morli 1992). axali mediis gayidvisas 50­ian wlebSi aqcents akeTebdnen televizoris ojaxis mTavar oTaxSi ganTavsebaze (Spigeli 1992) da sakiTxi, Tu sad unda iyos dadgmuli televizori, gva­Zlevs warmodgenas cxovrebis wessa da mayurebelze. satele­vizio programebis arCeva ojaxis wevrebs Soris davis saga­nia, zogjer igi ojaxis wevrebs erTmaneTisgan ganacalkevebs. televizori, rogorc yvelaferi sxva televiziaSi, ganviTar­da da 90­iani wlebidan `Sinaur gasarTob sistemad~ iqca, ro­melic farTod iTavsebs sazogadoebriv formebs (kinoTeatri, koncerti) saSinao sivrcisaTvis, riTac veragulad uTxris Zirs sazogadoebriv kulturas. igi sul ufro xSirad gamoi­yeneba vizualur ekranad kompiuteruli TamaSebis, videosa da DVD­s sayureblad. ramdenadac kulturis kvlevebi, Ta­visTavad, interesdeba `televiziis gamoyenebis socialuro­biT~ (lembo 2000, 29), televiziis materialuroba pirveladi sazrunavi xdeba. sistemaze koncentrirebiT ioldeba zusti socialuri CarCoebis dadgena, romelSic televizia figuri­rebs dasavleTSi Sinauri media saSualebis saxiT. msoflios mraval nawilSi televizias, ZiriTadad, uyureben sazogadoe­baSi, kafeebsa Tu barebSi da es mis zemoqmedebas metad cvlis im qveynebSi, sadac ojaxur garemos gansxvavebuli funqcia da mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre dasavleTSi. ase magaliTad, mraval in­duistur Tu muslimanur regionSi, sadac Sinauri sfero ganw­

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mendilia, siwmindes eZRvneba da qalebis kontrolSi imyofeba, saxlSi televizoris ganTavsebam, SesaZloa, uxerxuloba Seqm­nas dasavluri stilis programebis yurebisas, sadac erotika Tu mdabali kulturis tendenciebia gamovlenili.

industria: dafinanseba da regulireba

rodesac saqme industrias exeba, mTavari SekiTxvaa: rogor unda dafinansdes igi. bolos da bolos, televizia, rogorc satranslacio kavSiri, ar gvTavazobs moxmarebis sagnebs tradiciuli gagebiT, romlebic SeiZleba savaWro adgilebSi gamovitanoT, fasi davadoT moTxovnisa da miwodebis mixed­viT. Tundac radiotalRebis gadacemisas, satranslacio media SeiZleba ufasod daiWiros mimRebis mflobelma (swored ami­tom, radios adreul periodSi, programebs uzrunvelyofdnen mimRebis mwarmoeblebi. amis wamomwyebi satranslacio kompa­nia RCA iyo Tavisi pirvandeli saxiT). garda amisa, televizia Zviri mediasaSualebaa. mas `Sinaarsis amowurvas~ uwodeben, radgan Sinaarsi mudmiv Sevsebas moiTxovs da es mas siaxleebis Ziebas aiZulebs. arxebis raodenoba izrdeba da Semoaqvs sul ufro meti konkurentunariani siaxle (qorneri 2001). erTi mizezTagani, ris gamoc gamogonili da scenaris mqone sanaxao­bebi dReisaTvis industriaSi SezRudulia, is aris, rom siaxle cocxal SouebSi metia da isini bevrad iafi sawarmoebelia.

dafinansebis modelebi sxvadasxva qveynebSi metad gansx­vavebulia: televizias SeiZleba afinansebdes saxelmwifo, reklamis an (sakabelos Tu satelitis SemTxvevaSi) periodu­li honorarebis, an orives saxiT. mTavroba cdilobs gamoyos Tanxa satelevizio gadacemebisTvis gadasaxadebis sistemis saSualebiT (rogorc avstraliaSi), sixSireebze uflebebis gayidviT an sistemis mflobelobis licenziebis dabegvriT (rogorc gaerTianebul samefoSia). aSS gamonaklisia saxelmwi­fos mier dafinansebuli televiziis TiTqmis sruli uqonlo­bis gamo: iq `saxelmwifo televizia~ zogadad niSnavs telemau­wyeblobas aramomgebiani arxebisTvis Semonaxul sixSireebze, romelTa naxevari sazogadoebrivi wyaroebiT finansdeba da romelsac, garda amisa, SeuZlia reklamac gadasces, Tuki igi arakomerciul damatebad aris SeniRbuli.

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reklamis saSualebiT dafinanseba mediasaSualebas im sistemaSi moaqcevs, romlis upirvelesi ekonomikuri fun­qciaa potenciuri momxmarebeli moupovos reklamis gamqi­ravebels sareklamo dros myidvelTa saSualebiT, reitingiT gaTvaliswinebuli fasebiT, romlis sazom sistemas msoflio­Si a. s. nilseni awesebs. amJamad aSS­Si auditoriebi reklamis ganmcxadebels mTavari drois yovel eqvs­Svid wuTs uTmoben. ramdenadac industriaSi konkurencia matulobs da teqnolo­gia saSualebas iZleva arxebis raodenoba gazardos umTavres­ad studiis produqciaze fasebis daklebiT, satelevizio auditoria iyofa sxvadasxva, metad gansxvavebuli ekonomi­kuri Zalis mqone gemovnebis da kulturis niSebad. reklamis gamqiraveblebi iRvwian axalgazrda, mozardi auditoriebis mosapoveblad, rac ewinaaRmdegeba mosazrebas, rom axalgaz­rdoba nakleb dros atarebs televizorTan, vidre, Tundac, bavSvebi an mozardebi. auditoriis dayofis mixedviT, tele­viziac icvlis formas. ojaxebi morCilad aRar uyureben saRamos gadacemebs da sul ufro naklebi programa ipyrobs erovnul yuradRebas. mediasaSualeba cxovrebis Tanmxleb mosaubres ufro emsgavseba, romelic xandaxan Tu iqcevs yu­radRebas. axali gemovnebiTi kulturebi yvavis: zogi eTni­kurobas emyareba (SavkanianTa televizia aSS­Si), zogi ­ asaks, zogic – ganaTlebis dones, zogierTi – samuSao kviris ritms (anu dRis im dros, roca televizors uyureben), zogi – poli­tikur orientacias, zogic – nakleb sagulisxmo gansxvave­bebs – dRis serialebsa da Toq­Souebs. es ar niSnavs, TiTqos erovnuli da transnacionaluri auditoriebi erTi movlenisa Tu sanaxaobisaTvis arasodes ikribebodes. 2001 wlis 11 se­qtembers mTeli samyaro televiziiT uyurebda caTambjenebSi afeTqebul TviTmfrinavebs.

gasaocaria, magram kulturis kvlevebi ufro daintere­sebulia industriis regulirebiT, vidre misi realuri organizebiT. ratom aris regulireba televiziaSi ufro mniSvnelovani, vidre, vTqvaT, beWdviT gamomcemlobebSi? nawilobriv, imitom, rom miwodebis yvelaze sayovelTao gza – radiosixSireebi – saSualebas aZlevs saxelmwifos pasux­ismgebeli iyos speqtris ganviTarebaze. amasTan, regulireba mudam mzad aris ganaaxlos molaparakeba, ramdenadac mediate­

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qnologia ise swrafad icvleba, rom calkeuli teqnologiuri reJimi SeuZlebelia xuT weliwadze metxans iyos xmarebaSi. magram yvelaze metad televizia mainc politikuri sakiTxia misi socialuri Zalis gamo.

industriis regulirebisas principuli sakiTxebi gansx­vavdeba programebis dafinansebis Sesabamisad, magram zogadad, isini ukavSirdeba wonasworobas sabazro da arasabazro pro­gramebis dafinansebaSi da garantiebs: pirveli, nairgvarobis dacvisaTvis (romelime erTi samauwyeblo kompaniis sabazro wilis SezRudvis gziT); meore, mediis `sityvis Tavisuflebis~ uzrunvelsayofad, romlis gareSe, rogorc tradiciulad miRebulia, demokratia sustdeba; da mesame, samoqalaqo zrdi­lobis dacvisaTvis cenzuris gziT. dasavluri neoliberal­uri wyobilebebi mudmivad uWers mxars balansis, xarisxisa da mravalferovnebis sakiTxTa sabazro gadawyvetilebebs – e. i. daregulirebas. amaSi kulturis kvlevebic monawileobs kul­turis politikis SeswavliT, Tumca misi reaqcia xmamaRali ar aris, radgan (zogadad Tu vityviT) misi liberalizmi da popu­lizmi naklebad Zlier, kritikul argumentebs gvawvdis mkac­ri maregulirebeli garemos SesanarCuneblad.

Tumca sakiTxavia, rogor SeiZleba SezRudulma mediam­flobelobam erT garkveul bazarze SeinarCunos sicocxlisu­narianoba. es metad mwvave sakiTxia, radgan udides transna­cionalur kompaniaTagan bevri – kerZod, Time Warner da News Corp flobs gazeTebs, gamomcemlobebs, sportul gundebs, kinostudiebs, turistul atraqcionebs, erovnul periodikas da a. S. mTel msoflioSi. cota xnis win internetis gamoCena gamoiyenes mediamflobelobis siviwrovis gamo SeSfoTebis Sesasusteblad da regulaciis Serbilebis asaxsnelad (ix. striTeri 1996 rogorc brwyinvale wvlili am TvalsazrisiT televiziis kulturuli politikis kvlevaSi). zogadad Sei­Zleba iTqvas, rom argumentebi mflobelobis Sesaxeb ganixi­lavs industriis sakiTxebs – erTi mxriv (koncentrirebuli mflobeloba emuqreba Tavisufal bazrebs, radgan satele­vizio mauwyeblobaSi misasvleli gaZnelebulia) da sazoga­doebis momsaxurebis sakiTxebs – meore mxriv (SezRuduli mflobeloba safrTxeSi agdebs balansis, mravalferovnebis da xarisxis principebs). albaT, es ar aris polemika, romliTac

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kulturis kvlevebs inteleqtualma SeiZleba raime SesZinos, Tundac kulturuli populistebi moiTxovdnen im SezRud­vebis aRiarebas, rasac mflobelobis wesebi Sinaarsze axdens.

saxelmwifos mier dafinansebuli televiziis sakiTxis ganxilvisas situacia icvleba. am SemTxvevaSi umniSvnelovanes politikur Temad iqceva, Tu ramdenad ibrZvian programis avtorebi reitingebisTvis (TiTqos sakuTari sazogadoebri­vi dafinansebis gasamarTleblad) da piriqiT, Tu ramdenad unda uzrunvelyon maT xarisxiani programireba mxolod may­urebelTa umciresobis interesebisTvis. es metad sakamaTo sakiTxia, vinaidan `xarisxiani programireba~ zogadad niSnavs, ZiriTadad, ganaTlebuli liberaluri profesionalebisTvis saintereso programebs. es aris sakiTxi, romelic yofs kul­turis kvlevebs, romelsac (zogadad) uZneldeba romelime nawils miemxros, radgan reitingebis gamodevnis argumenti sazogadoebriv televizias populistur maJoritarizmTan akavSirebs, xolo xarisxis argumentebi – elitizmTan.

televiziis regulireba moicavs agreTve cenzurisa da TviTcenzuris sakiTxebs, rac metad sapasuxismgeblo sakiTx­ia, radgan televizia Zalze mimzidvelia bavSvebisTvis. tele­viziisa da bavSvebis Tema, romelsac exebian mediasaSualebis ZaladobasTan, seqsTan da ojaxur faseulobebTan kavSirTa ganxilvisas, Tavad sazogadoebriv sferoSic kamaTis sagania da agreTve, mniSvnelovani samecniero gamokvlevebis obieq­tia. da kvlav, kulturis kvlevebi am debatebidan ganze dgomas irCevs, gansakuTrebiT, SemaSfoTebel sakiTxze bWobisas, Tu ra zomiT iwvevs televizia Zaladobas bavSvebSi. mraval pozitiv­ist mediamkvlevarTaTvis metad mimzidvelia, erTxel da samu­damod aCvenos mizez­Sedegobrivi kavSiri televiziis yureba­sa da `antisocialur~ qcevas Soris, anu rasac literaturaSi xSirad `dadasturebul zians~ uwodeben (gontle, 995). erTi ram utyuaria, es kavSiri verasodes iqneba sakmarisad warmoCe­nili, vidre arsebobs damokidebuleba socialur aqtiurobasa da televizoris yurebas Soris, rac metad ganSualedebuli da gafantulia da metad damyarebulia rTul istoriul Sedarebe­bze im modelebisTvis, romlebic arapirdapir mizezobriobas mimarTaven dasabuTebisTvis. kulturis kvlevebi midrekilia dagvixatos bavSvebi moZalade ma yureblebad, rasac televiz­ia ufro aZlierebs da ar gardaqmnis maT Sexedulebebsa da sa­

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myaros aRqmas (giunteri da makaliri 1997).stiuart qaningemis azriT, kulturis mkvlevrebi am de­

batebisTvis Tavis aridebiT (rac marTlac kavSirSia mSobleb­sa da media kompaniebTan) SeiZleba uadgilod aRmoCndnen, mniS­vnelovania, agreTve, vifiqroT im debatebis arszec, romelSi CarTvac maT evalebaT (qaningemi 1996). am TvalsazrisiT, lo­ren berlanma wamoayena damajerebeli argumenti, romlis mixedviT bavSvebis dacvis dakisreba socialuri politikis centrebisTvis Cveulebriv emsaxureba avtoritaruli da retrograduli dajgufebebis interesebs, radgan axalgazr­duli produqciis mravalferovnebasa da Tavisuflebas zRu­davs (berlani 1991). mRelvareba bavSvebis mier televizoris yurebis gamo, oficialur Tu araoficialur cenzuraze kama­Tis TanxlebiT, nawilobriv amis kidev erTi magaliTia. garda amisa, bavSvebisa da televiziasTan maTi damokidebulebis ganxilvisas mniSvnelovania dapirispireba or centrs Soris, romlebic erTdroulad eTnikuricaa da socialuric, erTi ­ ojaxzea damyarebuli, xolo meore ­ mediaze, mediis miRma ki – momxmarebelTa bazarze.

rogorc vTqviT, televizia momxmarebelTa bazris kuT­vnilebaa. mas bavSvebis (da maTi mSoblebis) yuradReba saTa­maSoebis mwarmoeblebze, konditrebze, swrafi kvebis bazar­ze, musikaluri Canawerebisa da kinos industriebze da a. S. gadaaqvs. rac Seexeba sxva zegavlenas bavSvebze, aSkarad Cans, rom is maT momxmareblobisken da amdenad im socialuri meqa­nizmebisken mimarTavs, rasac bazari emyareba (klaini 1993, 349­50). televizori maT fizikur TamaSs mowyvets, rac xmaursa da Zaladobasac Seicavs. am mxriv, igi ramdenadme daSorebulia ufro esTetur, TaobaTa Soris urTierTqmed, socialur da ganaTlebis Semmatebel faseulobebsa da ojaxur mogonebebs. da kidev, rogori moZaladeebic ar unda iyvnen bavSvebi, maT gansxvavebulad uyvarT televizori. gavixsenoT, rom aSS­Si sabavSvo saZineblebis TiTqmis naxevarSi dgas televizori, rac saSualebas aZlevs mSoblebs sivrce da dro moipovon (Ses­aZloa, aucilebeli) maTi Svilebis saaTobiT garTobis xar­jze (gaerTianebul samefoSi es cifri 10 procentze naklebia [gontle da hili 1995, 35],). metic, televizia uzrunvelyofs bavSvebs warmosaxviTi samyaroTi da aSorebs mosabezrebel

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eTikur da emociur direqtivebs. rac ufro izrdebian bavSve­bi, maTi mogonebebi bavSvobisas televizoris yurebaze xSirad Rrma nostalgiiTaa moculi, rac asazrdoebs TaobaTa Soris kavSirs – yovel Taobas bolos sakuTari satelevizio xsovna aqvs. amis gamo, SesaZloa mogveCvenos, rom televizia Taoba­TaSorisi stilisa da avtonomiurobisaTvis brZolis safuZve­lia, Tumca vityodi, rom saboloo jamSi, kamaTi sabavSvo televiziis Sesaxeb SesaZloa im SeSfoTebis gamoxatulebad miviCnioT, romelic mSoblebis televizoriT Canacvlebas ukavSirdeba.

auditoria

tradiciulad kulturis kvlevebi televiziis sfer­oSi mimarTulia auditoriis mier mis aRqmaze – rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom am media saSualebas kulturuli Rirebuleba aklia. TiTqos Tavad gadacemis seriozulad aRqma arc Rirdes, miuxedavad telemayureblebze moxdenili zemoqmedebisa. am­denad, satelevizio teqstTa axlos koncentrireba da satele­vizio kanonis ageba warmoudgenelia. nawilobriv amis gamo, aRqmis Seswavla mudmivad ganicdis srul saxecvlas, rodesac televiziis Rirebulebisa da zemoqmedebis gansazRvras cdi­lobs. am istoriaSi gansxvavebuli etapebis gamoyofa SeiZleba.

`gamoyenebaTa da dakmayofilebaTa~ midgoma pirvelad pol lazarsfeldma SemogvTavaza 40­ian wlebSi da gamoiyena raodenobrivi eTnografiis kvleviT mopovebuli monacemebi, raTa eCvenebina, rom aSS­Si mainc, televiziis yureba mayureb­els kapitalistur sazogadoebad amTlianebda, normebis dam­kvidrebiTa da mofiqrebuli analizis marginalizebiT. am mid­gomisTvis, televizia, pirvel rigSi specifikur moTxovnaTa damakmayofileblad igulisxmeboda, romlebic yurebis situ­aciis gareT arsebobs. lazarsfeldis naSromma saTave daudo `masobriv komunikaciaTa~ uamrav naSroms, romlebic televi­ziis yurebis yaidas ukavSirebdnen genders, ganaTlebas, asak­sa da ekonomikur mdgomareobas da cdilobdnen aseTi yure­bis `qcevaze~ zemoqmedeba am mravalgvarobis TvalsazrisiT ganexilaT (ix. Srami 1967 am tradiciis klasikuri wigni).

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`kritikuli Teoriis skolis~ yvelaze gamoCenili warmo­madgeneli Teodor adorni iyo. igi lazarsfeldis msgavsad da daaxloebiT imave periodSi amtkicebda, rom televizia am­cirebda Tavisi auditoriis mier sazogadoebisa da kulturis gansjis unars. adornis azriT, es xdeboda `garTobis~ Zlieri formebis miwodebiT, romlebic `Tanamedrove maskulturas fsiqologiuri kontrolis yovlad warmoudgenel media saSu­alebad~ aqcevdnen (adorni 1991, 138). televizia individualo­bas akargvinebs xalxs; igi maT metismetad standartizebuli saxis samyaros warmoudgens; igi kerZo cxovrebis sazogadoe­briv sferoze cru dominirebas amkvidrebs; igi warmoSobs fantaziebsa da mcdar kmayofilebas, rac kapitalizms TviT­damkvidrebis saSualebas aZlevs. satelevizio procesebs cdunebis imdenad didi Zala aqvs, rom gansxvaveba `saocnebo samyarosa~ da realobas Soris waSlilia. adornos xSirad (da Cemi azriT, marTebulad) brals sdeben televiziis mraval­gvar siamovnebaTa vergagebaSi da imave dros maT zedmetad seriozulad miRebaSi. da mainc, pirvelad man Semoitana am sferoSi nawilobriv froidis qvecnobierebis cnebebze dam­yarebuli subieqturobis rTuli Teoria, iseve, rogorc kapi­talizmis SezRudvaTa mkafio gaazreba da maRali kulturis ganxilva. igi iyo pirveli socialuri Teoretikosi, romelic televiziis Janrebs ramdenadme specifikurad ganixilavda (ix. adorni 1991).

kodis dadebis/kodis moxsnis modeli am sferos pirveli mniSvnelovani gamokvleva iyo sakuTriv kulturis kvleveb­Si. aseTi saxelwodebis sagulisxmo esseSi stiuart holma SemogvTavaza komunikaciebis oTxsafexuriani Teoria: war­moeba, gavrceleba, gamoyeneba da reproduqcia. misTvis yoveli safexuri `SedarebiT damoukidebelia~ sxvebisgan (ix. holi di­uringSi 1989). es niSnavs, rom gzavnilis kodireba marTavs mis aRqmas, magram ara aSkarad – TiToeul safexurs misi sakuTari gansazRvruli SezRudva da SesaZlebloba aqvs. SedarebiTi damoukideblobis cneba saSualebas aZlevs hols amtkicos, rom polisemiuroba igive pluralizmi ar aris: gzavnilebi ar aris gaxsnili raime interpretaciisa Tu gamoyenebisTvis, vi­naidan ubralod yoveli safexuri am wreSi Semdegis SesaZle­blobebs zRudavs realur socialur yofaSi. holi amtkicebs,

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rom gzavnilebs `dominirebis rTuli wyoba~ aqvT, radgan yovel safe xurze isini `aRbeWdilia~ instituciuri Zalismieri kav­SirebiT. ufro metic, gzavnilis calkeul safexurze miReba SesaZloa, Tuki igi cnobadi an Sesabamisia – Tumca gzavnilis rogorme gamoye nebisa Tu gagebis, Tundac arsis AsawinaaRm­degod, sivrce arsebobs. es niSnavs, rom Zalismieri kavSirebi warmoebis adgilas, magaliTad, nakleb Sesaferisia moxmarebis adgilas. am gziT sakomunikacio wre agreTve dominirebis yai­dis reproduqciis wrecaa da amdenad, `ideologias~ ekuTvnis rogorc mniSvnelobaTa sistema, romlis gavliT socialuri struqturebi ufro bunebrivad Tu zogadmisaRebad ganixile­ba, vidre saSualebebi, riTac kapitalizmi (da misi klasobrivi ierarqia) Tavisi Tavis reproduqcias axdens (holi diuringSi 1999).

holma Seasusta kavSirebi teqstis mniSvnelobasa da mis aR­qmas Soris. misTvis dominanturi mniSvneloba mxolod gansa­kuTrebul garemoebebSi iyo aRqmuli. 70­iani wlebis bolosa da 80­iani wlebis dasawyisSi kulturis kvlevebma mniSvnelo­basa da gagebas Soris bzari ufro gaaRrmava, roca dauSva, rom auditorias SeeZlo marTlac SewinaaRmdegeboda gadacemis Rirebulebas (morli 1980). Semdeg aCvena, rom televizias ram­denime mimdinareoba aqvs, romlebic emociasa da sasiamovno SegrZnebebs ukavSirdeba (fiske 1987). am kuTxiT, popularul televizias SeuZlia agreTve kritikisa Tu transagresiis formac miiRos. mas SeuZlia ideologiis rogorc gauqmeba, aseve Seqmnac.

televiziis gadacemebis mravalferovnebam 70­iani wlebis bolos kulturis kvlevebi aiZula yuradReba daeTmo tele­viziis mayurebelTaTvis, ara rogorc masobrivi auditoriis, aramed rogorc socio­kulturulad Camoyalibebuli indivi­duumebisaTvis, ara rogorc ̀ kulturis gabriyvebulebisTvis~ satelevizio mniSvnelobaTa aRqmisa da gaazrebis SezRuduli unariT, aramed rogorc telesistemis irgvliv met­naklebi yuradRebiT myofi adamianebisTvis.

es Zvra, romelic Tavad disciplinis gaazrebisTvisac mniSvnelovani iyo, gansazRvra ronald bartis `teqstis sia­movnebis~ Teoriam, feministurma naSromma qalebis mier tele­viziis yurebis Sesaxeb, sadac mkvlevrebi da mayureblebi

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so lidarobis axali saxiT iyvnen warmodgenili; miSel fuko­seulma kritikam ideologiis rogorc metad ganmazogade­bel da damakavSirebel cnebaze; da im Taobis gamoCenam, visac marTla SeeZ lo eRiarebina televiziis siyvaruli da axlos iyo mis istoriasTan.

vfiqrob, SemTxveviT ar moxda es cvlileba maSin, rodesac, pirveli, aSS­Si programebis Semqmnelebma daiwyes mayurebel­Ta demografiis gaTvaliswineba da calkeuli auditoriisT­vis `daxarisxebul~ sanaxaobaTa warmoeba da meore, sakabelo televiziam Tavisi dapirebebiT (ausrulebeli) komerciulo­bisgan Tavisufali arCevanisa da mravalferovnebis epoqaSi SeveyvaneT, iklo. yovelive amas Sedegad mohyva is, rom kul­turis kvlevebis naSromebi televiziis Sesaxeb daukavSirda mediis auditoriaTa empiriuli Seswavlis gansakuTrebul formas – diferencirebul gamokvlevas, xSirad Tanamonawile dakvirvebis CarTviT (anu mkvlevari subieqtis qmedebebs uerTdeba). es miznad isaxavda ara kvlevas, Tu rogor iyo gage­buli sanaxaobani, aramed televiziis rolis gagebas yovel­dRiur cxovrebaSi da, pirvel yovlisa, calkeuli Janrebisa Tu sanaxaobebis TayvanismcemelTa Soris. aseTi namuSevari xSirad gvixatavs televiziis Tayvanismcemlebs romantikuli, samocianeli idealistis eniT: magaliTad, isini warmodgenili arian rogorc kargi gemovnebisa da esTeturi kulturuli normebis darRvevaSi CarTulni sanaxaobebidan garkveuli el­ementebis `gadmoRebiT~ da maTi gamoyenebiT sakuTari Semo­qmedebiTi gamomsaxvelobis safuZvlad (ix. jenkinsi 1992). rodesac kulturis mkvlevarTa mier mayureblis Seswavlisas isini Seudgnen agreTve im kriteriumebis ganxilvas, romleb­sac mayureblebi gadacemebis Sesafaseblad iyenebdnen (`re­alisturobis~ gamoricxviT). isini yuradRebas aqcevdnen, Tu rogor erwymoda televizia maTi `me~­s Seqmnas (xerxebi, romlebsac adamianebi mimarTaven Tavisi cxovrebisa da xasi­aTis asagebad) – magaliTad, Zveli sanaxaobis scenebis CarTva cocxal istoriebSi.

rodesac telemayureblebi ganxilvis obieqti gaxdnen, aman televiziac Tanaziari gaxada – televizia Sekrebs adamian­ebs an gamijnavs, amkvidrebs ojaxis avtoritetul wyobas an auqmebs mas da a. S. swored am konteqstSic dainteresda kul­

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turis kvlevebis erTi ganxra televiziis (da zogadad mediis) zemoqmedebiT `sazogadoebriv sferoze~. `sazogadoebrivi sferoa~ is cneba, romelic kvlav dakavSirebulia iurgen habermasis mier ganxilul samoqalaqo institutebTan, evro­pul ganmanaTleblobas rom Cauyares safuZveli. habermasis zusti SeniSvniT, `burJuaziuli sazogadoebrivi sfero~ war­moiSva gviani meCvidmete saukunis evropis (gansakuTrebiT in­glisSi) salonebsa da yavis saxlebSi, roca gamoeyo komerciul da ojaxur cxovrebas erTi mxriv, xolo saxelmwifo daweseb­ulebebs, meore mxriv. igi ar iyo damokidebuli samefo karze da im ideebis gavrcelebasa da gansjas erTgulebda, romelTa saSualebiT racionaluri gaazreba da reforma SeiZleboda socialur institutebze asaxuliyo. habermasisTvis sazoga­doebrivi sfero (romelic Teoriuli konstruqciis saxiT ufro arsebobs, vidre istoriuli realobisa) mecxramete saukuneSi safrTxis qveS iyo. maRalma kapitalizmma igi `ymad iqcia~, xolo rogorc mtkiceba, Tanamedrove sazogadoebriv sferos komerciuli sfero, masobrivi garToba da teqnolo­giebi marTavs (habermasi 1989).

es dasabuTeba gaabaTila jon harTlim, romelmac amis sanacvlod wamoswia cneba `mediasferos~ Sesaxeb. misTvis me­dia erTmaneTTan akavSirebs sxvadasxva `kulturul ares~ au­ditoriebisTvis (media ufro xidia, vidre dargi) da agreTve, Tavad auditoriebis, rogorc gaerTianebis grZnobas aRZravs. es ewinaaRmdegeba habermasis cnebas sazogadoebrivi sferos erovnuli gaerTianebis politikuri SezRudvis Sesaxeb (har­Tli, 1996, 28). harTlis mixedviT, media upirvelesi saSu­aleba gaxda, riTac gaerTianeba ara mxolod moiazrebs Tavs aseTad, aramed gaerTianebisTvis saWiro Sinagan kavSirebsac qmnis. es SeniSvna mniSvnelovania, radgan gvexmareba televi­ziis produqtiuli roli davinaxoT, romelic gansxvavdeba rogorc warmoCenis modelis (radgan televizia socialur da kulturul dargebs ufro akavSirebs, vidre sazogadoebas warmoaCens), aseve habermasiseuli destruqciuli racional­urobis modelisgan, romliTac televizia danaxuli iyo, ro­gorc racionaluri da samoqalaqo sazogadoebrivi debatebis warmarTvis unars moklebuli.

da mainc, harTlis Teoriam SesaZloa zedmeti mniSvnelo­

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ba SesZinos mediasa da televiziis mier sazogadoebis Zveli TeoriebisaTvis kategoriis miniWebis xarisxs. Tuki Tqven mediaSi xarT Cabmuli, rogorc kulturis mkvlevari an ro­gorc mayurebeli, media socialuri realobis warmosaCen scenad geCvenebaT. Tumca, ra zomiTac sazogadoeba moaqcevs televizias sakuTar TavSi, imdenad ufro Sordeba yoveldRi­uri cxovreba televizias, Tundac dasavleTSi. mniSvnelova­nia ar dagvaviwydes, rom informaciisa da codnis umetesi nawili sxva mxridan modis: megobrebisgan, skolebisa Tu sam­saxurebidan, eklesiebidan da a. S. an sulac, wignebidan. ras warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi sfero axalgazrda qalaqeli SavkanianebisTvis, davuSvaT, aSS­Si? is mdgomareobs kalaT­burTis moednebSi, savaWro punqtebSi, adgilobriv maRazieb­Si, skolebSi, klubebSi, quCis TavSeyris adgilebsa Tu wveule­bebSi ufro metad, vidre mediaSi (romelic, cxadia, savsebiT erTnairad uaryofiTad esaxebaT). ras warmoadgens sazoga­doebrivi sfero ganaTlebuli saSualo klasis zedafenisT­vis? rivaivelisti qristianisTvis eTiopiidan axlaxans migri­rebulisaTvis? gavimeorebT: gansakuTrebiT maT, vinc Tavis Tavs ver scnobs satelevizio saxeebSi, media Cveulebrivi yo­fierebis ritmSi Tanmxleb zuzunad warmoudgeba, drodadro yuradRebis mimqcevad Tu gamrTobad ufro, vidre cxovrebis Tavad wyobis ganmsazRvrelad. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Tumca televizia da media sistematurad ayalibeben sazoga­doebasa da kulturas da gansakuTrebiT Zlier zemoqmedebas axdenen Tavis auditoriaze, miuxedavad amisa, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi isini bevri adamianisTvis damatebiT mniSvnelobas inarCuneben (ix. hermesi 1993).

Sinaarsi

SeuZlebelia SevafasoT televiziis struqtura kulturis kvlevebis mixedviT, amitom Cemi mizania am nawilSi zogierTi parametris mimoxilva. es mizani metismetad mokle iqneba Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT garemoebas, rom kulturis kvlevebi, gansakuTrebiT adre, iSviaTad iyo koncentrirebuli indi­vidualur programebze, anu `teqstebze~, rogorc maT xSirad

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moixsenieben. igi ufro medias SinaarsiT interesdeboda ufro abstraqtul doneze – rogorc ganrigis, aseve Janris Tval­sazrisiT – da mec mas mivbaZav.

kulturis kvlevebis media saSualebisadmi midgoma daiwyo reimond uiliamsis mier `dinebis~ koncefciis ganviTarebiT. aSSA­Si Tavisi pirveli Casvlisas man sastumros oTaxSi televi­zori CarTo da aRmoaCina, rom rasac uyurebda, sruliad sxva grZnobas aRuZravda, vidre sakuTar saxlSi. saRamos programa Seicavda gadacemebis, reklamebis, gancxadebebisa da logoe­bis ganuwyvetel, SeuCerebel nakads. britaneTisgan gansx­vavebiT, diqtori ar acxadebda saRamos gasarTob programas (uiliamsi 1975, 91­92). misTvis es aRmoCenis tolfasi iyo: arse­biTad, man gaacnobiera, rom televizia `dineba~ iyo! uiliamsi darwmunebuli iyo, rom programis Semdgenelis TvalTaxed­viT, saRamos gadacemaTa wyoba safrTxes uqmnida ara individ­ualur sanaxaobas, aramed ganrigis `arqiteqturas~, romelic, rogorc reitingebsa da gadacemebs Soris kavSiri, ufro da ufro zustad gaTvlili xdeboda (elisi 1992). Sou audito­riis calkeul nawilebs miarTmevs reklamis ganmcxadeblebs. Prime time dagegmilia `zolebad~, sadac Souebis Tanmimdev­roba gaTvlilia imaze, rom calkeulma demografiulma jguf­ma erTi gadacema meoris Semdeg naxos auditoriis realuri cxovrebis movlenebis gaTvaliswinebiT – ojaxuri sadilisa Tu daZinebis drois mixedviT (aSS­Si prime time ganmwesebelTa mier sagangebod gaTvlili ojaxis erToblivad sayureblad). mniSvnelovania, rom zolebSi ganTavsebulma reklamam mayure­blis yuradReba SeinarCunos da mas satelevizio arxis Secv­lis survili ar gauCndes. am TvalsazrisiT, televizia brZo­lis velia gadacemaTa avtorebis Cafiqrebul `zolebsa~ da distanciuri marTvis xelmisawvdom `muxruWebs~ Soris.

kulturis kvlevebi did yuradRebas uTmobs Janrebsac. cxadia, satelevizio teqstisadmi midgoma zogadad gansxvave­bulia, maTgan sami gansakuTrebulad unda gamoiyos. pirveli, Cven SegviZlia ganvixiloT calkeuli Janris arsebiTi niSan­Tvisebebi (teqstualuri da/Tu instituciuri), magaliTad, axali ambebis programebis, `sapnis operebis~, dokumenturi filmebis bunebis Sesaxeb. amgvarad, dadginda, magaliTad, sa­mauwyeblo mediisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Janrobrivi gansxvave­

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bebi `seriebs~ (sadac yovel nawilSi, Tumca saerTo gmirebiT, Txroba gansxvavdeboda) da `serialebs~ Soris (sadac Txroba gaSlilia epizodidan epizodamde). Tavad serialebic sx­vadasxva Janrisaa, romelTagan 70­80­ian wlebSi, ganxilulTa­gan umetesi `sapnis opera~ iyo. feministma Teoretikosebma Zala Semates maT, roca aCvenes, rom dialogebze (Worebze) da piradulze gamaxvilebuli midgomiT, melodramatulobiTa da dausruleblobiT aseTi serialebi saSualebas aZlevdnen qal mayurebels Tavis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi epova azri. amgvari Teoriebi gvawvdidnen kavSirurTierTobaTa da emo­ciur gamoxmaurebaTa irgvliv arsebuli cxovrebis poziti­uri aRqmis gzas metad, vidre qmedebisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa. an, sxvagvarad Tu vityviT, `sapnis~ serialebs SeuZliaT warmosaxviTi samyaros warmoCena, sadac cxovrebis mamakacTa mier marTuli sazogadoebrivi mxare feminizebuli da ufro piradi Rirebulebebis mier aris Sefasebuli (rapingi 2002). xolo sapnis opera gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelobis mqone iyo, radgan yvelaze maRla gadarCenis Rirebulebas ayenebda (angi 1985, 51­85; brandsoni 2000).

satelevizio Janris koncefcias Tavisi SezRudvebic ax­lavs. magaliTad, 1990 wels ABC­s hiTi `yvelaze STambeWdavi amerikuli saSinao videofilmebi~ zogjer msoflio Janris aRmoCenad ganixileba. Tumca, es adreuli vupieristuli, komikuri realuri sanaxaobebis, rogorc `faruli kamera~ da `cxovrebis yvelaze uxerxuli momentebia~, versias ufro miagavs. an ufro dazustebiT, tokios samauwyeblo kompaniis nawarmoeb iaponur hiT sanaxaobas `kenis da katos xumrobe­bi~, sadac mayureblebs iwvevdnen gaegzavnaT maTi sasacilo videofilmebi metad gansxvavebuli ganwyobisa da wardgenis saxisa, vidre ABC­s zrdili bob sejeTisaa (wardgenis yaidis Janrebic arsebobs). Tu arafers vityviT amgvar bunduane­baze, `yvelaze STambeWdav amerikul saSinao videofilmebSi~ yvelaze sainteresod is gveCveneba, Tu rogor moipovebs masa­las igi realuri samyarodan, yovelgvari dramatulobisa da gamogonili CarCos darRveviT. amiT man gvamcno, Tu ra iqne­boda momavalSi – realuri televizia.

realur televizias sakuTari Janrebi aqvs, romelTagan, albaT, yvelaze popularuli `SejibrebiTi realuri sanaxao­

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baa~ (romlis pirveli didi hiTi `didi Zma~, aSS­Si evropidan Semotanili idea iyo). aseTi sanaxaobebi xSirad mayureblis satelefono da internetCarTvasa da TamaSis Sousa da `sap­nis operis~ elementebsac iyenebs. igi teqnikurad da formis mxriv daxvewili da gadamdebi Janrobrivi hibridia, Tumca, kvlav, rac masSi momxiblavad gveCveneba, ara Tavad Janro­brivi Selamazebaa, aramed, media saSualebis SesaZleblobis ganaxlebuli gamoyeneba mayureblebsa da monawileebs Soris urTierTqmedebis gziT. xolo Janris TvalsazrisiT, aris Tu ara realuri sanaxaoba gamogonili? cxadia, iseTi gadacemebi, rogoricaa Court TV­ze naCvenebi `policielebi~, sawyisebiT tradiciul dokumentur filmebsa da axali ambebis reportaJ­Si, araa gamogonili da mainc, Tu ganvixilavT prodiuserTa mxridan gamovlenil Zalisxmevas, raTa am sanaxaobebSi, gansa­kuTrebiT, SejibrebiTSi, `realuri cxovreba~ gamosWviodes, maTi SeTxzulobis sakiTxi ase iolad ar moixsneba. kontroli xorcieldeba ara redaqtirebasa, aramed dadgmaSi: erT mag­aliTad, 2004 wels donald Tramfis hiT sanaxaobam `axalbeda~ konkursSi monawileobis 250 aTasi msurvelidan Teqvsmeti darCa SerCevis moTxovnis procesSi, romelic perioduli sanaxaobisaTvis srul repeticiebs Seicavda. am procesebis ganmavlobaSi konkursantebi ara mxolod SeirCeodnen, aramed warmodgenisTvisac iwvrTnebodnen.

SeTxzulobis sakiTxs Tu ar SevexebiT, pirveli `dramatuli realuri Sou~ aSS­Si MTV­s `realuri samyaro~ iyo. mis Semoq­medebiT jgufSi Sedioda meri elis bemoni, dRis serialebis, maT Soris `santa barbaras~, gamocdili prodiuseri. igi mixvda, rom MTV videofilmebis gamosaSvebad Zvir produqciaSi ar ga­daixdida da sainvesticio risks ar gawevda. igi agreTve moxi­bluli iyo xelovnuri fly-on-the-wall dokumenturi filmebiT, rogorc PBS­s legendaruli 24­saaTiani `amerikuli ojaxi~, romelic pirvelad 1953 wels gavida da xSirad `realuri tele­viziis~ sawyisad moixsenieba (`amerikuli ojaxi~ TvalTvalia uiRblo amerikeli ojaxis, laudebis cxovrebaze da pirvelad gauTqva saxeli realur sanaxaobas. lens laudis, vaJis homose­qsualobis gamJRavneba misi mSoblebis gayras gamoiwvevs, rac mZime dramatulobiT viTardeba). amdenad, ̀ realurma samyarom~ mozardebi manhetenze Zvirad Rirebul binaSi moaTavsa da maT

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(garkveul doneze gakontrolebul) qmedebebs akvirdeboda. qmedebda. misma warmatebam, romelic MTV­sTvis siurprizi iyo, warmoqmna finansurad momgebiani Janri, konkurentunari­ani realuri sanaxaoba, romlis pirveli nimuSi `sagzao wesebi~ (1991) agreTve benimis prodiusirebuli gaxldaT, Tumca ev­ropuli `didi Zmisa~ da Semdeg `gadarCenilis~ (`ukanaskneli gmiri~) warmatebis wyalobiT gaxda inglisurenovan televiz­iaSi dominirebuli Janri 90­ianTa Suawlebidan, nawilobriv, rogorc vixileT, ekonomikuri mizezebis gamo.

es, rac Seexeba Sinaarss Janris doneze. ra SeiZleba iTqvas teqstis doneze? gadacemaTa analizi xSirad niSnebis gamo­yenebiT programebis mniSvnelobis Seqmnis Cvenebis formas iRebs. es meTodi umTavresad reklamebisTvis gamoiyeneba, Tumca, radgan isini moklea, am doneze SeiZleba rTuli da gaurkveveli iyos. zogjer SesaZloa ganixilebodes, magali­Tad, Tu rogor iyenebs xsnadi yavis reklama egzotikur da seqsualur saxeebs yavis smis grZnobier misteriasTan dasa­kavSireblad. am sferoSi klasikuri nimuSia judiT uiliam­sonis `reklamebis kodis axsna~ (1978), romelic kvlav rCeba standartul teqstad media teqstebTan e. w. `semiotikuri~ midgomis Sesaswavlad, anu midgomisa, romelic dayofs teqsts Semadgenel niSnebad. semiotikis midgomis xarvezi isaa, rom igi midrekilia ugulebelyos `polisemia~ (ese igi, niSnis erT mniSvnelobaze Cerdeba, vidre mis gansxvavebul mniSvnelo­bebze, gansakuTrebiT, sxvadasxva erTobebisTvis). semiotika Tavisi bunebiT, SedarebiT mcire yuradRebas uTmobs im gzas, riTac faqtiurad aRiqmeba teqsti mayurebelTa mier. am mize­zis gamo, kulturis kvlevebSi igi mxolod Sesaval kursebSi Tu arsebobs.

individualuri gadacemebic SesaZloa literaturis, ki­nokritikisTvis Cveuli saxiT iyos yuradRebiTa da dawvr­ilebiT ganxiluli, Tumca, rogorc aRvniSneT, amgvari kri­tika SesamCnevad nakleb adgils uTmobs televizias akademiur kulturaSi. problemuria, rom naklebad xelmisawvdomia bev­ri Zveli sanaxaoba da televiziis nawarmis Senaxvis sakiTxic gaurkvevelia – es materialurad warmosaxviTi media saSu­alebaa, rac mis grZelvadian Rirebulebebsac safrTxeSi ag­debs. miuxedavad amisa, televizia mainc dafasebulia, radgan

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dadebiTi politikuri da sociologiuri funqcia aqvs, ro­gorc femi nizmis mier `sapnis operis~ gamococxlebas, Tumca iSviaTad Tvlis Tavad media saSualebis SemoqmedebisTvis saWiroebis TvalsazrisiT. amgvari saxis kritikas farTo moma­vali aqvs, radgan saSualebas iZleva kulturis kvlevebisTvis televiziis Tayvaniscema damkvidrebul samecniero formad aqcios. igi am formaTa Secvlasac gvpirdeba: ra saxis kritikas SeuZlia, magaliTad, SejibrebiTi realuri sanaxaobis serio­zuli da detaluri gansazRvra?

sabolood, televizia SeiZleba ganvixiloT, sxva kul­turul da socialur institutebTan kavSiris TvalsazrisiT. kerZod, televizia konkurencias uwevs bevr sxvadasxva in­stituts, romlebic msgavs funqcias asruleben da msgavs sa­siamovno sanaxaobebs gvTavazoben. Tanamedrove televiziis yvelaze sagulisxmo, Cemi azriT, niSan­Tviseba isaa, Tu rogor Seexeba igi sxva medias, gansakuTrebiT internets. ara mxolod industriuli Tanaqmedebis, aramed informaciis, siuJeturi xazebis, varskvlavebisa da a. S. Worebi internetSi ufro adre vrceldeba da prodiuserebs Tavsatexs uCens.

magram televizia ufro maRal donezec epaeqreba sxva calkeul institutebs. magaliTad, igi ganaTlebis sistemis konkurentia, rogorc samyaros Sesaxeb informaciis, cod­nisa da komentaris mimwodebeli; igi cocxal sportul mov­lenebsac ejibreba, rogorc garTobis arCevani; igive iTqmis literaturaze, Tumca (zogjer), cxovrebis wesisa da kul­turuli Rirebulebebis Sejaxebac xdeba; igi internetsac uw­evs metoqeobas, ara sanaxaobaTa Sesaxeb informaciis doneze, aramed rogorc sakomunikacio teqnologias, romelic, albaT, STanTqavs televizias. cxadia, es ar aris konkurencia sxva socialur da kulturul institutebTan; igi ayalibebs da formas aZlevs maT, albaT, yvelaze TvalsaCinod, oficialur politikas (ix. nawili 1). xolo Tavad televizia sxva warmosax­viT teqnologiebSic aris warmodgenili: kinoSi, literatur­aSi, beWdviT mediaSi, auditoriebSi, sadac igi Tanamimdevru­lad, Tumca ara bolomde, borot Zalad aris warmoCenili, nawilobriv, sxva institutebTan metoqeobis gamo da nawilo­briv, SeRwevadobis ubadlo Zalisa da es aris kulturis SiSs rom iwvevs. televiziis samecniero Seswavla am Tvalsaz­

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risiTac unda gavigoT. saganmanaTleblo aparatis umaRlesi sferoebi masSi mociles (xSirad ufro Zlieradac) xedaven. es gvexmareba gavigoT yvelaze uaryofiTi da paranoiduli sa­mecniero warmodgenebi satelevizio sanaxaobebze, rogorc joSua meirovitisa (1985), romelic maT yovelgvari sazRvris momSlelad aRiqvams, gansxvavebas rom aqrobs sazogadosa da kerZos, mdedrobiTsa da mamrobiTs, bavSvobasa da mozrdilo­bas, politikosobasa da maT amomrCevlebs Soris.

daskvna

mosazreba, TiTqos televizia qmnis kulturas formisa da wesrigis gareSe, sabolood, usafuZvloa, radgan ar SeuZlia im realuri gzebis Sefaseba, riTac televizia gamoiyeneba da moswonT. aseTi saxis ukmayofileba reaqciuli kulturuli kritikis versiaa, romelzec reimond uiliamsma kulturis britanuli kvleva daafuZna. miuxedavad amisa, igi mniSvnelo­van rameze migvaniSnebs: televizia da zogadad media, ar aris Zalauflebis, standartebisa da ierarqiis adgilsamyofeli, radgan igi aTqvefilia Tavad yoveldRiur cxovrebasTan. erT magaliTs moviyvanT: televizia warmoqmnis realobas iseve, rogorc warmoaCens mas. magaliTad, qmnis cnobil adamian­ebs ara kargi miRwevebisTvis, aramed ubralod imisTvis, rom pirovneba cnobadi saxe gaxdes (ix. rojeski 2001). es cnobili saxeebi ucnaur kulturul zonaSi arseboben: isini CvenTan er­Tad cxovroben da amave dros, warmosaxviTi arsebebic arian – ekranze, fotoebsa da internetSi. maT Tavisi gaurkveveli mdgomareoba aniWebT momxiblaobas. da bolos, maTi cxovreba SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc realur droSi mimdinare, cocxali eqsperimentebi mediis Zalaze, sicocxlis, rogorc speqtak­lis gansaxorcieleblad: yvelaze metad es maiql jeqsons exe­ba (Tumca Tavis didebas man udidesi talantiT miaRwia). anda gavixsenoT tyupi olsenebi: media gmirebi cxra Tvis asaki­dan (rodesac prime time­is gadacema sitkomi `savse saxlSi~ daiwyes gamoCena); kompiuteruli TamaSebisa da animaciuri satelevizio seriebis varskvlavebi; media magnatebi (Sems­rulebeli prodiuserebi Svidi wlis asakSi, maT videoseriebs

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500 milioni amerikuli dolaris mogeba aqvs); brendis saxel­wodeba `tween~ tansacmlis, kosmetikis, avejis, wignebisa da CD­sTvis; da agreTve veb­gverdisa da kinos varskvlavebic. ukuTvla maTi meTvramete dabadebis dRis dadgomisas mcire ligis msxvili media movlena iyo aSS­Si. media sistemaSi (ro­melic televiziis garSemoa Tavmoyrili) cxovrebisas amgvari cnobili pirovnebebi simbolur mniSvnelobas iZenen: isini imgvari metaforebi xdebian, romelTa gaerTianebis nawilebic urTierTqmedeben satelevizio/media warmosaxviTobasTan, ara rogorc Tavad cnobili pirebi, aramed rogorc momxmare­belni, gatacebulni, meocnebeni, moyvarulni, Woriknebi.

mediis Zveli gageba, TiTqos igi asaxavs anda ganmartavs samyaros da gansxvavebul sibrtyeSi arsebobs, vidre Tavad cxovreba – savsebiT gabaTilda samauwyeblo mediis mier ga­sul saukuneSi. rogorc vnaxavT, igi ufro metad internetma gaabaTila. am gagebiT harTlis mediasivrce realurad ar ar­sebobs. ufro metad media iWreba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, gadakveTs mas, SeenivTeba da teritoriebs CamoarTmevs; igi gancdaTa ubnebs qmnis realur samyaroSi an socialur saqmi­anobebs amkvidrebs masSi, romlebic Tavis sakuTar gaurkvev­el ritmSi gamoCndebian da qrebian. am frazaSi xazgasmuli sityvebi (iWreba, gadakveTs, ubnebi) frangi filosofosis Jil delezisganaa nasesxebi, visi Teoriuli naSromi gansa­kuTrebiT gvexmareba Tanamedrove cxovrebasa da medias Soris kavSirTa aRsawerad (ix. raixmani 2000 delezis naazrevis Ses­aniSnavi SesavlisaTvis). igi am kavSirTa sirTulesa da sicocx­lisunarianobaze metyvelebs da Zneladgasageb filosofiur metyvelebas iyenebs mis aRsawerad.

damatebiTi literatura: Ang 1991; Boddy 1990; Brunsdon 1997; Ellis 1992; Hartley 1996; Jenkins 1992; Lembo 2000; Press 1991; Spigel 1992

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4.2. popularuli musika

telemauwyebloba SedarebiT Zviria da moiTxovs mniS­vnelovan teqnikur gamocdilebas, xolo misi gavrcelebis arxebi SedarebiT SezRuduli da uaRresad mowesrigebulia. kompiuteruli teqnologiebis ganviTarebam mkveTrad Secva­la industriis biznesmodeli. es naklebad exeba popularul musikas, romelic, nawilobriv im individuumTa (rogorc musikosebis, aseve Tayvanismcemlebis) nawarmad rCeba, vinc kapitalizebul xmis Camwer industriaSi garedan Semodis da axal teqnologiebs miitacebs, raTa Seqmnas da mousmi­nos produqcias Tavis sakuTar enaze. musika ar aris mxolod Canaweri da gasaReba. swored amitom azri ara aqvs televiziis, an Tundac garkveuli satelevizio Janrebis, davuSvaT, TviT­myofadoba moiTxovo, Tumca es sakiTxi mniSvnelovania musi­kis SemTxvevaSi. albaT, iSviaTad aqvs azri satelevizio sanax­aobebisgan opoziciurobis moTxovnas. am sakiTxs kulturis kvlevebi mudmivad ayenebs popularuli musikis win, nawilo­briv, radgan rok­en­roli imTaviTve amboxis tolfasi iyo. faqtobrivad, kulturis kvlevebis mier politikuri winaaRm­degobis moTxovnaze Rrmad aRibeWda rokis amboxi.

Tumca popularuli musika marTlac popularulia, isic yofs sazogadoebas Taobebad, klasebad, eTnikurobad, ge­movnebebad da, SedarebiT naklebad, genderad. musika maSinve warmoqmnis raRac Tavisze mets – mikrosazogadoebebsa da cxovrebis stilebs, romelic Janrsa Tu qveJanrs aris mibmuli. msxvili multinacionaluri korporaciebi, romlebic musi­kalur industriebs ganagebs, Tavad qmnis musikalur danay­ofebs erTobebSi, radgan gansxvavebul Janrsa da auditorias emyareba. Savkaniani auditoria TeTrkanianisgan ganirCeva da calkeuli Janrebi (gansakuTrebiT, e. w. `Tanamedrove roki~) met yuradRebas Tavisi momgebianobis gamo iqcevs (negusi 1999, 496). musikis dayofisa da danawevrebis gamo, sociologiidan nasesxebi cneba `subkultura~ kulturis kvlevebis termino­logiaSi popularul musikaze naSromebis saSualebiT Semovi­da. swored am unaris wyalobiT kulturis kvlevebis naSromebi afrikuli diasporis kulturebsa da narkotikul kulturebs swored musikis meSveobiT ukavSirdeba – Tundac amas musikis

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Seswavla erTgvar damaxinjebamdec mihyavdes.cxadia, rok­musikac gansakuTrebiT hegemoniuri xdeba.

`TviTmyofadi~ rok­varskvlavebic ki SeiZleba garkveul or­ganizaciul sistemas miekuTvnebodnen, Tundac, umetesad, liberalurs. wlebis ganmavlobaSi maT gamorCeuli politi­kuri wonac SeiZines, amis saukeTeso magaliTia bonos da U2­s roli msoflios uRaribes xalxTaTvis aSS­s daxmarebis gaz­rdaSi. gaerTianebuli erebis konferenciaze ganviTarebis Sesaxeb meqsikis qalaq montereiSi 2002 wlis martSi aSS­m gaz­arda daxmarebis biujeti oci wlis ganmavlobaSi pirvelad 5 bilion dolaramde. TeTri saxlis mier, rok­varskvlavis mier lobirebuli sakiTxis damtkiceba aSS­s mimarTulebis Secvlis niSandoblivi iyo (ramac evropis kavSiris mxridanac gamoiwvia biujetis gazrda). am wonisa da respeqtabelobis gamo rokis istoriis da metad mondomebiT SenarCunebuli ieris meamboxe­obam rRveva daiwyo, rasac male dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT. ra mouvida, magaliTad, `alternatiul roks~, romelic amJamad gamoiyeneba axalgazrda mayureblis mosatyueblad iseT marT­lac tradiciul nawarmze, rogoric arisfoqsis `Dallas~ ­is ga­naxleba `The O.C.~.

panki da regei

popularuli musikis pirveli Janrebi, romelTa Seswavlac kulturis kvlevebma daiwyo, regei da panki gaxldaT, ukmayo­filo axalgazrdobis musika 70­iani wlebis miwuruls, rode­sac Tavad disciplinac axalgazrda iyo. britanuli panki sxva dasxva saxis winamorbedebis sawinaaRmdego reaqcia iyo: (1) maRal industrializebul da Sou­biznesiseul musikaze, saidanac amJamad `mZime metali~ da sxva rok­Janrebi warmoiS­va; (2) hipebis moZraobis utopiurobis, misi saSualo klasis TanaJReradobaze da (3) `glem­rokis~ keklucobasa da naZa­ladev pretenciulobaze, romlis udidesi varskvlavebi dev­id boui da `Roxy Music~ iyvnen. panki qalaquri, muSaTa klasis, axalgazrduli da sistemisadmi agresiulad dapirispirebuli iyo. zogierTi misi elementi (saxelwodebisa da revizion­istuli musikaluri mrwamsisa – `dabruneba namdvil rok­n­

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rolTan~, CaTvliT) gadmoRebuli iyo niu­iorkis avangarduli xelovnebis skolebis scenebidan (da gansakuTrebiT New York Dolls–is mibaZviT) malkolm maklarenis, Sex Pistols­is menejeris mier. miuxedavad amisa, mTlianobaSi britanuli panki siaxle iyo.

rac Seexeba regeis: es iyo dro, rodesac regei iseT sas­tudio teqnikebs Seiswavlida, rogoricaa `dub~ (ZiriTad xmovanebaze bgerebis damateba) da teqnika ̀ toasting~ _ wamyvani, romelic adreuli 50­iani wlebis qingsTonis xmovan siste­mebSi ganviTarda. (xmovani system aris moZravi deka [deck], gamaZliereblebi da dinamikebi, romlebsac quCebsa da sx­vadasxva wveulebebze iyenebdnen, gansakuTrebiT popularuli iyo uRaribes gareubnebSi). wamyvani (toasting) dijeebi, xmovan sistemebze muSaobisa da individualizebisas Canawerebs im­provizebul slengis lirikasa da SeZaxilebs amatebdnen – am tradiciam iamaikur sistemebSi 80­ian wlebSi daiwyo gaqroba, roca hip­hopi, romelic SesaZloa nawilobriv toasting­is gan­Stoebad miviRoT, aSS­Si mTavari Janri gaxda (iamaikaSi igi `densholad~ anu `regeid~ gardaiqmna 90­iani wlebis erT me­tad ganaxlebul, teqnologizebul musikalur Janrad).

70­ian wlebSive, `dasabami regei~, iseT varskvlavTagan nawarmoebi, rogorebic bob marli, barning spiri da `Culture~ iyvnen, rastafarelobas ukavSirdeboda, iamaikur religiur kults, romelzec didi gavlena moaxdina markus garvim, ro­melic meoce saukunis pirvel aTwleulebSi `afrikaSi dab­runebis~ doqtrinas qadagebda. rastebi TeTrkanianTa mate­rialistur samyaros uaryofen da hail selasis, ukanaskneli eTiopeli monarqis RvTaebrioba swamT. maTi religia Tan stilic aris: dakululebuli Tma, marixuanas moweva, adgi­lobriv kilokavze metyveleba. 70­iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi rastafarianelobam iamaikel muSaTa klasis mamakacebSi dai­wyo gavrceleba, vinc mis safuZvels qmnida 30­iani wlebidan moyolebuli. imavdros, londonSi, regei rTul urTierTq­medebaSi iyo pankTan, yvelaze cxadad iseTi jgufebis musika­Si, rogoricaa `Clash~ da `Slits~ iseve, rogorc marlis 1977 wlis `Punky Reggal Party~ (marlis azri popularuli musikis moma­valze `Clash~­is mosmenis zegavlenas ganicdida).

mis wignSi `subkultura~: stilis mniSvneloba (1979),

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romelmac bevri gaakeTa kulturis kvlevebis popularizebi­saTvis inglisurenovan samyaroSi, diq hebdijma panki gansaz­Rvra, rogorc kanondamrRvevi `mniSvnelobis momniWebeli saqmianoba~. mis Tanaxmad, panki `anawevrebs~ da erTmaneTs ux­amebs muSaTa klasis sxvadasxva stilebs, warsuls da awmyos, parodirebiT gamarTlebul `moCvenebiT istoriaSi~. am stil­isTvis damaxasiaTebeli inglisuri qinZisTavebi, Zewkvebiani Sarvlebi, S&M aRWurviloba, daglejili tansacmeli – radi­kaluri `maTxovruli~ garegnoba – ganmartebulia, rogorc britaneli gaRatakebuli muSaTa klasis stilis imitacia, romelsac gamomwvevad atarebdnen, raTa im socialuri situ­aciis sicariele da uazroba gamoexataT, romelSic muSaTa klasis axalgazrdoba aRmoCnda TeTCerizmis, anu pirveli talRis neoliberalizmis gamo. erovnulobis gamomxatvelTa, gansakuTrebiT, Union Jack­is mikuTvneba pankebisTvis aSkara dacinva iyo. Tumca, hebdijis mixedviT, pankis stilis yvelaze mniSvnelovani funqcia pankebis gaerTianebis Seqmna iyo: pan­kis identuroba da koleqtiuroba gamoiTqmoda mniSvnelobis mimniWebel saqmianobebSi.

`subkulturaSi~ hebdijis Sexeduleba regeize ramdenad­me ufro sworxazovania; dub­i, toasting­i, `dasabami regei~ da xmovani sistemebis kultura misi TayvanismcemlebisTvis Te­Tri hegemoniis alternatiulobas atarebda. musikaSi isini sa­pirispiro afrikanistul identurobas, dub­is Tanabar ritmSi mZgeri `afrikis Sav guls~ xedavdnen (hebdiji, 1979, 38). ras­tafarianelobam iamaikel axalgazrdebSi didi xnis arsebuli amboxisa da ukmayofilebis ganwyoba gaaRrmava, rasac yovel­dRiur cxovrebaSic gamoxatavdnen (pankis stilis msgavsad) gansxvavebisa da uaryofis niSnebis sxeulze tarebiT, Tumca, dasabami regeis SemTxvevaSi, gansulierebul da istorizebul TviTaRqmasac gvTavazobdnen. rastas stilis niSnebi mTel msoflioSi gavrcelda: 80­ian wlebSi marlis axal zelandi­aSi mogzaurobis Semdeg (rodesac mas maoris axalgazrdoba gmiriviT Seegeba) Tmis kululebi, rastas ferebi, Triaqis mow­eva da a. S. maoris axalgazrdobis daumorCileblobis Cveul niSnebad iqca, gamoCnda warmatebuli regeis stilis maoris jgufebi. amJamad xmovani qleSi (clashes­Sejaxebebi) (xmovan sistemebs Soris Sejibreba) mTel msoflioSi mimdinareobs: zepiri Sejibrebebi (Word Clash), romelic Cveulebriv niu­

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iorkis quinsSi tardeba, Tavs uyris xmovan sistemebs Soridan: iaponiasa da italiidan (afrikidanac).

pankisTvis regeis gamomsaxveloba sakmaod cxadi iyo. pan­kebs SeeZloT regeis uaryofasa da gansxvavebulobasTan gai­giveba, gansakuTrebiT, Tuki es musikalur formas iZenda. am­denad, hebdijis mtkicebiT, pank musika imdenadve opoziciaSi Camoyalibda, ramdenadac regeisTan aliansSi. musikaSi panki basis sanacvlod diskants amjobinebda, qaragmebis ritorikis sanacvlod – Seuracxyofas. TeTrkanianTa rokTan dasapiri­spireblad energias panki regeidan ikrebda, magram eTnikuro­bisken mibruneba regeis pankisgan aSorebda, amdenad, hebdijis azriT, `pankis subkulturis arsSi samudamodaa damkvidre­buli es TavSekavebuli dapirispireba Sav da TeTr kulturaTa Soris – dialeqtika, romelic, garkveuli (eTnikuri) Tvalsaz­risiT, SeuZlebelia ganaxldes, radgan Tavis sakuTar istori­aSi, Tavis sakuTar antonomiaSia Caketili~ (hebdiji 1979, 69­78). aq hebdijis sakuTari warmodgena pankze, rogorc moqmed mniSvnelobaTa mimniWebel saqmianobaze, romelsac gareSe kulturul ZalebTan mudmivi saxecvlilebis da Suamavlobis unari Seswevs, Tavis zRvars aRwevs.

SesaZloa hebdijis zogierT mignebas SevedavoT: misi ana­lizi zedmetad damyarebulia londonis magaliTze da pankis kulturis romantizebas axdens misi muSaTa klasis bunebis gadametebuli aqcentirebiT. iseTi mniSvnelovani figurebi, rogorc jo sTrameri `Clash~–dan, sinamdvileSi saSualo kla­sis maRali wridan iyo da, rogorc vixileT, panks xelovnebis skolebisa da komerciuli genealogiac hqonda – nu davivi­wyebT, rom misi stili qings roudis butikidan daiwyo da, rogorc gril markusma SeniSna, ukavSirdeboda gi deboris 1960­iani wlebis franguli avangarduli xelovnebis samyaros kulturul/Teoriul moZraobas, romelic `situacionaliz­mad~ ariscnobili (markusi 1989). rogorc yvela Teoretikosi, kulturul warmonaqmnTa socialur­politikuri mniSvnelo­bis povnis gadawyvetilebiT, hebdiji ugulebelyofs garTo­bis, siamovnebisa da aSkara sicarielis rols Tayvanismcemel­Ta Soris. rac Seexeba regeis, avtori srulad ar gamokveTs siaxloves Tanamedroveobasa da teqnologiebs Soris, riTac dub­i Tavis iamaikel Tayvanismcemlebs izidavda. SavkanianTa

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musikis sxvadasxva saxeebs xangrZlivi urTierToba aqvs Ta­namedroveobasTan `soulTan~ dapirispirebaSi – gavixsenoT jorj qlinToni; gavixsenoT san ra; hip­hopis musikosebi da disk­Jokeebi, rogorebic auTkasti Tu DJ spuki arian; gavix­senoT 80­iani wlebis iamaikeli dub­is maestro saienTisti. da kidev, hebdijis mosazreba musikis garSemo Camoyalibe­bul or subkulturas Soris kavSirebze yuradsaRebia, radgan igi migvaniSnebs, raoden warmatebiT SeuZlia musikas Camoay­alibos politikuri da Tundac, sulieri ganzomilebis mqone identurobani, xolo es identurobebi SesaZloa erTmaneTTan rTul urTierTqmedebaSi gamoiTqvas. rogor SeuZlia musikas Seqmnas xidi, safuZveli urTierTgaziarebisTvis Tayvanismce­melTa jgufebs Soris erTimeoresTan yovelgvari `organize­buli~ kavSirebis gareSe – marTlac mecnieruli Tu aramecni­eruli Tayvanismcemlebis CaTvliT.

Tanamedrove folk-musika Tu komerciuli nawarmi?

musikis hebdijiseuli gageba imden niuanss Seicavs, rom aSkaraa misi gataceba im musikaluri stilebiT, romelTa Ses­axeb wers. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom kulturis kvlevaTa naS­romebi ufro distancirebulia da Semoifargleba im daZabu­lobebiTa Tu polemikiT, romelsac disciplina popularul musikasTan Sexebisas awydeba. pirveli, romelic ukve aRvniSne, aris daZabuloba musikas, rogorc TviTmyofad, pirad Zalebze gaTvlil koleqtiur gamomsaxvelobas (Tuki is folk­musikis magvaria) da musikas, rogorc saqonels anu industriis nawarms Soris. es Seusabamoba, cxadia, komercializebuli kulturis sxva sferoebSic arsebobs, magram gansakuTrebiT intensi­uria, rodesac musika meamboxe TviTmyofadobis niSniT aris Seqmnili. swored amitom kulturis kvlevaTa pretenzia dis­identur disciplinobaze nawilobriv rokis ritorikidan iyo nasesxebi, sadac komerciuli da `namdvili~ musikis dapiris­pirebis sakiTxi metad arsebiTia, xolo misTvis Tavis arideba – Zneli (ix. bibi, fulbruki da sondersi 2002 – esseebis anTo­logia, romelic am ganxeTqilebis asaxvas cdilobs da agreTve

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grosbergi 1994). amis erTi mizezi is aris, rom kulturis mra­vali mkvlevari Tavs aigivebs maT mier damuSavebuli popu­laruli musikisa da subkulturis formebTan. Tumca komer­ciuloba­TviTmyofadobis gansxvavebac qmnis musikis Seqmnisa da gasaRebis sakiTxs, radgan musikosebs (vinc, Cveulebriv, cocxal bendebs ayalibebs da moyvarulidan profesionalis statusisken midian) da xmis Camweri kompaniebis fulze mzrun­vel aRmasruleblebs Soris uTanxmoebis gamomxatvelia. igi msmenelTa Soris gansxvavebebsac avlens, vinc realurad, an naklebad garkveulia musikaSi. arc kritika da arc survili am gansxvavebebs ar gaabaTilebs – isini, rogorc leri grosbergi moixseniebda, `rok­formaciebs~ qmnian.

am kamaTisTvis Tavis asarideblad unda miviRoT mosaz­reba, romelsac uil sTrou gamoTqvams mZime metalis Sesaxeb Tavis farTod miRebul statiaSi, rom musika ar unda ganix­ilebodes qvemodan an TayvanismcemelTa TvalsazrisiT, ar­amed instituciurad da ekonomikurad (sTrou 1998). amdenad, igi amtkicebs, rom mZime metalis Tayvanismcemlebi sulac ar qmnian subkulturas, aramed musikaluri industriis am is­toriis garkveuli momentis Sedegi arian – rodesac oligop­oliis tendenciebi (industriis kontroli mcire monawileTa mier) da FM radiosadgurebis da eTerSi gasaSvebi musikaluri nomrebis siis gamoCenam Semoikriba gareubnebis moZravi au­ditoria. (faqtobrivad industriis konsolidirebis sakiTxi kvlav gadauWrelia: peTersoni da bergeri [1990] gviCveneben, rom is ar aris aucileblad uryevi. 50­ian da 70­ian wlebSi warmoqmnili nazavebi mogvianebiT momxmareblis gemovnebis Secvlam gaaqro.) magram, sTrous mixedviT, erTi mxriv mZime metali standartuli stili iyo, romelic ar scnobda lo­kalur gansxvavebebs, nawilobriv, centralizebuli radio­programirebis Sedegad. es procesi amJamad ufro mwvavea, vi­dre 80­ian wlebSi, rodesac sTrou esses werda. meore mxriv, es stili Tavis Tayvanismcemlebs, romelTa umetesoba mesame safexuris ganaTlebas ar iRebda, awvdida mamakacurobis for­mas, romelic upirispirdeboda ganaTlebuli `me~­s saxeebs, rodesac umaRlesi ganaTlebis diplomis ekonomikuri Rireb­ulebebis swrafad zrdis pirobebSi.

komercializmsa da samoyvarulo gamomsaxvelobas Soris

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kavSiris sakiTxis ganxilvis meore gza aris maTi urTierTo­bis iseTi saxis gadasinjva, romelic maT (struqturul) urT­ierTdaZabulobas ar Seexeba. am TvalsazrisiT, albaT, yvelaze damajerebeli naSromi repis komentarebidan modis, musikis, romelic gansakuTrebuli komerciuli warmatebiT gamoirCe­oda, magram, romelic (yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi calkeuli ubne­bi) inarCunebda kavSirs quCis moZraobasTan, saidanac 70­iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi aRmocenda. (repma Caanacvla regei, ro­gorc SavkanianTa msoflio daumorCileblobis gamoxatule­ba: amJamad mas misdeven polinezieli, melanezieli da abori­genuli rep jgufebi, iseve, rogorc regeis koleqtivebi. repi swrafad Seerwya sxva stilebs – magaliTad (wignis weris momen­tisaTvis) niu­iorkis sacekvao moda `regeitoni~ ­ laTinuris, regeisa da repis nazavi puerto rikodan, `pereosTan~ erTad popularuli iatakqveSa laTino axalgazrdebSi).

hip­hopi, romelic Seicavda modur stilebs, grafiti arts, breiq­denss, (mogvianebiT) fri­sTails (ritmul bilike­bze ritmuli improvizaciis dadeba, zogjer jgufurad da zogjer Sejibris saxiT, upirvelesad Zlieri inteleqtual­uri da politikuri datvirTviT gamoCnda (uimseTi 2001). bo­los da bolos, repi poeturi da sityvieria, rac popularuli musikis sxva formebs (toasting–isa da regeis gamoklebiT) ar axasiaTebs. marTlac, rok­musikaSi es, ZiriTadad, sxvagvarad xdeboda. misi taqti Tu ritmebi leqsebisa da vokalisgan gan­calkevebiT iqmneboda da sinamdvileSi industriis sxva sfer­os warmoadgens, Tumca pasuxismgeblobis ganawileba simReris sxvadasxva elementTa warmoebaze sul ufro Cveuli xdeboda ZiriTadi xazis komerciul musikaSic, sadac simReris erTiani JReradobis Semqmnelebi industriis mefeebi gaxdnen. miuxeda­vad amisa, repis birTvs aramWidrod SekavSirebuli Semsrule­belTa da prodiuserTa jgufebi Seadgenen, romlebic calkeu­li proeqtebisTvis ikribebian xolme. am jgufTagan yvelaze organizebulia `crew~ (jgufi), urTierTmxardamWeri Sems­ruleblebi, xSirad xangrZlivi samezoblo Tu saerTo skolis fesvebiT – fri­sTailingi swored skolis ezoSi aRmocenda, xolo fri­sTailingma Cawerili hip­hopi warmoSva.

`The Wu Tang Clan~­i, albaT, yvelaze warmatebuli, ara­komerciulobis gamo artistuli iyo am jgufTagan. `Wu~­s

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Sesaxeb isic unda iTqvas, rom maTi Camweri `Loud Records~­i, romelsac sanaxevrod mravalerovani BMG flobda, e. w. qu­Cis marketingis pioneri iyo. es iyo sacalo vaWrobis forma, romelmac Caanacvla an Seavso radio da video reklamireba – axalgazrda, qalaqeli, Savkaniani sazogadoebis TavSeyra SerCeul adgilebSi – kalaTburTis TamaSebze, adgilobriv maRaziebSi, skolis ezoebSi, klubebSi – gasayidi masalebis gavrcelebiT. marketingi da sazogadoeba aq erTmaneTs erwy­mis da quCis damajerebloba xdeba rogorc gasaRebis iaraRi, aseve socialuri seqtoris valdebuleba da `realuroba~. es gaqnili marketinguli teqnikebi mTavaria `gangsta~ rep­Si, romelic los­anjelesSi warmoiSva 80­iani wlebis bolos da agreTve, im rTul zonaSi, sadac komerciuli saxe cocx­als xvdeba. swored `Wo~­m wamoiwyo is, rac aSS­s Savkaniani bazrebis did industriad iqca: musikis varskvlavebis mier saxeldebuli da `daproeqtebuli~ privilegirebuli moda. mTlianobaSi, hip­hopi Segaxsenebs, rom antikomercializeba ufro damaxasiaTebelia TeTrkaniani burJuaziis, vidre af­rikel amerikelTa midgomisaTvis, miuxedavad moqmedi afri­kul­amerikuli kontrkulturis damyarebisa sulierebasa da poeturobaze.

repTan dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebiT kamaToben auditoriis sakiTxze. rogorc wesi, mas ufr metad damoukidebeli markebi awarmoebs, vidre msxvili, Tumca isinic avrceleben da yidian damoukideblad Seqmnil musikas. zogierTis mtkicebiT, es xde­ba, radgan damoukidebeli markebi ufro axlos arian quCasTan, sxvebi Tvlian, rom damoukidebeli repis meti wili saSualo klasisa da ganaTlebuli auditoriisTvis (Savkanianebisa da TeTrkanianebis) iwarmoeba im prodiuserebisa da xelovanebis mier, visac SeuZlia damoukidebloba SeinarCunos. cxadia, msxvili markebi naklebad uWeren mxars Janrs imis SiSiT, rom mas naklebi `reitinguli Rirebuleba~ (momavali gayidvis po­tenciali) da saerTaSoriso gamoxmaureba aqvs, vidre roks da amgvarad isini warmoebis uflebas damoukidebelTa xelSi agdeben (negusi 1999, 498­500). rogorc TriSia rouzi aRniS­navs, gayidvis cifrebis kleba maincdamainc ver dagvexmareba am debatebis SefasebaSi, radgan amJamad sxvadasxva saxis musi­ka vrceldeba oficialuri arxebis gavliT, gansakuTrebiT

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Savkanian axalgazrdobaSi da maTi aRnusxva tiTqmis SeuZle­belia (rouzi 1999). 90­iani wlebis bolodan moyolebuli MP 3 Canawerebis gadmotvirTva da gacvla­gamocvla internetis saSualebiT agreTve niSnavs CD­ebis gayidvis mixedviT mos­menis maCveneblis Semcirebas.

bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi repi TavisTavad daiyo ram­denime Janrad da auditoriad: masobrivi bazris iseTi fig­urebiT dawyebuli, rogorc Jay-Z an eminemi arian, visi kavSiri Tavis Camwer markasTan pirobiTia, iseT sawarmoo koleqtive­bamde, rogorc `Wu Tang~­ia, an regionalur pirobebSi ar­sebuli damoukidebeli naerTebis aRzeveba, rogorc dueti `OutKast~­i, an avangardisa da mis xelovanTa mzardi ricxvi, vi­sac farTod exmaureba saSualo klasi, rogorc `Prince Paul~­is rep­opera `qurdebis mefe~ da bolos regeisa da sxva JanrebT­an aRreva (rogorc mogaxseneT, aSS­Si pirvel adgilzea Son polis singli. es iamaikeli regeis momRerali soulsa da reps aerTebs) da mainc, am danawevrebis miuxedavad, kritikosebi hip­hops umTavresad kvlav opoziciuri Zalis mqoned ganixi­laven, rac yvelaze damajereblad georg lipSicma (1994) da TriSia rouzma (1994) gamoTqves. rouzi amtkicebs, rom hip­ho­pi metad dapirispirebulia samomxmareblo kulturasTan da unda gavigoT rogorc `urbanuli ganmaaxlebeli – gaCanage­buli gaerTianebebis kvlav Sejgufeba~. lipSici, meore mxriv, rogorc hebdijis pankis SemTxvevaSi, miiCnevs, rom hip­hopis gataceba moxmarebis sagnebiT (oqros Zewkvebi, swrafmavali manqanebi da a. S.), dominanturi kulturis TamaSnarevi da gaz­viadebuli imitaciaa, mozardis fantaziis gamoxatuleba, ro­melic Tavis TavSi sakuTari axirebulobis damangrevel Seg­rZnebas atarebs.

amgvari analizi gansazRvras moiTxovs, gansakuTrebiT dominanturi komerciuli repisTvis Cveul maCos JargonSi gamoyenebuli `bitches~ (Zuknebi) da `ho~ (meZavi). cxadia, es Cveuleba zustad moqmedebs, radgan Sokismomgvrelia qalebi­sTvis, liberalebisTvis, ojaxuri faseulobebisaTvis da a. S. – is meamboxeobas ganasaxierebs. magram mas sxva funqciebic ax­lavs – igi qmnis daZabulobas, romelSic repers SesaZlebloba eniWeba daamtkicos specifikuri ritorikis floba. ufro saeWvod, aman SeiZleba gamoxatos mamakacurobis garkveuli

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krizisic qalaqel afrikel amerikelebs Soris – erTgvari sa­dizmi, socialuri poziciidan, romelSic SeTavsebulia siste­maturi Cagvra sayovelTaod aRiarebuli xibliTa da quCuri ndobiT, iseve rogorc saSualo klasis TeTrkanianTa Soris SiSis aRZvris unariT. sad aris yovelive amaSi gamovlenili gansxvaveba komerciulsa da namdvils Soris? anda damangrev­elobis dapirispireba dominanturTan?

komerciasa da iatakqveSa gamomsaxvelobas Soris daZ­abulobis matarebeli kidev erTi Janri sacekvao musikaa. is, pankisa da repis msgavsad, amJamad `siSmagis scenad~ cnobil marginalur axalgazrdul kulturul warmonaqmnTan erTad iwyeba. siSmagis scena met­naklebad erTdroulad warmoiqmna ibizas espanur kurortze da manCesterSi daaxloebiT 1987 wels, rodesac hauz miuziks pirvelad daukavSirda narkotik eqstazis. hauzi, romelic diskosgan warmoiSva detroitsa da CikagoSi, iyo musikaluri stili, romelic yvela saxis ev­rodiskos, krafTuerkisa da anglo sinTpopis CaTvliT, JRe­radobis sinTezsa da Sejerebas axdenda maTi dabefeqtebiTa da perkusiuli danawevrebiT SeerTebis gziT. igi swrafad gavrcelda londonsa da germaniamde da 1990­iani wlebis da­sawyisSi kaliforniasa da niu­iorkSi damkvidrda. pirvel xanebSi, mas gansakuTrebuli bazari hqonda. igi vrceldeboda DJ­ebs Soris da upiratesad iseT klubebSi sruldeboda, ro­gorc Cikagos `Warehouse~­i da niu­iorkis `Paradise Garage~­i, romelTa klienturas Savkanianebi, TeTrkanianebi da laTino­amerikelebi, `wesierebi~ da geebi Seadgendnen.

meore mxriv, reivi (`siSmage~) msxvili wveulebebi iyo, romelTa siaxleebi zepirad an piraduli radiosadgure­biT vrceldeboda, ZiriTadad oficialuri sanqciis gareSe imarTeboda, pirdapir rom iTqvas, teqnomusikaze sacekvaod eqstazisa an zogjer LSD­s zemoqmedebis qveS. am mimdinareo­bisTvis narkotiki iseTive mniSvnelovani iyo, rogorc musi­ka, Tu meti ara – es mas iatakqveSa da araregalur statuss moupovebda. cekvac ZiriTadi iyo am kulturisTvis – axali stili partniorebis gareSe, transis msgavsi da uaRresad gamomsaxveli. musika swrafad ganviTarda gansxvavebul Jan­rebad gaerTianebul samefosa da evropaSi, aSS­s ritmebze damokidebulebisgan gaTavisuflebiT, nawilobriv kompiu­

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terebisa da musikis gadmotvirTvis gaiafebis Sedegad. hauzi da eisid hauzi eqiSpeboda detroitul teqnos, myar teqnos, breiqbiTs, jangls, dramsa da bass, transs. mis adreul xanaSi did wveulebaTa, teqno musikisa da narkotikebis kombinacia dakavSirebuli iyo warmarTobis, momTabareobisa da gansuli­erebis diskursTan, rac cxadad Segvaxsenebda 60­iani wlebis hipebis moZraobas da bevrisTvis (manamde pankebis msgavsad) TeTCer­reiganuli neoliberaluri individualizmis gaazre­bul uaryofad gvevlineboda.

1992 wlis zafxulSi, moZraobis zenitSi, reivis wveulebaze inglisis dasavleT nawilSi, Castlemorton Common­Si 40 aTas kacamde Segrovda da eqvsi dRis ganmavlobaSi aralegalurad erToboda. Tumca reivis moZraoba, rogorc aseTi, komer­cializacias bevrad ar eqvedebareba – misi simRerebi Zalze daxlarTuli da erTferovania da saamisod orientirebuli narkotikze. miuxedavad amisa, masSi Camoyalibebuli musikal­uri stilebis popularizebuli versiebi 90­iani hiT­paradebsa da saklubo musikaSi Sevida, kerZod, gvian 90­ianTa klubebis varskvlavi DJ­ebis gauTavebeli CD­ebiTa da sagangebo saR­amoebiT (magaliTad, Ministry of Sound) `siSmagis scenis~ (rave scene) saxecvlileba gaxldaT. moZraobis daqveiTeba 60­iani wlebis hipebis kulturis gamofitvis logikis wyalobiT mox­da – narkotikebis ganmeorebiTi, mudmivi da mzardi gamoyene­ba, avtoritetTa sul ufro meti zedamxedveloba da moZrao­bis avangardidan ufro farTo, bevrad pragmatul da savaWro gasarTob kulturad gardaqmna – yvelaferi es akninebda mas. auTenturobis sakiTxs Tu mivubrundebiT, sacekvao musikis istoria erT­erTi maTgani iyo, rasac saimon friTma da en­driu gudvinma `progresi gamofitvidan~ uwodes (gadmocemis Tanaxmad, zogjer ufro damajereblad, vidre sxva dros), rac SeZlebs realuri Sedegebis srul gayidvas (friTi da gudvini 1990, IX).

ufro zustad: rac mniSvnelovani iyo `siSmagis scenaSi~ da mis musikaSi, regeis, pankisa da hip­hopisgan gansxvavebiT, mas sruliad araorganizebuli safuZveli hqonda. igi musikiTa da narkotikebiT – da mxolod musikiTa da narkotikebiT gan­isazRvra. es niSnavs, rom misi politika ar iyo identurobis, aramed siamovnebisa da (ramdenadme) gansulierebisa. amdenad,

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misi musika, tradiciuli musikaluri instrumentebis saSu­alebiT, piradi talantis gamomxatveli ar iyo; am mxriv man folkis JReradoba sruliad dakarga. igi warmogviCenda kav­Sirs anti neoliberalur xazgasmul koleqtiurobasa da ci­fruli musikaluri bilikebis maRalteqnologiur samyaros Soris (rogorc misi narkotiki iyo rTuli industrializebu­li farmakologiis nayofi). SesaZloa, yvelaze TvalsaCino mis windauxedaobaSi iyo politikuri miznisa da ambiciis nakle­boba. albaT, dRes umjobesia igi TanagrZnobisa da siamovnebis, rogorc winaaRmdegobis, warumatebel, magram gambedav eqs­perimentad ganvixiloT (ix. reinoldsi 1998; melboni 1999).

arti Tu popi?

popularuli musikis Tanmxlebi meore winaaRmdegobri­oba, romelic mis Sesaxeb samecniero nawerebis didi nawilis gansjis sagania, esTetikasa da popularuls Soris arsebobs. Zvelad, rokis analizi, mxardamWeri Tu sawinaaRmdego, xazs usvamda mis meamboxeobas, efemerulobas, modis mier stan­dartizebasa da dominirebas. Tumca isini nakleb Sesabamisi aRmoCndeboda, radgan rokis Seqmna, moxmareba da Sefaseba uamravi gansxvavebuli gziT xdeboda. magaliTad, garkveuli seqtori rok samyaros SigniT yovelTvis aRwevda `seriozul~ musikamde: gavixsenoT ara riq ueikmani, aramed `Radiohead~–is `Kid A~ da `Amnesiac~. xolo rok musikis akademizacia 80­iani wlebidan musikas martivi populizmisagan Semoabrunebs (pro­fesiuli gazeTi `Popular Music~ 1981 wels daarsda; aSS­Si pop musikis Semswavleli profesiuli asociacia imave wels da­fuZnda; mas Semdeg seminarebi musikis Sesaxeb, romlebic sa­mecniero da industriul tipebs aerTianebda, Cveuli gaxda da piriqiT, rok­musikosebi kulturis sakvlev esseebsac werdnen – ix. r. j. uiren zeinis `Del Fuegos~­dan piesa anTo­logiaSi `roki zRvarze~ (bibi, fulbruki da sondersi 2002) – anda – kulturulad daxvewil Txzulebebs – ix. `Luna~­s wevr din uoremisa da alt­qanTri jgufis `Old 97~­is wevr ret mileris moTxrobebi `MacSweeney’s~ –Si, # 12 (2004)). kidev erTi magaliTi: daxSuli sistemebi pirvelad kontrabandis­

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gan TavdacvisaTvis Seiqmna, xolo Semdeg, CD­s SemoRebasTan erTad, 80­iani wlebis dasawyisSi, bazari aavso. manamde rok­en­rolSi Semovida lite raturis msgavs sferoebSi Caketili kvazi­esTeturi da dama kanonebeli saqmianobebi (`naSromTa krebulebi~) oRond ara sabazro ZalTa mier rokis STanTqmis winaaRmdeg, aramed maT gamo. gaTviTcnobiereba, Segroveba da sisrule Zalas iZenda xanmokle sicocxlisunariani musikal­uri produqciis sacalo bazrebiT da naRdi angariSsworebiT msxvili markebis gverdis avliT gavrcelebisgan, iseve, ro­gorc Savi bazrebis ayvavebisgan. erTi mxriv, es sistemebi xe­lovanTa ganmadidebeli mavzoleumebi da maTi reputaciisa da aRqmis sakiTxis gadawyvetaa. meore mxriv, isini ubralod erTxel kidev gviCvenebs kulturul gansvavebulobas qmede­baSi. xolo kidev erTi kuTxiT, es ubralod didi Canafiqria, romelic Tayvanismcemlebs saSualebas aZlevs isiamovnon, iswavlon, axsovdeT da Seagrovon.

sinamdvileSi, garkveuli esTetizmi ganuyofelia popu­laruli musikis bazrebisgan, ramdenadac mimoxilvasa da kri­tikazea damokidebuli. mimomxilvelebi Rirebulebis Sesaxeb msjeloben, raTa momxmareblis arCevani gansazRvron da amas, saboloo jamSi, esTeturi kriteriumis saSualebiT akeTeben. magaliTad moviyvanT (Semoklebul, magram mainc grZel) san­franciskos damoukidebel CanawerTa maRaziis Aquarius Re­cords­is TanamSromlis daweril mimoxilvas internetidan. aq naTlad SeimCneva rokis esTetizmi, rogorc uxerxuloba massa da populizms Soris (aseve is siswrafe, riTac Janrebi yalibdeba).

`glosaluri~, `radioaqtiuri~, `moCvenebiTi Sexsenebebi, Tu ra iqneboda simRera~ ­ yovelive es metismeti rafinirebisa da Tanac, sruliad ironiulad, popis esTetizaciaa. liberal­uri saxelovnebo ganaTlebis kvali aq aSkarad SeimCneva, xolo Sefasebis diskursi, romelic agreTve gasayidi moTxovnaa, Tavad musikasTan aris SeTavsebuli. es aris esTetizebuli eqsperimentuli musika, romelic moxerxebulad icavs wonas­worobas popis siamovnebebs, avangardul karCaketilobasa da mosawyeni normatiulobis darRvevas Soris. SesaZloa es rok­speqtris yvelaze esTetizebuli ubani iyos, magram, ro­gorc bernard gendroni SeniSnavs Tavis SorsmWvretel wignSi

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`monmartrsa~ da Mudd Club­s Soris: popularuli musika da avangardi~, rok­kulturis damfuZnebeli moZraoba – iseTi mSvidi momRerlebis, rogorc pet bunia, uaryofa liTl ri­Cardis msgavs mCqefare ucnaurTa sasargeblod – TavisTavad gulisxmobs esTetur gansxvavebas, energiul, TviTmyofad da disidentur esTetikas (gendroni 2002, 214).

popularul musikaSi arsebuli xelovnebis RirebulebaTa miRebis sirTuleebi Tavs iCens am sferosadmi miZRvnil kul­turis kvlevebis naSromebSi. magaliTad, enjela makrobis brwyinvale esse britanul dram­en­basze (`drum’n bass~) ganix­ilavs am Janrs rogorc popularuli musikis stilTa Savkanian britanul esTetizacias (McRobbie 1999, 14­16). dram­en­basis umetesoba, SeniSnavs igi, anonimuria da ar aris bazarze ga­miznuli, aramed ufro Tavisi TavisTvis iqmneba da sruldeba. es aris Janri, romelic agreTve imiT gamoirCeva, rom gareSeni mas ver Seafaseben an sxvagvarad ver mourigdebian, swored misi Sinagani miswrafebis gamo:

es musika mis SemqmnelTa cxovrebis Canawers hgavs. igi uaRresad TviTamsaxveli, mudmivad ganaxlebadi, Tavisi sa­kuTari ambis kvlav da kvlav mTxrobelia. igi improvizaciis, aRfrTovanebisa da utopiis elementebs Seicavs, romlebic mis xorcSesxmasa da SesrulebaSi gamoixateba (da aRwerilia gilrois mier rogorc SavkanianTa atlantikuri musikaluri esTetikis nawili) da agreTve raRac ufro axali, gaurkveveli da gansxvavebulia. SiSi, teroric ki feTqavs dram­en­bas musi­kis gulSi, romelsac faqtobrivad, xma da teqsti, MC­s brZane­bebisa da komentarebis garda, ar axlavs. amaSi rasobrivi xsov­nis siRrmecaa, roca ar iyo sazogadoeba, arc daculoba da usafrTxoeba – mxolod paranoia.

(makrobi 1999, 19)

makrobis miaCnia, rom dram­en­basi uaryofili formaa, ro­melic Tavisi damsaxurebebiT yuradRebas ar iqcevs, radgan naklebad ukavSirdeba sazogadoebriv kulturasa Tu aka­demias, vTqvaT, britartisgan gansxvavebiT, romelsac avtori ganixilavs xelovnebis samyarodan popularul kulturaSi zedapirul da urcxv gadanacvlebas (makrobi 1999, 18). amaSi

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igulisxmeba, rom dram­en­basis msgavs subkulturebs ofi­cialuri aRiareba, mediis yuradReba sWirdeba: usamarTlobaa, Tuki mas es ara aqvs. es sinamdvileSi ar aris mravali mimdevris Tvalsazrisi. marTlac, 80­ian wlebSi dram­en­basis aRtaceba, eqsperimentaloba da `integrireba~ aSkarad yuradRebis uqon­lobas emyareboda, rasac makrobi gasagebad kicxavs.

daskvna

popularuli musika kulturis kvlevebisTvis gadamwyve­tia, radgan karg magaliTs gviCvenebs, Tu rogor qmnis xe­lovnebis formebi calkeul kulturul warmonaqmns gayofisa da mizidvis procesebSi da ratom arRvevs ase iolad musikis Tayvaniscema mecnierulisa da aramecnierulis sazRvrebs. ma­gram popularuli musikis esTetika populizmis Semamcirebe­li formebis (rokis samyaros CaTvliT) gamowvevaa, radgan misi komercializmis aseTi siaxlove mis meamboxeobasTan agreTve gamoiwvevs analitikur struqturebs, rac bazars TviTmyo­fadi disidentobis opoziciaSi aTavsebs.

lorens grosbergi Tavis bolodroindel esseSi kultu­ris kvlevebisa da popularuli musikis Sesaxeb, miiCnevs, rom mniSvnelovania maTi kavSirebis politikuroba (grosbergi 2002). misi argumentaciiT, neoliberalizmis pirobebSi, ax­algazrdoba (anu amerikeli axalgazrdoba) iWyliteba maTi ekonomikuri da socialuri momavlisTvis safrTxis momtan politikasa da maTTvis pasuxismgeblobis sul ufro da ufro adre damakisrebel politikas Soris. am situaciaSi, amtkicebs igi, axalgazrduli kulturis da gansakuTrebiT, musikis Teoriulad informirebuli gaazreba, daexmareba am sferos mkvlevrebs axalgazrdobas gamoesarClon: es mimzidveli SeniSvna, zogierT, am wignSi gamoTqmul, Cems arguments exmi­aneba kulturis kvlevebis rolis Sesaxeb. magram me agreTve mainteresebs ras SesZens es `OutKast~­sa Tu maikl jeqsons an avril lavins da maT Tayvanismcemlebs. da bolos, kulturis kvlevebis pop musikasTan xangrZlivi siaxlovis miuxedavad, isini sxvadasxva samyaros miekuTvnebian da es gansxvaveba misi siZlierisTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre raime garigeba. am

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SemTxvevaSi, popularuli musikis gageba kulturis kvlevebis mier, Tumca SesaZloa Tayvaniscemis an Tundac gamosarClebis survils gamoxatavdes, sabolood midrekilebas amJRavnebs imisken, rom samecniero codna iyos rogorc nebismieri sxva disciplinis kavSiri (radgan kulturis kvlevebi datvirTu­li disciplinaa) musikasTan, anu politikuri Zalis armqone, gansxvavebiT genderis, eTnikurobis, rasisa da seqsualobis sakiTxebisgan, romlebic sul ufro uaxlovdeba politikurs. rodesac saqme musikaze midgeba, kulturis kvlevebs SeuZlia Seaqos, gaakritikos da misi gageba Tu axsna scados, Tumca amas sakiTxisgan daSorebiT axdens da aucileblad SezRuduli politikuri midgomiT.

damatebiTi literatura: Beebl, Fulbrook and Squarders 2002; Frith 1996; Frith and Horne 1987; Frith, Straw and Street 2001; Good-win 1992; Hebdige 1979 and 1987; Ross and Rose 1994.

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4.3. interneti da teqnokultura

1999 wels indra sinham (internetSi `Bear~­ad cnobilma), ga­moaqveyna `kiberboSebi: eleqtronul sazRvrebze siyvarulis, sicocxlisa da mogzaurobis gulaxdili angariSi.~ esaris naxevradSeTxzuli mogoneba 1987 da 1991 wlebs Soris inter­netSi TamaSsa da SetyobinebaTa gzavnaSi gatarebul Rameebze. es iyo manamde, vidre Windows­i da WWW (World Wide Web) kibersivrces masmediad gadaaqcevda. 80­iani wlebis bolos in­terneti gotikiT­hiper gotikiT daavadda. misi gmirebi: Jesus Slutfucker, liliti hagstroi da metibali – daxetialoben vir­tualur sivrceSi, TiTqos is saxifaTo, mistikuri jojo xeTi iyos. zogierTi virusis iseT adgilebSi moxvedrisas, rogorc nuKE, amoSanTvasa da rRvevas iwvevs; zogi S&M­is rolis Sem­srulebeli Tavs iyris saitebze, rogorc madam pompaduri Vortex­ze; zogi Shade­ze, MUD saitze damokidebuli xdeba da dRe­Rames uZinrad asworebs klaviaturasTan. Sepyrobili hakerebi Fidonet­is msgavs Wkuiskolofebis qselur sistemas misdeven (romelic aSS­Si 1984 wels daiwyo da am gaerTianebis dasabams aRniSnavs) iseve, rogorc sauniversiteto sistema JANET­s. riskis fasad, isini cdiloben internetis or, aSS­s Tavdacvis saministros mier marTuli `mamis~– MILNET­is (sam xedro sistemis) da ARPNET­is (saZiebo sistema, romelic yvela internetsistemaTagan pirveli iyo) sistemaSi SeRwevas.

garda amisa, modemebiT Sesvlas wuTebi, zogjer saaTe­bi sWirdeba, raTa raime kavSiri damyardes. zog moTamaSes satelefono zarebi akotrebs. `Bear~ flobs kompiuters, romelsac Apricot ewodeba (britanuli pasuxi Apple­s) da 128 K mexsiereba da 16­bit mikrokompiuteri aqvs, rac dros amok­lebs da yovelive es im samyaroSi SesaRwevad, romelic Tavda­pirvelad gamosaxulebasa da bgeras moklebul sacnobaro dafebd Seicavda (sinha 1999).

erTi mxriv, sinhas cocxal gamoxmaurebaSi Zvel internet­ze TvalSisacemia, Tu raoden moZvelebuli gveCveneba igi.

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magaliTad, ar aris agresiuli porno, romelmac biZgi misca internetis bums, rodesac gamosaxuleba xelmisawvdomi gax­da. kiberkulturaze swrafad sxvas arafers gasdis yavli. Tumca, meore mxriv, igi ucnaurad axlobelia. mis SemswreTa­gan romels SeuZlia daiviwyos bedisweris, gaucxoebisa da revoluciis apokalifsuri ritorika, romelic teqnokul­turis warmoSobas axlda? xolo amis sapirispiro, ganmaaxle­beli, saswaulebrivi da teqnologiuri netarebis ritorikas, romelSic kosmosuri futuristuli motivebi kaliforniul axali Taobis ganmaTavisufleblobasTan iyo SeTavsebuli, mx­ars ubamda Jurnalebi `Mondo 2000~ da `Wired~­i 80­ian wlebSi. yovelive aman zenits miaRwia dotcom­is fuWi utopiurobis bumsa da kapitalizmis axali safexuris mqadageblobaSi, rac uaryofiTad aisaxa 2000 wlis pirveli ianvris aTaswleulis kraxis SeSlil winaswarmetyvelebaSi.

teqnokulturebs is sirTule axlavs, rom zustad ara­vin icis, sad iRebs saTaves da sinamdvileSi ras warmoadgens. swored sinhas Semdgom, ufro zustad, 1990 wlidan Web­ma (qseli) rogorc aseTma, ufro vrceli internetis SigniT me­tad specifikuri mniSvneloba SeiZena. igi niSnavda mTeli sa­myaros bades (WWW), romelic Tavidan mxolod erTi saxis momsaxureba iyo Net­ze, moxmarebisTvis sasiamovno suraTebi­sa da (mogvianebiT) bgeris gamo, rasac maSin Net­xalxidan bev­ri uaryofda (teqnikurad WWW globaluri hiperteqsturi HTML­ze damyarebuli sistema iyo. ix. www.w3.org/history. html Web–istoriis droiTi xazisTvis). Web­i urTierTCae­nacvleba da warmosdgeba iseTi terminebidan, rogorc `in­terneti~ an `Net~­i. Web­i mxolod kulturas ar miekuTvneba – igi imdenadve biznesis, administraciuli, samxedro saSu­alebaa, rogorc pirovnuli, gasarTobi. is mxolod momsaxure­bac ar aris. igi iTvisebs da gardaqmnis Zveli sakomunikacio teqnologiebis umetess – telefons, translirebas, fostas, gamomcemlobas da axlebsac umatebs – audio gadmotvirT­vas, linking­s (romelsac hiperteqsti unda ewodos. am sakiTxs adreul 80­ianebSi uamravi optimisturi futuristuli na­muSevari mieZRvna), info-tracking­i (saxelwodeba dauyovnebliv Cawerisa da gamoqveynebis unaris mixedviT rom miiRo). Zveli hegelianuri gamoTqmiT: igi mohyveba Zvel medias, inarCunebs mas da umaRles Zalauflebamde ahyavs. amasobaSi urTierTS­

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eaTavsebs da saxes ucvlis. E-mail-I, magaliTad, fostis saxesx­vaobaa, Tumca siswrafis, individualobis damkargavi, erTba­Sad bevri misamarTis miRwevis unaris gamo, igi translirebas emsgavseba, SesaZloa `interaqtiursac~ ki.

radgan Web­i kvlav viTardeba da zustad aravin icis, ris gakeTebas SeZlebs an ra socialur Sedegs gamoiRebs, misi kri­tika da Teoria kvlavindeburad spekulaciasa da winaswar­metyvelebas emyareba. miT umetes, rom informaciisa da komu­nikaciis gacifruleba, Tumca internetisgan gayofilia, mainc axlo kavSirSia Net­is gafarToebasTan, radgan yvelaferi, rac cifruli xdeba, umTavresad, Web­ze ideba. amJamad gaci­frulebas mainc Tavisi sakuTari Sedegebi mosdevs Web­isgan damoukideblad, maT Soris, gansakuTrebiT, saavtoro ufle­bebis, rogorc MP3­s gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi. sTiven feldi aseT SemTxvevas ganixilavs: solomonis kunZuleli momRerali qalis, afunakvas Sesrulebuli simRera `Rorogwela~ Tavdapir­velad UNESCO­Si momuSave eTnomusikis mcodnem Caiwera da Semdeg Deep Sound­is CD­ze iyo warmodgenili (feldi 2001). Semdgom man TavisiT ganagrZo arseboba: misi gadamuSavebuli maRalxarisxovani versia msoflio musikalur hitad iqca, romlisTvisac videoklipic gadaiRes. musika licenzirebuli iyo satelevizio reklamirebisTvis ramodenime korporaciis mier, Sony­s da Coca Cola­s CaTvliT. jazis saqsofonistma ian garbarekma is Tavisi CanawerisTvis SearCia, radgan egona, rom `pigmeebis musikas~ iTvisebda. aq ki honorarebis gamo gaCaR­da uTanxmoeba. afunakvas simReraze ekonomikuri uflebebi hqonda, Tumca (rogorc mesame samyaros adgilobrivi musikis didi nawilic) igi `zepirsityvierebad~ ganixileboda. gar­bareks aSkarad araviTari honorari ar gadauxdia arc misTvis da arc solomonis kunZulelebisTvis, Tumca aRmoCnda, rom igi, rogorc norvegiuli sagadasaxado saagento iuwyeboda, mTeli honoraris 50 procents `xalxuri musikis~ mxardamWer fonds uxdida. Tumca, sakiTxavia: ecodineboda originalur Semsrulebels cifruli Canaweris erTi CD­dan meoreze da erTi Web­gverdidan meoreze gadaweris Sesaxeb? da ra saxis kontroli SeiZleba maT awarmoon aramyar, komerciul `erT samyaroSi~ CaZirul simReraze? es aris magaliTi, sadac na­muSevris Seqmnis Tavdapirveli garemoebebi daviwyebuli da

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ignorirebulia, rodesac igi cifruli da met­naklebad ara­materialurad gafantuli xdeba. miuxedavad amisa, Tumca situacia axalia, pasuxismgeblobisa da kontrolis mis mier wamoWrili sakiTxebi ar aris uCveulo gacifrulebuli peri­odisTvis da arc Cvens xelT arsebuli eTikuri kategoriebi maTTan gasamklaveblad, Tumca, es nakleb damajerebelia leg­aluri struqturebis SemTxvevaSi (ix. makleodi 2001 axali te­qnologiebis mier inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis winaSe wamoW­rili sakiTxebis SesaniSnavi ganxilvisaTvis).

aq bgeris cifrul formatSi gadayvana da gadacema kul­turul da erovnul sazRvrebs miRma kulturul uflebaTa da samarTlis gamocdas warmoadgens. Web­i aCqarebs amgvar gamocdebsa da gaurkvevlobas. garda amisa, amJamad, Web­is zemoqmedebis gansazRvris mcdelobebic SezRudulia misi te­qnologiuri ganviTarebis mdgomareobaSi yofnis gamo. misi ax­landeli gamoyeneba da cxovrebaze zemoqmedeba sulac ar aris kargi mimaniSnebeli momavlis Sesaxeb: sinahas magaliTi amis dadasturebaa. anda, sxva magaliTi moviyvanoT: 1997 wels luis vuduordi, aSS­Si mcxovrebi britaneli ZiZa misi aRsazrdeli bavSvis mkvlelobaSi daadanaSaules. am SemTxvevam Zlieri in­ternet aqtiuroba gamoiwvia mis sasargeblod. igi Web­Si cno­bili pirovneba gaxda da, rogorc aseTi, kulturis kvlevebis mniSvnelovani ganxilvis obieqti (ix. senfti 2000). kerZod, es SemTxveva Web­aqtiurobis rogorc samarTlisaTvis moqmedi Zalis dabadebis mauwyeblad ganixileboda. Tuki gverds avu­vliT vuduordis kampaniasa da ufro tradiciul medias (gan­sakuTrebiT, `Court TV~­s) Soris kavSiris sakiTxs, ise Cans, rom misi msgavsi SemTxveva aRarasodes ganmeordeba. amJamad, eqvsi wlis Semdeg, interneti ubralod metismetad didi gaxda saam­isod; aseTi SemTxveva Zalze bevria. mas imaze meti kavSiri ara aqvs socialur samarTlianobasTan (Tuki es am sakiTxSi arse­bobda), vidre qristianul uflebebTan, politikur reklamasa da kapitalis zrdasTan, azartul TamaSebTan an, vTqvaT, gan­maTavisufleblobasTan.

amasTanave, odesRac aRmaSfoTebeli internet gverdebi axla miRebuli gaxda. erT magaliTsac moviyvanT 1997 wlidan – heri noulesis da misi vebgverdis, http://www.aint-it-cool-news.com, romelmac saxeli gaiTqva adreuli mimoxilviT ho­

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livudis warumatebeli filmisa `beTmeni da robini~. texaseli bavSvi, noelesi pirveli iqca holivudSi mniSvnelovan figu­rad internetis gziT. imdroindeli didi studiebis Sedar­ebiTma Seuvalobam, misma mxurvale siyvarulma Zveli da axali filmebisadmi; scenarebis, dadgmebisa da sasinji Cvenebebis Sesaxen Sida e-mail­ebis gamoyenebam; holivudis marketingu­li teqnikis kargma codnam – yovelive aman Web­gverds mniS­vnelovneba SesZina, rogorc holivudis mier sakuTari Tavis gareT warmoCenis saSualebam. es, amdenad, safrTxesac Seicav­da didi studiebisTvis, radgan informaciis gavrceleba da miukerZoebeli Sefaseba metad mniSvnelovan `pirvel kviraze~ adre gansakuTrebuli zianis momtani iyo. es kvira gadamwyve­tia aSS­s kinoindustriisTvis, radgan sazomia ara mimoxilvisa da zepiri gamoxmaurebis (romelzec studias naklebi kontro­li aqvs), aramed marketinguli strategiebisa da varskvlavTa ZalisaTvis (romlis gakontroleba maT xelSia) da SesaZloa gaxdes ufro farTo marketinguli kampaniis safuZveli. ma­gram dRes noulesis gverdi komercializebulia da Zalze daxvewil studiis reklamas Seicavs. Tuki is rogorme emijneba holivuds, Tqven holivuds ufro unda dauaxlovdeT, vidre Cveulebrivi filmis naxviT. Web­is damoukidebloba damkvi­drebul mediainteresTa xazSi CaerTo.

amdenad, Web­is aRqma adreul utopiur Tu Sokismomgvre­li momavlis diskursebs gascda. samecniero mimoxilvac mas mihyva. socialur­samecniero gamokvlevis bolodroindeli daskvna Web­is socialur da kulturul zemoqmedebaze Ta­vis aRmoCenebs am sferoSi xuTi saTauriT warmogvidgens: (1) axali teqnologiebis aTviseba da gamoyeneba, riTac damokide­bulia umTavresad lokalur konteqstze da ar `arRvevs so­cialurad normatiul qcevas~; (2) axal teqnologiebTan aso­cirebuli SiSebi da safrTxe araTanabradaa gavrcelebuli socialuri TvalsazrisiT; (3) virtualuri teqnologiebi re­alur saqmianobas ufro Seavsebs, vidre Caanacvlebs; (4) ufro virtualuri ufro realuria, rac gulisxmobs, rom axali teqnologiebi marTlac waaxalisebs ufro tradiciul saqmi­anobas (rogorc sagamomcemlo saqmes, sadac wignis warmoe­bis cifruli xerxi process ufro iafs, swrafsa da moqnils xdis da yovelwliurad gamocemuli wignebis ricxvs zrdis);

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(5) ufro globaluri ufro lokaluria, rac gulisxmobs, rom lokaluris daZlevis SesaZlebloba ganxilulma teqnolo­giebma sinamdvileSi SeiZleba gazardos. amis kargi magaliTia sazogadoebrivi Web­gverdebi, romlebsac SeuZlia efeqturi saSualebebi mogvawodos calkeuli lokalurobebis saxeebsa da atraqcionebTan, agreTve saqmianobasTan dasakavSireblad. cxadia, rom Web­Tan regionis dakavSirebam SeiZleba adgilo­brivi siamaye gaaZlieros swored msofliosTan dakavSirebis SegrZnebis gamo (vulgari 2002, 14­20). Web­is gamoyenebam, marTlac, SeiZleba gaamyaros odindeli kulturuli saqmi­anobani. deniel milerisa da don sleiteris mier trinidadSi Net­is gamoyenebis Seswavla, magaliTad, gvaCvenebs, rom Web­i iq tradiciis darRvevad ki ar mogvevlina, aramed `bunebrivad trinidadulad~, romelic miesadaga, rogorc lokalur kos­mopolitizms, aseve lokalur laybobismoyvare gulRiaobas (mileri da sleiteri 2000).

mainc, es ar unda iyos mizezi, ris gamoc Web­i ar niS­navs warsulTan kamaTs ufro metad, vidre avtomanqanebi Tu eleqtroba an telefonebi (romlebic agreTve mniSvnelovani, amJamad met­naklebad damkvidrebuli teqnologiebia) araa so­cialursa da kulturul wyobaSi cvlilebis Sedegi. miuxeda­vad imisa, rom es teqnologiebi cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili gaxda, isini gamokvlevas ar eqvemdebareba, ubralod ar arse­bobs raime Tvalsazrisi, romelic analitikurad moicavs maT an Tundac, amas moiwadinebs (televizia gamonaklisia, radgan, rogorc vnaxeT, igi inarCunebs wonasworobas struqturul Zalad yofnasa da mravalTagan erT mediad yofnas Soris). axal teqnologiaTa mTel sazogadoebaze zemoqmedebis Sem­swavleli socialuri sferos mkvlevarni, Cans, am zegavlenis mniSvnelovan niSnebs uSveben mxedvelobidan, vinaidan Se­darebiT mcirea im privilegirebul `adreul amTvisebelTa~ ricxvi, vinc teqnologiebis gamoyenebis Tanmdevi gardaqmnebi SeamCnia. Tumca, adreul amTvisebelTa gamocdileba ar aris aucilebeli igive iyos Semdgomi TaobebisTvis.

me Tavs ar vdeb gamocdil da mowinave Web­momxmare­blobaze, magram metad var eleqtronuli mowyobilobebiT aRWurvili, vidre sazogadoebis wevrTa umetesoba amJamad, rodesac Web­i totaluri mediamoxmarebis drois daaxloe­

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biT 11 procentis tolia aSS­Si da aSkarad naklebia msoflio maCvenebelTan SedarebiT (gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programis (UNDP) 1999 wlis `kacobriobis ganviTarebis anga­riSSi~ aRniSnulia, rom 90­iani wlebisTvis OECD–s qveynebi msoflios mosaxleobis 19 procents, xolo internetmomsa­xurebisa – 91 procents Seadgenda – es cifri aRniSnavs glo­balur cifrul dayofas, anu masobriv uTanasworobas Net­is xelmisawvdomobaSi regionebis mixedviT). Cemi piradi procen­tuli maCvenebeli internetSi media moxmarebisa 50 procents utoldeba, rasac Cveni mimarTulebis gansazRvra SeuZlia, anu Web­is piradad Cems mier gamoyeneba winaswar gansazRvris sa­Sualebad gamodgeba. amdenad, neba momeciT erT garkveul dRes (guSin, 2003 wlis 28 maiss) Cems mier Web­is gamoyenebis mcire avtobiografia SemogTavazoT. nasauzmevs maSinve Cemi e-mail­i Sevamowme da Semdeg daaxloebiT yovel or saaTSi imaves vimeo­rebdi. me ramdenime wigni SevukveTe da amasobaSi CemTvis sa­survel sias gadavxede Amazon­sa da ABE­ze. BBC.com axali am­bebis gverdi dReSi orjer mainc gavxseni dasarwmuneblad, rom sanam sxva saqmes vakeTebdi, samyaro raime ubedur SemTxvevas ar SeuZravs da Slate­ze saTaurebs gadavavle Tvali. am wignis werisas zogjer Google­idan vamowmebdi monacemebs sakiTxisa Tu bibliografiuli detalebis Sesaxeb Cveulebriv kongre­sis biblioTekidan Endnote­is saSualebiT. xolo Limewire­ze, ZiriTadad uSedegod, vcdilobdi ramdenime Son Volt­is gad­motvirTvas, radgan maTi damowmeba mimzidvelad meCvenebo­da. me Cems Zvel kolegas warmovidgendi da mainteresebda, ra emarTeboda, rodesac Web­Si iCxrikeboda da Semaferxebel Cixebs, moZvelebul gverdebsa da Semdeg SedarebiT axlebsac aTvalierebda. me zereled gadavikiTxavdi zogierT pirad dRiurs (blogs) da moviniSnavdi, romlis gadaxedvac msurda. ma­salis nawili Cems blog­ze gadmovwere da Semdeg Apple Music-ze 30­wuTi simRerebis mosmenaSi gavatare da mivdevdi im `xalxs, vinc yidulobda da yidulobda~ CemTvis ucnob albomebs.

yoveli dRe, cxadia, aseTi ar aris. vici, arc me var tipiuri magaliTi, radgan internetSi Sin Sevdivar da ara samsaxursa Tu internet­kafeebSi (kiber kafeebi, universitetebi da a. S.), rac kvlav mniSvnelovania Net­Si SesaRwevad maTTvis, visac kompiuteris SeZenis fufuneba ara aqvs. me arc internetSi, e.

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w. `masobriv mraval moTamaSeTa~ SejibrebebSi CarTuli moTa­maSe var, rolebis SerulebisTvis scenarebs rom avrcelebs, sadac Bear­is Zveli yaidis virtualuri Txzulebebi sruliad axal sivrceSia gatanili. ufro teqnikurad rom vTqvaT, me Sin internet momsaxureba maqvs arasakabelo gadamcemiT, romelic Tanamedrove da swraf kompiuters kvebavs, rac jer kidev iS­viaTobaa. Tumca, arasakabelo kavsirebis (links) gavrceleba in­ternetSi izrdeba da albaT vebSi Sesvlas gaafarTovebs.

Web­is gamoyenebis am Tvalsazrisidan Tu gamovidodi, teqnologiis socialur zemoqmedebaze winaswarmetyvele­bas imiT daviwyebdi, rom momsaxurebisTvis meti dro Tavisu­fldeba da iklebs saqonlis sacalo gayidvis SemTxveviToba realur sivrceSi (sinamdvileSi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, ra wignebia calkeuli wignis maRaziaSi, roca internetSi TiTq­mis yvelaferi iolad xelmisawvdomia da es amJamad mraval moxmarebis saganzec vrceldeba). es, albaT, unda niSnavdes garkveul sazogadoebriv saqmianobaTa, gansakuTrebiT say­idlebis SeZenis Sinaur garemoSi gadmotanas. imavdros, Web­i niSnavs saqonlisa da informaciis mzard misawvdomobas, mou­lodneli aRmoCenebis CaTvliT. xolo gasarTob saqmianobebs: televizias, kiTxvas, kinos Web­is saxiT namdvili metoqe hyavs. marTlac, amJamad niSandoblivia, rom telemayure­bloba Web­is Tvalierebam marTlac daazarala. es imasac niS­navs, rom beWdviTisa da satranslacios magvar saqmianobaTa misawvdomobis barierebi imdenad dadablda, rom moiTxovs axal gadasarCev teqnikebs auditoriaTa dasakvalianeblad da Camosayalibeblad, anda sruliad axlebur urTierTobas sazogadoebrivsa da kerZos Soris. teqnologia sakmaod aio­lebs warmoebisa da moxmarebis gamijvnas, rac kulturisTvis, tradiciuli TvalsazrisiT, sakmaod mniSvnelovania.

Cemi am momsaxurebiT sargebloba muSaobasa da dasvenebas Soris zRvris waSlasac mianiSnebs. guSin, samuSao da piradi dro urTierTmomcveli da gadamkveTi iyo saxlSi, Tumca, sam­saxurSi rom vyofiliyavi, ar iqneboda sruliad gansxvavebu­li. amas garkveuli uxerxulobac mosdevs, radgan saSinao dro ufro gaxsnilia moTxovnebisaTvis, xolo samuSao dro ufro daucvelia gasarTobi interesebisaTvis. xolo Web­ze yovel

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qmedebas SeiZleba davakvirdeT, radgan kvals tovebs, rac imas niSnavs, rom kerZo (potenciur Tvalyuris devnebis ararsebo­bis gagebiT) safrTxis qveS aris. muSaobac da moxmarebac Sei­Zleba uwindelze metad Semowmdes.

es sazogadosa da kerZos Soris axali domenis – Web log­is gaCenasac gulisxmobs: vebiT gagzavnili dRiurebis gama­calkevebeli Web­gverdebia (blog­ebis mraval mimwode­belTagan yvelaze popularuls, Blogger­s milionze meti registrirebuli momxmarebeli hyavs am momentisTvis). Blog­ebi Web­gamoqveynebis mkveTr demokratizebas axdens, radgan mas iolsa da Tavisufals xdis. yvela saxis blog­i arsebobs: misaloci, komerciuli, Jurnalisturi, ucnaur gatacebaTa, fsevdonimuri, xelmowerili, politikosTa. TiTqmis yvela maTgani ucnaur sivrced gvevlineba, romelic Web­is ukide­ganobaSi ganlagdeba da amitom misawvdomia. isini arc said­umloa da arc sayovelTao; isini yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilia dRiuris msgavsad, magram imavdros samyarosadmi da mis Sesaxeb wardgenili angariSic.

da bolos, dro (amJamad, yovel SemTxvevaSi) Web­ze gan­sxvavebulad zemoqmedebs, vidre tradiciul media da kul­turul formebze – rogorc maikl uorneri aRniSnavs, gaci­fruleba saSualebas aZlevs kulturas mudmivmyofobaSi iarsebos, sadac igi naklebad aris (magram ara sruliad amis gareSe) organizebuli, beWdviTi da samauwyeblo mediis `punq­tualobis~, droebiTobis irgvliv, romlis teqstebi (yvelaze metad axali ambebis programebi) regularuli intervalebiT aris warmodgenili gansakuTrebul dros (uorneri 2002, 97­98). es mauwyeblobis droebiTobidan biblioTekis srul ar­adroebiTobaSi dagvabrunebs (rogorc Cemi yofili kolegis kvalis Ziebisas). Web­gverdebze Tavisi Seqmnis TariRebi iS­viaTad aris cxadad aRniSnuli da imden xans arsebobs, ramden­sac momxmarebeli ukavSirdeba.

marTlac, Web­is mimdinare triumfi virtualurobis de­materializebis gamarjvebas ar unda niSnavdes, rogorc amas teqnokulturis adreuli Teoria miiCnevda. faqti, rom Web­s gansakuTrebuli kavSiri aqvs mis mier Seqmnil misi moqmedebi­sTvis arsebiT sivrcesTan, mis momxmarebelTaTvis umniS­

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vnelovanesi ar unda iyos. igi maT sivrces ki ar ganaSorebs, ubralod saxes ucvlis maT garemos. mTlianobaSi, `virtual­uri~ sagani yuradRebis gadamtan obieqtad gvevlineba (Tum­ca igi cifruli TamaSebis kategoriad ufro rCeba). metic, sadenebze damyarebuli sazogadoebisa da demokratizaciis Sesaxeb mtkicebani, Web­is pretenziebis msgavsad Cveni urT­ierTkavSirebis Zala gaafarTovos, rogorc sazogadoebrivi sferos gamyarebisas, masobrivad gadaWarbebuli unda iyos.

marTlac, am argumentebis sawinaaRmdegod, jodi dinma ax­laxans daadastura, rom komunikaciebis zrdis Web­is mier motanili SesaZlebloba sinamdvileSi demokratias aqveiTebs, radgan individualur xmas masobriv informaciasa da uwes­rigo komunikaciebSi axSobs. dinis Tanaxmad, cifruli qse­lis popularobis zrda ramdenadme vnebs gansjas, romelsac sinamdvileSi SeuZlia demokratiis ganxorcieleba teqnokul­turis gareSe (dini 2002). es dasabuTeba aRiarebs, rom Web­i ar Seadgens sazogadoebrivi sferos im saxiT, rogorc poli­tikuri da socialuri Teoriebis umetesoba miiCnevs – komu­nikaciebis gaziarebis unariani pirovnebebis SezRuduli ra­odenoba, vinc agreTve Seadgens im erTobis mosaxleobas anda vinc warmoadgens mas warmoCenis Sesabamisi formiT. amdenad, rogorc vixileT, Web­i ar unda iyos umTavresi Zala maTze damyarebuli oficialuri politikis daqveiTebaSi: Zveli sa­mauwyeblo media, gansakuTrebiT ki televizia, amaSi mTavar rols asrulebs.

amdenad, davaskvnaT, rom Web­is irgvliv gamarTuli msj­elob mxardamWer Tu sawinaaRmdego isteriasac ki aRwevs. rodesac Web­i ufro metad Camoayalibebs socialur da kul­turul urTierTobebs, mis Sedegebs guldasmiT Semowmeba das­Wirdeba, mis safrTxeebs winaswar ganWvreta, mis siamovnebebsa da SesaZleblobebs – gavrceleba da kritikuli gamoxatva. amJamad umTavresi saSiSroeba, rac Web­ma SeiZleba wamoWras, SesaZloa iyos cifruli danawevreba, misi Zala _ sazogadoe­brivi kulturis geografia daamcros da misi unari _ inter­netiT sargebloba aqcios qmedebad, romelic erTdroulad moxmarebis saganic aris (savaWro saSualebisTvis xelmisawv­domi) da zedamxedvelobis obieqtic. meore mxriv, Web­i axali

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koleqtiurobebisa da identurobebis, internet urTerToba­Ta axali saxeebisa da yovelgvari informaciis xelmisawvdo­mobis damkvidrebas gvpirdeba. Tumca, amgvari daskvnebi ara­damajereblad JRers, radgan, rogorc mogaxseneT, aravin icis amJamad, Tu saiT mivyavarT gacifrulebasa da Web­s. es aris sakiTxi, romliskenac studentebi, amJamindeli Tu momavali, gezs aiReben.

damatebiTi literatura: Bell and Kennedy 2000; Herman and Swiss 2000; Lovink 2002; Miller and Staler 200; Plant 1996; Winston 1998.

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nawili V

identuroba

5.1. debatebi identurobaze

identurobebi Zireulad bevrad rTulia, vidre es Tavda­pirvelad SeiZleba gveCvenos. erTi SexedviT isini gansaz­Rvraven mas vinmes im niSan­Tvisebebis mixedviT, romlebic sxeulis raime fizikur maxasiaTebelze, azrze, genealogiasa Tu kulturul warmomavlobaze SeiZleba miuTiTebdes. faq­tobrivad, isini amgvari niSan­Tvisebebis mqone pirovnebebis identificirebas axdenen jgufebis mixedviT, Sedegad ki: es niSnavs, rom identuroba pirovnulobis garkveul mdgomareo­bamde Sesustebis fasad miiRweva. magaliTisTvis, Cemi, ro­gorc mamakacis, identuroba aris Cemi ganmsazRvreli, aseve mTlianobaSi 50%­iT mSTanTqmeli (uxeSad). amasTan erTad pirovnebis identurobis aRsaweri maxasiaTeblebi yovelT­vis pirobiTia. identurobis damafiqsirebeli raime niSan­Tvisebis gamoCenis Semdeg, SesaZloa gamoCndes sxvac, rac SeiZleba `bunebrivic~ ki aRmoCndes, magaliTad, adamianebis sqesis mixedviT identificirebisas (albaT, CvenTvis cnobili nebismieri sazogadoeba adamianebis identificirebas sqesis mixedviT axdens). identurobebi ar gulisxmoben pirovnebebis mTlianobaSi warmosaxvas, aramed meti an naklebi sizustiT, subieqturad asaxaven Tvisebebs, romlis matarebelnic ada­mianebi arian. umravles SemTxvevebSi adamianebs sakuTari identificirebisaTvis uWirT maxasiaTeblebis SerCeva – amas garSemomyofi sazogadoeba axdens.

adamianebis Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare es asea, radgan identuroba arsebobs gare, calkeuli da koleqtivizirebu­li da isini cvlian erTi meores. sinamdvileSi isini mxolod nawilobriv Tu arian Tqveni ganmsazRvrelni. amasTan erTad, radganac adamianebi sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis mixedviT aRweven identurobebs, identurobis gareSe, sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis mixedviT, ar arsebobs pirovneba. sazogadoe­be bi, identurobebi da pirovnebebi erTmaneTisgan damouki­

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de b lad ar arseboben da Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT uazroa zogadad identurobis kritika pirovnebis mier meobis da­kargvis gamo, iseve, rogorc mtkiceba imisa, rom adamianebs araferi gaaCniaT sakuTari identurobebis garda. identuro­bebi adamianebsa da sazogadoebas Soris ara imdenad Suamavlis rols asruleben, ramdenadac am urTierTobis ganmsazRvre­lebs warmoadgenen. Tumca, sinamdvileSi es ar aris marti­vi. pirovnebebs identuroba ki ara, identurobebi gaaCniaT, radganac identurobebi garkveuli niSan­Tvisebebis mixedviT yalibdebian (kanis feri, socio­ekonomikuri statusi, sqesi, nacionaloba, regioni, profesia, Taoba da a.S). axal zelandie­li eqtomorfi da burJua, maswavlebeli, zodiaqoTi merw­yuli mamakaci gaxlavarT da a.S. magram yoveli identuroba konkretul SemTxvevebSi Tanabari datvirTvis matarebeli ar aris da maTgan gamomdinare sazogadoebrivi Sedegebic gansx­vavebulia. sqesi, erovneba, eTnosi da klasi umniSvnelovanesi identurobebia, romlebic Cvens sazogadoebriv mdgomareobas gansazRvraven. identurobebis pirobiTi datvirTva ki drosa da sivrceSi icvleba. bevri eris magaliTis mixedviT, garemo, sadac adamiani daibada, did rols asrulebs misi identuro­bis maxasiaTeblebze. amJamad (zogadad) amas gacilebiT na­klebi mniSvneloba gaaCnia. meore mxriv, odesRac, rogorc identurobis maxasiaTebeli, erovneba mcire rols TamaSobda; axla es mianiSnebs identurobaze, romliTac saxelmwifoebi, upirveles yovlisa, arian dakavebulni. bolo 30 wlis ganmav­lobaSi `mamakacad~ yofna dasavleTSi sayovelTaod miRebuli formidan gardaiqmna (mamakacoba praqtikulad alternativis gareSe) sxvaTa Soris gamorCeul identurobad.

amasTan, azrebi, romlebsac identurobebs miaweren, xSir­ad ar asaxavs maxasiaTeblebsa da jgufebs obieqturad. isini, kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, gavlenis qveS imyofebian da bolo instanciaSi sazogadoebrivi garemos ZalisxmeviT ganisaz­Rvreba, gansakuTrebiT, Tu rogor ayalibeben isini sazoga­doebriv urTierTobebs maT Soris, vinc iyenebs identurobis maxasiaTebelsa da visac es maxasiaTebeli exeba. magaliTad, didi gansxvavebaa, rodesac Savkanian amerikel pirovnebas ni­gers, afroamerikelsa, Savsa Tu negros uwodeben. yoveli es azri gamoxatavs identurobas, rogorc msgavss (romelSic

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igi imave jgufs aRniSnavs), aseve gansxvavebuls (romelSic mas damatebiTi niSnebi gaaCnia) erTi meorisgan azrebis mixed­viT. nebismierma azrma SeiZleba mniSvneloba Seicvalos. mniS­vnelovania, Tu vin aris da ra konteqstSi misi gamomyenebeli. identurobis ganmsazRvreli zogierTi teqsti dadebiTad aris damuxtuli im jgufebis mier, romlebic am identurobas aRweren (isini aRniSnaven `TviT­identurobas~) zogi ki – ara. sakmaod xSirad, rodesac jgufis aRweras Seuracxmyofeli da winaswar Seqmnili azrebiT axdenen, aseTi ganwyoba atacebulia TviT jgufis mier da Semdeg iqceva TviT­identurobis gamomx­atvelad, Cveulebriv im mcire periodis mixedviT, romelSic isini ironiulad moixseniebodnen: magaliTad, hipi, panki, ni­geri TavisTavad.

amitomac Sesabamisoba identurobasa da pirovnul me­s Soris, struqturuli TvalsazrisiT, dakargulia da xSirad fiqroben `identifikaciaze~, rogorc moTxovnad procesebze, raTa erTgvari iarliyis qveS moaqcion (fasi, 1995). ueWvelia, rom adamianebi gansxvavdebian intensiurobiT, romliTac isini kavSirs amyareben garkveul identurobebTan. marTlac, adamianebis sakmao raodenoba ebrZvis `uidenturobas~ ­saku­Tari Tavis gamoyofiT am tipis jgufebidan yvelaze cnobil – transseqsualebisgan. (am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs droTa ganmavlobaSi uidenturobaze dafuZnebul identurobasTan. Tuki sqesobriv­identurobebis kulturuli logikis mixed­viT vimsjelebT, kacad dabadebuli pirovneba bolomde qalad verasodes iqceva). xolo sadac identurobebs dabali kul­turuli faseulobebi gaaCnia, amgvari identurobebiT daxa­siaTebul adamianebs sakuTar Tavze negatiuri warmodgenebi SeuZliaT gaiTavison. am SemTxvevebSi identifikaciis proces­ma SeiZleba gavlena iqonios fizikur damaxinjebaze.

identifikacia kvlavac Teoriul gamocanad rCeba: post­marqsistebis magaliTze, viciT, Tu ratom xdeboda, rom identifikacia nebismier sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arasodes srulyofil formas ar iRebda. droTa ganmavlobaSi sakiTxi sawyisi perspeqtivebis miuxedavad, arasrulyofilad cxad­deboda. magram Teoriuli analizis meSveobiT, bevr situa­ciebSi identifikacia SeiZleba bevrad martivad aixsnas. ada­mianebi mkvidrdebian TavianT identurobebSi ufro maRali

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an dabali xarisxiT, radganac identurobebi maTi cxovrebis struqturas da amasTan erTad calkeul SemTxvevebs Sead­genen, radganac siamovneba da stimuli maTi qcevidan gamom­dinareobs. mniSvnelovania gansxvavebis povna SeZenil da memkvidreobiT identurobebs, romelTa didi nawilic materi­alurobazea dafuZnebuli (maori (axali zelandiis polinezie­li xalxi), qali) da arCeul identurobebs Soris, romelTa didi nawilic kulturul, materialur, Tu ideologiur arCevansa Tu warmodgenebs eyrdnoba (konservatori, oficianti, ope­ris fani). es gansxvaveba (rodesac eWvgareSea, magaliTad, ras ityviT religiur identurobebze, romlebic TiTqos xSirad ganusazRvrelad memkvidreobiTi da arCeulia?) gamoyenebadia imdenad, ramdenadac Cven gviqmnis azrs, rom identifikaciis intensiurobis bevri saxeoba arsebobs, romelTac identifi­kaciis verc erTi Teoria ver daitevs. rogorc franc fenonma SeniSna, uaryofiTi identurobebi SeiZleba sxva adamianebis mier gaTavisebul iqnas Zlier dadebiTad (fanoni 1966).

amasTan erTad, radganac identurobebi calkeulia, isini TavianT garSemo cariel adgilebs toveben. yoveli Cemi Tvise­ba, identuroba Tu maTi gaerTianeba ar gansazRvravs Cems `kacobas~. CemSi aris raRac, meoba Tu `Sinagani~, rasac iden­turoba ar gaaCnia: es me, sakuTari saxeliT, rogorc pirovne­bas mekuTvnis. mas ver itevs verc erTi pirovnebaTSorisi Segneba. es aris piradi ganwyobis, survilebisa da fiqrebis samyaro, risi axsnac mTlianobaSi SeuZlebelia, Tu sad vxedav sakuTar Tavs yvelaze metad. zogjer es sivrce asocirebulia winaaRmdegobriv TavisuflebasTan, magram ar arsebobs raime mizezi, Tu ratom aris es ase. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, Tuki sazogadoebrivi identurobebi ganixileba ufro SezRuduli, vidre SesaZleblobebis gamovlinebis TvalsazrisiT (da es gvibiZgebs imaze, rom ganvixiloT isini erTdroulad rogorc SezRuduli, aseve SesaZleblobebis TvalsazrisiT), am dros identurobis gare me­oba identurobis sazRvrebs scdeba. ma­gram amis safasurad – cxadia, rom rac identurobis danak­liss ganicdis, ver Seqmnis sazogadoebriv pirs.

70­iani wlebidan dawyebuli, mzardi interesi SeiniSneba identurobis garSemo, rogorc `identurobis politikidan~ gamomdinare Sedegi – politika, romlis meSveobiTac, rogorc

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viciT, kulturis kvlevebi Tanabrdeba. cxadia, identurobis politika niSnavs ufro metad garkveuli identurobis mqone­Ta interesebze agebul politikas (Cveulebriv istoriulad uflebamosilebis CamorTmeuli adamianebi), vidre garkveul sazogadoebriv polisebsa Tu filosofiebze agebul poli­tikas. faqtobrivad, es gansxvavebebi gaurkvevelia jer kidev mas Semdeg, rac tradiciuli memarcxene/memarjvene politika yovelgvari dabrkolebis gareSe ganxorcielda klasobrivi identurobis garSemo.

identurobis politikis Zirebi bundovania: xSirad amboben, rom maTi saTave 60­ebis dasawyisSi amerikaSi gaCaRebuli samo­qalaqo uflebebis moZraobaa, romlis Sedegadac specifikuri kulturuli da socialuri identurobebis mqone dajgufebeb­ma mzard tempebSi ganaxorcieles am identurobebze agebuli politikuri moTxovnebi – gansakuTrebiT, afroamerikelebma sakuTari rasobrivi TviTmyofadobisa da feministebma qalTa uflebebis dasacavad (omi da uinanti 1986, 75). es moTxovnebi daukavSires analizs, pirvel rigSi, politikuri da istori­uli TvalsazrisiT. istoriuli TvalsazrisiT aSkaraa, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi dasavleTSi garkveul dajgufebaTa Rirebulebebi da maxasiaTeblebi – TeTrkaniani heteroseq­sualuri mamakaci da gansakuTrebiT TeTri heteroseqsuali burJua – miRebul iqna normad, magaliTad imisa, ra iqneboda adamianad yofna sayovelTao adamianurobis TvalsazrisiT.

ganaTlebas, romelic istoriuli momentis mixedviT wyvet­da religiasa da tradicias sazogadoebrivi da politikuri avtoritetisagan, gaaCnda ironiulad (asea damtkicebuli) gayinuli normatiuloba TeTrkaniani qalis movaleobebis Seusruleblobis Taobaze RmerTTan da kadrs miRma istorias­Tan. igi samyaros centrSi imyofeboda, rogorc mizezis privi­legirebulad matarebeli. eWvgareSe – da es umniSvnelovanesi politikuri aspeqtia – heteroseqsuali TeTrkaniani mamakaci iyo avtoritetisa da Zalis gzamkvlevi saxalxo sferosken da politikuri da ekonomikuri moTxovnebisaken, rac ar iTqmis aranair sxva dajgufebaze. aseT Zlier istoriul da poli­tikur interpretaciiT SeiaraRebul pirovnebaTa jgufebs, romelTa Soris arian feministebi, homoseqsualebi, les­boselebi da sxvadasxva eTnikuri dajgufebebi, 60­iani wle­

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bidan dawyebuli, gaaCniaT saxalxo sferoSi damkvidrebis farTo saSualeba maSinac ki, rodesac formaluri politi­kuri aparati mxars uWers da ibrZvis maTi survilebisa da moTxovnebisTvis maTi marginalizebuli identurobis Zalisx­mevis meSveobiT an winaaRmdegobas uwevs maTi identurobiT gamowveul SeboWvas.

zogjer aseve amboben, rom identurobis politikas Zalas hmatebs `aRiarebis~ wyurvili (Teilori 1994) (quCuri sityva, `pativiscema~), magram umetesad igi motivirebulia midgo­mis, Tavisuflebisa da patiosnebis surviliT, miukerZoebe­li midgomiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom RirsebasTan mimarTebaSi identurobis politika moicavs gamosworebul pirovnebaTa jgufis namdvili kulturuli ganurCevlobis moTxovnas, igi moicavs aRiarebis komponentebs, romlebic politikis sxva formebs aklia da mniSvnelovania, rom ar davakninoT pativis­cemis faseuloba. amasTan erTad, sadac calkeuli identuro­bebi marginalizebulia sazogadoebaSi Zlieri gavlenis mqone jgufebis mier, identurobis politikam SeiZleba moicvas `aRiarebis warmoCena~, romelic uaryofiTi stereotipebis kritikas warmoadgens da anadgurebs maTTan identificire­bul fizikur nakls.

ufro detaluri ganxilvisaTvis saWiroa momentis daWera, Tu ratom gaxda gasuli saukunis bolo aTwleulebSi iden­turobis politika aseTi Cveulebrivi, politikuri da so­cialuri landSaftis nawili. zogadad, am saxeobis politi­kuri formirebis arenaze gamosvlis orgvari axsna arsebobs: erTi aqcentirebas akeTebs sazogadoebriv mxardaWeraze da CarTul pirebze; meore ki ganixilavs ufro farTo sazoga­doebriv kondiciebs, romlebic axal politikas da mis gamaer­Tianebel SesaZlo formebs qmnian. amgvarad, istoriidan cnobili magaliTis mixedviT, britaneli abolicionistebis moZraoba monebis da maTi mxardamWerebisaTvis uflebebis micema iyo, Tu es monobis Sesabamisma ekonomikuri araefeq­turobis Sedegma ganapiroba (ixile jeimsi 1963; bleqberni 1988).

identurobis Tanamedrove politikis enaze: afro ame­rikelebi, qalebi, homoseqsualebi, lesboselebi da uazro politikuri gaerTianebebi TavianT avtonomiurobaze aqcents

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gaTavisuflebis mizniT akeTeben, Tu politikaSi isini viTa­rebidan gamomdinare uflebebis mopovebis gamo aRmoCndnen? faqtobrivad, Cven ar gvaqvs myari arCevani am alternativebs Soris. marginaluri dajgufebebis nebisyofa da energia ga­damwyveti iyo identurobis politikisaTvis, magram miuxe­davad amisa, aseT politikas adgili aqvs, rodesac igi axali ZaliTa da aRmoCenebiT xorcieldeba – `winsvlisa~ da `wevis~ faqtorebs Soris balansis damyarebiT, maTi gancalkevebiT gansxvavebul viTarebebSi.

70­ian wlebSi dasavleTis qveynebis identurobis politi­kis gamoCena SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc xangrZlivi isto­riis momenti, romlis ganmavlobaSic sxvadasxva erovnuli da kolonialur hegemonuri `kanonebis paketebis~ Zalaufleba (inglisur enovan qveynebSi WASPS [TeTrkaniani anglo­saqso­ni protestantebi]) TandaTanobiT Sesustda.

CvenTvis kargad nacnobia es istoria, romelic garkveul­wilad kavSirSia postmodernizmisa da globalizaciis isto­riasTan: meore msoflio omi elitis hegemoniis dasrulebis gadamwyveti momenti iyo sxvadasxva mizezebiT. iaponiis mier aziaSi mopovebulma adreulma gamarjvebebma dagvanaxa, rom dasavleTi ar iyo uZleveli. amerikis samxedro Zalebis af­roamerikel jarebze daqvemdebarebuli teritoria da jaris­kacis Semdgomi Semosavali (ramac rasobriv Tanasworuflebi­anobis ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli CrdiloeTSi da ara samxreTSi) axali energiiT exmareboda samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobas. xolo ebraelTa masobrivma genocidma rasistuli politikis moTxovnebi Seasusta, Zireulad moacila ra mas yvelaze mka­fio gamoxatulebebi. 50­ebis dekolonizaciam aseve daasrula evropuli hegemonia, xolo damoukideblobisaTvis samxreT aziurma xangrZlivma sub­kontinenturma brZolam, rogorc SemdgomSi gairkva, mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula vietnam­eli komunistebis gamarjvebaze jer frangebTan, Semdeg ki amerikelebTan. ufro konkretulad, qalTa moZraobas Tan erTvoda ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri ganviTarebis mTeli cikli dakavSirebuli siuxvesTan, dovlaTTan, axali sarecxis, gamwmendi, Tu saWmlis mkeTebeli meqanizmebi, oraluri kon­traceptivi da sxva. yovelma maTganma TandaTanobiT Secvala sqesTa Soris ZalTa Tanafardoba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. es

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moxda, sul mcire, industriul qveynebSi mainc. msgavsad sub­urbanizaciam gadamwyveti roli Seasrula homoseqsualebis gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis gaCaRebaSi, mas Semdeg, rac darTuli iyo neba homoseqsualebis myari sazogadoebebis Seqmnaze, ZiriTadad qalaqis Rarib dasaxlebebSi SesaRwevad. rogorc vnaxeT, kulturuli da media industriebi sakuTar Tavs segmentaciis da identurobis formirebis aqseleraciis saSualebas aZleven calkeuli identurobebis ucbad specifi­kurad Seracxvis, samomxmareblo bazrebis gansazRvris gziT.

kulturis kvlevebi xSirad ganixileboda (gansakuTrebiT aSS­Si) rogorc identurobis politikis akademizacia (da ami­tomac am istoriis memkvidre), magram faqtobrivad, is gaix­liCa or nawilad: erTi, romelic akavSirebs sakuTar Tavs marginalur da subordinirebul identurobebTan; meore ki identurobebs ganixilavs, rogorc iZulebisa da mouxerxe­blobis gamoxatulebebs, agreTve hegemoniis sazogadoebri­vi struqturirebis nawils. amitomac meordeba mcdelobebi `post­identurobis~ kulturuli politikis artikulirebi­sTvis iseTi koncepciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogoricaa hi­briduloba; mcdelobebi, romlebic sul ufro da ufro gav­leniani xdeboda 80­ebsa da 90­ebSi, identurobis politikis konceptualuri da politikuri sirTuleebis mzardi konkre­tuli mniSvnelobiT gaZlierebuli.

Cven SegviZlia Sedegis saxiT am sirTuleebis Sejameba:1. identurobis politika miiswrafvis Sida gansxvavebe­

bis mospobisaken. amgvarad, feminizmis saSualebiT sxvadasx­va klasebis an eTnosis warmomadgeneli qalebis garCeva Secdomaa. gansxvavebuli ganwyobiT midgoma zogadad qaluro­basTan warumateblobaa, romelic TiTqmis afuWebs moZraobas.

2. Zalze msgavsi momenti: identurobis politikas xSirad miaCnia, rom identuroba arsia – rom arsebobs mniSvnelovani (an WeSmariti) gza, rom iyoT qali, maori, azieli da a.S. hibrid­ulobis Teoria am Sexedulebis iluziebisagan Tavis daRweva­Si gvexmareba. amas qvemoT vixilavT.

3. identurobis politikas gamoricxvis principiT muS­aobis tendencia gaaCnia. identurobebi midrekilni arian sxva­Ta damcirebis xarjze Camoyalibebisaken, rogorc im konkre­tul SemTxvevebSi, rodesac, sazogadoebrivi TvalsazrisiT

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dominanturi identurobebi yalibdebian (TeTrkanianTa kon­cefcia didwilad gansxvavebuli kanis feris mqone jgufebis Seviwrovebaze iyo dafuZnebuli), aseve im SemTxvevebSi, rode­sac identuri­jgufebi dakavebulni arian emansipaciis poli­tikiT (feminizmi zewolis qveS imyofeboda, raTa yvela mamaka­ci qalTmoZuled warmoCeniliyo).

4. identurobis politikas gaaCnia tendencia ganixilos identurobebi sicocxliT aRsavse cxovrebis mqone adamianTa garSemo. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi erT­erTi umniSvnelovane­si identuroba, romelic adamianebs gaaCniaT, anazRaurebadi samuSaos gansazRvraa. (es ufro did interess iwvevs social­uri, vidre kulturis kvlevebisTvis, nawilobriv imitom, rom kulturis kvlevebi xSirad politikur identurobebTan daka­vSirebuli survilebiT imarTeba da anazRaurebadi samuSaos sakiTxebi Sesabamisad naklebi interesis sferos warmoadgens.)

5. rodesac politikuri an sazogadoebrivi moZraoba age­bulia identurobaze, `identurobis~ arsi miiswrafvis gansa­kuTrebuli mobilizebulobisaken, xolo politikuri miznebis misaRwevad organizaciisa da procesis mniSvnelobas naklebi yuradReba eqceva. es imitom xdeba, rom identurobis politika xSirad erTdroul kavSirSia solidaruli dajgufebis mzard intensivobasTan da uflebebTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebis SesrulebasTan. amasTan erTad, radganac identurobis poli­tikaSi identurobebi arc molaparakebas eqvemdebareba (garkveul sazRvrebSi), arc gafarToebis unari gaaCnia, raTa moicvas isini, vinc identurobaSi monawileobas ar Rebuloben, identurobis politikam SeiZleba mouqneli xasiaTi miiRos da gamoiwvios im saerTo platformis fragmentacia, romlis meS­veobiTac garkveuli koniunqturuli moTxovnebis mixedviT Sida politikis marTva warmoebs. amgvari tendencia aSkaraa, rodesac identurobas kulturas miaweren xolme, rasac Cven multikulturalizmis seqciaSi vixilavT.

6. identurobis politikas legitimirebuli istoriebisa da tradiciebis gamogonebis tendencia gaaCnia, romlebic Sei­Zleba politikuri, agreTve komerciuli miznebiT iqnas gamoy­enebuli. albaT, erovnuli identurobebi amis yvelaze aSkarad gamoxatuli instanciebia, mas Semdeg, rac am SemTxvevaSi `mogonili tradiciebi~ gansakuTrebiT gaZlierdnen. yvelaze

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cnobili magaliTia Sotlandiuri mosasxamisa da qvedatanis, rogorc mniSvnelovani erovnuli identurobis ganmasaxiere­blis `gamogoneba~. Tavdapirvelad es ingliselma tansacmlis mwarmoeblebma me­18 saukuneSi ganaxorcieles, Semdeg ki me­19 saukunis dasawyisSi amaze kulturis erovnulobis mxardaWer­is mizniT ser uolter skotma imuSava (ix. hobsboumi da rein­jeri 1983).

albaT, kulturis kvlevebis umTavresi winsvlebi am prob­lemebTan mimarTebaSi iyo identurobis garCeva da xelax­ali ganxilva im mimarTulebiT, romliTac koncefcia kar­gavs mouqnelobas. amgvari winsvla sxvadasxva formebs iZens, romelTagan yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli `hibridulobis~ kategoriaa. kidev erTi forma ki stiuart holis mier `gan­sxvavebebSi kavSirad~ wodebuli kategoriaa (holi 1987, 45). orive SemTxvevaSi identuroba ganxilulia ara rogorc fiq­sirebuli niSani, aramed im procesebisa Tu warmodgenebis TvalsazrisiT, romelTa Sedegadac yalibdeba identurobebi. am Teoriaze dayrdnobiT, es procesebi uwyvetia: TiToeuli identurobis mniSvneloba da Zala mudmiv mutaciaSia (miuxe­davad imisa, rom zogjer isini ufro nela icvlebian, vidre sxva dros). am dros identurobebi arc SeZenilia, arc arCeu­li, isini miRebulia, magram es niSnavs, rom identurobebma unda SeaRwion sirTuleebSi im situaciis mixedviT, romelSic isini arian warmodgenilni an aqamde miuRiaT monawileoba. metic, post­marqsistTa gamoCenis mixedviT, SeiZleba vi­varaudoT, rom pirovnebebsa da dajgufebebs SeuZliaT saku­Tari identurobis dacva gacilebiT intensiurad, radganac identurobis miRwevamde yovelTvis cota aklia – arc erTi identuroba ar aris sruli individualurobisa Tu cxovrebi­seul praqtikaSi yovel aspeqtSi myari fundamentis formebis ganmsazRvreli. ganvixiloT es sxva TvalsazrisiT: hibrudu­lobis Teorias identuroba miaCnia ara rogorc dajgufebebs Soris aqtivSi myofi stabiluri maxasiaTebeli niSani, aramed rogorc praqtika, romlis mniSvneloba da efeqti aris mudmivi mutacia konteqstualuri cvlilebebiT.

magram ratom `hibruduloba~? – sxvadasxva mizeziT. Tavda­pirvelad ganvixiloT gavleniani post koloniali kritikosis, homi bhabas koncefciis Teorizaciis sakiTxi. igi identurobis

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sakiTxs kolonializmSi misi interesebidan gamomdinare ganix­ilavs. bhaba amtkicebs, rom `qveSevrdomi~ identurobebi reg­ularulad gamoxatulia im TvalsazrisiT, rom isini sakuTar Tavs ar ekuTvnian da ganekuTvnebian mmarTvel fraqcias (ter­mini `qveSevrdomi~ Tavdapirvelad gramSim gamoiyena, magram amJamad es termini Seexeba minimaluri Zalis mqone sazoga­doebriv dajgufebebs da gansakuTrebiT kolonizirebul xalxs.). kolonializmis qveSevrdomi identuroba ar gaxlavT misi gansakuTrebuli xasiaTis WeSmariti gamoxatuleba. ufro sworad, qveSevrdom dajgufebaTa identuroba gamoxatulia qmedebebSi, romlebic kolonizatoris mier gamoxatul konce­fciebs (an msjelobas) imitacias ukeTebs an mis adgils ikavebs. bhabas argumentis mixedviT, mmarTveli identurobebisa da msjelobebis imitaciasa da gadaxraSi hibriduli qveSevrdomi gverdidan zurgSi scems mCagvrels nebismieri formis poli­tikuri brZoliT. hibridizebuli identurobebi sargebloben mmarTvelTa SemTxveviTi daudevrobebiT da Semdeg safexurze hegemonuri identurobebis Zaldautaneblobisa da kanon­ierebis sakiTxebze gadadian (ix. bhabha 1994).

didad gansxvavebuli midgomiT, hibriduloba gamoyenebadi koncefciaa, radgan dajgufebebsa da pirovnebebs ara erTiani, aramed gansxvavebuli identurobebi gaaCniaT. garkveul­wilad, rogorc stiuart holi eTnosis Sesaxeb naSromSi amt­kicebs, britaneTSi terminma `Savkaniani~ msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan, sxvadasxva didad gansxvavebuli dajgufebebi erTad miizida da aseTma mravalgvarobam Zala mianiWa mas. mag­aliTad es niSnavda, rom `Savkaniani~ identuroba sakuTari Tavis konsolidaciisaTvis warsulis miTi ar gaxldaT da advilad ver moxerxdeboda kulturis sferoSi misi Casma. amgvari `gansxvavebebSi kavSiri~ iTxovda procesis politikas, romelSic rac gansxvavebuli iyo erTi identurobis wevrTa Soris, mniSvnelovani iqneboda xvedriTi wilis TvalsazrisiT da romelSic aRmoifxvreboda erTiani kulturis yvela saxe­oba, warmoCindeboda ra igi obieqturad (stiuart holi 1992). es moiTxovda gansxvavebul dajgufebebs Soris aliansebsa da gacvlebs situaciebSi, sadac politikuri dajgufeba sakuTar bazisze yalibdeboda.

es koncefciebi gaxsnilobis gamo kritikis qarcecxlSi

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moeqca. isini eyrdnobian logikas, xolo opoziciuri poli­tika, romelSic identurobebi Zireulad arian CarCenilni, gansxvavdeba erTi meorisagan da gansazRvravs sazogadoebriv qmedebas. amgvarad, robert iangis sityvebiT, hibriduloba `yovelTvis imeorebs da aZlierebs erTi da imave konfliqtu­ri struqturis dinamikas, romlis daZabulobas da SeuTanx­meblobas xelaxla adgens sakuTari sapirispiro struqturis Se sabamisad~ (oangi 1995, 27). hibridulobis koncefcia sakmari­ sad ar scildeba warsulis identurobis politikas, magram amgvari kritika yoveldRiurma cxovrebam gamoiwvia, sa­dac amdeni ram aris ganpirobebuli identurobebiT. TiTqos yovelive ufro Teoriuli da utopiuri, vidre praqtikuli xasiaTis matarebelia. Tanac, hibridulobis identurobis ka tegoriidan mowyvetili TvalsazrisiT kritika imis daviwye­baa, rom subieqtis formacia identurobas moiTxovs. SeuZle­belia sazogadoebaSi garkveuli saxisa Tu identurobis mom­wodebeli institutebis gareSe arseboba: ojaxi an sanaTesavo wre, qveyana, eTnikuri gaerTianeba, genderi. Tanac es ar aris gardauvali sazogadoebrivi struqtura. uamravi pirovneba mWidro kavSirSi imyofeba maTTvis, rogorc calkeuli ojaxis, eTnikurobisa, qveynis da/an genderis warmomadgenlebisTvis, miwodebul sul mcire ramdenime identurobasTan mainc. maT surT, rom es iyos stabiluri. maTi identurobebi mTliano­baSi sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis kuTvnilebaa. maT Sesa­Zloa amgvari tradiciebi, nebadarTulni Zlieri da energiuli sazogadoebebisa da momavlis Sesaqmnelad, erTad dagrovili naxon amgvari identurobebis garSemo. SeiZleba, rom gamaTavi­suflebeli politikis mxridan aseTi SemTxvevebi ar iyos daS­vebuli?

SesaZloa hibridulobis TeoretikosTa mier identuro­bisa da misi kritikis zeobis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze metad gamoxatuli aris is, rom arc erTi gvTavazobs centralur rols, imisaTvis rac namdvilad aris erT­erTi ZiriTadi kat­egoria politikisaTvis da subordinirebul pirovnebaTa ar­tikulaciisTvis: brZola. magram brZolis logika ucnauria, brZolis dros mtrebi ganurCevlad Cndebian mebZrol mxareze – pirovnulobis sxvadasxva variaciebs Soris (amisi naTeli magaliTia feministuri moZraobebi, romlebic maleve daiyo,

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rogorc vnaxavT me­6 nawilSi). amas mivyavarT dayofebsa da sxvadasxva savarjiSoebTan. agreTve xSirad pirovnuli jgu­fis wevrebis moSorebasTan da rodesac brZola mTavrdeba, mi­Tumetes Tu Sedegi gamarjvebaa, pirovnebebi kargaven muxtsa da logikis SegrZnebas; asimilacia da indiferentuloba iw­yeneb TavianT saqmes (rogorc irlandieli emigrantebi aSS­sa da avstraliaSi). hibridulobaze debatebis dros pirovnebis es dinamika ikargeba nawilobriv imitom, rom hibridulobis TeoretikosebisTvis iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa subversia da rezistentuloba kulturidan gamomdinareoben da SeuZliaT kulturuli wes­Cveulebebi, magaliTad mibaZva, ambivalen­turoba, ironia da a.S. gamoiyenon iaraRebad. Tu SevxedavT aqtiuri liberaluri moZraobebis mxridan, hibriduloba mogveCveneba sasurvel da ara materialur cnebad.

jamSi, Tumca, identurobis politikis Sesaxeb argumenteb­ma dakarges is siZliere, romelic 70­ian da 80­ian wlebSi hqondaT, kulturis kvlevebisTvis isini mniSvnelovan cne­bebad rCebian (es amoRebulia aqtiuri liberalizaciisTvis brZolidan). amasobaSi, debatebi disciplinis Sesaxeb grZel­deba. pirovnulobisgan gaqceva SeuZlebelia, Tundac es iyos moswavlisa da maswavleblis mier formirebuli kulturuli cneba. erT­erTi gza imis gasagebad, Tu raze keTdeba aqcen­ti aris Semdegi SekiTxvis dasma: `disciplinasTan mimarTe­baSi gvirCevnia, rom CamovayaliboT axali pirovnebebi Tu gvirCevnia, rom gavaerTianoT da SevcvaloT Camoyalibebuli pirovnebebi an vmuSaobT Tu ara imaze, rom CamovayaliboT postpirovnuli politika, romelic Riaa racionalurobis formebisTvis? Rirs Tu ara pirovnebis winaswar gansja?~. es im tipis SekiTxvebia, romlebsac kulturis kvelevebi xSirad iyeneben kulturuli problemis politikur CarCoSi Casa­smelad. savaraudod pirovneba aris is cneba, sadac kultura Seja mebulia sazogadoebasTan da politikasTan.

damatebiTi literatura: Fuss 1995; Gilroy, Grossberg and McRobbie 2000; Hall and Du Gay 1996; Papastergiadis 1998.

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5.2. multikulturalizmi

1991 wels, amerikuli neokonservatizmis erT­erTma dam­fuZnebelma irving kristolma gamouSva editoruli namuSe­vari `Wall Street Journal~­Si saTauriT: `multikultural­izmis tragedia~. misi mTavari moTxovna iyo is, rom Tumca multikulturalizms ZiriTadad akritikeben, rogorc `ara­liberalurs~, sinamdvileSi is aris pirvel rigSi ganmana­Tleblebis gamogoneba, romelic `aris sasowarkveTili da namdvilad TviTdamamarcxebeli strategia ganaTlebis deficitTan brZolaSi da agreTve socialuri paTologia axalgazrda Savkanianebisa~ (kristoli, 1995, 50). afrikeli amerikelebis istoriasa da kulturis mimarT kurikulumis Se­brunebiT, kristoli amtkicebda, rom multikulturalistebi aufasurebdnen memkvidreobis civilizaciur Rirebulebas. im sityvebiT, romlebic winaswarmetyvelebdnen da amaRlebdnen terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis ritorikas, man ganacxada: `rasac es radikalebi uwodeben multikulturalizms, aris zustad iseTi brZola dasavleTis winaaRmdeg, rogoric iyo nacizmi da stalinizmi~ (kristoli, 1995, 52).

kristolis esse iyo dawerili 90­ianebis dasawyisSi mimdi­nare kulturuli brZolis dros da SeiZleba Zneli warmosad­geni iyos aseTi gancxadebebi Tavisi rasistuli gamuqebebiT, romlebic dResdReobiT aseTi gamWvirvalobis dones aRweven yvelgan dasavleTSi, ra Tqma unda, garda amerikisa. magram es imas niSnavs, rom franguli da germanuli uflebebi (le peni, re­spublikuri partia) unda iyos daviwyebuli an, rogorc berZen­ma profesorma Tavis cnobil sityvaSi Tqva, 1968 wels `sisxlian mdinareebSi~ karibis da samxreT aziuri emigracia migviyvanda anarqiamde an raime uaresamde. Tumca, aseve marTalia, rom multikulturuloba amerikis politikur arenaze cota sxva rames niSnavs, vidre, magaliTad, evropasa da avstraliaSi: is na­klebad aris dakavSirebuli emigraciis problemasTan da ufro fokusirebulia (rogorc kristolis SemTxvevaSi) Savkanianebi­sa da laTinosebis umravlesobaSi miRebaze (ase gaxda spaik li aSS­s multikulturulobis gmiri 1990­ianebis boloSi).

sasurvelia, rom kristolis namuSevriT kvlavac vixelmZ­

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RvaneloT, ara imitom, rom igi am sakiTxis konservatiul mx­areze miuTiTebs, aramed imitom, rom garkveviT moicavs mul­tikulturalizmis or umTavres kritikas.

am konservatiuli kritikis safuZvelze, multikultural­izmis muqaraa: (1) kulturul barbarosobaSi dabruneba ufro dabali standartebis gavliT an faseulobebis gaufasurebis xarjze; (2) dabali kulturuli iZuleba. mas Semdeg, rac calkeulma polisebma umciresobaTa kulturebis gadarCena gamoiwvia, TiTqos dadgenil iqna pirovnuli Tavisuflebis sazRvrebi (magaliTisaTvis axali kanoni kvebekSi (kanada), ro­melic yovel firmaSi iTxovs 50­ze met TanamSromels, romle­bic bizness safrangeTSi awarmoeben). maT xSirad mesame argu­mentic mohyavT da am dros kristols iyeneben, saxeldobr, rom eris SigniT multikulturalizmi xSirad enebis, religiisa da kulturis fragmentacias iwvevs. ase xdeba nacionaluri er­TobisaTvis saWiro damakavSirebeli Zafebis gamovlena.

pirveli am argumentTagani vrclad iqneba ganxiluli kul­turuli faseulobebis seqciaSi momavalSi, rodesac davu­brundebiT sakiTxs, rom faseuloba ar ganekuTvneba calkeul kulturebs. magram Rirebuli SeniSvnaa, rom idea, TiTqos multikulturalizmi uTanabrdeba barbarosobas, gadaWarbe­bulia. maSinac ki, rodesac istoriis progresuli TvalTaxed­viT, romelSic gansxvavebebi nagulisxmevia, mocemulia, rom multikulturalisturi polisebi WeSmaritad umaRles done­ze ganviTarebuli hiper­modernizebuli saxelmwifoebis dam­axasiaTebeli niSania. multikulturalizmi ganviTarebuli samyaros periferiebSi gacilebiT naklebad qmediTunariania: iseT mowinave industriul qveyanaSic ki, rogoric iaponiaa, odnav Tu SeigrZnoba igi. aq oficialuri monoeTnicizmi kvlav ZalaSia, rac aviwrovebs emigrant koreelebsa da Cinelebs, iseve, rogorc aborigeni okinavanis, ainusa da burakumimis xalxebs. anti­multikulturalizmis yvelaze eqstremaluri forma ­ eTnikuri wmenda, dResdReobiT yvelaze xSiri im sax­elmwifoebSia, sadac modernizacia hiper­Tanamedrove sax­elmwifosTan SedarebiT igvianebs.

am konservatiul argumentTagan meores kulturis kv­levebTan mxolod iribi kavSiri gaaCnia. mesame ki namdvilad safuZvliania, SemdgomSi igi dagvabrunebs Cven sakiTxze sax­

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elmwifo­naciasa da kulturas Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb. ra Tqma unda, mZimed monokulturalizms Tu movixseniebT – ideas, rom yoveli saxelmwifosaTvis mxolod erTi kultura unda arse­bobdes – istoriuli Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare aSkara problemebi gaaCnia. TiTqmis yoveli eri aris da yovelTvis iyo multikulturuli im TvalsazrisiT, rom isini moicaven mraval kulturas, enasa da dialeqts. faqtobrivad, Tuki Cven veTanxmebiT reinhart koSelekis Teorias Tanamedrove saxelm­wifos gamoCenis Sesaxeb, am SemTxvevaSi Tanamedrove saxelm­wifo arsebobs multikulturalizmis calkeuli formis gamo. koSeleki amtkicebs, rom raRac momentSi saxelmwifo icalkev­ebs Tavs sazogadoebisa da kulturisagan (me­17 saukunis Suax­ans 30 wliani omis Semdeg), rodesac cxadi gaxda, rom saxelm­wifoTa teritoriebze ori religiuri aRmsarebloba unda Sesuliyo (protestantoba da kaTolicizmi, xolo britaneTis SemTxvevaSi protestantobis nairsaxeobebi). religiuri gan­sxvavebuloba maSin, dRevandel eTnikur gansxvavebulobasTan SedarebiT, gansxvavebulobis ara nakleb mniSvnelovani indika­tori iyo. (koseleki 1988). Tanamedrove saxelmwifoSi, rogorc wesi, sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis warmomadgenel pirovnebebs mS­vidobiani moqalaqeobrivi Tanacxovreba SeuZ liaT.

Svedma sociologma ulf hanercma frTxilad aRniSna: amJa­mad yoveli Tanamedrove sazogadoeba ar aris tolerantuli, magram agebulia im mniSvnelobebsa da faseulobebze dayrdno­biT, romlebic yovel wevrs ar Seexeba (hanersi 1992, 44). sax­elmwifoebriv pasuxismgeblobas SeuZlia mouaros am gansx­vavebulobebs da, marTlac, gaZlierdes maT mier. albaT, arsad ise, rogorc amerikaSi. `amerikuli kultura~ erTgvarad cal­ke mdgomis rolSia da masSi didad gansxvavebul religiebs, ge­movnebas, moralsa Tu warmodgenebs SeuZliaT Tanaarseboba. es imas niSnavs, rom `multikulturalizmSi~ termin `kultu­ris~ gaerTianeba savsebiT SesaZlebelia. nebismier doneze na­cionalizmi gansxvavebuli kulturebis mqone sazogadoebebis gaerTianebaSi rols TamaSobs. ase rom, nacionalizms Segvi­Zlia mivudgeT rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi mxriT: rogorc ideologiuri formireba, romelic Tavidan icilebs ganuyofeli faseulobebis aRiareba­gamoxatulebas an, ro­gorc ideologiuri formireba, romelic uSvebs koleqtiuro­

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bis ganwyobas ganuyofel faseulobaTa Soris. situacia nawilobriv icvleba, rodesac multikultural­

izmi oficialur polisad iqceva da emsgavseba sazogadoebas, romelSic sxvadasxva Temebs TavianTi kulturuli gansxvave­bebi SeaqvT. multikulturalizmis mTavari niSani gansxvave­buli kulturis mqone moqalaqeebis srulad (da ara formalu­rad) dakmayofilebaa im msgavsi gziT, rogorc es me­17 saukunis dasasruls protestantul qalaqebSi moxda. gaixseneT, rogor xdeboda religiuri rwmenis uaryofa (mkacrad gansazRvruli) moqalaqeebSi kriteriumis TvalsazrisiT.

amrigad, kultura am konteqstSi mniSvnelobas iZens, radganac moqalaqeoba am dros ar ganixileba rogorc paspor­tis qonis, xmis uflebis micemis da a.S. sakiTxi.

igi agreTve xels uwyobs viRacis tradiciebs, Sexedule­bebs da rwmenas erovnul identurobasTan dakavSirebiT: mag­aliTisaTvis britanuli `erovnuli xasiaTi~ Tu `erovnuli sxeuli~ moqalaqeebis TeTri feris tansacmelSi gamowyobas moiTxovs. saxelmwifo doneze multikulturalizmi mxed­velobis areSi iRebs moqalaqeobriv ganmasxvavebel niSnebsa da survilebs, raTa isini mkacrad gansazRvruli iyvnen, rogorc moqalaqeTa saerTo uflebebi da rom es uflebebi saxelmwi­fos mier mxardaWerili da dakmayofilebuli iqneba (beneti 2001, 61). amgvari damokidebuleba Cven Segviyvanda evropul kulturaSi, musulmanTa msxverplSewirvaSi, afrikel xalxTa memkvidreobaSi da evropaSi mcxovreb da momuSave azielebSi: marselis meCeTi warmovidginoT rogorc frangulad, aseve ev­ropulad.

oficialuri multikulturalizmis TvalsazrisiT, evro­peli politikosebi gansakuTrebul sirTuleebs gadaeyarnen, rodesac maT centraluri evropa pirveli msoflio omis Sem­deg axal saxelmwifoebad dayves. erTa ligam TemebisTvis, romlebic axal saxelmwifoebSi umravlesobas ver qmnida, daamtkica `umciresobaTa uflebebi~. es evropaSi sakmaod gvian – 30­ian wlebSi moxda, xolo Temebi, romelTac Cven, ro­gorc `eTnikur umciresobad~ aRviqvamdiT, mmarTvel wreebSi Seracxul iqna, rogorc `religiuri umciresobebi~ (arenti 1973, 267­290). magram umciresobaTa uflebebma male Zala da­karga. situacia bevr qveyanaSi ganviTarda. germaniidan ameri­

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kaSi emigrantTa denaturalizebuli eTnikuri jgufebi xSi­rad moqalaqeobis gareSe rCebian. meore msoflio omis Semdeg denaturalizaciis polisebi ukanonod cnes (mas Semdeg, rac man gaukvala gza genocids), rodesac umciresobaTa ufle­bebis saerTaSoriso dacva ukve dasasruls uaxlovdeboda. saxelmwifoebs sakuTari multikulturalizmis Seqmnaze unda emuSavaT, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini xSirad ver xvdebodnen, rom sakiTxis arsi kulturasa da eTnosSi iyo. oficialurma multikulturalizmma frTebi farTomasStabiani emigraciis xarjze, 50­ian wlebSi gaSala, rodesac gaumjobesebulma da gaiafebulma globalurma komunikaciebma emigrantTa Temebs sakuTar qveynebSi saxlTan kontaqtis SenarCunebisa da Ta­vianTi tradiciuli kulturuli interesebisa Tu xasiaTis gamoxatulebis saSualeba misca (diasporul identurobaze mimarTuli Tanamedrove mediis efeqtebis saukeTeso mag­aliTebisaTvis ixileT nafici 1999).

xSirad diasporul Temebs Sin darCenil TanamemamuleebT­an SedarebiT ufro mtkice damokidebuleba gaaCniaT tradici­uli mSobliuri kulturis mimarT, radgan nostalgia imdenad mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs kilturasTan mimarTebaSi, rom isini ar ganicdian im dros mimdinare Sinaur movlenebs. nebi­smier SemTxvevaSi, raRac doneze multikulturalizmi glo­balizaciis Sedegia.

multikulturalizmis erT­erTi gamoxatulebaa gansx­vavebis marTvis saxelmwifo iaraRi. amis magaliTia kanada, romelSic sakuTari ambiciebis mqone iredentistebis (anu sep­aratistebis) umciresobaTa didi dajgufebebia Tavmoyrili. anu, rogorc vfiqrob, rodesac qveyanaSi sxvadasxva erovnebis arammarTveli da umciresobaTa Temebi cxovroben, multikul­turalizmi ara mxolod monokulturalizmis marTvas, aramed rasizmis gamoxatulebasac SeiZleba warmoadgendes (rogorc es amerikaSia). piriqiT, nebismier SemTxvevaSi es aris multi­kulturalizmis egidiT kulturuli gansxvavebebis saxelm­wifo aRiareba, romelic SemdgomSi uaryofiT konservatiul reaqcias iwvevs, radgan amgvari aRiarebis Sedegad TiTqos mmarTveli jgufebi saxelmwifo aparatis marTvis sadaveebs xelidan uSveben.

es ase ar aris, Tuki multikulturalizmis kritikosebi mx­

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olod konservatorebi arian. marcxnidan, multikultural­izmi Zalze gansxvavebuli mizezebis gamo, didi brZolis Sede­gad aRwevs Cvenamde. Tavdapirvelad CvenTvis Zalze nacnob argumentamde mivdivarT `kulturis~ koncefciis apelireba­ze da erovnuli saxelmwifos warmodgenaze, romelic Sedgeba sxvadasxva Tanabari uflebebis mqone kulturebisgan. am Sem­TxvevaSi multikulturalizmi spobs calkeul kulturul jgufebs Soris gansxvavebebs. es ar gulisxmobs sakmaris adg­ils hibridulobisTvis da `identurobebi gansxvavebebSi~ ­ sTvis wina seqciaSi gamoxatuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT (ix. baruka 1999). meore mxriv, multikulturalizms, politikuri problemebis mosagvareblad, kulturuli gadawyvetilebebis SemoTavazebis tendencia gaaCnia. es mdgomareobs ufro gamox­atvis aRiarebisa da Tavisuflebis mxardaWeraSi, vidre sax­elmwifo da ekonomikur TanasworuflebianobaSi (kritikuli kulturis kvlevebis jgufi 1994). es argumenti am wignis Ses­avalSi ganxiluli kulturis kvlevebis sawinaaRmdego kargad nacnobi saCivris versiaa.

am argumentis meore versia isaa, rom saxelmwifoebi mul­tikulturalizms angaJirebas uweven ufro TavianTi toler­antobis gamosaCenad, vidre mxars uWeren gansxvavebebs, rasac SedarebiT mcire kulturuli saxeobebi moiTxovs – eTnikuri restornebi da festivlebi multikulturalizmis baneris egidiT ewyoba (ix. heigi 1998).

mesame SemTxvevaSi ki multikulturalizmi didi winaaRm­degobebis daZlevis Sedegad Cvenamde marjvena mxridan aRw­evs. es maSin xdeba, rodesac pasuxismgeblobas da organizaci­ul sakiTxebs saxelmwifo iRebs Tavis Tavze. marcxena mxridan ki multikulturalizms maSin viRebT, rodesac imaves bazari axorcielebs. magaliTisTvis e.w. `benetonis efeqti~ an komer­ciuli miznebisTvis gamoyenebuli Sida korporaciuli gansx­vavebebis polisebi gavixsenoT (gilroi 2000, 242; kritikuli kulturis kvlevebis jgufi 1994, 115). amgvari logika CvenTvis kargad nacnobia: sxvadasxva dajgufebebis bazarze SesvlisaT­vis, korporaciebma unda gaiTvaliswinon am dajgufebebTan dakavSirebuli personalis interesebi da maTi faseulobebi. benetonis msgavsad, mcirericxovanma globalurma kompanieb­ma sakuTar brendSi multikulturaluri grZnobis aRmZvreli

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`Cven varT msoflio~ CarTes, amgvarad maTi reklamis funqcia multikulturalizmis reklamirebasac moicavs. SedarebiT cota xnis win, bazrisa da saxalxo multikulturalizmis Ser­wymis mizniT, zogierTma urbanulma saxelmwifom angaJireba gauwia kulturul gansxvavebulobas da qalaqebSi globaluri mobiluri kompaniebisTvis da maRalkvalificirebuli muSax­elisTvis mimzidveli garemo Seqmna. sabolood ki arsebobs marcxena argumenti, rom multikulturalizmi xels uwyobs esencializms: igi gansxvavebul kulturul dajgufebebs Ta­vianT gansxvavebebSi boWavs da kulturebs ara rogorc dinami­kaSi maT mudmiv saxecvlilebas, aramed rogorc fiqsirebul tradiciebs aRiqvams. kulturuli esencializmis am saxeobam SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos eTnikur da erovnul niadagze winas­warSeqmnili cudi azrebis gaRvivebas (miniSneba, romelic aseve moyvanilia konservatori kritikosebis mier).

Cans, rogorc memarcxene, aseve memarjvene kritikosebs is­eTi warmodgena aqvT, TiTqos multikulturalizmi gulisx­mobs nacias, masSi CarCenili mZime da myari sazRvrebis mqone mcirericxovani kulturuli dajgufebebiT, romlebic maT mSobliur qveynebSi an maT warsulSi dafiqsirebuli kul­turebiT suldgmuloben. mTavaria, rom multikultural­izmze amgvarma warmodgenam SecdomaSi ar Segviyvanos. realur samyaroSi nebismieri multikultura perspeqtivebisa da fa­seulobebisgan Sedgeba. zogierTi maTgani erTi meoresTan wi­naaRmdegobaSia, zogi ki sxva multikulturebisken gzamkvle­via. (konservatorma islamistma da britanelma konservatorma anglikanma SeiZleba raime RonisZiebaSi monawileoba miiRon, rasac maTi ufro gonebagaxsnili da cnobismoyvare qaliS­vilebi arasodes gaakeTebdnen.) ar unda daviviwyoT, rom ada­mianebi erTdroulad gansxvavebul multikulturebs SeiZle­ba ekuTvnodnen da eweodnen moRvaweobas, romelsac srulad arc erTi `kultura~ ar asaxavs. aseTi SesaZleblobebi multi­kulturalizmis miRma ar unda ganisazRvrebodes.

amgvari mtruli garemos gamo, multikulturalizmi mt­kivneul sakiTxad rCeba da ukanasknel wlebSi xSirad (gansa­kuTrebiT evropaSi) mas naklebad sakamaTo terminiT – `kul­turuli gansxvavebuloba~ – cvlian. zogjer amtkiceben, rom `kulturuli gansxvavebuloba~ ufro Sesatyvisi terminia,

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radgan `multikulturalizmi~ SezRudul sazRvrebs moicavs, romelSic gansxvavebuli kulturebi Tanaarseboben da (ro­gorc vnaxeT) mzardi erovnul­saxelmwifoebrivi sazRvrebi ar gulisxmobs sazRvrebs, romlebSic kulturuli kavSirebi unda ganixilebodes. magram Znelia ar daeTanxmo azrs, rom multikulturalizmi ubralod yuradRebis gareSea darCeni­li, radganac es termini bevr gansxvavebul azrs iwvevs.

erT­erTi problema, romelsac multikulturalizmi Se­iZ leba gadaeyaros, is aris, rom igi liberalur paradigmebs ar Seesabameba. Tumca marTalia, rom Tuki multikultur­alizmi qveynebSi ubralod gansxvavebuli kulturebis aRi­arebisa da sargeblobis sagani iyo, kvlavac unda arsebob­des fragmentaciis problemebi, magram polisi yovelTvis kanonieri ver iqneba klasikurad liberaluri paradigmebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Temis SigniT gansxvavebebis daSvebis Tao­baze. es, ra Tqma unda, arapirovnuli liberalizmi iqneba. igi gansxvavebul pirovnul identurobebsa da interesebTan Se­darebiT, gansxvavebul koleqtiur an kulturul identuro­bebsa da interesebs aRiarebs. magram, rogorc vxedavT, es ar aris yvelaferi, rasac Tanamedrove multikulturalizmi moiTxovs. multikulturalizmi aSkara winaaRmdegobaSia subieqtur msjelobasTan, CaketilobasTan, gamoricxvasTan da ara mxolod maTTan. es badebs mowinave komerciul media kulturebSi da hiper­Zlevamosil saxelmwifoebSi calkeuli kulturebis gadarCenis sakiTxs. es ara mxolod gansxvavebuli kulturebis uflebebis Tavisufali gamoxatvisa da aRiarebis sakiTxia, rac oficiozis indeferentulobiTa Tu monokul­turalistebisa da rasistebis mier maTi represirebis Sede­gia. rodesac saxelmwifosgan ar aris mxardaWera, ilapara­keT frangulad kvebekSi, daamtkiceT amerikis Sua dasavleT mxareSi hmongTa ena da zogadad gamoscadeT sxvadasxva kuri­kula sxvadasxva eTnikuri dajgufebebisTvis, vidre diaspo­ruli kulturebi mTlianad gaqrebodes. amgvari situacia SesaZloa aqtiur saxelmwifo Carevas saWiroebdes. vixelmZ­RvaneloT empiriuli SekiTxviT, muSaobs ki globalizebuli kapitalizmi multikulturalizmis interesebSi? (rogorc viciT arsebobs argumenti, rom es asea.) Tavs iCens Teori­uli sakiTxi, rogoricaa `nebisyofa gadasarCenad~. aris kul­

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turuli gansxvavebuloba Tavisi arsiT kargi da Rirebuli winapiroba, Tu Cveulebriv sazogadoebriv mdgomareobaSi garkveuli tradiciebi da identurobebi TavisTavad SeiZleba gaqres? cxadia, rom es aris kulturasTan dakavSirebuli mTa­vari saerTaSoriso organizaciis – UNESCO­s Sexeduleba, romelmac axlaxan ganacxada, rom kulturuli gansxvavebu­loba `iseve aucilebelia kacobriobisaTvis, rogorc biolo­giuri variaciuloba bunebisaTvis~ da misi dacva `eTnikuri im­peratiulobaa~ (UNESCO 2001 b, art. 1). amJamad kidev erTxel kulturuli uflebebis sferoSi vimyofebiT. Tuki erT mimar­Tulebas gavyvebiT, yovelTvis moiZebneba misi damCrdilavi ufro praqtikuli argumenti, radgan nakleb savaraudoa, rom kulturebma sakuTari Tavi gadaarCinon da saxelmwifo poli­sis daxmarebiT muzeumizirebul da Jestikuliaciur formas iReben. calkeuli Temebis kulturuli gadarCenis garantias samTavrobo uwyeba da Careva ver iZleva.

amasTan erTad, multikulturalizmis winaaRmdegobebi evropuli filosofiis erT­erTi Zireuli sakiTxia, romelic SesaZloa mravalferovani ganxilvisaTvis moiTxovdes gansx­vavebul moqalaqeTa jgufebs. SeiZleba, rom skolaSi islami qalebi nebadarTulni iyvnen Tavsaburavis tarebaze? SeiZle­ba, rom samuSao adgilebsa da skolebSi Cinur axal wels pa­tiviscemiT epyrobodnen? ra doneze SeiZleba endos saxelm­wifo Tavis moqalaqeebs, romlebic TavianT mSobliur enaze saubroben? Tu arsebobs amaze eqstremaluri SemTxveva, roca islamist moqalaqeebs survilisamebr neba aqvT darTuli SariaTis wesebis mixedviT icxovron. yvelaferi rTuldeba, rodesac asparezze qalTa dacveTis sakiTxi dgeba. qalTa dacveTa (amJamad qalTa sasqeso saxiCrobad [FMG] wodebuli) xSiria Crdilo da centraluri afrikis bevr qveyanaSi (Tum­ca, arc sxvagan aris ucnobi): es aris saxifaTo, ukiduresad mtkivneuli operacia, romlis drosac sqesobriv simwifemde armisul gogonebs klitorebs acileben, raTa aaridon maT mo­mavalSi seqsualuri siamovnebis SegrZneba. romelime calkeu­li religiis mier ar ikrZaleba: igi warmoadgens regionalur da kulturul praqtikas, romelic emigrantma afrikelebma dasavleTSi gadmoitanes. radganac igi sajaro Seuracxyofas ayenebs bevr dasavlur (da aramarto dasavlur) faseulo­

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bebs, Cven gvebadeba kiTxva: ra xdeba, rodesac kulturuli tradiciebi pativiscemiT ar epyroba `adamianTa uflebebs~, romlebic SeTanxmebulia dasavleTSi da umravlesobaTa saer­TaSoriso organizaciebis mier? am TvalsazrisiT, sakuTar sxe­ulTan dakavSirebuli qalTa uflebebi (sul cota) boro­tad aris gamoyenebuli. SeuZliaT saerTo uflebebs kul­turuli uflebebis uaryofa?

amgvari rTuli sakiTxebis speqtrSi sul cota erTi ram aris naTeli, romelsac yovelTvis SeiZleba davubrundeT: saxelmwifoebi ukve aRar aweseben sazogadoebriv kulturebs, isini aweseben sazogadoebriv religias. marTlac, isini sazogadoebriv kanonebsac ki ar aweseben: araferia cudi moqa­laqeTa gansxvavebuli jgufebis Tavidan aridebis principSi, romlebsac sxvadasxva legaluri sistemebi marTaven, rodesac es farTo masStabiT (Tu winaaRmdegobrivad) arsebuli wesi­samebr xdeba iseT qveynebSi, rogoric indoeTia an SedarebiT mcire masStabSi avstraliis msgavs postkoloniur qveynebSi, sadac amJamad zogierT adgilebSi aborigenTa kanoni garkveu­li SemTxvevebis gaTvaliswinebiT, adgilobriv damnaSaveebTan mimarTebaSi gamoiyeneba. saxelmwifoebi sazogadoebriv ena­sac ar aweseben; faqtobrivad, erTenovan saxelmwifoTa ricx­vi Zalian mcirea, xolo orenovneba da mravalenovneba miRebu­lia aziis qveyanaTa umravlesobaSi, iseve, rogorc magaliTad, axal zelandiaSi, sadac maori da inglisuri amJamad orive sa­xelmwifo enaa.

evropaSi Sveicaria multikulturuli da multilingval­uri qveynis (rac istoriuli TvalsazrisiT damtkicebulia) erT­erTi umTavresi magaliTia. belgia amis kidev erTi maga­liTia. ase rom, monokonfesiuri, monokulturaluri, mono­lingvisturi qveynebis idealebs ar gaaCniaT pragmatuli dac­vis safuZveli, mas Semdeg rac sxva qveynebi amis sapirispirod muSaoben. es niSnavs, rom am konteqstSi erovnuli saxelmwi­foebi kulturulTan SedarebiT, met yuradRebas politikur da ekonomikur erTeulebs aqceven. sakiTxi gaxlavT is, Tu sa­xelmwifo rodis unda CaerTos kulturul praqtikaSi adami­anTa uflebebis TvalsazrisiT. me vvaraudob, rom TandaTano­biTi midgoma aris am sakiTxis mier wamoWrili moTxovna, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom `uflebebis~ Semadgeneli arsi sakmaod

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gaurkvevelia (ix. arenti 1973, 290­302). sakiTxTan mimarTeba­Si SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom mavans sakuTar enaze laparakis `ufleba~ aqvs – imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom multilingvaluri qveynebis sicocxlisunarianoba STambeWdavia. xolo FMG­s msgavsi eqstremaluri magaliTebiT Tu vimsjelebT, uflebaTa winaSe kulturis damcavi cotaodeni meqanizmi Tu arsebobs. mniSvnelovania gageba imisa, rom uflebebis egidiT gansa­kuTrebul SemTxvevebSi Careva ar saWiroebs multikultur­alisturi polisebis gaiafebas, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac isini `kulturis~ statikur da monoliTur koncefciebze ar arian agebuli.

mniSvnelovan problemas vawydebiT, rodesac vmsjelobT axlo warsulSi kolonizaciuri qveynebis multikultur­alizmze, sadac kolonizirebuli sazogadoebebi xelSeuxe­beli rCebian. Tuki multikulturalizms ubralod rogorc moZraobas ganvixilavT, romelic esalmeba, mxars uWers da zrunavs kulturul gansxvavebebze, maSin aborigenul, kolo­nizirebul da SedarebiT Tanamedrove emigrantTa kulturebs Soris gansxvavebebi SeiZleba moispos. termin `kulturuli gansxvavebulobis~ mniSvnelovani efeqti is aris, rom igi xels uwyobs mis advilad daviwyebas: niSandoblivia, rom toni bene­tis 2001 wlis polisis dokumentSi, romelic evropis konsuls saTauriT gansxvavebaTa gansxvavebuloba: Temaze kulturuli polisisa da gansxvavebulobis Sesaxeb winaaRmdegobrivi swav­leba warudgines, aborigeni xalxi gansxvavebulobis Sirmis qveS myof kulturad aris warmodgenili.

magram, faqtobrivad, kolonizebul xalxs maT dampyro bel saxelmwifosTan da kolonizaciis Semdgom periodSi dasax­lebul sazogadoebasTan gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba gaaC­nia da maTi moTxovnebi unda gaTvaliswinebul iqnes nebismier doneze, samTavrobos CaTvliT. 70­ian wlebSi avstraliaSi, multikulturalurma polisebma aborigeni xalxisaTvis, (garda imisa, rom zogierTma polisma xeli Seuwyo maT darCe­nas) bevri veraferi gaakeTa. amis sawinaaRmdegod axal zelan­diaSi `bikulturalizmi~ oficialuri polisia, romelic mo­qalaqeebs yofs maorid da pakead (TeTrkanianebi).

bikulturalizmis mxardamWerma pirebma (da gansa­kuTrebiT maorim) mkacrad uaryves multikulturalizmi da

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kulturuli gansxvavebuloba, rogorc polisis alternative­bi, radganac maT SeiZleboda maoris garkveuli kavSiri sax­elmwifosTan da miwasTan SeesustebinaT. magram aborigenTa ukiduresobam problemebi Tavad gamoiwvia: oklendi, axali zelandia amJamad multikulturaluri qalaqia, romelSic aTasobiT samxreT azieli, taivaneli da hong­kongeli Cinelia dasaxlebuli. maoris da pakeas msgavsad, bikulturalizmis polisi maT Sorisac dayofilia, miSvebulia ra TviTdinebaze. gansakuTrebiT problematuri ki is aris, rom oklendi kun­Zulis umTavresi mSvidobiani centria, sadac didi raodeno­biT samoelebi, tongelebi, fijielebi, tuvaluelebi, toke­lauelebi binadroben. zogi maTganis aq moxvedra globaluri daTbobiT gamowveulma okeanis azvirTebulma talRebma gamoiwvia. magaliTisaTvis oklendSi bevri axal zelandieli, rogorc `axali~ cxovrobs. magram maT mimarT zogjer antago­nisturi ganwyobis miuxedavad, es xalxi eTnikurad maorisTan aris axlos. oficialuri bikulturalizmis gamo ki am xalxs umniSvnelo aRiareba gaaCnia. am situaciaSi kulturuli gan­sxvavebuloba sul cota bikulturalizmis Carevas saWiroebs.

reziumirebisaTvis amerikis multikulturalizmis sa zo­gadoebrivi identifikacia Zalze gamartivebuli kvlevebiT, mTlad uazrod ar mimaCnia. multikulturalizmi discipli­nis Zireuli faseulobaa. es imitom, rom, multikulturaliz­mis saWiroeba TavisTavad statikuri koncefcia an statikuri polisebis krebuli ar gaxlavT. am mimarTulebiT momavali muSaoba aucilebelia 5.1 seqciaSi aRwerili identuri poli­tikis multikulturalizmTan mimarTebaSi kritikuli gamo­Zaxilebis mxardasaWerad. ibadeba kiTxva: SeiZleba, rom multikulturalizmi rogorc monokulturalistTa, aseve esencializebuli politikis winaaRmdeg ganewyos? agreTve mniSvnelovania multikulturalizmis iseTi sivrcis saxiT warmodgena, sadac ori Zlier gansxvavebuli – Tundac urT­ierTdakavSirebuli – Zala gamodis asparezze: erTi mxriv, mTel msoflioSi xalxis mzardi mobiluroba da amis Tanmdevi emigrantTa uflebebis Seviwroveba. meore mxriv, korporati­uloba, romelsac miesalmeba komerciuli struqturebis Ta­viseburebebi. am TvalsazrisiT, aqamde yvelaze mniSvnelovani politikuri problema dokumentebis gareSe myof an qveynis mo­

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qalaqed ver Semdgar emigrantebs ukavSirdeba. es xalxi zrdis procesSi myof mdidar qveynebSi iyris xolme Tavs. polisebis, aRiarebis da warmodgenis struqturis ra saxeobebma unda moaqcios es adamianebi multikulturalizmis oficialur problematikaSi? meore mTavari SekiTxvaa, Tu romel kultu­ris kvlevebs miuZRvis wvlili am mimarTulebiT?

damatebiTi literatura: Bennett 2001; Goldberg 1994; Gordon and Newfield 1996; Hollinger 1995; Naficy 1999; Papastergiadis 2000; Zizek 1997.

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5.3 rasa

rasa ganisazRvreba iseTi koncefciebiT, rogoricaa sqesi, klasi da eTnosi, romlebic badeben kiTxvas, Tu sad unda veZi­oT sinamdvile. aravin uaryofs, rom mamakacsa da qals Soris gansxvavebas biologiuri safuZveli gaaCnia (maSin, rodesac cxare kamaTia gaCaRebuli am gansxvavebis mniSvnelobis Sesa­xeb an Tu ras unda niSnavdes igi socialuri TvalsazrisiT). cota Tu kamaTobs, rom klasis kategoria Tanamedrove sazoga­doebebis zusti gansazRvrisaTvis aucilebelia (rodesac farTomasStabiani debatebi mimdinareobs, Tu ras niSnavs, faqtobrivad, erTi klasidan meoreSi daqveiTeba da zoga­dad klasobriv dayofas ra siRrmeebSi mivyavarT) da eTnosic ideologiis SedarebiT martiv nawilad aris miCneuli. magram Cans, rom rasa araferia Tu ara Seqmnili subieqturi azris produqti an sul mcire araswori fiqris Sedegi. rasizmi Ta­visi arsiT rwmenaa, rom adamianTa nairsaxeobebi biologiurad gancalkevebuli gansxvavebuli qve­saxeobebis garkveuli ra­odenobisagan Sedgeba: anu rasebi. magram mkvlevrebi TiTqmis SeTanxmebulni arian, rom ar arsebobs rasa amgvari Tvalsaz­risiT. unda iTqvas, rom mecnieruli rasizmis umaRles safex­urzec ki, rasistebs uWirT bevri rasis arsebobis gansazRvra.

amJamad rasa, rogorc kategoria gaqrobis saSiSroebis wi­naSea. amis sxvadasxva seriozuli mizezi arsebobs. upirveles yovlisa, igi SeiZleba wina mecnierul safuZvlebs qsenofobi­is konceptualuri aparatis, `velurobis~ Zveleburi gagebis da rasobrivi maxasiaTeblebis xangrZlivi periodis miRe­buli warmodgenebis TvalsazrisiT daubrundes (ix. jahoda 1999; hanafordi 1996; Todorovi 1993). am konteqstSi, rasebis Semadgeneli Rrmad gamjdar biologiur niSanTvisebebTan da­kavSirebuli adamianebis ricxvi ar aris maincdamainc didi. adamianebi metad midrekilni arian pirovnulobis calkeuli nairsaxeobebis, faseulobebis, midrekilebebis gamorCevaze, romlebic sxeulis calkeul tipzea gankuTvnili da xSirad kanis feriT aris ganpirobebuli. rasizmis am saxes SeuZlia

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ierarqiebis Seqmna da Seviwroebis da diskriminaciis manqa­nebis aSeneba. amas didi efeqti eqneba, radgan rasizmi Rrma biologiazea dafuZnebuli. amitomac samxreT aziuri raso­brivi sistema qmediTi rasizmia, mas Semdeg, rac CaTvales, rom sxvadasxva rasebs gansxvavebuli sxeulis tipi da SesaZleblo­bebi unda gaaCndes. meore mxriv, rasa kvlavac Zlevamosilia, magram aSkarad referentulia iseT koncefciebSi, rogoricaa eTnosi, multikulturalizmi da aqedan gamomdinare kultu­ris arsis koncefciaSi. kulturuli gansxvavebebi, rodesac isini nakarnaxevia Zireul an adamianebs Soris `eTnikur~ gan­sxvavebebze dayrdnobiT, xSirad rasobrivi gansxvavebulobis Semcvleli formebia. praqtikaSi xSirad sirTules warmoad­gens kulturalizmis dacalkeveba (sxvadasxva xalxs gansx­vavebuli memkvidreobiTi kulturebi gaaCnia) rasistuli TvalsazrisiT, radgan sxvadasxva kulturebi Zalian xSirad adamianebisa da maTi sxeulebis gansxvavebul tips moicavs.

mesame, rasizmis aRmofxvra Znelia, radganac igi Sexed­ulebazea dafuZnebuli – adamianTa sxvadasxva jgufebs So­ris vizualuri gansxvavebebi. es gansxvavebebi xSirad (ara yovelTvis) ganpirobebulia istoriuli, kulturuli, enis da geografiuli gansxvavebulobiT. isini Zireulad SemTxveviTi an pirobiTia da sxva doneze SeiZleba aRarc iyvnen mTlad pi­robiTi, mas Semdeg, rac mTel dedamiwaze kacobriobis isto­riis didi nawili metwilad sxeulis ganxilvaze dafuZnebul diskriminaciebs eyrdnoba.

rasa SesaZloa adamianTa nairsaxeobebad dayofis swori gza arc iyos, magram igi kacobriobis istoriis organizebaSi did rols TamaSobs.

da bolos, umniSvnelovanesia, rom rasa yoveldRiurobis speqtrSi mravalgzis gamocdili iyos, Tanac sazogadoebaTa umetesobaSi ara imave rasis umravlesobis mier (ra saWiroa Ci­neTSi gamgzavreba. magaliTad, evropelTaTvis es seriozuli gamocdaa: aq maT SeuZliaT gaigon, Tu ras niSnavs iseTi gan­sxvavebuli sxeulis tipis mqone adamianTa jgufis wevroba, romelTa jerovani gageba da pativiscemac aqamde ar hqoniaT). rasis yoveldRiuri gamocdileba saocrad kompleqsuria, ma­gram xSirad igi obieqts moiazrebs mudmiv upativcemuloba­Si, odnav gamorCevaSi, tonis cvlilebaSi, daJinebuli mzeris

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aridebaSi, Zlier gulisxmier reaqciaSi, viRacis damokide­bulebaSi grZnobebis garSemo, sakuTari sxeulis codnaSi, faseulobebSi, gamoxatvis formebsa da manerebSi, romlebic ar axasiaTebs bevr adamians, romlebic Tqven SegxvedriaT. am TvalsazrisiT, rasa da kultura mTlianad Serwymulia.

garkveul doneze rasizmis Tavidan acilebis erTaderTi gza ubralod rasistuli koncefciebis gamoyenebis SeCere­baa. igi rasis gamoxatulebis aRmofxvras moiTxovs da gansa­kuTrebiT es kanis fers Seexeba. sazogadoebrivi dajgufe­bebisa da pirovnebebis Sesaxeb msjelobis TvalsazrisiT, TiTqos es gamoxatulebebi adamianebs Soris gansxvavebebis damyarebis imdenad umniSvnelo kriteriumad iqca, rogorc fexsacmlis zomaa. mniSvneloba aRar eqneboda adamiani Savkaniani, TeTrkaniani, Tu kidev sxva feris kanis mqone iqne­boda. meore gzaa, mivyveT toni morisons, romlis argumentis mixedviTac `bil klintoni Cveni pirveli Savkaniani prezi­denti iyo~. morisoni `Savkanianobas~ ara rogorc kanis fers, aramed rogorc sazogadoebriv­kulturul pozicias aRiq­vams. klintoni martoxela mSobelma gazarda; igi `daibada siRaribeSi, cxovrobda muSaTa klasSi, ukravda saqsofonze, makdonaldsisa da iank­fudis moyvaruli arkanzaseli biWi~ (morisoni 1998, 32). bevri rom aRaraferi vTqvaT – hiper­seq­sualuri­aqtiuri biWi. samxreTul rasistul miTologiaSi yovelive es Savkanianobas miewereba, xolo, rogorc morisoni damajereblad amtkicebs, dauokeblobaze da Surismgebloba­ze miuTiTebs. klintonma yovelives stimulireba gaukeTa mis mtrebs Soris, rasac loialurad Sexvda Savkaniani sazogadoe­ba. morisonisTvis Savkanianoba rasidan Camocilebad iqca: es gaxlavT kulturuli atributi, romlis farTod gavrcele­bac sakmarisi iqneba rasizmis aRmosafxvrelad. magram, raRac momentSi aris SesaZlebeli warmovidginoT samyaro, romelSic rasistuli gamoxatulebebi gamoefineba Tavisuflad an dai­yvaneba fexsacmlis zomis doneze? albaT, ara: radganac maT garSemo kultura da sazogadoeba Zlier organizebulia da maT gamocdilebac aqvT.

dasavluri rasizmis istoria kulturis istorikosebis mier kargad aris SeTanxmebuli. Tumca, cxadia, rom me­19 saukunis meore naxevarSi gansakuTrebuli ram moxda: aqamde

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garkveulwilad naklebad mniSvnelovani idea (Tu ara nak­lebad mniSvnelovani winaswarSeqmnili uaryofiTi azri) ka­cobriobis Semswavlel mecnierebaTa gzamkvlevad iqca. 1850­ian wlebSi britaneTis premier ministr benjamin disraelis SeeZlo eTqva, `rasa yvelaferia, sxva simarTle ar arsebobs~, ­ sityvebi, romelTac ganuwyvetliv imeoreben rasobriv mec­nierebaTa momxreebi (citirebulia hanafordSi 1996, 352). 1900­ian wlebSi, magaliTad evgenikosebma, romelTac miznad rasobrivi siwmindis dacva daisaxes (da Sors sazogadoebrivi progresi) `jiSebis gaumjobesebis~ meSveobiT, respeqtabe­luri mecniereba Camoayalibes, romelic seriozul kvleviT dafinansebas saWiroebda da moqmedebda kidevac mTel dasav­leTSi, Tumca ara intensiurad. rogor iyo es SesaZlebeli? disraelis sityvebiT, rasa iyo `yvelaferi~, radganac igi miesadageboda bunebas da sazogadoebas. am TvalsazrisiT bunebis mixedviT adamianTa nairsaxeobebi daiyo sxvadasx­va rasebad da TiToeul rasas aRmoaCnda sakuTari `buneba~, romelmac gansazRvra kidevac istoria, kultura – yvelaferi.

rogorc aRvniSneT, es iyo istoriuli TvalsazrisiT up­recedento SemTxveva: aqamde rasa arsebobda, magram mcire kategoriis saxiT, warmoidgineT, Tu rogor muSaobda sazoga­doeba maSinac ki, rodesac es mcire kategoria ar monawil­eobda aqtualuri sazogadoebrivi kavSirebis organizebaSi. ra Seicvala? sxvadasxva istoriuli Zalebidan rasis umniS­vnelovanesi gamomyvani centralur poziciaSi darvinizmi iyo. Carlz darvinis evoluciis Teoria, romelic 1859 wels naS­romSi `nairsaxeobaTa warmoSobaze~ gamoqveynda, arsiT rasis­tuli ar gaxldaT, sanam igi rasebSi nairsaxeobaTa qvedayofas ar daeqvemdebara Tavisi axsnis unariT (miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavad darvini, zogierT rasas sxvebTan SedarebiT ganviTa­rebulad aRiqvamda). metic, darvinizmma ubiZga sazogadoe­basa da politikosebs, raTa SeTanxmebuliyvnen adamianebis arCevanis Sedegze (calkeuli interesebis gavlenis qveS), ma­gram, rogorc ucvlel sakiTxze, biologiuri kanonebis da gansakuTrebiT im kanonebis gansazRvrisas, romlebmac popu­laciebs Soris memkvidreobiTi Cvevebis gadacema ganapiroba. es gaxldaT safuZveli imisa, rac `mecnieruli rasizmi~­s sax­eliT aris cnobili.

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magram mecnieruli rasizmi TavisTavad gulisxmobs Se­darebiT Zvel koncefcias, rac Cven romantikulad migvaC­nia. safuZvlad mas udevs volk sazogadoebis filologiuri mosazreba (pirvelad misi Teoria me­18 saukunis dasasruls herderma warmoadgina), sakuTari auTenturobiT saerTo principidan gadaxrili sazogadoeba, romelic kulturuli tradiciebis mierac SemosazRvrulia – maTTvis specifikuri faseulobebis, miTebis, enisa da xasiaTebis tipebisa da Sesa­Zleblobebis speqtris mixedviT. Tuki ganvixilavT, darviniz­mis Semdeg rasebi figurirebs, rogorc herderis volkuri kulturebis biologiuri versiebi.

mecnieruli rasizmi saWiroebs, rom masze funqcionaluri TvalsazrisiTac vimsjeloT: es ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT ro­gorc nairsaxeobaTa warmoSobis darvinis Teoriis ubralo Sedegi. imperializmis xanaSi Seasrula ra gansakuTrebuli ideologiuri moTxovnebi, igi iqca Zalian seriozul ide­ad. yvelaze mniSvnelovani ki is iyo, rom darvinis Teoriam mTel samyaroSi daakanona TeTrkanianTa dominireba (miuxe­davad imisa, rom imavdroulad evropelTa Soris axali ier­arqiebi gamoCnda – rogorc magaliTisaTvis anglo – saqsTa da keltTa Soris [feuredi 1998]). igi agreTve ubiZgebda TeTrkanianebs amerikis kontinentze afroamerikelebze ba­tonobis gagrZelebisken, sadac monobis mospobis Semdegac ki, jim qrous `rasis kanonebis~ mTeli krebuli mimarTuli iyo SavkanianTa monawileobis srul aRmofxvraze sazogadoebaSi, politikasa da ekonomikaSi.

rasizmma evropelTa jgufebis gaerTianebac gamoiwvia, gaabnia ra isini kapitalizmisa da kolonializmis impulsiT mTel dedamiwaze. namdvili evropelebi, nacionalobis, reli­giis, sqesis, klasis da kulturis miuxedavad, globalurad gaerTiandnen `TeTri rasis~ warmomadgenlebis saxiT (kidev erTxel aRvniSnoT, rom sxvadasxva rasebisaTvis gankuT­vnili rasizmis Teoriis mixedviT, TeTrkanianoba sxvadasxva TeTrkanianebs Soris ar iyo rasis ganmsazRvreli). raoden paradoqsulic ar unda iyos, rasizms Tanasworuflebianobis qomagnic amxnevebdnen. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos odesRac adamianebi Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblobdnen. sistemuri uTanasworoba mxardaWeras mxolod adamianTa

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garkveuli jgufisgan da ara mTeli kacobriobisgan iRebda – da rasizmma SeZlo amis gakeTeba.

rasizmis erT­erTi umTavresi efeqti Sereuli rasebis cxovrebisa da identurobebis radikalur SeviwrovebaSi gamoixateboda. `naxevar rasad~ Seracxuli metisebi (adami­anebi Sereuli sisxliT) garkveulwilad rasizms Seuracxyo­fas ayenebdnen, ara im SemTxvevebidan gamomdinare, rodesac TeTrkaniani adamianebi feradkanianebTan seqsualur urT­ierTobebs amyarebdnen da TeTrkanianTa upiratesobasa da avtonomiurobas safrTxe emuqreboda, aramed radganac isini adgendnen rasaTSorisi Tanaziarobisa da aRrevis, agreTve ra­sobrivi siwmindis mkacri biologiuri gansazRvrebebis marT­lacda xelovnurobis cxovrebiseul mtkicebulebas.

dResdReobiT, rogorc viciT, rasizmi ideologiur saqmi­anobas eweva. Sereuli kulturis SigniT, umravles SemTxveveb­Si igi moqmedebs sxva xalxis maTi rasis mixedviT gamoyofis gziT. amgvarad, `Cveni msgavsi xalxi~ rasis mier SeumCnevelia. Tumca, maSin, rodesac TeTrkanianebi sxvadasxva feris kanisa da eTnosis mqone adamianebTan mZime brZolis saSiSroebis wi­naSe arian (wminda sisxlis TeTrkanianebi industriul ameri­kaSi an TeTrkaniani muSebi visi samuSao adgilic SeiZleba feradkanianma emigrantma an aziaSi ltolvilma daikavos), rasizmi TeTrkanianebs warmosaxviTi Tavisuflebebisa da Ta­vianTi upiratesobis miTvisebaSi exmareba; TeTrkaniani ra­sizmi ki SeiZleba gaRvivdes (ix. frankenbergi 1997; aleni 1994; roedigeri 1991). post­rasizmis xanaSi rasizmi gansxvavebul saxelmwifoebSi gansxvavebulad moRvaweobs. rogorc aqamde vTqviT, igi globalurad vrclad aris gabneuli, magram (Ci­neTSi) han rasizmi Turq emigrantebTan dakavSirebiT, german­uli rasizmis muSaobasTan SedarebiT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, gansxvavdeba Ria Seferilobis kanis mqoneTa naklebad mkacri kvazi­rasizmisgan karibul da samxreT amerikel muq kanianebT­an mimarTebaSi, didad gansxvavebulad muSaobs. TiTqos raso­brivi gansxvaveba ar Seexeba kulturul gansxvavebas.

yvelaze Zlierad da tipurad rasizmi ayalibebs ZiriTad stereotipebs: rasizmi ganixileba, rogorc msgavsi pirovne­bebisgan, romlebic floben Tvisebebis (xSir SemTxvevebSi uaryofiTi) viwro speqtrs, Semdgari jgufebi. iseTi gamoxa­

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tulebebi, rogoricaa `yvela afrikels gaaCnia ritmi~, an `azielebi Wkvianebi arian~, rasistulia, miuxedavad imisa, rom iseTi saSiSi ar arian, rogoricaa `ebraelebi TaRliTebi da Zunwebi arian~, an `indoelebi zarmacebi arian~. zog adamians pretenziac ki aqvT, rom isini rasistebi ar arian, radgan (mag­aliTisaTvis) did aRfrTovanebas gamoxataven aziuri mzrunv­elobis mimarT. aseTi tipis rasistuli warmodgena pirovnebas ganixilavs ara rogorc aseTs an Tundac sxva koleqtivisTvis gankuTvnils (vTqvaT, adgilsamyofeli an klasi), aramed, up­irveles yovlisa, rogorc stereotipebisa da midrekilebebis nakrebis saxiT warmodgenili rasis wevrsa da warmomadgenels. rasizmis qveS myof sazogadoebaTa dajgufebebs an pirovne­bebs amgvari stereotipebi arc metad da arc naklebad uCinars ver gaxdian: magaliTad, erT­erTi cnobili Suamavali jgufi amerikaSi aris afroamerikuli zeda­saSualo klasi.

rasobrivi ganwyoba garkveulwilad amxnevebs sqesobriv stereotipebs: afroamerikuli mamakacuroba (hiper­mamak­acuri da muqaris gamomxatveli), aziuri qaluroba (hiper­qaluri da damjeri) ori mTavari magaliTia. rasisa da sqesis aseTi gamoxatuleba aZlierebs gansxvavebebs orive regis­trSi. Tanac, es ar aris SemTxveva, rodesac rasizmis qveS myo­fi pirovnebebi Sefasebulni arian stereotipebis sapirispi­rod, aramed maTi qceva, rogorc am stereotipebis dasturi, TiTqos `tipurad~ aris ganxiluli. kulturuli rasizmis es saxeoba asuldgmulebs bazisur rasizms – rasizmi formalu­rad zogierT rasas advokatis wodebas arTmevs daSvebis Ses­aZleblobiT dawyebuli, samuSaoTi, samezobloTi Tu klubiT damTavrebuli. kulturuli rasizmi ki gansakuTrebiT did zaralSia, rac Seviwrovebulma rasebma Zalian advilad Sei­Zleba saaSkaraoze gamoitanon.

dResdReobiT rasis koncefciasTan dakavSirebuli mTa­vari sirTule is aris, rom igi arasakmarisad aris dakavSire­buli eTnosTan. rogorc viciT, formalurad koncefciebis gansxvaveba TiTqos sakmarisad advilia: rasa biologiuri maxasiaTebelia, xolo eTnosi kulturuli niSania. amJamad eTnosi sakmaod mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli ganStoebasTan da sisxlTan: erTi da imave eTnosis warmomadgeneli adamianebi monawileobas ar Rebuloben kulturaSi, magram metnaklebad

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imTaviTve kavSirSi arian ojaxuri urTierTobebis sqemas­Tan, fesvebTan –xSirad miTiurad – kavSiri aqvT garkveul mSobliur teritoriasTan. Tuki rasa sazogadoebasa da bune­bas Soris Suamavlis rols asrulebs, maSin eTnosi rasasa da kulturas Soris iSuamavlebs. calkeuli SemTxvevebis gaT­valiswinebiT, rodesac epidermuli ierarqiebi arseboben eT­nikuri gansxvavebebis miRma, rasasa da eTnoss Soris mTavari gansxvaveba is aris, rom eTnosi TiTqos rasizmis istorias CrdilqveS ar mouqcevia. amgvarad, dResdReobiT, rodesac rasizmi TiTqmis arasodes aris pirovnuli da jgufuri sia­mayis masazrdoebeli (da rodesac aris, igi ganixileba Zlier eWvis qveS), eTnosi SeiZleba iyos siamayis wyaro. marTlac, gansxvaveba kvlavac winaaRmdegobrivad muSaobs: afrikuli warmoSobis adamianebi ufro metad arian warmodgenilni, ro­gorc rasis gamoxatuleba (gansakuTrebiT amerikaSi, sadac Sav da TeTrkanianebs Soris rasobrivi gansxvaveba regularu­lad SeTanxmebulia) vidre eTnosis TvalsazrisiT warmodge­nili TeTrkanianebi da ebraelebi. inglisurenovani qveynebis quCebSi `eTnikuri~ migrantTa sazogadoebis wevria. magali­TisaTvis britanuli warmoSobis avstralielebi dRemde saer­Tod ar arian eTnikurebi, rogorc es avstralielTa umravle­sobas exeba.

eTnikur kulturebsa da subkulturebis sxva saxeobebs Soris gansxvavebaa (vinc Camoyalibda gemovnebis an Taobis ir­gvliv) is, rom istoriasa da geografiaSi ase Rrmad SeWrili, isini garkveulwilad identurobis seriozul niSnebad gvev­linebian (Turme, `me var serbi~ mets gulisxmobs, vidre `me var panki~). isini SeiZleba gamoxatul iyvnen Tanamedroveobis procesebis winaaRmdegobis formebis saxiT. aborigenuli eT­nikuri kulturebi kolonializmis damangreveli Zalis qveS gadarCenilebis saxiT arseboben maSin, rodesac SedarebiT mobiluri da centraluri eTnikuri kulturebi arseboben rogorc `gansxvavebebi~, romlebic moiTxoven dacvas homog­enizirebuli globaluri dinebebisgan. multikulturalizmi, rogorc vnaxeT, identurobis CamoyalibebisaTvis saWiro eT­nikurobis Zalis saxelmwifo aRiarebaa. amJamad eTnikurobebi ar aris mxolod dadebiTad Sefasebuli; isini xSirad agreTve pasuxoben warsulis diskriminaciebs, romlebmac gansazRvres

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isini. odnav sxva TvaliT Tu SevxedavT, bevri eTnikuri iden­turoba TviTCasaxulobis gamo imdenad Zlieri ar gaxlavT, radganac maT istoriulad mmarTveli jgufebi iyenebdnen adamianTa calkeuli jgufebis gamosarCevad da dasaqvemde­bareblad. iseTi komunebi, rogoricaa boSebi da ebraelebi, romelTac SemorCenili aqvT milionobiT mkacri, xSirad sas­tik mkvlelobebTan dakavSirebuli, genociduri, winaswarSe­qmnili uaryofiTi ganmdevi ganaCeni, albaT, yvelaze TvalsaC­ino magaliTebia am saxis kompleqsuri dialeqtikuri eTnikuri TviTmyofadobis da Sida diskriminaciebisa. sasaciloa, magram xSirad maT adanaSauleben asimilaciis gamo.

rogorc rasizmi, aseve eTnosi identurobis politikis formebia da yoveli identurobis politikis msgavsad (ro­gorc zemoT aris aRniSnuli) isini sxvebTan kavSirurTier­Tobebis warsuls, romlis gareTac garkveuli eTnosebi da kulturebi warmoCindebian da romlis SigniTac isini Zalas inarCuneben, zereled epyrobian. 80­iani wlebidan dawyebuli, `pirveli kontaqtis~ momenti mimzidveli gaxda – magaliTad, Tavdapirvelad aborigenebma mTel dedamiwaze pirveli kav­Sirebi daamyares TeTrkanianebTan. amgvari kontaqtebi siwmin­dis moments warmoaCens: ormxrivi gansxvavebulobis namdvili gamonaTeba. amgvari momentebi hqmnian gansxvavebulobis poli­tikis miTiur safuZvels, magram isini Zalian iSviaTia. faqto­brivad, istoria wamdauwum gvaxsenebs, rom xalxebi urTierT­kavSirSia: kulturuli gacvlebis Tvalsawieri sagrZnoblad gafarTovda da ufro didi distanciebi dafara, vidre amas lokaluri da eTnikurad orientirebuli msjeloba aRiarebs. es niSnavs, rom kavSirurTierToba (imitaciebi, gansxvavebebi, transformaciebi, Sereva) kulturuli formaciis normaa. es iqidan gamomdinareobs, rom `hibriduloba~ ar aris raime fa­seuloba da aRmricxavi­hegemonuri gamonaklisi. metic, is normaa. TiTqmis yoveli rasa, eTnosi da kultura hibridi­zebulia – rac mas kulturis Teoretikosebis varaudebTan SedarebiT, romlebzec wina seqciaSi visaubreT, kidev ufro banalur koncefciad aqcevs, maSin, roca imavdroulad igi mo­nokulturalizmsa da eTno­rasistul purizmsac winaaRmde­gobebs uqmnis.

rasizmi kulturis kvlevebisaTvis winaaRmdegobriv saxes

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hqmnis, radgan igi identurobis politikis ararealur formas warmoadgens. amis gamo aris igi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani disciplinis ganviTarebisaTvis. britaneTSi imis gaazrebam, rom rasizmi gamoyenebuli iyo, Cveulebriv, saxelmwifos mier (da garkveulwilad polisi) dasaxlebulTa hegemoniis dama­dasturebeli kanoni­da­wesrigis Sesaqmnelad (gilroi 1987), umal gamoiwvia rasasa da saxelmwifos Soris Rrma kavSirurT­ierTobebis kritika (SeiZleboda, rom Savkaniani britaneli yo­filiyo kulturuli orTodoqsizmis poziciaSi?), ramac moma­valSi hibridulobis Teorizacia gamoiwvia. magram kritikuli Teoriis im formebis idealizacia, romlebic amtkiceben, rom progresuli praqtikuli politika `identuroba gansxvave­bebSi~ msgavsi koncefciebis daxmarebiT SeiZleba damyardes da romelTac `ukvirT~, Tu rogor axerxeben pirovnebebi sx­vadasxva sakiTxi­poziciis kombinirebas, didi xania aSkaraa. amitomac, anti­rasistul analizs kidev erTi biliki hqonda gasavleli. aravin yofila pol gilroize mniSvnelovani fig­ura kulturis kvlevebSi anti­rasistuli analizis axsnis TvalsazrisiT. gilrois `rasis winaaRmdeg~ did simkacreze dafuZnebuli rasis (romlis qveS igi eTnossac gulisxmobs) identurobebis xelSewyobisa da miRebis sawinaaRmdego SemTx­vevas warmoadgens, miuxedavad imisa, rom, SeniSvnebis Tanax­mad, igi TiTqmis mTlianad Savkanian identurobazea foku­sirebuli.

amgvari SemTxveva TiTqos azrTa sxvadasxvaobas ar unda iwvevdes. gilrois varaudis Tanaxmad, vinc sakuTar Tavs SavkanianTan, ebraelTan, irlandielTan, CinelTan da a.S. (rasac dedamiwis zurgze uamravi akeTebs) rasobriv kat­egoriebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT aigivebs, ganekuTvneba istorias, romelsac igi `rasologias~ uwodebs – dakanoneba imisa, rasac franc fenonma `gansxvavebis epidermidelizacia~ uwoda (anu kanis feris mixedviT adamianTa gansxvavebulobe­bi). amitomac, identurobebis erovnuli formebi raRaciT fa­Sizmsa da nacizms ukavSirdeba da gilrois wigni ganixilavs am `raRacas~. gilrois argumenti garkveulwilad CvenTvis nac­nobia: yoveli rasobrivi/eTnikuri azri eyrdnoba simtkicis, fesvebis da tradiciuli sazogadoebebis faseulobebs – fa­seulobebi, romlebic ignorirebulia – upirveles yovlisa,

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mowinave teqnologiebsa da komerciul kulturaze Taname­drove rasobrivi identurobebis damokidebuleba; meore – ra­sobrivi jgufebis Sida gansxvavebulobebi. igi gamorCeulad aRniSnavs, rom nacizmis Semdeg rasis Taobaze Sexeduleba me­tad vizualuri Seiqmna, vidre logikuri msjelobis sagani (mis mier moyvanili Tanamedroveobis bevri magaliTis miuxedavad, Savkaniani kultura musikis samyarodan modis).

gilrois Tezisis yvelaze saintereso nawili Savkaniani kulturis dRevandeli dRea. gilrois azriT, Zlier Taname­drove Savkaniani kultura afro­centrizmisgan ukve sakmaod Sorsaa da igi TanxmobaSia diasporul statusTan. marTlac, misTvis zedmetia TavisuflebisaTvis politikuri da utopi­uri mizanswrafvebi, riTac savse iyo monuri sazogadoebebi (aq mTavari momenti samxreT afrikuli aparteidis dasasrulia 1989 wels). Tavisuflebisken swrafva, misi TqmiT, `radikali­zebulma politikam~ Secvala – vnebiTi koncentracia da (het­eroseqsualuri) sxeulisa da seqsualurobis zeimi, romelSic identuroba dakavSirebulia sxeulTan (gilroi 2000, 185). radikalizebuli sxeulis politika `quCas~ ar ganekuTvneba (ramac, misi mtkicebiT, SeaCera komunis statikuri mdgo­mareoba, rac gadaizarda konfliqtebSi, saSiSroebebsa da policiis obieqtebSi), magram xalxsa da pirovnebas Soris saz­Rvris TvalsazrisiT, magaliTad mas sakalaTburTo moedani mohyavs. Savkaniani sxeulis kulturis aspeqtebma msoflio aRiarebas miaRwia amerikis kulturul simZlavresTan erTad – aRniSvnis Rirsia sportis iseTi supervarskvlavi, rogoric maikl jordania da komerciuli TvalsazrisiT – repi. am Sem­TxvevaSi `Savkanianoba~ gamoiyeneba `ultraTanamedroveobisa da ultraprimitivizmis ucnauri, hiperadamianis hibridis~ warmosadgenad (2000, 347).

gilrois argumenti ubiZgebs rasiologiis dasasruls da afroamerikul kulturaze sxva naSromebis msgavsad, es wignic mkiTxvels iseT warmodgenas uqmnis, TiTqos globalizebuli sazogadoebebi rasis gamoyenebisaTvis sul ufro met gzebs pouloben: rogorc TavSesafari marketingisTvis; rogorc saqonlis wyaro; warmosaxviTi warmodgenebi, romelTac popu­laruli kulturebis gamxneveba SeuZliaT; rogorc transna­

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cionaluri muSaTa klasis Semasustebeli da damyofi iaraRi; gansakuTrebiT ki rogorc identurobis siamayis wyaro, Tanac ara mxolod marginalizebul da privilegiebis gareSe myofTa mimarTebaSi. gilrois namuSevarSi yvelaze sasargeblo, al­baT, misi daJinebuli mtkicebaa, rom rasizmi ganuwyvetliv icvleba; Tuki amas, rogorc mudmiv Zalas aRviqvamT, yvelaze fxizeli politika da kritika Tu SeZlebs mis amocnobas.

damatebiTi literatura: Back and Solomos 2000; Baker, Diawara and Lindeborg 1996; Banton 1998; Dyer 1997; Gilroy 2000; Rattansi and Westwood 1994.

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nawili 6

seqsualoba da genderi

6.1 feminizmis Sedegi: genderi dRes

uaxlesi (dasavleTis) istoriis erT­erTi aRsaniSnavi feno­meni feminizmis aRzeveba da dacemaa. dacemam, ra Tqma unda, didi aJiotaJi gamoiwvia. 1998 wels Jurnal Time­ma am sakiTxs garekanic ki dauTmo: `daRupulia ki feminizmi?~ romelic met koncentrirebas ali makbilsa da Spice Girls­ze axdenda, vidre gloria Stainemsa da beti fredanze (amerikuli femi­nizmis fuZemdeblebi), pasuxi iyo `diax~. Jurnali Time anti­feministTa manamde arnaxulma uaryofiTma reaqciam moicva. amJamad `dacema~ rbilad rom vTqvaT uxeSi terminia, mas Sem­deg, rac feminizmi ase saocrad SemoiWra 60­iani wlebis meore naxevarsa da 70­iani wlebis dasawyisSi, bevri qalisTvis man TiTqos Secvala yvelaferi da sinamdvileSi Tuki yvelaferi ara, bevri ram mainc. magram asec rom yofiliyo, saqme ise mar­tivad ar aris, rodesac iseTi qalebi, rogoric uaryofiTi reaqciis sastikad ganmkicxavi suzan faludi daNnaomi vulfi arian, ganuwyvetliv Tavs gvaxseneben (ix. faludi 1992 da 1999; vulfi 1991 da 1997).

dasavleTSi qalebi TavianTi odindeli mdgomareobis mimarT subordinirebulni da sxvebisgan gamorCeulni ar ari­an. erTxans farTod gavrcelebuli SeniSvna, rom `qalis ad­gili saxlSia~ politikur periferiebs gadaeca. saxelmwifo­Ta umravlesobam abortis legalizacia moaxdina da daawesa dekretuli Svebuleba. bavSvTa mzrunvelobis uzrunvelyofa ukve Cveulebrivi ambavia. axalgazrda qalebi mamakacebis ms­gavsad, xSirad sapasuxismgeblo saqmianobebs iTxoven (gax so­v deT `Girl Power~ – `gogonebis Zala~). qalebi oficialurad, sul mcire, tols ar udeben mamakacebs ganaTlebis sistema Si, samuSao adgilebis umravlesobaSi an, magaliTad, sacekvao/eqstazis scenaze (ise, rogorc hipebisa da pankebis moZraobis periodSic ki ar yofilan). media qalTa seqsualobas ukve aRar

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ganixilavs, rogorc Cveulebriv pasiursa da konfidencial­urs. epoqaluri praqtika qalebisTvis met daxmarebas eweva. se­qsualuri agresiis oficialurad daSveba Cveulebrivi ambavia. qalTa monawileobis sakiTxi kulturul memkvidreobaSi sru­li Seviwrovebidan ubrundeba warsul poziciebs da garkveul­wilad, qalTa mwerlobis mTeli principia Senar Cunebuli li­teraturul mexsierebaSi. genderi amJamad, rogorc aras d ros, socialuri da kulturuli analizis ZiriTadi kate goriaa.

meore mxriv, realur avtoritets kvlav mamakacebi floben, romlebic mraval institutSi warmmarTvel rols asruleben. Sinaur saqmeebSi genderuli dayofa ise mimdinareobs, rom, mag­aliTad, qalebi ufro xSirad umzadeben saWmels mamakacebs, vi­dre piriqiT, ojaxebSi, sadac orives gaaCnia samuSao. qalebi bavSvTa aRzrdis tvirTs kvlavac sakuTar mxrebze atareben. sportis samyaroSi qalebs giganturi nabijebi aqvT gadadg­muli, magram mamakacebi aviwroveben maT komerciuli mimzid­velobis TvalsazrisiT. Sou biznesSi qalTa kariera ufro moklea da axalgazrdobaSi isini gamudmebuli presis qveS imy­ofebian, raTa Tavi hiper­seqsualur stilSi warmoadginon. faqtobrivad, komerciuli kultura da marketingi vnebiani gogonebis garegan iersaxes metad aqcevs yuradRebas, vidre es feministuri moZraobis dasawyisSi xdeboda. (sasaciloa, magram feminizmma TiTqos xeli Seuwyo momavalSi kulturis am mimar­TulebiT [hetero­] seqsualizebas.) ganqorwinebuli qalebi ekonomikur brZolas ewevian, rasac maTi yofili partniorebi ar akeTeben, xolo dasavluri orientaciis mqone qalTa mcire raodenobam (da gansakuTrebiT transnacionaluri arasamTav­robo organizaciebidan momdinare aqtiurma polisurma ini­ciativebma) ara­evropul samyaroSi feministur moZraobas mcire biZgi misca. qalTa moZraobis xangrZlivi warsulis mqone iseT mdidar qveynebSic ki, rogoric iaponiaa, genderuli urT­ierTobebi stabilurad araTanabar xasiaTs inarCunebs. mra­val uRaribes qveyanaSi, islamis saxeliT patriarqatis uxeSi formebi ganagrZobs arsebobas (ix. bakli 1997; naraiani 1997).

yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, sakvirvelia, rom femi­nizmi, rogorc moZraoba suls Rafavs. feminizmi ukve siaxles aRar warmoadgens. axalgazrda qalebis umetesoba, rogorc wesi, Tavs aRar acxadebs feministad, aRizianebs ra dedebis

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Taobas, romelic mTeli ZaliT ibrZoda im uflebebisa da Se­saZleblobebis mosapoveblad, romlebmac ganapirobes am aRi­arebis uaryofa da vinc icis, rom maTi samuSao ar dasrulebu­la. feminizmis miRwevebsa da mis mimdinare sajaro ignorirebas So ris daZabuloba xSirad farulad aris gamoxatuli popula­rul kulturaSi. magaliTisaTvis holivudis salaros dRes­dReobiT umniSvnelovanes donor msaxiob julia robertsis kariera moviyvanoT. filmSi lamazmani igi asaxierebs qals, romelic feminizmis qveS cekvavs, magram agreTve TavSekavebas amJRavnebs feminizmis wina warmodgenebisa da faseulobebis mimarT. erin brokoviCSi ki misi roli muSaTa klasis warmo­madgeneli qalis brZolas ganasaxierebs raime damakmayofile­beli samuSaos mosapoveblad da sxeulis sakuTari survilis mixedviT seqsualizebis gziT. magram ibadeba kiTxva – vis exe­ba amgvari sakiTxebi Tu ara genderze agebul politikur moZ­raobas (brunsdoni 1997).

feminizmis Caqrobas sxvadasxva mizezebi gaaCnia: rogorc vxedavT, moZraoba TavisTavad daiSala nawilebad Sida de­batebis xarjze. SedarebiTma warmatebam mas TiTqos Zalebi aarTva – marTlac, logikurad moZraobis sruli warmateba zedmetoba iqneboda. igi multikulturalizmisa da saeWvo moZ­raobis CaTvliT, naklebad mniSvnelovanma identurobis poli­tikam moicva. is aRmoCnda popularuli kulturis msxverpli, romelmac mtrad aRiqva, moaqcia ra igi stereotipebis nusxaSi. albaT, feminizmma axali stresebic Semoitana, gansakuTrebiT saSualo klasis warmomadgenel qalTa Soris, sadac misi Zalis impulsi udidesi iyo; saxeldobr sakiTxi, romlis Tanaxma­dac maT gaaCniaT karierebi garemoSi, sadac isini sul ufro da ufro sapasuxismgeblo da arasaimedoa. qalebi sul ufro metad bavSvebs SedarebiT gvian aCenen da ara mxolod imitom, rom es maTi arCevania, aramed, radganac winaaRmdeg SemTxveva­Si isini yoveldRiuri cxovrebis presis saSiSroebis winaSe dgebian. amgvari zewola aris feminizmis ideologiis gavlenis msxvreviT gamZafrebuli situacia. nawilobriv igi saojaxo saqmianobis usamarTlo genderul ganawilebaSi gamoixateba.

da bolos, feminizmis politika ucnaur adgils ikavebs, gan­sakuTrebiT, Tu igi seqsualobas Seexeba. am konteqstSi monika levinskis SemTxvevis mniSvneloba (romelmac gamoZaxili mTel

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msoflioSi pova) gazviadebuli rodia. feminizmisken midrekil qalTa umravlesobas sakuTari Tavi warmoedgina prezidentis adgilze, vinc SedarebiT liberaluri iqneboda sqesobrivi da qalTa uflebebis mimarT, iqneboda es seqsualur mtaceblo­baSi, Tu “aRelvebulobaSi” mxileba. avstraliaSi `ormondis kolejis saqme~ grandiozul siaxled iqca, rodesac erTxans cnobilma feministma mweralma helen garnerma daicva univer­sitetis administratori, visac seqsualurad aRelvebul stu­dentebTan hqonda saqme (prestiJuli Tanamdebobidan gaTavi­sufleba da ganuwyvetliv damcireba), im TvalsazrisiT, rom igi sasjels ar imsaxurebda (studentur mejlisze daTroba da axalgazrda gogonebis jgufze gasvlis mcdeloba). Tanac ise Cans, TiTqos garneris Taobis bevri qali, vinc Tavisuflebis moZraoba gamoiara, mas eTanxmeba. aseT SemTxvevebSi iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom Tuki seqsualuri urTierTobebi da feministuri eTika erTmaneTs am mimarTulebiT daetakeboda, Sedegi aborti an sasamarTlo SeiZleboda yofiliyo.

amgvar situaciaSi feminizmis mniSvnelobaze warmodgenis aRdgenis mizniT, SemTxvevebTan da motivaciebTan erTad, misi SedarebiT xangrZlivi istoriis ganxilvaa saWiro.

feminizmis warsuli

miuxedavad imisa, rom preindustriuli tradiciuli sazogadoebebi Cveulebriv gaazrebulia `patriarqaluri~ TvalsazrisiT, romelSic mamakacebi dominireben, Cans, TiTqos, Tanamedrove kapitalizmma, gansakuTrebiT saSua­lo klasebSi, gaaZliera qalTa subordinacia. kapitalizmis gverdSi myof aristokrat qalebs SeeZloT mniSvnelovani damoukideblobisa da Zalauflebis mopoveba, xolo indus­trializaciis muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli qalebi, xSir­ad ojaxs gareTac muSaobdnen. es ar Seexeba saSualo klasis warmomadgenel qalebs – isini qveSevrdomobis axali formis winaSe aRmoCndnen. amgvarad, sakvirveli ar aris, rom Taname­drove feminizmis pirveli argumentebi saSualo klasis war­momadgenelma qalma warmoadgina. industriuli revoluciis sawyis wlebSi, safrangeTis revoluciiT STagonebulma meri

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volstonkraftma Enlightenment­is (ganaTlebuloba) mixedviT (me­18 saukunis evropuli filosofiuri mimdinareoba) adamia­nis bunebis Sefaseba da samarTlisa da obieqturobis princi­pebi genderuli dayofis mimarTulebiT gamoiyena. misi sawyisi mizani qalTa sqesis tipebis gamovlena iyo, romelTac ganapir­obes maTi gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis dasusteba: yuradRebis gamaxvileba seqsualur mimzidvelobaze, `mgrZnobiarobaze~ (daaxloebiT Tanamedrove sentimentalizmis msgavsad) da uaz­ro an araseriozul aRzrda­ganviTarebaze.

misma wignma `qalTa uflebebis dacva~ (1792), umal cudi reputacia moixveWa, magram mas cotaodeni Suamavali impul­sic aRmoaCnda. igi mimarTuli iyo im sazogadoebis misamarTiT, romelSic patriarqati gaazrebuli iyo, rogorc mamakacTa qa­lebze dominireba – TiTqmis uZleveli, Tumca gauwonaswore­beli. uZleveli da gauwonasworebeli? sofelSi momuSave ma­makacebsa da qalebs gansxvavebuli rolebi eniWebodaT. magram maT, mZime sameurneo samuSaos CaTvliT, erToblivi amocanebic hqondaT mosagvarebeli. samuSao adgili da saxli Cveulebriv dacalkevebulad ar moiazreboda, rac mamakacebsa da qalebs daaxloebul mwarmoeblur erTeulad warmoaCenda. magram ur­banizaciasTan da daqiravebuli Sromis gavrcelebasTan erTad bevri ram Seicvala. saerTod, mamakacebma sxvadasxva ofisebsa da qarxnebSi daiwyes TavianTi produqciis gayidva, xolo qa­lebi ki Sin darCnen sameurneo amocanebis Sesasruleblad, rac ojaxis uzrunvelyofas ganapirobebda. sadac qalebi anazRau­rebisTvis muSaobdnen, maT aRar uSvebdnen ufro SemoqmedebiTi samuSaos Sesasruleblad. TumcaRa am procesSi regionuli da industriuli variaciebi SeimCneoda: iseTi samuSaoebi, ro­goric qvanaxSiris warmoebaa, mTlianad mamakacebs ekuTvnodaT, rodesac samkervalo saqme fabrikebSi umetesad qalebis mier keTdeboda da maT anazRaurebas xSirad mamakacebi ganagebdnen. aman zogierTi qalis politizireba gamoiwvia. magaliTisaTvis – britaneTis magaliTi – me­19 saukuneSi lankaSirSi, sadac koncentrirebuli iyo samkervalo industria, qalebi warmoe­bis TvalsazrisiT kargad iyvnen organizebulni da me­19 sau­kunis oromtrialSi maT aqtiuri monawileoba miiRes saarCev­no uflebis mopovebis moZraobaSi. es iyo qalTa oficialuri moTxovnis politizirebis pirveli SemTxveva (masei 1994).

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saerTod, anazRaurebaze momuSave muSaTa klasis warmo­madgeneli qalebi da vinc ojaxis siZlieris simbolos an ma­sazrdoeblis statuss iZenda, sazogadoebrivi menejerebisa da Teoretikosebis Setevas ganicdida. amis umTavresi mize zi mxolod maT mimarT winaswarSeqmnili uaryofiTi damokide­buleba ar yofila, miuxedavad imisa, rom sqesobrivi diskrimi­nacia garkveul rols asrulebda: mamakacebi da qalebi anaz­RaurebisTvis SejibrSi myofebad moiazrebodnen. saSualo da mmarTveli klasis warmomadgeneli mamakacebi ki qalTa winaaRmdeg muSis pozicias ikavebdnen. saSualo klasis war­momadgeneli qalebis sityvieri samxilebi Cveulebriv maT qmrebs ekuTvnodaT. am SemTxvevaSi ori azri ar arsebobs, rom viqtorianuli saxli – qalis sfero – asea, Tu ise, xSirad iyo warmodgenili amgvarad mamakacuri Zaladobis gamo.

arcerTi qali ar iyo nebadarTuli xmis micemaze. maT xels uSlidnen profesiebis dauflebaze (SeinaxeT diasaxlisad) an universitetSi wasvlaze. dasaxlebuli qalebi swavlobdnen `ganaTlebas~ (simRera, fortepianoze dakvra, xatva, kerva, yvavilebis movlas da SeiZleba cota frangulsa da italiurs...), rac Seesabameboda maT mowodebasa da col­qmrul wyvils. co­tas Tu hqonda miRebuli klasikuri Tu mecnieruli ganaTleba. (es iyo volstonkraftis yvelaze gulisxmieri protesti).

ufro zogadi TvalsazrisiT, genderuli dayofis gamyarebis survili samuSao da saojaxo cxovrebas Soris sazogadoebrivi `reformaciis~ moZraobis xelSi iyo, romelic me­17 saukunis meore naxevriT iyo daTariRebuli da romelmac, erTi mxriv, scada sajaro loTobis, prostituciisa da azartuli TamaSebis gamijvna, meore mxriv ki higienisa da pirovnebaTa partnioro­bisa da pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis ganviTareba. am moZraobas safuZveli protestantul eklesiebSi Caeyara, sadac qalebi xSirad SedarebiT Tavisuflad grZnobdnen Tavs. bevri sajaro adgilebi, ra Tqma unda, didi xnis akrZaluli iyo qalebisTvis, vinc Seuracxyofa da Zaladoba ganicada quCebSi, rac mamak­acebTanac SeiZleboda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli. argumentis mixedviT, meuRlisa da dedis subordinirebuli kontrolis qveS Cveuli Sinauri garemo Tavisi yoveli gamovlinebiT iyo yvelaze efeqturi Tbili adgili reformirebuli sazogadoe­bisTvis. sabolood, TiTqmis mTeli saukunis ganmavlobaSi ax­

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alma industriulma da profesionalurma samuSao adgilebma, mamakacTa solidarobam da Zaladobam, civiluri reformebis ideologiis fonze volstonkraftis mier warmodgenili femi­nizmis saxeobis marginalizeba moaxdina (kaini 1997).

volstonkraftis Semdeg 60 weli gavida da me­19 saukunis bolos `qalis sakiTxi~ ganaxlebuli mcdelobebiT xmis, gan­qorwinebis, ufro maRali donis ganaTlebis sistemisa da aqe­dan gamomdinare, profesiul muSaxelze uflebisaTvis, xe­laxla wamoiWra. magram yvelaze TvalsaCino wvlili `meore talRis~ feminizmTan mimarTebaSi virjinia vulfis `viRacis sakuTar oTaxs~ (1927) miuZRvis – vulfis adrindeli blums­beris elitizmisgan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli inovaciuri po­lemika. aq kultura da sazogadoeba ganixileba mamakacebad da qalebad dayofis TvalsazrisiT, mamakacTa mier qalebis SesaZleblobebis SezRudvis gziT. vulfi acxadebs, rom mamak­acebi mudmivad weren da laparakoben qalebis Sesaxeb, magram maTi epizoduri idealizacia mxolod faravs qalTa realur subordinacias. sabolood mas materialuri argumenti mo­hyavs: qalebs gamoxatvis Tavisufleba ar gaaCniaT, radganac maT xeli ar miuwvdebaT qonebaze, rac monopolizebulia ma­makacis mier. qalebs sWirdebaT kulturaSi SeRweva, produq­tiuli moRvaweoba da fuli – `viRacis sakuTari oTaxi~. Tuki es moxdeboda, maSin kulturuli faseulobebi da war­modgenebi Zireulad Seicvleboda. amasTan, vulfis azriT, ma­makacebis dominirebis gamo kultura gajerebulia faseulo­bebiTa da stilebiT, sadac qalebi Tavs kargad ver grZnoben. es axSobs adamianis bunebriv Zireul biseqsualobas da herma­froditizms, romelic mis momdevno naSromebSi, rogorc uto­piuri da SedarebiT konservatiuli ideali, aseve dakarguli mTlianoba funqcionirebs (mulerni 2000).

30­iani wlebis depresiis, meore msoflio omisa da omis Semdgomi pirdapiri `rekonstruqciis~ periodma feministTa samuSao gegma droebiT SeaCera, magram 60­ianebis meore naxe­varSi man kvlav iCina Tavi qalTa Tavisuflebis moZraobis sax­iT. imdroindeli sazogadoebrivi Teoriis gavlenis qveS, Zvel moTxovnebTan erTad igi sam axal elements moicavda, rac qalTa ufro aqtiur monawileobas gulisxmobda ekonomikaSi, muSaxel­sa da saganmanaTleblo da oficialur politikur sistemaSi.

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upirveles yovlisa, niSandoblivi iyo warmodgenis kritika: qalebi moTxovnebis gaaqtiurebis Semdeg damcirebul mdgo­mareobaSi aRmoCndnen, gansakuTrebiT komerciul sajaro sfer­oSi mamakacTa vnebiani mzeris winaSe seqsis obieqtis saxiT podi­umze gamosvlis TvalsazrisiT. am ̀ qalurobaze~ da mdedrobiTi sqesis idealze mniSvnelovani patriarqatis SigniT ideologi­uri konstruqciebi iyo, rac mas Semdeg premodernistobasTan asocirebul calkeul sazogadoebriv struqturas ukve aRar warmoadgenda, aramed kulturul formirebas, romelSic ma­makacebi kvlav dominantis rolSi iyvnen da romelSic qalebs xels uSlidnen maTi survilisamebr yofacxovrebaze. es konte­qstualurad gulisxmobda, rom `genderi~ upirveles yovlisa CamoSorda `sqess~. argumentis mixedviT, biologiuri Tval­sazrisiT qalebi mamakacebisgan gansxvavdebodnen, maT hqondaT gansxvavebuli sqesi, magram es ar uxsnida qalebs gzas qaluro­bisaken da gansakuTrebiT genderisken. amis dawvrilebiT gas­agebad: sqesi biologiuri struqturaa, genderi ki socialuri da ideologiuri; magaliTad, seqsualuri upiratesobis gamo, ar arsebobs bunebrivi kavSiri qalebis mier bavSvis dabadebis faqtsa da daJinebul moTxovnas Soris, rom isini arseboben; vTqvaT, SedarebiT TavSekavebulni arian sazogadoebaSi da garkveul rols TamaSoben pirad/saSinao sferoSi genderuli upiratesobis gamo.

Tumca kapitalisturi patriarqatis qveS bevrma qalma moir­go qaluroba; amgvarad `gonebis gaxsna~ (romelic am konte­qstSi qalTa subordinaciis istoriis Seswavlas niSnavda, ide­ologiis kritikis bazisuri codnis Seswavlis safuZvelze da gaazrebas, Tu rogor SegexoT istoria da qalTa warmodgenebi dResdReobiT piradad) `mesame talRis~ adreuli feminizmis mTavar iaraRad iqca tradiciuli genderuli rolis Zlierebis ganadgurebaSi (rogorc isini am boloxans uwodeben). gonebis gaxsna, romelic mediisaTvis umal saxumarod iqca, sinamdvile­Si seriozuli momenti iyo kulturis kvlevebis istoriis gari­JraJze Tanamedrove msofliosTan midgomis TvalsazrisiT: Tanamedrove kulturuli formebis dawvrilebiTma Seswavlam SegcvalaT rogorc Tqven, aseve msoflio.

mesame talRis feminizmis mesame inovacia sazogadoeba/pi­radulis xelaxal ganxilvaSi gamoixateboda. vulfis `viRa­

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cis oTaxis~ midgomis, misi ukan daxevisa da avtonomiis eTikis erT­erTi problema is iyo, rom igi srul konteqstualizebas ar axdenda, Tu ra aRiqmeboda 60­iani wlebis dasasruls qalTa moZraobis mTavar RerZad: sazogadoebasa da piraduls Soris dayofis genderingi, romelSic qalebi Semofarglulni iyvnen piradi saqmianobiT. rogorc qerol peitmenma SeniSna: `diho­tomia piradulsa da sazogadoebas Soris... bolos da bolos ris Sesaxebacaa mTlianad feministuri moZraoba~ (peitmeni 1989, 135). amgvari tipis azrovnebam, romelSic qalTa mor­julebis sakiTxi Ria iyo polemikisTvis, gamoiwvia (gansa­kuTrebiT rodesac gonebis gaxsnas iTxovs) cnobili apoTerma `rac piradulia, is politikuria~. es fraza mTlianobaSi iden­turobis politikis qvakuTxedad iqca.

rogorc aqamde aRvniSneT, feminizmi ganadgurda, sul mc­ire imitom, rom daiSala sxvadasxva skolebad. es sakvirveli ar aris, mas Semdeg, rac misi programa sxvadasxva mimarTule­bebiT wavida. umniSvnelovanesi iyo Sida ganxeTqileba; erTi mxriv, volenstonkraftis ufro Zveli feminizmi – mamakaceb­sa da qalebs Soris Tanasworuflebianobis miRweva, romelic Zireulad koncentrirebuli iyo socialuri da politikuri midgomisa da monawileobis sakiTxebze – meore mxriv, axali identurobis politikis impulsi, romlis saSualebiTac qa­lebma daamtkices, rom kacebisagan gansxvavdebodnen da ro­melic fokusirebuli iyo gamoxatvisa da sakuTari Tavis Seqm­nis kulturaze.

feminizmis SigniT meore ganxeTqileba uSualod seqsualo­bas Seexo. sakiTxi Semdegi saxiT wamoiWra: ra doneze Seadgen­da heteroseqsualoba problemas? ra doneze iyo seqsualuri moTxovnilebis politika? da ufro konkretulad, iyo Tu ara moZraoba heteroseqsualur normebs miRma mamakacTa daJineb­uli mzeris ganzogadebis gamoZaxili? iyo Tu ara qalTa sxeu­lis seqsualizeburad gamoxatva da misi provocireba sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobaze qalurobis morCil, piradul hetero­versiebSi?

anti­heteroseqsualuri politika Tavisi susti formiT, cdilobda seqsualobis rolis daqveiTebas qalebis cxovreba­Si (TiTqos Zvel puritanizmSi vbrundebiT), xolo radikaluri formiT ki politikuri Carevis doneze daJinebiT moiTxovda

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qalTa Soris msgavs seqsualobas. magram ra Tqma unda, bevri qali am programebidan verc erTs daeTanxmeboda. yvelaze sastiki debatebi seqsualobis Sesaxeb, pornografiasTan da­kavSirebiT mimdinareobs: sakiTxi, sadac pro­seqs feminizmi yvelaze sustad gamoiyureba; vizedac man Tundac garkveu­li ZalisxmeviT safuZvliani gamarjveba moipova, moZraobis logikurobaa.

mesame ganxeTqileba, romelic orive zeda ganxeTqilebas mWidro kavSirSi moiazrebs, qalurobasTan damokidebulebaSi gamoixateboda. surdaT ki feministebs tradiciuli qaluro­bis uaryofa Tu SeeZloT misi tareba axal, albaT, SedarebiT ironiuli da namdvilad ufro nebadarTuli gziT? aq naklebad radikalurma poziciamac gaimarjva: upirveles yovlisa, qal­uroba Zalebs ikrebda samecniero wreebSi im argumentiT, rom igi iqneboda ara imdenad daxurul sivrceSi, aramed rogorc farTod gamoxatuli; Semdeg ki Tavisi gansakuTrebuli sur­vilebis Sesrulebas daJinebiT moiTxovda (brundsoni 2000). 80­ianebis axalgazrda qalebma isargebles qalurobiT saTa­nadod (Tundac xSirad odnavi ironiiT) tradiciuli Tvalsaz­risiT, ganacxadiT, rom gansxvaveba axla iyo is, rac maT arCies. ar aris aucilebeli vinme Zalian kargad erkveodes hegemoniis TeoriaSi (romelic amtkicebs, rom msxverpli zogadad egueba Cagrul mdgomareobaSi yofnas) raTa dainteresdes amiT.

sabolood, mTavari niSanic, rom piraduli politikuria, ori mimarTulebiT vrceldeba. loren berlanis mtkicebiT, politikursa da piraduls Soris damokidebuleba Seicva­la 90­iani wlebis konservatorebis gavlenis gamo. Zvele­buri dayofa sazogado da piradul gamoxatvas Soris daeSva formamde, rasac berlani (1977, 1) `saxalxo intims~ uwodebs. amgvar formaSi, sajarod qceuli intimuri piradi cxovreba politikuri miznebisTvis xelmisawvdomia. es mxolod imas ar niSnavs, rom politikosebis piradi cxovreba saaSkaraozea ga­motanili da maT karieras sajarod Zirs uTxris, aramed poli­tikuri sakiTxebi sul ufro metad mimarTulia intimur ­ axlo urTierTobebisken. garkveulwilad, socialuri polisi sul ufro metad bavSvebisa da deda­bavSvis urTierTobis polisis efeqtis mixedviT ganisazRvreba, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac qorwineba naklebad sando da stabilur movlenad iqca

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(Samuei 2003). magram es xdeba feminizmis gavlenis Sesasuste­blad pirovnulze da feministebs Soris, visac politikursa da piraduls Soris myari kavSirebis aRdgenis survili gaaCnia, daZabulobis Sesaqmnelad (piraduli cxovrebis pirovnuli bunebis liberalur dayofaze dabruneba da misi naklebi mniS­vneloba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi) da visTvisac `piraduli da politikuris~ konservatiuli daniSnuleba ar warmoad­gens am frazis mowodebas, rom qalebi SeiZleba ignorirebul iyvnen. sajaro sferoSi Rrma detalurze aqcentireba SeiZle­ba SesaZleblobasac (imeds) gamoxatavdes, rom intimurobas adgili aqvs, sadac uaxloesi da yvelaze damakmayofilebeli urTierTobebi SeiZleba ganviTardes (nawilobriv, radgan qa­lebs am sferoSi xeli miuwvdebaT) im saxiT, romelic politi­kuri moTxovnebisa da SefasebisTvis nimuSs amzadebs.

amJamad ibadeba kiTxva: ra unda feminizms? feminizmis adrindel formebs mkafio Sexedulebebi gaaCnda: Tanasworu­flebianoba da Tanabari SesaZleblobebi; mamakacuri daJineb­uli mzeris batonobis aRsasruli; qalTa TviTmyofadi kul­turis ayvaveba; uflebebisa da SesaZleblobebis (TumcaRa nel tempSi) samuSao programa miRebul iqna da genderisa da seq­sualobis kultura feminizmis movlinebis Semdeg Seicvala, magram ara im mimarTulebebiT, romelTac adreuli periodis feministebi ivaraudebdnen an metwilad mxars dauWerdnen. ma­gram axla ra xdeba?

am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis erT­erTi problema is aris, rom rogorc post­struqturalistebi didi xania varaudo­ben, `qalebi~ Zalian didi dajgufebaa imisTvis, rom analiti­kuri TvalsazrisiT sargebloba mohqondeT da es globaliza­ciis procesTan erTad sul ufro aSkaravdeba. gansxvavebuli rasebis, adgilsamyofelisa da klasebis warmomadgeneli qa­lebi sxvadasxva kondiciebSi cxovroben da SeuZlebelia maT Soris ganzogadeba. im realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom qalis sxeulisTvis Tvisobrivia menstruacia, bavSvebis gaCena, meno­pauza da (heteroseqsualebis SemTxvevaSi) seqsualuri aRqma mamakacTa Soris, ara nakleb aSkaraa, rom magaliTad, maRali­saSualo­klasis warmomadgeneli TeTrkaniani amerikeli/ev­ropeli qalebi, kulturuli da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, ufro axlos dganan mamakacis eqvivalentTan, vidre samxreT

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azieli Raribi sofleli qalebi. kulturebs, eTnosebsa da klasebs Soris qalTa solidarobas, rac feministuri politi­kis safuZvels warmoadgens, erTgvarad deformirebuli da ab­straqtuli xasiaTi gaaCnia da TiTqos gonebaSi patriarqatis mudmivi aRiarebiT, sakuTari neba­surviliT safuZvlianad izRudavs Tavs. nawilobriv am mizeziT, nawilobriv, radgan popularuli kultura sakmaod gamijnulia feministuri re­formisgan, kulturis kvlevebi metwilad qalTa Tavisuflebis moments ar iTvaliswinebs.

feminizmis nacvlad misi monaTesave kulturuli dargi gan­viTarda – genderis swavleba – romelsac mokled ganvixilavT.

qalTa kvlevebidan genderis kvlevamde

feministuri moZraoba imTaviTve ar yofila Seswavlis sagani, maSinac ki, rodesac man ganviTarebul msoflioSi da araerT SedarebiT Rarib qveyanaSi TviT­ganviTarebis popu­laruli formebi gansazRvra, ramac 70­iani wlebidan dawye­buli, sauniversiteto seqtorSi asiaTasobiT qalTa SeRweva gamoiwvia. kvlevebis amgvari transformaciis Sedegad, qalTa kvlevebis axali disciplina, xSirad didi winaaRmdegobebis daZlevis fonze nel­nela damkvidrda. magram 90­iani wlebi­dan dawyebuli, garkveulwilad im mizeziT, rom STagonebada­kargulma feminizmma Sewyvita brZola amis winaaRmdeg, qalTa kvleva ZiriTadad genderul kvlevad gardaiqmna.

genderulma kvlevebma Zalian swrafad SeaRwies mraval poziciaSi, romelTac gansazRvres kidevac gare samyaroSi qa­lTa moZraobis mimdinareobebi. angela makrobize (1999) dayrd­nobiT Cven SevZlebT am mimdinareobaTagan umniSvnelovanesTa gamoyofas, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom umravles SemTxvevaSi isini zemoTxsenebul formaciebs imeoreben (da SeiZleba, maT, rogorc mesame talRis feminizmis inteleqtualuri wiaRsv­lebis mikro istoriad aRviqvaT):

1. qalTa morCilebisa da misi Tanamedrove konceptua­luri safuZvlebis analizi. beti fridanis qaluri mistika (1963) am momentis amsaxvel klasikad rCeba.

2. mamakacebis mizeziT, maTive TvalTaxedviT tradici­

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uli feminizmis farTod gavrcelebul warmodgenebze Seteva imavdroulad qalTa aramimzidveli an uaryofiTi gamovline­bebis gamxnevebiT, rasac amgvari Sexeduleba iTvaliswinebs. robin morganis anTologiam debis sazogadoeba uZlieresia (1970) sayovelTaod aRwera, rogorc Sexeduleba, aseve aqedan gamomdinare moZraoba.

3. kanonTa krebulis simboluri struqturis saxiT ganx­iluli patriarqatis ideologiis, romelSic identurobebi daSvebulia, rogorc mamakacebisTvis, aseve qalebisTvis da socialuri normebi mamakacTa dominirebis mxardamWeri in­teresebis mixedviTaa dadgenili, kritikuli analizi. am moZ­raobaSi mTavari iyo jiuti seqsualur/genderuli gamorCeva.

4. marqsistuli feminizmis ganviTareba, romelic qalis Tanamedrove subordinacias kapitalistur sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis funqciis saxiT ganixilavs da qalTa materi­aluri usamarTlobisa da brZolis irgvlivaa koncentrireb­uli, metad samuSao adgilTan aris dakavSirebuli, vidre iseT sakiTxebTan, rogoric qalurobaa. feminizmis am formasTan mimarTebaSi juliet miCelis qalTa sazogadoebriv mdgo-mareobas (1971) mniSvnelovani wvlili aqvs Setanili.

5. qalTa kmayofilebis fsiqoanalizi da fizikuri struq­tura: am mimarTebaSi qali mamakacurobisgan `gansxvavebulad~ aRiqmeba, Tanac ara patriarqatis ideologiidan gamomdinare. julia miCelis naSromma fsiqoanalizi da feminizmi (1975) feminizmis amgvar gamoxatulebas Cauyara safuZveli.

6. qalTa Janrebis reklamireba – melodrama, teleseri­alebi, sentimentaluri nawarmoebebi, romansi – qalTa damci­rebul mdgomareobaSi yofnas an qalTa fantaziebsa da emo­ciebs garkveul doneze, iribi formiT gamoxataven. es, albaT, is momentia, romelic qalTa da kulturis kvlevebs gansa­kuTrebiT specifikuri TvalsazrisiT aerTianebs.

7. feministuri post­struqturaluri anti­esencializ­mi (aseve `frangul feminizmad~ wodebuli): argumenti, romlis mixedviTac `qalis~ kategoria arc bunebrivia, arc gamorCeu­li. ase romc yofiliyo, mniSvnelovania, rom am kategoriebs patriarqatTan winaaRdegobaSi yofnis drosac ki ar daeTanx­moT. Tuki daeTanxmebiT, miT ufro daafiqsirebT identuro­bas. am arguments, romelic iseT moazrovneTa mier, rogori­

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caa julia kristeva, lusi irigrei da helen siqsi, ramdenime formiT aris SemoTavazebuli, Tavis Zlier bunebrivobis gamo ar ZaluZs identurobis TvalsazrisiT, movlenebis ganviTa­rebis safuZvlebis analizi. amas uCveulo dinamikamde mivya­varT, rac seqsualobis esencializmis gare politikis saxiT aris Teorizebuli. warsuli gamocdilebis mixedviT, igi, sul mcire, termin qalTa kvlevebis mospobis momentad SegviZlia aRviqvaT (oliveri 2000).

8. qalTa kvlevidan `gavfarTovdeT~ genderul kvleveb­Si. qalTa Tavisuflebis moZraobam sqesi da genderi warmate­biT ganacalkeva da amis erT­erTi yvelaze naklebad mosalod­neli Sedegi is iyo, rom seriozuli analizisa da kritikuli ganxilvis sagani Seiqmna mamakacurobis genderis saxiT aRqma, iseve, rogorc im identifikaciis procesebis gacilebiT mo­zomilad gansja, romelTa mixedviTac pirovnebebi genderuli TvalsazrisiT calkevdebodnen. judi batleris genderuli winaaRmdegoba (1990) am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania. batlerma genderi daaxasiaTa ara rogorc ideologiis gare gamoxatulebiT ganpirobebuli sakiTxis mdgomareoba, Tu ubralod arCevanis SesaZlebloba, aramed rogorc pirovne­bebisa da Suamavlebis monapovari da danergili erTian sazoga­doebriv qmedebebSi seqsualuri swrafvebis mixedviT, romle­bic mxolod biologiur xasiaTs ar atareben.

mamakacoba

rogorc aRvniSneT, mamakacoba kvlevebis analizis saTaved aris warmodgenili, romlis garSemoc qalTa kvlevebi gende­rul kvlevebad gardaiqmna. magram Semdegi safexuri ukve misi calke dargad – mamakacobis kvlevebi – Camoyalibebaa. mamaka­cobis kvlevebSi TeTrkaniani sxeuli umniSvnelovanesia, ara mxolod imitom, rom kvlevebis dinamika metwilad dasavluria (feminizmze metadac ki), aramed, radganac TeTrkaniani vaJka­curoba transnacionaluri formis CamoyalibebaSi udides rols TamaSobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom qalTa Tavisufleba pirveli msoflio moZraobaa, feminizms globaluri miRwevebi gaaCnia da qalTa sakiTxebi bevri saerTaSoriso NGO­s, ada­

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mianTa uflebebis saagentoebis da sxvaTa samuSao programas warmoadgens. vaJkacurobis sakiTxi gacilebiT naklebad mniS­vnelovania. Zalian uxeSi aRricxvis mixedviTac ki `mesame msoflio feminizmis~ gamoZaxils TiTqmis 2000 bestselerSi vnaxulobT, rodesac `mesame msoflio mamakacobis~ Sedegi mx­olod erTs udris.

davuSvaT, rom situacia icvleba; ra Tqma unda, uamravi sa­muSaoa Casatarebeli. magram es niSnavs istoriis uaryofas da TeTrkaniani mamakacis sxeulis specifikurobisTvis uSualo politikuri energiis miniWebas.

istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, es sxeuli SedarebiT uCinaria da TiTqos TeTrkanianobasTan da mamakacobasTan dakavSire­buli Zalis sajaro CvenebiT igi safrTxis winaSe dadgeba. saxasiaTo TvalsazrisiT, 60­iani wlebis meore naxevramde (miuxedavad popularuli `fizikuri kulturis~ moZraobisa, romelic yuradRebas amaxvilebda adreuli 1800­ianebis fit­nessa da muskulaturaze) TeTri mamakacebi sazogadoebaSi srulad Cacmulni Cndebodnen xolme. mxolod kanis gansxvave­buli Seferilobis mqone axalgazrda mamakacebi da qalebi Tu aZlevdnen sakuTar Tavs sxeulis garkveuli nawilebis gamoCe­nis uflebas. mama kacebis tansacmelic ki SedarebiT naklebad Teatralizeburi iyo (rac vizualuri yuradRebis mozidvis sawinaaRmdegod iyo mimarTuli).

modis istorikosebze dayrdnobiT, mamakacuri Cacmulobis `ganacrisfreba~ `grandiozul gandgomad~ wodebul process emTxveva, romelic saTaves inglisSi 1820­ian wlebSi iRebs. swored am dros gamoCnda Tanamedrove yaidis Sarvlebi da muqi feris svitrma saSualo klasis warmomadgenel mamakac­Ta Soris erTgvari uniformis saxe miiRo. es niSnavda mamaka­cis Zalauflebisa da prestiJis tansacmlis mixedviT aris­tokratuli midgomis aRsasruls. Semovida individua luri Cacmis stili, romelic moaswavebda da warmoaCenda Zalis demonstrirebas: ara ojaxebisa da calkeuli pirovnebebis, ar­amed mamakacuri genderuli koleqtivis Zalas. man genderul reJimTan dakavSirebul (romelSic mamakacebi valdebulni iyvnen TavianTi emociebi da gansakuTrebiT, gaWirvebisa da TanagrZnobis Tanmdevi spontanuri grZnobebi kontrolis qveS aeyvanaT) Tavdapirvel puritanulobasTan da Semdgom profe­

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sionalizmTan asocirebuli dafarulobis, TavSekavebulobi­sa da sifrTxilis asketuri eTikac warmoaCina. me­18 saukunis miwuruls `mgrZnobiare kaci~, romelic cxovelebisa Tu bavS­vebis gaWirvebis danaxvaze tirils iwyebda, Semdeg saukuneSi mizanmimarTul da SemoqmedebiT profesionalad iqca. sxva sityvebiT, igi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi konkurentunar­ian monawiled aRiqmeboda, rodesac adre miseuli vaJkacoba daundobel bazris moednebze dacinvis obieqti iyo da amgvar rols mxolod skolebsa da sportuli Sejibrebebis dros as­rulebdnen (mileri 2001). qalebis daniSnuleba genderuli specializaciis mixedviT, TanagrZnobasTan da emociebTan dakavSirebul samuSaos SesrulebaSi gamoixateboda. vaJka­curobis es forma TeTrkanian mamakacs sxva kanis feris mqone mamakacisgan ansxvavebda, romelic metnaklebad Cagrul md­gomareobaSi myofi, rCeboda stoikuri, emociebis momTokavi, asketur normebze mijaWvuli da sakuTari Tavis gamomcdeli.

am struqturam 60­iani wlebis periodSi saxecvlileba gan­icada, rogorc nawilobriv feminizmis, aseve sazogadoebriv kulturaSi gei moZraobis mzardi popularizaciis Sedegad. am TvalsazrisiT, mamakacebi, erTi mxriv, rogorc amboben `femi­nizebuli~ gaxdnen, rac vaJkacurobis sayovelTao kriziss daukavSires. meore mxriv, aman mamakacobis kvlevebisTvis stimuli Seqmna. es ar emTxveva sqesisa da genderis dacalkev­ebis periods, magram TeTrkaniani mamakacis privilegiis kiTx­vis niSnis qveS dasma imave periods ekuTvnis.

albaT, mamakacobis kvlevebis danergvaSi mTavari wvlili avstraliel sociolog bob konelis naSromma Seitana, romelic gramSis hegemoniis Teoriis versias iyenebda imis dasamtkice­blad, rom TeTrkanianma vaJkacurobam gadamwyveti roli Sea­srula dasavleTis globalur zegavlenaze imperializmTan morgebis TvalsazrisiT (koneli 1987 da 1995). imavdroulad konelim yuradReba gaamaxvila mamakacobasa da homoseqsua­lobas Soris kavSirze. es sakiTxi (romelic ufro detalurad seqcia 6.2­Si ganixileba) sakmarisia imis saTqmelad, rom kone­lis azriT, homofobiam WeSmarit dasavlur mamakacobaSi mTa­vari funqcia Seasrula. kaci namdvil mamakacad aRiqmeboda, Tuki is homoseqsuali ar iyo (ufro metadac ki vidre im Sem­TxvevaSi, Tu is qaluri ar iyo); mamakacobis gamoxatvis mixed­

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viT nulovan doneze myofi homoseqsualoba momavalSi kidev ufro ecema, mis mimarT amgvari damokidebulebis – ukanali, aso, xvreli, pederasti, Cvari da sxv. fonze. amgvarad Taname­drove mamakacobis damkvidreba homoseqsualizmisgan gami­jnulad Zalian intensiurad ganxorcielda. literaturuli kritikosi iv sedvikis azriT, es procesi metad gamWvirvale iyo sazogadoebisaTvis, moiTxovda ra adamianTa Tanaziaro­bas (dakavSireba mamakacebs Soris gamorCeul adgilebSi, ro­goricaa sportuli moednebi, klubi, samuSao adgili, skola da sxva), sadac siaxlovis grZnobam advilad SeiZleba seqsual­uri datvirTva SeiZinos (sedviki 1985 da 1990). axsna amgvaria: radgan adamianTa Tanaziaroba da erTi da igive seqsualuri miswrafebebi ase daaxloebulia, ukanasknelma periodma yove­live ufro mkacrad gansajos.

rogorc aRvniSneT, sazogadoebis teqtonikuri da kul­turuli saxecvlilebebi, romelTac erTgvarad Seasustes heteroseqsualuri TeTrkaniani mamakacis privilegirebuli mdgomareoba, misi maskulinobac TavisTavad Secvales. yov­elTvis arsebobda mamakacad yofnis bevri gza, magram 50­iani wlebidan dawyebuli maskulinobis stilebis raodenoba mkve­Trad gaizarda. amis magaliTebia: saxlSi mjdomi qmari, bedn­ieri Sin buxarSi cecxlis danTebiT, sanam meuRle samsaxurSia; 50­iani wlebidan moyolebuli britaneTSi subkulturebis saxiT, didi winsvliT gamovlinda muSaTa klasis dendizmi, Tavdapirvelad tedebTan, Semdeg ki modebTan erTad (miuxe­davad imisa, rom oriveni asocirebulni iyvnen ZaladobasTan); hipebis maskulinoba TiTqos tkbilad gauCinarda. amasTan erTad avstraliaSi ironiulad (zogjer Tu ara nazad da siy­varuliT) `naRd sodomitad~ wodebuli stili SemoiWra: he­teroseqsualuri mamakaci, visac stereotipuli homoseqsual­istis yvela manera gaaCnda. warmoidgineT mgrZnobiare da nazi Wabuki, marjve partniori, aseve vigulisxmebdiT Seupovar da imavdroulad mgrZnobiare da naz axalgazrda gogonaze?

albaT, mamakacobis transformaciis umniSvnelovanesi aspeqti emociasTan kavSirSi unda iyos. omis Semdgomi peri­odis dasavlurma mamakacobam sakuTari Tavis morgeba TiTqos Tavidan daiwyo. popularuli kulturis iseTma figurebma, rogoricaa jeims dini, kurt kobeini da Tundac elvisi amis

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demonstrirebas individualuri gziT axdendnen. ise moxda, rom Wabukuri stilebi wina planze gadmovida da axal media Janrebsac safuZveli Cauyara. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRsan­iSnavia rok­musika da axalgazrduli kinofilmebi. imavdrou­lad, TiTqos amis sapasuxod hiper­mamakacobis formebi iwyebs ganviTarebas – gamoixateboda es post­Svarcnegerul dakun­Tul sxeulSi (rac agreTve niSnavda heteroseqsualur sxe­uls), Tu im svlebSi, romlebSic heteroseqsualur mamakacebs amxnevebdnen mamakacobasTan kavSiris aRdgenaSi axali, femi­nizebuli sazogadoebis pasuxad, romelic mamakacuri Zlieri mxareebisa da arsis aRdgenas ewinaaRmdegeboda. robert blais wignma rkinis joni: wigni mamakacis Sesaxeb, romelic sakmao warmatebiT, judi batleris `genderul winaaRmdegobis~ ms­gavsad 1990 wels gamoqveynda, am moZraobis mimdevar aTasobiT mamakacuri jgufis Camoyalibebas Cauyara safuZveli. mamaka­cebs ukve Segnebis donis amaRlebac SeeZloT.

post­feministur epoqaSi mamakacuri kvlevebi gansa­kuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs mamakacobis ganvlili gzebisa da misi sxvadasxva formebis gaanalizebisas. moviyvanoT min­dorSi muSaobis magaliTi: Zalzed natif patara monaTxrobSi saimon niqsoni amtkicebs, rom mamakacoba gansakuTrebiT mniS­vnelovania Zveli yaidis muSa kacebisTvis, romlebic aqtiur fizikur samuSaoSi arian CarTulni (niqsoni 2001). am samuSaos ekonomikuri da kulturuli faseuloba klebulobs: am tipis samuSaoebs ukve manqanebi da migrantebi asruleben. magram aman mamakacobaSi investirebis zrda gamoiwvia: mamakacoba kripto­normas ukve naklebad warmoadgens da ufro metad identuro­bis maniSnebelia. niqsonis azriT, SedarebiT rbili xasiaTis Tanamedrove mamakacoba amis gamoZaxilia: TviTSegnebul iden­turobas mamakacoba umTavres rolSi gamohyavs, magram, meore mxriv, mis alternatiul mamakacobasac hqmnis, romelic muSa sxeulis Zlieri, Zveleburi yaidis mamakacobisgan gansxvave­bul, magram arc mTlad mis gareSe darCenil stils warmoad­gens. es gaxlavT axalgazrda momsaxurebis sferos mamakacoba, romelmac heteroseqsualobasTan mWidro aliansi Sekra.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ra unda feminizms? SeiZleba rom igive SekiTxva mamakacebsac davusvaT? ra unda mamakacobas? erTi mxriv, es ar SeiZleba, radgan mamakacobam Sewyvita mcde­

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lobebi damatebiTi uflebebisa da SesaZleblobebis mopovebi­sTvis. amis sawinaaRmdegod, igi TiTqos mamakacebis erTgvarad SezRuduli da istoriuli TvalsazrisiT Camoyalibebuli, sazogadoebriv identurobebs Soris genderuli niSniT gamor­Ceuli sazogadoebrivi identurobis saxiT danaxvis mcdelo­baa. magram vinaidan momravlda mamakacebis ricxvi, romlebic TavianT mamakacobas ara rogorc genderis specifikurad da­yofis Sedegs, aramed normad aRiqvams, mamakacobis Seswavlas kvlavac realuri politikuri mniSvneloba gaaCnia.

amJamad feminizmis msxvrevis msgavsad, mamakacobis poli­tika imave sakiTxis garSemoa koncentrirebuli – gvWirdeba Cven meti an naklebi genderuli gansxvavebuloba? sakuTari Sexedulebis mixedviT: genderis kvlevebis ukanaskneli, ufro metad utopiuri mizani genderis irgvliv naklebi subieq­turobis mqone momavlis Seqmnaa. es arc virjinia vulfis `hermafroditizmis~, arc `biseqsualobis~ da arc agreTve im `ucnauri identurobebis~ mxardaWeraa, sadac vaJkacurobisa Tu qalurobis formebi gamoxatulia, ironizirebulia da hi­bridizirebulia (amis Sesaxeb ufro vrclad seqcia 6.2­Si). um­jobesia im pirovnul Cvevebze muSaoba, romlebic genderTan SexebaSi saerTod araa: pirovnebaSi im sferoebis ganviTare­ba, romlebic arc mamakacuria, arc qaluri, warmoadgens maT nazavs an erTimeoresTan raRac kavSirSia. radganac adamianTa umravlesoba seqsualur cxovrebaSia Cabmuli da seqsi gen­derTan ara Teoriuli, aramed praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT aris dakavSirebuli, ra Tqma unda, am proeqts Tavisi zRvrebi gaaC­nia. amgvarad, genderis rolis Semcirebis xarjze seqsualobis gansja genderulad dauyofeli sqesis formebis moTxovnile­bamde migviyvanda. ra donezea es SesaZlebeli?

damatebiTi literatura: Adam, Beck and van Loon 2000; Bruns-don 1997; Felski 1995; Gardiner 2002; Massey 1994; McRobbie 2000; Morris 1988; Nixon 2001.

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6.2 saeWvo kultura

termini `saeWvo~ garSemomyofTa ironias iwvevs xolme. ratom uwodebT sakuTar Tavs ase? amis istoriac arsebobs. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi `saeWvo~ mamakac homoseqsualistTa damamcirebel terminad aRiqmeboda. mdgomareoba Seicvala, rodesac aqtivistur organizaciebs Soris, romlebic Sidsis epidemiasTan dakavSirebiT politikosebsa da medias daupi­rispirdnen, man farTo masStabiT dadebiTi gamoZaxili hpova. gansakuTrebiT aman Tavi iCina amerikaSi 1987 wels daarsebuli usafrTxo seqsis moZraobis sapasuxo ACT UP­is gverdis av liT. usafrTxo seqsis moZraoba miiswrafvoda homoseqsualizmis, rogorc arasaimedo praqtikis, Seviwrovebisken strategiiT, romelic Zvelmoduri homofobiis gamoZaxils hgavda. ACT UP­is SemoTavazebis mixedviT, adamianis imunodeficitis virusi (HIV) ar unda gaeigivebinaT amis ganmvrcob seqsTan (`ebrZoleT Sidss da ara seqss~), xolo epidemia ki ganesazRvraT samedicino TvalsazrisiT, romelic saerTod ar saWiroebda homoseqsual­istTa lanZRvas. am programiT STa gonebuli igi sakuTar Tavs gamoyofda homoseqsualuri da lesbosuri moZraobis miznebis­gan, romelTac homoseqsualuri da lesbosuri identurobebis Zlierebis gamarjvebis saxiT Tavi iCines 70­ian wlebSi (ix. ber­lanti da frimeni 1993). ACT UP umal saerTaSo riso Seiqmna da centraluri dawesebulebis saxiT Camoyalib da. misTvis saeWvo politika da koleqtivizmi momavalSi zog jer `saeWvo qveya­nasTan~ gaigivda. maSin, rodesac saeWvo poli tikis globali­zeburi saxiT warmodgena swori ar iqneboda (mas didi roli ar uTamaSia an saerTod ar ganviTarebula afrikasa Tu islam­uri tradiciebis qveynebSi, romlebic mkacrad homofoburni rCebian), saeWvo moZraobebi aziis zogierT nawilSi, laTinur amerikasa da Zveli sabWoTa blokis qveynebSi gamovlinda (ix. patoni da sanchez­epleri 2000).

mniSvnelovania saeWvo kulturis misi winamorbedi sxva­dasxva tipis seqsualuri Tavisuflebis moZraobebisagan gamorCeva, romlebic dResdReobiT GLBT-Si (homo, lesbosuri, bi da transgenderuli gaerTianeba) gadaizarda. aq homoseqsu­listebis Tavisuflebis moZraobam yvelas daaswro da udidesi kulturuli zegavlenac moaxdina. wina TavSi aRweril feminis­

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tur moZraobasTan erTad, me­20 saukunis dasasrulis kultu­ris erT­erTi grandiozuli transformacia homoseqsualist­Ta da lesboselTa kulturebis sajarod warmoCenaa – meore mxriv, konfidencialuris Riad Cvenebis waxaliseba.

homofoburi winaswarSeqmnili uaryofiTi damokidebule­ba da devna ar wydeba, magram dasavleTis Tanamedrove isto­riaSi pirvelad, erTi da imave sqesis cxovrebis stilma SeZlo sajarod daemkvidrebina Tavi. sagazeTo kioskebSi iyideboda gazeTebi homoseqsualistebisa da lesboselebisaTvis. dRe­saswaulebic gamoCnda. homoseqsualistTa klubebi, sacekvao wveulebebi, rCeuli sadResaswaulo adgilebi, barebi, mTeli samezobloebi iqcnen `normalizebuli~ sazogadoebrivi mate­riis nawilad. homoseqsualistTa saarCevno blokebi umTavres qalaqebSi ganlagda (upirveles yovlisa, san­francisko, sadac sayovelTao azris mixedviT amomrCevelTa daaxloebiT meo­Txedi homoseqsualistia); maT gverdSi ki homoseqsualisti politikosebi Riad awarmoeben TavianT saqmianobas. marketi n­gisa da sareklamo saagentoebma gansxvavebuli marketinguli segmentis saxiT `vardisferi dolari~ aRiares. homoseqsu­alisturi da lesbosuri kulturebis gamamxnevebeli sidneis `gei mardi grasis~ msgavsi festivalebi sajaro mxardaWeras hpovebs, rogorc xalxis farTo masebis, aseve saxelmwifos mxridanac. 90­iani wlebis dasasruls homoseqsualistur xa­siaTebs ZiriTad kinofilmebsa da satelevizio komediur ga­dacemebSi neitralurad da pozitiuradac ki xvdebodnen.

istoria da Teoria

es moZraoba xSirad (Tu ara miTiurad) garkveuli momentis warmoSobas adgens. 1969 wlis 27 ivliss niu iorkis policiam grinviC vilijis homoseqsualistTa – Stonewall Inn­is reidi Caatara. amgvari reidi Cveulebrivi iyo, magram im dros yve­las gasakvirad klienturam, romelSic homoseqsualistebi, lesboselebi da transseqsualebic Sediodnen, policias winaaRmdegoba gauwia, Cauyara ra safuZveli `Stonewall Inn Rights~­s (homoseqsualistTa samoqalaqo uflebebis moZrao­ba). amas momdevno TveSi mohyva feministur radikalur aqti­

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vizmze Segnebulad awyobili ufro agresiulad ganwyobili jgufis TanxlebiT pirveli rali ­ `homoseqsualistTa Zala~. maT sakuTar Tavs homoseqsualistTa gaTavisuflebis fronti uwodes. msgavsi organizaciebi ganviTarebuli msoflios sx­vadasxva mxareebSi, garkveuli dagvianebebiT, Camoyalibda. magaliTad TiTqmis 20 wlis Semdeg, 1990 wels gaCnda kidev erTi dajgufeba, Outrage! – `uxeSi darRveva~. igi londonSi Camoyalibda msaxiob maikl botis saeWvo Tvisebebis devnis gamo policiis arasakmarisi reagirebis sapasuxod. `uxeSma darRvevam!~ daafinansa SedarebiT TavdaWeril britaneTis homoseqsualistTa gaTavisuflebis moZraobaSi saxelovan ho­moseqsualistTa programaSi CarTva, Camoayaliba ra saxalxo `Sida kocnebi~ da `uCveulo qorwinebebi~ diskriminaciuli kanonebis xazgasasmelad.

homoseqsualistTa moZraobis politikuri programa or umTavres moTxovnas Seicavs: erTi da imave sqesis warmomad­genlebs Soris seqsualuri aqtis kriminalizaciis anulireba da TviT­identur homoseqsualistTaTvis sruli samoqalaqo uflebebis miniWeba. es moTxovnebi (gansakuTrebiT pirveli) Tanmdevi gamWvirvalobisa da konfidencialurobis miuxeda­vad, siaxles ar warmoadgenda. siaxle homoseqsualizmis irgv­liv misi Teoriis axlebur Secnobaze agebuli axali saxalxo kulturis aRmoceneba iyo. (aqac ki termini `axali~ gansaz­Rvras saeWvoebs, radgan los anjelesSi Camoyalibebulma ONE institutis tipis dajgufebebma 50­iani wlebis periodSi so­ciologiuri terminologiis TvalsazrisiT ̀ homoseqsualuri kulturis~ Teorizacia moaxdina.)

axali kultura homoseqsualizms iRebda identurobis saxiT, romelic metnaklebad samarcxvino ar gamxdara da arc mTel msoflioSi homoseqsualur identurobaze miRebuli uaryofiTi warmodgenebis internalizacia Seucvlia, aramed moaxdina adamianis me­obis TviT­Casaxva da gamxneveba.

dRemde, sazogadoebaSi mamakacuri homoseqsualoba asoci­rebulia feminizebul mamakacobasTan: qaluri stereotipebi, esTeturoba, vardisferi Seferilobisken midrekileba da sxv. 70­ian wlebSi Stonewall­is Semdeg, sazogadoebrivi yur­adReba homoseqsualizmis axalma stilma miipyro: agresiuli maCo stili qaubois qudebiT, aprexili ulvaSebiTa da cisferi

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levisiT. es iyo stili, romelic marlboroze gamoxatuli tradiciuli mamakacis mamakacobaze erTgvar parodias axden­da Zveli stereotipebis demonstraciul dakninebasTan er­Tad. 70­iani wlebis Semdgomi homoseqsualizmi ukve mzad iyo stilebis mTeli speqtris misaRebad.

homoseqsualoba arsiT Zveli koncefcia ar aris: igi me­19 saukunis bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi aRmocenda sas­wavlo medicinisa da sazogadoebrivi mecnierebis Serwymis xarjze, rasac momavalSi seqsologia ewoda. sawyisi periodis TeoretikosebisaTvis homoseqsualoba socialuri paTolo­giis formas warmoadgenda, romelic `anomaliis~ gamovlineba­dac ganixileboda. es im konteqstSi, romelmac 70­ian wlebSi miSel fukos seqsualobis istoriuli mimoxilva aseTi gav­leniani gaxada. fukom SesaniSnavad daasabuTa, rom rasac igi `represiul hipoTezas~ uwodebda, safuZvlian gadamowme­bas saWiroebda (fuko 1978). igi amtkicebda, rom seqsualoba, rogorc amas Cveni winaprebi ganixilavdnen da amaxinjebdnen, bunebriv Zalas ar warmoadgenda da rom Sinaganad igi CvenSi gaTavisuflebas saWiroebs. saubris dros warmoqmnili seq­sualobis nacvlad (yvela koncefciis msgavsad), `seqsis Ses­axeb saubarSi~ – man mtkiced aRniSna, rom seqsualobasTan mimarTebaSi mzardi sazogadoebrivi yuradReba me­19 da me­20 saukuneebSi SeimCneoda. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia me­19 saukunis bolos seqsualobis mecnierebis gamoCena, romelmac faqtobrivad Tanamedrove seqsualobas Cauyara safuZveli. am TvalsazrisiT represiuli viqtorianuli reJimis dros ad­gili hqonda ufro met, vidre nakleb seqsualobas, radganac magaliTisTvis masturbacias, mozardi periodis seqss da ko­merciul seqss Tvalyurs metad adevnebdnen. fukos azriT, adamianebSi seqsualuri cxovrebis Zala ar SeiZleba social­uri borkilebisgan gaTavisuflebis molodinSi imyofebodes: kidev erTxel aRvniSnoT, rom arsebobs araerTi `saubris praqtika~, romlis mixedviTac seqsis Sesaxeb `sinamdvile~ Cam­oyalibebul xasiaTs atarebs da sazogadoebriv praqtikas, in­teresebsa da Zalismier struqturebs ukavSirdeba. radganac (konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT SegviZlia post­marqsistebis msgavsad vaRiaroT) seqsualobis sxvadasxva komponenetebi – siamovneba, ltolva, moTxovnileba, miznebi – uxilavia, `seq­sis Sesaxeb sinamdvile~ gamqrali nivTis Zebnas emsgavseba.

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amgvar msjelobas fukos meore argumentamde mivyavarT: me­18 saukunis meore naxevris progresis periodidan dawye­buli, mamakacebs Soris seqsualuri ltolvisa da praqtikis statusi Seicvala. isini ukve ara sxeulis an fsiqologiur aqtad (Tundac viRacis kavSiri codvasTan da danaSaulTan), aramed identurobis mTavar maxasiaTeblad miiCneodnen. 1900­ian wlebSi, Tuki qalebTan seqsualur urTierTobas mamakaci sxva mamakacebTan amjobinebda kavSirs, es mamakacebi mas `ho­moseqsualistad~ aqcevdnen (seqsualuri urTierTobis six­Sires mniSvneloba ar aqvs). ase xdeboda nebismieri sferos warmomadgeneli mamakacis mimarT – ama Tu im erovnebis, kla­sis, adgilsamyofelis, profesiisa da a.S. – misi identurobis aRmniSvnel seqsualur orientaciasTan SedarebiT yovelive meore xarisxovani. fuko mTlianobaSi identurobis seqsu­alizebis winaaRmdegi iyo: misTvis sazogadoebrivi aRiareba, adamianis pirovnuli Tvisebebisa da survilebis oficialuri mxardaWera mniSvnelovani ar yofila. ufro did mniSvnelo­bas igi, Cveulebrivi Tu zedamxedveluri dawolis pirobebSi, seqsualuri stilebisa da survilebis gamomuSavebisa da eqs­perimentirebis unarianobas aniWebda. homoseqsualobis gamo­gonebam ki homofobia gaaZliera. homoseqsualistebis mimarT siZulvili popularuli kulturis didi xnis Semadgeneli nawili iyo (danaSaulisaTvis nasamarTlevi mamakacebi xSirad meZavebis devnis obieqtebad iqceodnen xolme, gansakuTrebiT Tuki maT konkurentad aRiqvamdnen), magram dResdReobiT ho­mofobiam axali socialuri funqciebi SeiZina. marTlac, me­19 saukunis bolo aTwleulebSi misi intensifikacia ukavSirdeba msgavs cvlilebebs sqesobriv diskriminaciasa da rasizmSi. amgvari msjelobis tipi zogierT adamians (qalebi, kanis sx­vadasxva feris mqoneni, homoseqsualistebi) rogorc arasru­lyofils warmoaCens. TiToeuli maTgani Tanamedrove yaid­aze, sazogadoebrivi ierarqiebis mxardamWeri demokratiis pirobebSi, oficialurad Tanasworuflebianobis damcveli polisebisa da doqtrinebis mniSvnelobis dakargvis SiSis fonze warmoCindeba.

fukos Careva (Tavisi arsiT Rrmad dakavSirebuli homose­qsualistTa ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobasTan) homoseqsu­alistTa moZraobas `homoseqsualobis~, rogorc paradigmis

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mocilebaSi daexmara. man ̀ iZulebiTi heteroseqsualobis~ gan­viTareba gamoiwvia, ris mixedviTac aSkara gaxda, rom sazoga­doebrivi da kulturuli wyobis heteroseqsualobis domini­reba ara bunebrivi da biologiuri, aramed istoriuli da pirobiTi faqti iyo. amis msgavsad fukos Careva `heteronor­matiulobis~ koncefciis safuZvelia. igi Cven sazogadoebaze miuTiTebs, sadac Cveulebriobisa da heteroseqsualobis kon­cefciebis gancalkeveba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. magram fuko agreTve migvaniSnebda, Tu rogor uWerda heteroseqsualoba TiTqmis SeumCnevlad mxars zogierT sxva normas – es aris (an raRac doneze yofila) sazogadoebrivi aRiarebis mTavari gza da kvlavac ojaxuri faseulobebis dasayrdenia. het­eronormatiuloba, rogorc koncefcia, aSkarad avlens, rom iZulebiTi heteroseqsualoba sazogadoebrivi TvalsazrisiT uxilavia, radganac man Tavi Cveulebriv kulturul WrilSi warmosaxa imdeni xelSekrulebisa da struqturis gavliT, rom alternativebi ufro paTologiebs, vidre sicocxlisunarian alternativebs mogvagoneben. igi gviCvenebs, Tu ra damokide­bulebaSia iZulebiTi heteroseqsualobis reJimi mis `gan­StoebebTan~: heteroseqsualobas normalizebaSi exmareba, rac ar aris `normaluri~­ sgan mudmivi gancalkeveba da gansx­vavebulis keTeba. magram es sxva azrsac gvatyobinebs: homose­qsualoba, an nebismieri seqsualuri praqtika, Tu orientacia, ar SeiZleba amoRebul iqnes sistemidan, romlis SigniTac igi arsebobs. arsebobs mniSvnelovani azri, romlis mixedviTac heteronormatiulobis daknineba da kritika garkveulwilad im gansazRvrul periodSi xdeba, romelsac igi ganekuTvneba. amgvari saWiroeba SemzRudvel kritikad ki ar unda aRviqvaT, aramed igi migvaniSnebs, rom radikaluri damoukideblobisa da gansxvavebulobis maxasiaTeblebsa da maTTan dakavSirebul nebismier politikas bundovani Tvisebebi gaaCnia.

rTul Teoriul gansjaze metad yuradReba zemoTqmul ar­gumentebze gavamaxviloT da SevajamoT: fukos Semdeg, seqsu­aloba bunebriv sferos ukve aRar ganekuTvneba da misi adgi li Tanamedrove istoriis, sazogadoebisa da politikis Suagul­Sia. igi warmoaCens axal kavSirebs seqss, sazogadoebasa da politikas Soris gamWvirvaled da maTTan erTad, vinc seqsis axal saxeobebs moiTxovs. fukos Semdeg, leo bersanis mier

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wamoyenebul argumentebSi seqsi ukve aRar ganixileba siyva­rulTan, sixarulTan, gamoxatulebasTan da Tqven warmoidgi­neT, siamovnebasTanac ki mTavar damakavSireblad (rogorc es dominirebs post­represiul ideologiaSi). bersanis mixedviT igi dakavSirebulia kontrolis dakargvasTan, mouwesrige­blobasTan, agresiasTan da sircxvilis grZnobasTan (bersani 1990) da aSkaraa, rom amis gamo aranakleb mimzidvelia. Tumca, amgvar WrilSi msjeloba homoseqsualTa da lesboselTa gaT­avisuflebis moZraobebs Soris Sida ganxeTqilebas amzadebs. Zireuli TvalsazrisiT man SeiZleba feminizmis SemTxveva gaimeoros da am konteqstSi ibadeba kiTxva: awyobT homoseq­sualistebsa da lesboselebs maTi `normalurad~ Seracxva, raTa hqondeT igive uflebebi da sargeblobdnen faseulobe­biTa da stilebiT, rac nebismier sxva moqalaqes gaaCnia? an xom ar surT maT gansxvavebulobis specifikuri Tvalsazris­iTa da heteronormatiulobasTan TavianTi codviT aRsavse damokidebulebis SenarCuneba? Sidsis epidemiis sapasuxod, mas Semdeg, rac man konservatiuli xasiaTi SeiZina, sakuTari Tavis oficialurad damkvidrebisaTvis, homoseqsualistTa gaTavisuflebis moZraobas ukve SeeZlo samTavrobo saagen­toebTan dialogSi Sesvla. meore mxriv, kulturis kvlevaTa iseTi inteleqtualebi, rogoric paula traihleri, sindi patoni da jon erni gaxlavT, kritikulad Sexvdnen SidsTan mimarTebaSi gakeTebul gancxadebebsa da politikas. ernim, ro­melic erT­erT mniSvnelovan statiaSi fukos meTodologiiT sargeblobs, gviCvena `Sidsis mkurnalobis~ gzebi; samedicino xasiaTis miuxedavad, es proeqti mniSvnelovani gancxadebebisa da saWiro informaciis krebulad iqca, romelmac tradici­uli homofobia ganasaxiera (erni 1994). ufro metad utopi­uri TvalsazrisiT, Tuki iv sedvikis naSroms gavixsenebT da saeWvoTa Teoriis mimarTulebiT waviweviT, sindi patoni gangvimartavs, rom homoseqsualuri sxeuli `mecnierebis mi­eraa Seqmnili~ (patoni 1990, 129) da rom HIV virusis sapasuxod mecnierulad dasabuTebuli homoseqsualuri sxeulis gamo­Cena kulminacia iyo. amJamad samedicino mecnierebam gaarkvia homoseqsualobisa da avadmyofobis urTierTkavSiri, im TvalsazrisiT, rom pirveli ubralod meores gamomxatveli mizezia. rogoria qalbatonis pasuxi? mowinave samecniero

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msjelobebSi sicarieleebis amosavsebad da aqamde sazogadoe­bis yuradRebisa da oficialuri seqsualuri identurobebis miRma myof amoucnob sivrceebSi identurobis axali formebis mosaZieblad saWiroa `saeWvoTa identurobebi~.

Semdgom debatebSi maikl uornerma ganmarta, rom konser­vatiul da radikalur moZraobebs saxelmwifosTan damokide­buleba ganasxvavebs. homoseqsualTa da lesboselTa moZraoba sakuTar Tavs didi siamovnebiT warmoaCens, rogorc srulu­flebian moqalaqeTa saintereso jgufs, romelic saWiroebs polisebiT lobirebas sruluflebianobis uzrunvelsayofad; saeWvoTa moZraoba warmoCenis politikisa da saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT, romelsac amgvari politika gvTavazobs, eWvs iwvevs (uorneri 1999). marTlac, erTi mxriv, fukosa da post­struqturalizmis aRmocenebis Semdeg, saeWvo GLBT­Tan SedarebiT seqsualuri aqtebisa da identurobebis ufro farTo speqtrs moicavs da identurobis politikas, rogorc aseTs, uaryofs. isic ki SesaZlebelia, rom adamian­ebi mxolod sawinaaRmdego sqesis warmomadgenel xalxTan da saeWvoebTan seqsiT iyvnen dainteresebulni, rac uCveuloa homoseqsualistebsa da lesboselTaTvis.

saeWvoTa moZraobas didi winaaRmdegobiT Sexvdnen homo­seqsualistebisa da lesboselTa moZraobis wreebSi. ameri­kaSi anti­saeWvoTa momenti yvelaze kargad endriu salivanis wignSia praqtikulad normaluri (1995, magram dawerilia 1993 wels New Republic­Si gamoqveynebuli masalis mixedviT) aRweri­li. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, salivani ganmartavs, rom nebi­smieri adamianis msgavsad, homoseqsualistebis umravlesobis survili normaluri yofaa, xolo amgvari urTierTkavSiri se­qsualobasa da `kulturul daqveiTebas~ Soris aRiazianebs ara marto farTo sazogadoebriobas, aramed homoseqsualistebis umravlesobasac. marTlac, homoseqsualistTa sazogadoebis metad momTxovn da konformistul wreebSi iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos Cven ukve `post­homoseqsualistTa~ momentSi SeviWeriT, romelic acxadebs – homoseqsualistTa gaerTiane­ba efeqturadaa depolitizirebuli (uorneri 1999, 62­64).

salivanis azriT, homoseqsualistTa moZraoba SeiZleba nebismier doneze gansakuTrebul SexebaSi iyos or garkveul sakiTxTan: homoseqsualistTa qorwinebebTan da samxedro sam­

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saxuris uflebasTan. im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom igi nega­tiur damokidebulebas aRZravs (gulgrili damokidebuleba ar arsebobs msoflios oficialur politikur wreebsa da masmediaSi), gansakuTrebiT amerikaSi, msjelobis amgvari tipi iwvevs sakmaod gavrcelebul damokidebulebas, rom homoseq­sualistTa moZraobas mxolod mcirericxovani miznebi gaaCnia da amitomac maleve unda daiSalos. am varaudis sapirispirod, bevri saeWvoTa pozicias ikavebs, romlis mixedviTac homose­qsualistTa da lesboselTa qorwinebebi kanoniT unda iqnes aRiarebuli, radgan es mospobda gansxvavebebs daqorwinebul da aradaqorwinebul wyvilebs Soris erTi da imave sqesis seq­sualur urTierTobaTa mqone sazogadoebebis SigniT. qorwine­ba seqsualuri urTierTobebis legalizacias axdens da imave TvalsazrisiT delegalizacias ukeTebs eqstra­colqmrul urTierTobebs. xolo erTi da imave sqesis warmomadgenelTa qorwinebebi saeWvoTa mWidro kavSirs, romelic qorwinebis mixedviT dawesebul siyvarulis saxeobas ar Seicavs, aramyars gaxdida. undaT es saeWvoebs? es SekiTxva seriozuli liber­aluri winaaRmdegobis winaSe dgeba: Tuki qorwinebis survili gagvaCnia, vin dagvidgeba gzaze? an ufro radikaluri winaaRm­degoba: erTi da imave sqesis warmomadgenelTa qorwineba xom ar Secvlida an ufro farTo xasiaTs xom ar SesZenda qorwinebis instituts, tradiciuli genderuli rolebisagan gancalkev­ebis gziT? am sakiTxTan dakavSirebul kaprizul politikas, romelic saeWvoTa moZraobis momaval radikalizebaze imoq­medebda, amerikaSi faqtobrivad saeWvoTa sakiTxis dasaxmare­beli aqtiuri qmedeba ar ganuxorcielebia (ix. uorneri 1999).

am winapirobebis sawinaaRmdegod radikalur saeWvoTa moZraoba utopiur politikaSi gadaizarda. amis erT­erT gamoxatulebas zemoT naxseneb leo bersanis naSromSi vxe­davT (TavisTavad damokidebuli lakanianur fsiqoanalizze), romelic seqss Seuracxyofisa da damcirebis saxiT ganixi­lavs. maikl uorneris citirebis mixedviT: `im wreebSi, sadac saeWvooba didad kultivirebulia, mTavari wesi is aris, rom viRacas seqsiT damcirebulze maRla mdgomis pretenzia ar unda gaaCndes~ (uorneri 1999, 35, Original Emphasis). Semdeg ki sajaro seqsis mowinaaRmdegeTa moZraobis gamoZaxili (por­no­maRaziebis, seqsiT dakavebuli klubebis, garyvnilTa bun­

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agebis alagmva da sxv.), rasac zogierTi mxars uWers homoseq­sualistTa moZraobis normalizebis TvalsazrisiT, yovelive sazogadoebrivi/piradulis gadasinjvaze migviTiTebs. rode­sac amas vakeTebT, Tvalwin dasavleTis xangrZlivi istoria warmogvidgeba, romelSic seqsualuri aqtebi gamorCeulad piradul xasiaTs atarebs. marTlac SegviZlia vimsjeloT, sad aris saidumloebis arsi? maikl uorneris mixedviT:

saeWvoobis aRqma rogorc aseTi, ukanasknel aTwleulebSi matulobs, rac miesadageba dRevandel realobas: kultura ise viTardeba, rom intimuri urTierTobebi da seqsualuri sxeuli gamorCeulTa Soris transformaciisaTvis SeiZleba proeqtebis saxiT, gagebiT iqnes miRebuli. (amavdroulad les­boselTa da homoseqsualistTa publikam forma icvala da imis unaric gaaCnia, rom maTi istoriis Semqmnel sazogadoebis azrs ignorireba gauwios). asevea mozardTa kulturaSic – simSvide gamtaria sazogadoebis umetesobis mimarT gansxvavebulobas­Tan da amave dros qmnis am gansxvavebulobas, rogorc metad ucnauri sajaroobis subieqtur formas.

(uorneri 2002, 122) es aris politikur safuZvelze erTmaneTisTvis ucxo ada­

mianebs Soris Tavisufali seqsis aRiarebis mcdeloba (het­eroseqsualebze metad aseT SemTxvevebi xSiria erTi da imave sqesis warmomadgenelTa Soris) mZafr stilebs Soris misi dayenebis gziT (aq `mSvidi~), sadac ucxoebi aTvicnobiere­ben sakuTar Tavs identuri da aqedan gamomdinare kontaqtis TvalsazrisiT. uorneri imedovnebs amgvari stilebis garSemo Seqmnili sajaroobis saxeobebsa da saeWvoTa moZraobas Soris kontaqtis damyarebas. magram ra dones unda miaRwios `ucxoTa sajaroobam~, raTa efeqturi organizeba gauwios `dominan­turi publikisagan~ gancalkevebas? yovel SemTxvevaSi (Tuki vinmes am tipis utopiur politikur gaTvlebTan dakavSirebis survili gaaCnia) xom ar aris meamboxuri suliskveTebis gamoxatuleba amrevis rolSi yofna, maSinac ki, rodesac am­revi raime tipis sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebis Seqmnaze ar fiqrobs. mokled: saeWvoTa Teoria gvaswavlis, rom seqsisa da seqsualobis Sesaxeb garkveviT verafers vityviT da rom

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sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi, romlebic Cven unda SevqmnaT, gamoviyenoT da vmarToT, pirobiTia (isini gansxvavebulni arian da mudmivad Camoyalibebis procesSi imyofebian).

pirovnebebisa da maTi sxeulebis mixedviT, maTi siamovnebi­sa da sxva Zlieri mxareebis aRmosaCenad Cven seqss mivmarTavT, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT SeiZleba seqsis socialur kate­goriebSi gamtarad yofna SemogvTavazon. pirovnebebi da maTi sxeulebi aseve mzadaa gaerTianebis axali tipebis misaRebad da axleburi gamoxatvisaTvis (an warmodgenisaTvis) rogorc genderis, aseve seqsualuri moTxovnilebis TvalsazrisiT.

analizis amgvari forma – romelic yuradRebas amaxvilebs genderis rolebis SemTxveviTobasa da performatiulobaze, rac judi batleris dawyebulia – post­struqturalizmTan damokidebulebaSi mravlis momcvelia da xSirad metad mo­wodebis Teoriul modelTan aris dakavSirebuli, vidre ana­lizisaTvis an aqtualuri, sicocxlisunariani kulturebisa da politikis kanonebis misaRebad gamosadegi (batleri 1989). es niSnavs, rom rogorc Cven adre vfiqrobdiT, saeWvoTa Teo­ria sakmarisad ar aris atacebuli kulturis kvlevebis mier. literaturul swavlebebSi saeWvoTa Teoria sazogadod uka­vSirdeba memkvidreobis gadasinjvas, TiTqos aqamde idum­alebiT moculi erTi da imave sqesobrivi moTxovnilebebis momentebis axsnas, unda iTqvas, zogjer sakmaod usafuZvlod. warsulisamebr es kanonis farglebs gareT gadis. zogierTi kulturis kvleva erTi da imave gziT xelmZRvanelobs: Ses­abamisad dedofalTa kulturis erT­erT fragmentSi riCard daieri yuradRebas amaxvilebs Cvens gaurkvevlobaze `megob­rul~ urTierTobebTan dakavSirebiT, rac bevr amerikul nawarmo ebSi (kinofilmi, moTxroba, piesa) am megobrebs Soris erotiul kavSirs SeiZleba warmoaCendes, SeiZleba ara. igi varaudobs, rom TavisTavad amgvari gaurkvevloba sazogado xasiaTs atarebs da es erT­erTi gzaa, romlis meSveobiTac igi status quos arRvevs (daieri 2002).

magram teqstualuri interpretaciisa da Teoriuli produqciis miRma saWiroa winsvla saeWvoTa kulturis kv­levebis TvalsazrisiT iseTi avtorebis umniSvnelovanesi namuSevrebis miuxedavad, rogoricaa loran berlani, maikl uorneri da sxvebi. igi kvlav rCeba kulturis kvlevaTa momav­

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lis amocanad; magram viRacam bevri iSroma, radganac aSkaraa, rom SemecnebiTi modis `miqcevisa~ da `moqcevis~ dros dineba saeWvoTa fiqrebs da moqmedebas scdeba, TumcaRa bevri poli­tikuri samuSao Casatarebeli rCeba.

damatebiTi literatura: Abelove, Barale and Halperin 1993; But-ler 1990; D’Emilio 1998; Dyer 2002; Halperin 2002; Jagose 1996; Pat-ton and Sanchez-Eppler 2000; Sedgwick 1990.

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nawili 7

faseuloba

7.1 maRali da dabali donis kultura

ratom SeviswavliT popularul kulturas? radganac es ganpirobebulia Cveni drois umTavresi kulturuli gamoxa­tulebiT? kvlavac pirdapiri mediumis rolSi myofi televi­ziis msgavsad, mas yvelgan vxvdebiT. vinc ganviTarebul qvey­nebSi vcxovrobT (TiTqmis yvela) sakuTar cxovrebas masTan SexebaSi viwyobT. igi siamovnebisa da azrebis kidobans war­moadgens. es aris sarke, romelSic kultura sakuTar Tavs Seic­nobs. es xalxia, es samyaroa: bevrisTvis cnobili adamianebi da beletristuli personaJebi didi xnis nacnobobis grZnobis aRmZvrelia. es warmoadgens erovnul – da internacionalur – sazogadoebebs erTad, romelTa TiToeul warmomadgenels kargad amaxsovrdeba piraduli da sazogado sakiTxebis ir­gvliv saubrebi. zogierTisTvis (da sxvadasxva dros TiTqmis yvelasTvis) popularuli kulturis elementebi akviatebisa da daxmarebis saSualebad iqceva xolme identurobis Camoya­libebaSi. rogori iqneboda sazogadoeba televiziis, sporti­sa da pop musikis gareSe? igi gansxvavebuli verc warmogvid­genia da ra Tqma unda, is didi biznesicaa. bolo moTxovnebis mixedviT popularuli kultura, radganac igi arsebobs (li­uisi 2001), saWiroebs Seswavlasa da kvlevas.

swavliT disciplinebsa da popularul kulturas Soris urTierTkavSiri jer kidev msjelobis sagania. daviwyoT da aR vniSnoT, rom popularuli kulturis Sesaxeb akademiuri we ris stili riskavs rom iyos gadaWarbebuli, gansakuTrebiT, rodesac igi pretenzias acxadebs popularobis progresul samizneze an, ase vTqvaT, `kulturul populistebze~. vin ar SeucdeniaT kulturis Teoretikosebis mamamTavrebs, vTqvaT, hip hopis an Dr.Who­s Taobaze? amis mizezi ra Tqma unda akademiuri naSromis simkacre da siRrme ar gaxlavT, xolo popularuli kultura ki zedmetad banaluria. SeiZleba popu­

ratom Sevis

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laruli kultura imdenad xelmisawvdomia, rom mis Sesaxeb akademiuri komentari zedmetia. metic, Tavad popularuli kulturis SigniT, inteleqtualuri egoizmi sistematurad dacinvis obieqtia. mas Semdeg, rac ZiriTadi gamoxatulebebis mixedviT popularuli kultura uSualod garTobas emsax­ureba, igi TiTqos malavs sakuTar seriozulobas sanaxaobiT RonisZiebebSi. rogori Zlieri da SorsmWvretelic ar unda iyos, misi pirveli moTxovna aris – zogadad laparaki – dRes iyos gamoyenebis obieqti.

popularuli kultura aseve SemecnebiT simZimis centrs mudmivi gadaadgilebisken mouwodebs, radganac misi muSaoba da stili aqtualuri drois Zalian mcire monakveTisTvisaa. Secnoba, struqturuli TvalsazrisiT, awyobilia droSi ga­mocdil sferoebze da es TavisTavad mTavaria kulturis SenaxvisTvis. Secnobis garegnuli gamoxatulebebis mixedviT, romlebic gansazRvrulia ZiriTadi sakiTxebidan winsvlis, progresuli da politikuri mesijebis miRebisTvis, TiTqos popularuli kulturis deficitis STabeWdileba iqmneba. Sesrulebuli samuSaos xarisxi, ganaTleba miRebul adamian­ebs ver exmareba saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebTan da av­toritetebTan kontaqtis damyarebaSi, rodesac popularuli kulturis didi nawili Cndeba da mimarTulia maTken, visac aucilebeli samomavlo ganaTleba ar miuRia. marTlac, xSiria zedapiruli TvalsazrisiT mainc, gansakuTrebiT hip hopisa da pankis JanrSi anti­avtoritaroba. yovelive imis maniSne­belia, rom popularuli kulturis Sors mimaval ganWvretil namuSevarTa umravlesoba ufro axlos Tavad kulturasTan aris, vidre romelime SemecnebiT TeoretikosTan. iseTi Jur­nalistebi, rogoricaa grail markusi, enn pauersi an lester bengsi amis Sesaxeb SemecnebiT TeoretikosebTan SedarebiT ukeT weren. SemecnebiT ganxilvaTa umravlesoba cdilobs pop­ularobis ferxulSi SeRwevas, magram ase xSirad ar xdeba. (ix. Sesavali jenkinsi, makfersoni da Statuci 2002 SemecnebiTi popizmis uaxlesi manifestis gasacnobad; kargi diskusiisTvis Teoretikosebisa da fanebis struqturuli dayofis Tvalsaz­risiT, ix. hilsi 2002, 20.)

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popularuli kultura warsulSi

popularul kulturas kulturis kvlevebis msgavsad isto­riuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia, ase rom, maRali da dabali donis kulturebs Soris kavSiris mikro istoria ganvixiloT. stu­dentebs xSirad ukvirT imis gageba, rom dayofa (rogorc vic­iT) sakmaod Tanamedrove istoriuli movlenaa. igi ar arsebob­da, rodesac klasikur ganaTlebaze, patronaJze da klasikur kanonze (anu berZnuli da laTinuri) koncentrirebuli aris­tokratuli elitis kultura sapirispirod Secvala metwilad gaunaTlebelma da arakomerciuli karnavalis, komunaluri sportis saxeobebis, dResaswaulebisa da ritualebis irgvliv Tavmoyrili xalxis kulturam (Staliybrasi da uaiTi 1986). me­18 saukunis Sua periodidan dawyebuli, es struqtura ise Seicvala, rom ori ganmanaTlebeli kultura daarsda – erTi elituri, meore ki _ ara. orive maTgani mzardad komerci­ul da saxalxo xasiaTs atarebda (anu ufro cocxali, vidre mkvdari enebi). amgvar situaciaSi elituri kultura gamor­Ceuli moralis irgvliv Camoyalibda – esTeturi principebi, romlebic kulturis mudmivobis niSniT gamoirCeoda; kul­tura pasuxismgeblobas kisrulobda moraluri gzamkvlevis rolis Sesrulebaze, misi SesaZleblobebi sakuTari Tavis har­monizebaSi da ganxorcielebaSi, samuSaos individualobaSi (xelovneba an literatura) da udidesi prodiuserebis saocar niWSi gamoixateboda (gilori 1993).

meore mxriv, popularuli kultura, cenzuris gamo saku­Tari mcire uflebebiTa da produqciaze zewolis fonze, mar­ketis irgvliv iqmneboda. igi garTobasa da mxiarulebas uz­runvelyofda im doneze, rom, rogorc vnaxeT, inertulobisa da moraluri vakuumis Sesavsebad igi feminizmSi gadai zarda (uiseni 1986). Tumca, me­20 saukunis pirveli naxevrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kulturuli ierarqiebi da dayofa kvlavac ar iyo dadgenili: magaliTad, me­19 saukunis Sua periodSi Seqspiris piesebidan fragmentebi kvlav iyo warmodgenili popularul TeatrebSi (levini 1988). dayofam realurad Tavi amowura, rodesac me­19 saukunis bolos, rodesac reformis­tuli da opoziciuri TvalsazrisiT maRali donis kultura profesionalebis gavlenis qveS aRmoCnda. uolter pateris

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msgavsi esTetebi xelovnebas socialur moTxovnebTan yovel­gvari kavSiris gareSe ganixilavdnen. `xelovneba xelovnebis­Tvis~ wodebul moZraobasTan Sesisxlxorcebuli xelovneba Tayvanismcemlebs daZabuli da mZime cxovrebisaken etaneboda. igi amzadebda radikaluri sensaciis formas (pateri da fil­ipsi 1986 [1873]). SedarebiT tradiciuli e.w. `kulturis mimde­vari~ meTiu arnoldi kulturis Sesaxeb fiqrobda ara mxolod `saukeTesoa is, rac cnobili da gaazrebulia~ TvalsazrisiT, aramed rogorc analizis formaze, romelic puritanizmis, komercializmis, aristokratiis sisastikisa da qedmaRlobis winaaRmdeg, aseve nebismieri formis vulgarobis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda. mas SeeZlo agreTve adamianebisTvis `sakiTxis arsi~ eCvenebina (arnoldi da kolinzi 1993 [1869]). male, ganaTlebis sistemam kulturis am TvalsazrisiT propagandas sul ufro me­tad mihyo xeli (Tavad arnoldi skolis inspeqtori gaxldaT).

es damokidebulia kulturis maRal doneze, yovel SemTx­vevaSi muSaTa klasis warmomadgenel mamakacebisa da qalebi­sgan amis gaZlierebul oficialur moTxovnaze (rouzi 2001). ra Tqma unda, im azrs, rom elitur da popularul kulturas Soris dayofa TavisTavad socialuri dominirebis forma iyo, didi safuZveli ar gaaCnia. es saxelmwifoebma da filan­tropebma maRali donis kulturuli institutebis dafinan­sebis Semdeg, farTomasStabiani mxardaWeris mosapoveblad (skolebi, biblioTekebi, sakoncerto darbazebi, xelovnebis galereebi da muzeumebi), agreTve civilizaciis mmarTveli formebis saWiroebisamebr gasavrceleblad da sazogadoe­briv kulturaSi kapitaldabandebis gasazrdelad dauSves. TumcaRa, amgvarma Carevam kulturul dayofaze konsolida­ciis efeqti iqonia da maRali donis kultura saSualo kla­sis respeqtabelobasTan mWidrod daakavSira. es aris Cveni istoriis Semobrunebis kidev erTi momenti: eqsperimentuli da (zogjer) ZirgamomTxreli avangardi damkvidrebul maRali donis kulturas gaemijna, ise, rom xSirad popularobis el­ementebs miesadageboda. magaliTad, SegviZlia me­19 saukunis frangi romantikosebis moyvana Tojinebis dResaswaulisa da pieros msgavsi popularul­Teatraluri personaJebis mixed­viT (storei 1985).

1970 wlisaTvis (rodesac arealze kulturis kvlevebi

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gamoCnda) mTelma am sistemam farTod gavrcelebuli au­dio­vizualuri kulturis zewolis (radio, filmi, tele­vizia), agreTve saSualo da post­savaldebulo ganaTlebis gavrcelebis pirobebSi seriozuli rRveva daiwyo. am Tval­sazrisiT, sakiTxis jer kidev aqtualobis miuxedavad, maRali donis kulturis momxreebi ukve alyaSemortymuli umcireso­bis msgavsad gamoiyurebodnen, romlebic sul ufro metad saWiroebdnen gamudmebul mxardaWeras. meore mxriv, rasac Cven popularuli kulturis mcodneobas vuwodebT (faruli siaxlove SemsruleblebTan, tradiciebTan, saxelmZRvaneloe­bTan) popularuli kulturis ufro metad miRebisa da warmoe­bis safuZveli gaxda. igi mzad iyo mravalferovani da TviT­Seqcevadi popularuli kulturis misaRebad. imavdroulad saxelmZRvaneloebi, romlebic maRali da dabali donis kul­turebis elementebs aerTianebdnen, kvlavac banalurad iqc­nen. aSkarad binaruli gansxvavebebi maRali donisa da popu­larul kulturebs Soris, rRvevis procesSi aRmoCndnen. axal kanons arafrad miaCnda, rom iseT gamomcemlobas, rogoric Oxford University Press gaxlavT, zen greis nawarmoebebis xe­laxali gamocemis Semdeg, SeeZlo isini `klasikad~ Seeracxa, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavis droze es nawarmoebebi masobriv kulturas ganekuTvnebodnen. aseve muzeumebmac, regularu­lad warsulisa (da zogjer im drois) masobrivi da komerci­uli kulturis amsaxveli da ara­kanonikuri mxatvrebis na­muSevarTa gamofenebis warmodgena daiwyes.

ufro rTulia daaxloeba `dabalTan~, romelic maRal kul­turul motivebsa da Sexebebs moicavs, magram, rogorc vxe­davT, dResdReobiT kulturis mniSvnelovani figura maRal da dabal doneebs Soris arsebul zonaSi unda imyofebodes (am azrobrivad datvirTuli terminebiT sargeblobisaTvis). nebismier doneze, 60­ian wlebSi maRali kulturis kanons ukve dakarguli hqonda misi ganmsazRvreli funqciebi. igi aRar iyo saWiro sazogadoebrivi ierarqiebis mxardasaWerad (sazoga­doebas ufro seriozuli saSualebebi gamouCnda amis gansax­orcieleblad) da Tanamedrove kulturul produqciaSi gas­arkvevad, romelmac adrindeli morCilebisgan gansxvavebiT, kvlav daiwyo kanonTan `misadageba~ da morgeba. popularuli/maRali kulturis dayofaSi efeqturi roli Seasrula, erTi

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mxriv, Zvel, warsul (kulturuli tradiciebi) da Tanamedrove kulturebs Soris, xolo meore mxriv, warsulis xelovnebis (saxeldobr literatura da amaRlebuli xelovneba) da audio­vizualur mediebs Soris gansxvavebam.

aseTma axalma da Sereulma kulturulma warmodgenebma calkeuli adamianebisa da maTi jgufebis kulturul war­modgenasTan mimarTebaSi cvlilebebi gamoiwvia. jim kolinzi `gemovnebis, faseulobebisa da donis miRwevis sxvadasxva kon­figuraciebTan SexebaSi myofi arsebuli gadamwyveti gzebis gansxvavebis~ aRsawerad termin `gemovnebis kartografiebs~ iyenebs (kolinzi 1995, 188). es koncefcia Cven imis danaxvis saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom Tanamedrove kulturaSi zogadad gemovnebebi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre gemovnebebi raime mizeziT gamowveuli. isini mouwodeben da gulisxmoben adami­anebs, romelTac isini gaaCnia, maSinac, Tuki bevri (magram ar niSnavs, rom yvela) gemovnebis jgufebi kvlavac klasTan, seq­sualobasTan, eTnikurobasa Tu genderTan iqnebian dakavSire­buli. rodesac gemovnebebi garkveulwilad ukve naklebadaa dakavSirebuli klasTan, maT mier gamxnevebuli sajarooba, ro­gorc identurobis maniSnebeli da cxovrebiseuli gamocdile­ba, did mniSvnelobas iZens – yvelaze metad umciresobebTan mimarTebaSi, romelTa sakuTari Tavis aRqma maTTvis miwode­buli stilisa da gemovnebis irgvliv aris Camoyalibebuli.

ra Tqma unda, es movlenebi dasavleTisTvis aris damaxa­siaTebeli, magram miaxloebuli (Tu ara identuri) logika dasavleTTan erTad, amJamad gansakuTrebiT aziaSic muS­aobs. konservatiuli ideologebi, rogorc iaponiasa da Ci­neTSi, tradiciul xelovnebebs mouwodeben treningebsa da swavlebebisken, kulturis amerikanizaciisagan Tavdacvis moTxovniT. moviyvanoT amis magaliTi. 70­iani wlebidan dawye­buli, komercializebuli iaponuri kulturis sawinaaRmdegod korea sakuTari kulturisaken mouwodebda (animacia, karaoke, kompiuteruli TamaSebi, popularuli musika, melodramebi). amave dros garkveulwilad komerciuli kulturis sxvadasxva plastiT gajerebuli gemovnebebis irgvliv Camoyalibebuli mozardTa sajarooba, romelic mudmivad moiazrebs Semosul formebTan morgebas, winaaRmdegobaSia winaparTa mier Semo­Tavazebul faseulobebTan.

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masobrivi kultura

tradiciulad mecnierebi popularul da masobriv kul­turebs ansxvaveben. popularuli kultura xalxisTvis maT mierve Seqmnils (Tu ara martivad folk­kulturas), xolo masobivi kultura ki masebze gaangariSebiT industriuli TvalsazrisiT Seqmnil kulturas niSnavda. magram amgvar­ma dayofam azri dakarga. kulturis kvlevebSi termini `masob rivi kultura~ amovardnilia, radganac igi zogadad Seurac xmyofel terminad iqca (ix. deningi 2004, 97­120). igi eqsplua tatorul, meqanikur, carieli kulturis da ganuxor­cielebeli survilebis iaffasian inspiratorad SeiZleba aR­viqvaT. Teoriis mocemuli saxeobis mimarT yuradRebas aRar amaxvileben im niuansebis, gansxvavebebisa da maxasiaTeblebis gamo, romelTa qveSac igi moiazreba. mas pretenziac ar gaaCnia imis Taobaze, rom masobrivma kulturam SesTavaza ki siamovne­ba da sargebeli sakuTar publikas?

`masobrivi kulturis~ Tanmdevi negatiurobis wamowevis mniSvnelovani momenti (iseT doneze, rom igi ganixileboda popularulobis TvalsazrisiT) iyo frederik jeisonis war­modgena (germanel Teoretikosebze ernst bloksa da herbert markusze dayrdnobiT), rom bevri industrializeburi kul­tura `utopiuri~ muxtis matarebelia. man SeiZleba sakuTar auditorias sulieri sakvebi SesTavaza, magram moTafvlis politikiTa da SegulianebiT, `avxorculi investiciebic~ da agreTve kargi cxovrebisaTvis Sesaferisi gamonaTebebi da gemovnebebi gaiTvaliswina. am gamonaTebebma da gemovnebebma politikuri energiebis motivirebac ki SeiZleba gamoiwvios. am sakiTxebze daiwyo diskusia (ix. jeimsoni 1992).

masobrivi kulturis koncefciis Tavidan acilebis prob­lema is aris, rom popularul­kulturuli produqtebi ar arian erTnairad popularulni samudamod. zogierTi maTgani gacilebiT farTomasStaburad aris atacebuli sxvebTan Se­darebiT. skeitbordingi popularuli kulturis formaa, ma­gram masTan SedarebiT gacilebiT met adamians safexburTo matCis yureba siamovnebs. hevi metali popularuli kul­turaa, magram is popularobiT hip hopTan axlosac ver midis (romlis zogierTi Janri gacilebiT farToa romelime sxva

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stilTan SedarebiT). ase rom upriania raimeze fiqri, rogorc masobriv kulturaze – kulturaze, romelsac xeli miuwvdeba sxvadasxva kulturuli seqtoris audienciebSi da romelic garkveul sazogadoebaSi TiTqmis yoveli adamianis kulturu­li ganaTlebis nawils warmoadgens. es aris popularuli kul­turis sub­seqcia, sadac Cven mxolod popularul kulturaze vfiqrobT, rogorc yvela kulturaze, romlebic ar ganixile­ba elitur kulturaSi an sakuTar Tavs elitur kulturad ar aRiqvams. (da Rirebulia, rom gvaxsovdes – elitur da popu­larul kulturebs esaWiroebaT erTmaneTi, raTa am termi­nebiT ganisazRvrebodnen.)

kulturuli populizmi da kanoni

kulturis kvlevebis mier popularuli kulturis warmo­Cenas garkveuli xasiaTis politikuri mniSvneloba gaaCnia, Tumca mas Semdeg, rac ganviTarebuli kulturuli populizmi saocrad farTovdeba, rogorc vnaxeT, popularuli kultur­is akademizacia Tanamedrove kapitalizmis logikas ufro mi­hyveba, vidre ewinaaRmdegeba. kulturis kvlevebis mier popu­larobis mtkicebis politikuri Zala axlo kavSirSia `kanonis kritikis~ argumentTan, romelic amis msgavsia: kanoni ewodeba saxelmZRvaneloebis, xelovnebis nawarmoebTa da sxv. nakrebs, romelic tradiciulad kulturis umaRles miRwevebs warmo­aCens. mis Sesaxeb xSirad msjeloben da avrceleben umaRlesi statusis saganmanaTleblo kulturul institutebSi. magram Zalian maRal doneze SerCeuli kanonebis mixedviT organize­bul kulturas ar ZaluZs miTviseba im sruli faseulobebisa, romelTac ganekuTvneba es kanoni. ara – kanonikurTan Sedar­ebiT kulturuls meti absoluturi Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia – garkveuli kriteriumebi, ganwyobebi da treningebi, romlebic amas gulisxmoben, mmarTveli klasebis kulturas qmnian.

isini, vinc Zalian gatacebulni arian mxatvruli Sedevre­biT, visac Zlieri piradi Sexeduleba gaaCnia zogierTi kanoni­kuri namuSevrebis sxvebTan SedarebiT upiratesobis Taobaze da visac maTi siRrmiseuli Seswavla da sakuTari aRmoCenebi­sa da azrebis gaziareba surs, didad ar cdebian (am konte­

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qstSi marTalisa da mcdaris garCevas azri ar aqvs) rodesac Secdebian ufro did da bolos da bolos metad mniSvnelovan naxatTan mimarTebaSi. isini ugulebelyofen ormxriv dine­bas erTi mxriv klassa da eTnoss, meore mriv ki kulturas So­ris; is gza, romliTac kanonis prestiJi gadaecema ganaTle­bul da/an mdidar (gansakuTrebiT ganaTlebul da mdidar TeTrkanian adamians), rodesac imavdroulad ganaTlebuli da/an mdidari adamianis prestiJi gadaecema kanons. metic, is gza, romliTac kanonisadmi mowodeba kvlavac asazrdoebs kulturuli konservatizmis formebs, romelTac uflebebi iTvaliswineben, imgvarad damkvidrebuls, TiTqos es ierarq­iebis Seqmnis biznesi yofiliyos da aucileblad missave wreSi Caketils, mowodebiT, rom yvelaferi mxolod ori ganaTlebu­li TayvanismcemlisaTvis keTdeba, popularulTan SedarebiT kanonikur kulturas bevrad naklebi sicocxlisunarianoba da WeSmariti Zala gaaCnia. popularuli kulturis Semosv­liTa da misi calkeuli formebis miRebis Semdeg, kulturis kvlevebi politikuri CarevebiT sazogadoebrivi ierarqiebis erTdroulad fulisa da kulturis garSemo Semqmneli struq­turebis winaaRmdeg ilaSqreben.

es bevrad kompleqsuri argumentia, romelic vrceldeba ramdenime gansxvavebuli mimarTulebiT da romelsac sapasuxo dartymebis mogerieba uwevs. am dartymebidan yvelaze aSkara da mniSvnelovani is gaxlavT, rom kanonis sawinaaRmdego ar­gumenti popularuli kulturis mTavar problemas ar iT­valiswinebs, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom igi sazogadoebasTan erTad Seqmnili kultura ar gaxlavT, aramed komerciuli ini­ciativebis produqtia, romlis warmatebis WeSmariti sazomi sargebelia da ara xarisxi. amgvarad cxadia, rom Tanamedrove popularuli kultura struqturulad zedapiruli da yal­bia: marTlac, igi iwvevs sazogadoebriv azrTa sxvadasxvao­bebs, gansxvavebebsa da usamarTlobebs, aseve win eRobeba im sazogadoebis kritikasa da racionalur garkvevas, romelsac misi auditoria ganekuTvneba. amgvarad kritikosebisTvis Ses­aZlebelia im mizezis varaudi, Tu ratom aris warmoudgeneli amerikaSi revolucia – radganac misi gamayuCebeli popularu­li kultura ase Zlieria (brenani 1997, 257). amis axsnis odnav naklebad tradiciuli gza imaSi mdgomareobs, rom popularu­

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li kultura maTTan mimarTebaSia, visac zogadad kulturaSi seriozulad araferi esaqmeba: es aris im adamianebis kultura, vinc eZebs gantvirTvas, iviwyebs samuSaos da Tavisufal dros kargad erToba. isini ar iTxoven kvleviT, SemecnebiT, Rrmaaz­rovan kulturas; mas Semdeg, rac kulturuli interesebis sferos Zalebis aRdgenasa da yuradRebis modunebaSi aRiq­vamen, isini uars amboben esTetur gamoZaxilebze, romlebic awyobilia `uintereso~ da ybadaRebul urTierTobebze samuS­aosTan dakavSirebiT. (masobrivi kulturis minimaluri doziT Semwynarebluri kritika Teodor odornom da maqs horkaimer­ma ganaxorcieles. maTTvis, rogorc es televiziebis Sesaxeb seqcia 4.1­Si vixileT, popularuli kultura ufro metad ada­mianebis yuradRebis gafantvazea gadarTuli, vidre winaaRm­degobas uwevs im saSualebebs, romlebic adamianebis WeSmarit pirovnulobas, dakmayofilebisa da Tavisuflebis SegrZnebas asustebs [ix. odorno da horkhaimeri 1999].)

am kritikosebis winaaRmdeg erT­erTi populisturi gamo­Zaxili im periodebis zeimiT aRniSvnaa, romlebSic popularu­li kultura imsxvreva seriozulobisa da ambiciurobis didi deficitis gamo; magaliTad, imis aRsaniSnavad, rasac lein Cembersma `SegrZnebis, gemovnebisa da survilis cvalebadi marTva~ uwoda, romelic fokusirebulia `SexebiT SegrZneba­ze, meorexarisxovanze, droebiTze, erTjeradze, Sinaganze~. isini yuradRebis gafantvis kulturas hqmnian – sasaciloa, magram Cvens siaSi am magaliTis Seyvanac SegviZlia (Cembersi 1986, 13). meore gamoZaxilisTvis davubrundeT arguments, rom kulturul formebSi anti­populistebis winaaRmdeg Cven SegveZlo ar gvebrZola politikuri gadawyvetilebebisa da pasuxismgeblobebis mosapoveblad. aris ki popularuli kul­tura saukeTeso sfero kritikis unarebis kvlevisTvis? Tu ara, maSin ratom ar vanebebT mas Tavs? sxva mxriv kvlav saka­maTo sakiTxs mivadeqiT, rom popularul kulturas sazoga­doebrivi faseuloba gaaCnia, ris mixedviTac misi gamoyeneba TavisTavad sazogadoebriv sferoSi monawileobis miRebaSi gamoixateba – Cveni koleqtiuri identurobebi ki popularo­bis prizmaSi gavlis Sedegad aris Camoyalibebuli.

magram yvelaze xSiri argumenti kvlavac imis aRniSvnaa, rom sakiTxis poziciasa da kulturul stilebs Soris kavSiri

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da am stilebis kanonis TvalsazrisiT damkvidreba calkeuli identifikaciebis gamoxatulebebzea agebuli, rac klasTan da eTnikur ganlagebasTan axlo kavSirSia.

faqtobrivad, SemecnebiTi kulturuli populizmis garSemo debatebi TiTqos garkveul zRvrebSi mimdinareobs da erTferovan STabeWdilebas tovebs, radganac maT sakmarisad mkafiod gamoxatuli realuri daniSnulebebi, romlebic pop­ularuli kulturis transformacias axdenen, ar gaaCniaT. es daniSnulebebi sxvadasxva niSniT aris ganxiluli am wignSi, ma­gram sasurvelia, rom maTi perefrazireba erTi konkretuli niSniT movaxdinoT.

popularuli kultura

popularuli kultura aTiaTasobiT formis, Janris, au­ditoriis, gamoxatvis maneris, stilisa da miznebis segmen­tad iqca. misi masStabebi imdenad didia, rom interpretaciis TvalsazrisiT SeuZlebelia misi monoliTis saxiT ganxilva. rogorc vnaxeT, zogierTi e.w. `popularuli kultura~ Seq­mnilia erToblivad (da me­20 saukunis Sua periodis maso­brivi kulturis garkveuli tipis maxasiaTeblebis matarebe­lia, romelTa mimarTac im periodis kulturuli kritikosebi sayvedurs gamoTqvamdnen xolme), didi nawili Seqmnilia ada­mianTa SedarebiT mcire dajgufebebisTvis, romlebic axlo kavSirSia da met­nakleb mxurvale interess gamoxataven moce­muli Janrebis mimarT. popularuli kulturis didi nawili ki – rogoric magaliTad, hip hopia – geografiuli TvalsazrisiT inarCunebs kavSirs sazogadoebebTan. imavdroulad, sul ufro da ufro mWidro kavSiri myardeba seqtorebsa da bazris gzebs Soris – produqciis erTi tendencia meores Tvalsaz­risiT. formatebis mixedviT brendingi umniSvnelovanesia Ti­neijerebs Soris: komiqsebi, kompiuteruli TamaSebi, wignebi, filmebi, musikaluri kompaqtdiskebi da video, satelevizio Souebi SeiZleba `brendis~ saxiT iqnes warmoCenili. indus­triuli perspeqtiviT, konsolidaciis stimulirebisaTvis um­niSvnelovanesia, rodesac msxvili media konglomeratebi `er­Toblivad moqmedeben~ biznesis terminebis mixedviT odesRac

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warumateblad navaraudevi obieqtebis ZebnaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom orive es daniSnuleba – segmentaciis da konsolidaciis – erTdroulad Tanaarseboben da erTi meoresTan winaaRmde­gobaSi ar moiazrebian.

cxadia, rom popularuli kultura uxvadaa gajerebu­li xelovnebis niSSi im TvalsazrisiT, rom igi awarmoebs produqcias, romelic bariers uqmnis uSualo siamovnebasa da dakmayofilebas; rac misi saSualebebis TvalsazrisiT eqsperimentulia; rac ambiciuria da gamoxatavs ucnaur da damafiqrebel – Rrmaazrovan SegrZnebebsa da Setyobinebebs; rac xSirad misi calkeuli Janrebis istoriis mcodnea; da rac iTxovs garkveul siaxloves ufro farTo arealTan, vidre Tavad Sesrulebul samuSaosTan. am TvalsazrisiT – vimeoreb – arsebobs aTasobiT kinofilmi (David Lynch), simRerebi (Ra-diohead an The Magnetic Fields), komiqsebis wigni (Chris Ware), satelevizio Souebic ki (The Sopranos), romlebic maRali da da­bali kulturuli formebis hibridizacias akeTebs. marTlac, xelovnebis faseulobebi ara mxolod demokratizirebulia, aramed axal sferoebSia SeWrili, mas Semdeg, rac daipyres is­eTi sferoebi, rogoricaa sakvebi, avtomobilebis kultura, Rvino da moda (amave dros xelovnebam esTeturoba dakarga). unda iTqvas, rom es faseulobebi SeiZleba klasis maCveneble­bi da is produqtebi iyvnen, romlebic maT ZiriTadad privi­legirebuli TvalsazrisiT gamoxatavs, magram ara calke mdgomad: esTeturi praqtikis magaliTisTvis moviyvanoT es­Tetizirebuli an `tradiciuli~ saavtomobilo kultura, ro­melic (cota xnis win mainc) pirdapir gadaiRes da burJuebma Zalian isiamovnes. meore mxriv, seqtorebma da warsulis maRa­li donis kulturam gamoavlina popularuli kulturis in­strumentebi, romlebic ndobis faqtors inarCunebdnen. mag­aliTad, xelovnebis skolis damTavrebulTa da xelovnebis samyarosken mimarTul adamianTa mier Seqmnilma xelovnebis nimuSebma gaiTavises komercializmi da situaciurad gar­damavali safexuri. (faqtobrivad, `xelovnebis samyarosT­vis~, rogorc institutisTvis, romelic amas xels ar uSlis, es didi Rirsebaa.) es didwilad endi uorholis memkvidreobaa, romelic didi polemikis sagani iyo 90­iani wlebis britanel xelovnebis moRvaweTa Soris. iseTi artistebis, rogoricaa

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damien hersti da treisi emini, popularobisaken mimavali gze­bi didad ar gansxvavdeboda rok varskvlavisa, Tu moduri re­stornis mflobelis karieris Seqmnis gzebisgan. faqtobrivad, britanuli artis mTeli fenomeni isaa, rom igi sxvadasxva sti­lebsa da auditoriebs Soris kompleqsuri kavSiris (romelic SeuZlebelia, rom maRal da dabal safexurebad daiyos), Sesa­niSnav magaliTs warmoadgens (betertoni 2001).

Tanamedrove popularulma kulturam (nawilobriv radgan misma momxmareblebma ician, rom es aris sargebelze orien­tirebuli biznesi da raRac doneze maT iyeneben) agreTve ga­naviTara misTvis uCveulo gamoxatvis manera da ganwyobebi, magram zogadad nu inerviulebT! musikis, modis, kinofilmisa Tu CanaweriT miRebuli siamovneba da datvirTva gvacocx­lebs ara komercializaciis miuxedavad, aramed amis gamo. sia­movnebis misaRebad kidev ra unda arsebobdes, Tu ara awmyoTi cxovreba. amitomac zogierTi popularuli kultura amgvari suliskveTebiT sazrdoobs – `es sisulelea, magram me momwons~ – da es ganwyoba solidarulia prodiuserebsa da momxmareb­lebs Soris, radganac saxumaro situaciebs isini erTad qmnian. tipuri magaliTi: britanuli Jurnali Loaded­is slogani: `mamak­acebisTvis, romelTac SeeZloT ukeT scodnodaT~. zogjer amas ironias uwodeben, magram es mTlad swori ar aris. es ganwyobaa, romelic kulturuli wesebis SesaZleblobebis aRwerisTvis ganviTarebul Zvel kategoriebs, romlebic kvlavac klasikisa da esTetizmis aliansis mixedviT sazrdoobs, ar Seesabameba.

arsebobs mWidro kavSirSi myofi movlena, romlis mixed­viTac gogod Tu biWad yofnis tradiciuli warmodgenebi, etyoba ra dacinvis kvali, rogorc es holivudis Tineijerul film uvicSia, didad ar gansxvavdeba. zogjer es politikuri niadagis Semzadebis TvalsazrisiT ganixileba, romelSic identurobis axali sfero SeiZleba damkvidrdes (makrobi 1999, 127). Tumca, es sakamaToa. amgvari interpretacia asazr­doebs Cven mier progresul TviT­referentulobisa da TviT­ironizaciis garegnul siyalbes. vTqvaT, roca viciT, rom vinme qalurobis stereotipebis poziciaSi moiazreba da sxar­tad xumrobs am stereotipebze xazgasmiT. savaraudod mas am poziciidan mxardaWera ar eqneba, xolo Tuki iqneba raime saxis mxardaWera, es poziciaSi myofis moTminebaa.

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popularuli kultura sakuTar inteleqts xSirad warmo­aCens im mimarTulebiT, romelic aviTarebs axal stilebs axali auditoriebis mosazidad. xSirad isini azrovnebis Zvel kat­egoriebs moicaven. magaliTisTvis pol gilroi moviSvelioT – es Seexeba 90­iani wlebis dasawyisis kaliforniel reper snup dogi dogs. snupi repis popularizaciis proeqtSi aRmoCnda, aqcia ra igi pop Janris ZiriTad ganxrad. ratom ganvlo man es gza ZaRlis saxiT? radganac ZaRlebi devnian katebs. radganac samyaroSi ZaRli ZaRlis tyavs ar daxevs. radganac ZaRlebi jogurad nadiroben. radganac `Dogfather~­is pirveli asoebis gadadgilebiT `Godfather~ miiReba. radganac ZaRli Tvinieri arsebaa da ZaRluri stilis Seqmna, zogierTis azriT, uxeSia da qalebis damamcirebeli, miuxedavad imisa (win wasuli dro­Si), rom es agreTve wiaRsvlaa seqsualuri cekvis stilSi, ro­melic didi aJiotaJis mizezad iqca san xuanSi, Searyia ra mTe­li amerikis kontinenti (es aRniSnulia 2004 wlis dasawyisSi). meore mxriv, ZaRli mamakacis saukeTeso megobaria da holivu­dis filmebSi, sadac ojaxi ZaRlis gareSe ojaxad ar aRiqmeba, TeTrkanian ojaxTa favorits warmoadgens. Tan ZaRlebi (snu­pis msgavsad) Zalian jiutebi da Seupuvarni arian da ZaRlis mimbaZveli kaci bevrad komikuria (Tu ara odnav gasakvirveli), vidre adamianebis mimarT muqariT ganwyobili (gilroi 2000, 204ff). snupma gadmoitana tropi quCebidan, romlis damamci­rebeli mxare sakuTar Tavs daukavSira, ise, rom miizida did­Zali SesaZlebeli auditoria. rogorc mrwams Secvlili iamai­keli regeis ostati Elephant­i an axal simReraSi `cudi kaci~ ambobs: `yoveli TqvenganisTvis ZaRlebi umTavresia!~

popularuli kultura aseve tradiciebis mogonil niSneb­sa da inovaciebs met­naklebi regularobiT qmnis: esenia neo­mo derni, neo­klasika da retro stilebis siWarbe (aTwleu­lebs Tu mimovixilavT, TiToeuli maTganisTvis Taviseburi gemovnebaa damaxasiaTebeli – ocdaaTianebi, ormocianebi, or­mocdaaTianebi, samocianebi, samocdaaTianebi, oTxmocianebis stilebi, Tqven daasaxeleT). ra Tqma unda, araferia axali warsulis stilebis struqturis gadamRerebaSi: neo­klas­icizmi. igi Taobebs gadascems sakuTar mniSvnelobasa da Si­naarss renesansis Semdgomi periodidan me­20 saukunis 50­ian wlebamde da SesaZloa Tanamedrove dasavluri kulturis um­

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Tavresi gemovneba/stilis struqturaa, romelic yovelTvis moicavs `mogonili tradiciebis~ elementebs. zogadad neo­klasicizmSi nagulisxmevia wesrigi da harmonia SfoTian peri­odSi. kapitalizmis pirobebSi ki yoveli periodi SfoTiania. amgvarad, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, gemovnebisa da stilis erTi funqcia abstraqtul simSvides da stabilurobas ukav­Sirdeba. magram popularuli kulturis sapirispirod, ret­ro arc wesrigis elementia, arc nostalgiisa: igi qmnis mim­dinareobebs, romlebic sakuTar Tavs xalxTan urTierTobis momTxovn kompleqsuri formebis saxiT aRiqvamen, romlebic moicaven mexsierebas, ironias, sinanulsa da stilizacias.

Tumca, popularuli kulturisTvis inovatoruli tonalo­bis miniWebis TvalsazrisiT ver vityviT, rom mas realuri zRvrebi da problemebi ar gaaCnia. magram umetes SemTxvevaSi isini Caketilni arian specifikur movlenebsa an JanrebSi da SeuZlebelia maTi gamoyeneba moqmedebis arealis srulad aR­sawerad. popularuli kulturis erT­erTi xSiri sistemuri SezRudva misi daZvelebaa. am TvalsazrisiT individualur namuSevrebsa Tu xelovnebis nimuSebs yovelTvis ar eniWebaT prestiJi da “dadebiTi aura”, radganac isini uCveuloni arian da TavianTi Semfaseblebisgan distanciaSi imyofebian. magram cnobili gvarebi da teqstebi, piriqiT, yvelgan moipoveba da maT kulturuli TvalsazrisiT aRsavse aRiareba gaaCniaT. si­marTlea, rom specifikurma da gansazRvruli stilebis obi­eqtebma (lu ridi, samxreTis parki) SeiZleba garkveul mo­mentSi ukidures Tayvanismcemlebze gaTvliT didi prestiJi moipovon, magram udidesi aRiarebis periodSic ki, es ver Seed­reba madonas an simpsonebis Tav­TavianT mwvervalze yofnis dros masobriv popularobas (an gavrcelebas nebismier done­ze). sruli prestiJi da aRiareba miiRweva mxolod procesSi, romelic amowuravs kidevac mas: garkveuli niSniT gameoreba­doba da popularoba gadadis mowyenilobasa da zedmetobaSi da sabolood Cavardnis saSiSroebis winaSe mdgomi moZvelebu­li obieqte imis molodinSi arian, rom maT istoriis sanagveze miuCenen adgils – saidanac isini (SeiZleba) retrosa da nos­talgiuri TvalsazrisiT dabrundnen. mxolod udroo gar­dacvaleba Tu SeaCerebs am process: elvisi, merlini, lenoni, jeims dini. mozRvavebuli popularuli kulturis medroveo­

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ba ukavSirdeba mis Sesabamis Taobas: masirebuli popularuli kultura, udidesi ̀ TviTmyofadobisa~ da aucilebeli sazoga­doebrivi damakavSirebelis statusis mopovebis Semdeg, gan­sakuTrebiT axalgazrdobisakenaa mimarTuli. igi yovelives gacilebiT arTulebs, mas Semdeg, rac Zveli popularuli kul­turebi Taobebis aRmzrdelis TvalsazrisiT axalgazrdebis mexsierebaSia gamjdari. Tanamedrove kulturaSi Sesvlas ki Tan moaqvs moTxovna im ganwyobis daZlevisa, rom masirebuli popularuli kulturisTvis raRac `friad moZvelebulia~.

popularuli kultura SeiZleba eqspluatatorulic iyos – amis or mniSvnelovan gamoxatulebas `plagiati~ da `gage­bineba~ davarqvaT. plagiats adgili aqvs, rodesac market­inguli mcdelobebi dabal doneze muSaobis mospobis gziT mimarTulia auditoriis gadabirebaze. varskvlavuri omebis trilogiis sevdiani ambavi amis kargi nimuSia: axali filmebis umravlesobas arc axali (kargi) ideebi, arc TavianT win­amorbedTa energia gaaCnia. maTi mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala fulis SovnaSi gamoixateboda da sanaZleosac davdebdi, rom am filmebis mnaxvel adamianTa umetesoba cotaTi mainc ga­briyvdeboda. TiTqmis yoveli trilogia (da gansakuTrebiT satelevizio serialebi) moicavs garkveuli tipis plagiats, mas Semdeg, rac isini im drois, rodesac maT xarisxis SenarCu­neba SeeZloT, odnav ukan dasabruneblad struqturuli ze­wolis qveS moeqcnen.

gagebineba crurwmenebisa da kulturuli dayofis gaZliere­bas gamoxatavs: warmoidgineT, rom daaxloebiT 1980 wlamde, holivudis TiTqmis mTeli produqcia afroamerikelebis gagebinebas eZRvneba. es ar niSnavs, rom yoveli filmi, ro­melic erTgvari Suamavlis rols asrulebda Savkanian adami­anebze uaryofiTi warmodgenebis gaRvivebaze, mxolod aqedan gamomdinarea dasawuni (TiTqos filmebs, romlebic amxneve­ben saSinel crurwmenebs, ar SeiZleba rom sxva Semacdeneli atributi gaaCndeT – Tu ara sakmarisad `momTafvleli~ – de­talebi), magram es niSnavs, rom filmebi TeTrkaniani rasizmis eqspluatatorobas gamoxatavda. Toq­Sous sxartad mosaubre wamyvanebma, yalbi informaciis mowodebiT, sxvadasxva Sexed­ulebebis mospobis gziT, daSinebiTa da yviriliT, gagebineba konkretul formad aqcies. am tipis eqspluataciis mospobis

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mcdeloba, cxadia kulturis kvlevebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da mxardasaWeri amocanaa.

radgan kapitalizmis pirobebSi popularuli kultura safuZvlian komercializacias ganicdis, komerciuli fa­seulobebisTvis da ideologiisTvis, romelic mxars uWers momxmareblur kapitalizms, es Cveulebrivi dasayrdenia. es niSnavs, rom mas kulturis da garkveulwilad, tele­radio mauwyeblobis sajaro dafinansebasTan konfliqtis msgavsi urTierToba gaaCnia. kulturis sajaro dafinansebis mxarda­saWerad, marTlac, seriozuli ideebi SeiZleba arsebobdnen. magram rogorc viciT, amgvari ideebi saerTo jamSi calmxriv­ia da mxars uWers axali ambebis servisebs, romlebic reiting­is mixedviT ar lideroben da sazogadoebaSi gadaWarbebuli media servisebisgan yvelaze RaribTa damcvelebad ar moiaz­rebian. meore mxriv saSualo klasis gemovnebebis dasakmayo­fileblad sajaro dotacia advili dasacavi ar aris. amgvarad, garkveul konteqstSi, komerciuli popularuli kultura, rogorc saxalxo kulturis mteri da nebismier xarisxSi al­ternativa, SeiZleba sazogadoebis saukeTeso interesebis sawinaaRmdegod moRvaweobdes.

mniSvnelovania, rom kulturul populistebs popularu­li kulturis TviTmyofadi saxiT arsebobis SezRudvebisa da problemebis gaTvicnobiereba esaWiroebaT (romelTa nawilic Riaa kulturuli polisis CarevisTvis), radgan kulturuli elitis warmomadgenlebma unda aRiaron, rom es SezRudvebi da problemebi popularul kulturas TviTmyofadi saxiT ver SeinarCuneben.

kulturuli faseuloba da gemovneba

yvelaferi imaze migvaniSnebs, rom SemecnebiTi Tvalsaz­risiT, Tavis mxriv uamravi gaurkvevlobiT aRsavse faseulobis sakiTxis gareSe, kvlavac Znelia popularuli kulturis Sesaxeb msjeloba. dasawyisSi gasarkvevad sasargeblo iqneboda erT­maneTisgan gamijvna faseulobis, xarisxisa da gemovnebis kat­egoriebisa, romelTac xSirad mouwesrigeblad moiazrebian (vi­naidan isini gancalkevebuli, Tu xelaxla SeerTebulni arian).

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faseuloba kulturuli obieqtis, Janris sxva obieqtebTan, JanrebTan Tu mediasTan damakavSirebeli mediumis (savaraudo) abstraqtuli safasuria. igi Zireuli TvalsazrisiT ekonomi­kuri koncefciaa, xolo klasikurad ki igi or nawilad aris gayofili. obieqtebi iyeneben faseulobebs (maTi faseuloba izomeba sargeblianobiT) da isini cvlian faseulobebs (maTi faseuloba izomeba imiT, Tu visTan aqvT saqme da ras cvlian, Cveulebriv fulis meSveobiT). am perspeqtividan gamomdinare, `kulturuli faseuloba~ sinamdvileSi metaforis saxeobaa, radgan, Zireulad, kultura ise iyenebs da cvlis faseulo­bebs, rogorc Tqven winaSe arsebuli namuSevari _ ekonomikas. im farglebSi, romelSic faseuloba kulturas SeiZleba mie­kuTvnos, mas Semdeg, rac ukve aRar arsebobs azri, rom maRali donis kultura popularul kulturaze gamoyenebadi da sa­sargebloa, magram, rom man SeiZleba Secvalos igi, misi obi­eqtebis xelTaa faseulobis ufro metad Secvla, vidre misi gamoyeneba. cxadia, rom kulturuli faseulobis gasazomi obieqturi standartebi ar arsebobs. kulturas fuladi fa­seulobebis sawinaaRmdegod obieqtebTan kavSirSi resursebi­sa da moTxovnebis meqanizmis mixedviT raodenobriv gansaz­Rvraze damokidebuli kulturis bazris gamokvlevis msgavsi meqanizmic ar gaaCnia.

meore mxriv, xarisxi im institutebis mier Sefasebuli kulturuli obieqtis Rirebulebaa, romelTa meSveobiTac iwarmoeba an nadgureba igi, rac kavSirSia misi mediumis da­moukidebel funqciebTan. yoveli kulturuli zona sxvadasxva xarisxis namuSevrebs Seicavs; marTlac, mas Semdeg, rac prodi­userebi raime saxis produqciis SeqmnaSi monawileobaze gamud­mebiT uars amboben, yoveli kulturuli produqti TiTqos xarisxis Sefasebas Seicavs. kulturul zonebsa da JanrebSi gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia, rom aranairad ar xdeba sruli SeTanxmeba xarisxis Taobaze. zonasa Tu JanrSi nebismieri obi­eqti SeiZleba gansxvavebuli da Seudarebeli iyos, magram is bolomde gansxvavebuli da Seudarebeli ver iqneba, amgvarad xarisxis Sefaseba SesaZlebelia. Tuki vinme amas ar eTanxmeba, davuSvaT, rom britni spirsi, venila aisi da boi jorji ukeTe­sebi iyvnen, vidre alisia keisi, fablik enemi da devid boui. am SemTxvevaSi maT zogadad Seafasebdnen, rogorc gamomwvevebs, garyvnilebs, ironiulebsa, Tu Tavxedebs.

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TiToeul medias `xarisxis~ gansxvavebuli kriteriumi gaaC­nia. Tavad termini ZiriTadad industrializebul kulturaSi (kulturisaTvis misi gamoyeneba TavisTavad industriidan gamomdinareobs, rac `xarisxis kontrolSi~ gamoixateba), ro­goricaa musika da TiTqmis mTel satelevizio biznesSi gamoiy­eneba. magaliTisaTvis, jef mulganma satelevizio industriaSi gamoyenebuli termin `xarisxis~ Svidi gansxvavebuli daniS­nuleba daTvala (mulgani 1994, 88­115; ix. agreTve makgigani 1996, 45­47), romelTa ricxvic Cven SegviZlia oTxamde Sevam­ciroT: 1) xarisxi profesionaluri produqciis donis gamoxat­ulebis TvalsazrisiT, koncefcia, romelic uxsnis areals prodiuserebis SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebas; 2) xarisxi, ro­melic momxmareblis mier, programirebis Sesabamisad izomeba; 3) xarisxi, Sefasebuli televiziisaTvis specifikuri esTeti­kis TvalsazrisiT; 4) xarisxi, Sefasebuli televiziis SesaZle­blobebis mixedviT moralur funqciebTan damokidebulebaSi, gansakuTrebiT simarTlis Tqma da kulturuli sxvadasxvaoba. imave kriteriumis Seqmna naklebad industrializebul seq­torebSic SeiZleba: magaliTad, literaturuli nawarmoebi. Tumca, esTeturi TvalsazrisiT, sadac xarisxi specifikuri amocanis Sesasruleblad obieqtis SesaZleblobebis mixed­viT ver gaizomeba, xarisxis Sefasebis kriteriumebis Sesaxeb kvlavac struqturuli gaurkvevlobaa – rogorc es zemoT CamonaTvalSi naxseneb me­(3) SemTxvevaSi iqneboda.

bolos ki gemovnebaa. igi pirovnebis personaluri kul­turuli warmodgenebis gamoxatulebaa. radgan gemovneba Zalian mWidro kavSirSia Tanamedrove karCaketilobisa da Tavisu­flebis mimdinareobasTan, mas didi istoria gaaCnia. kidev erTx­el gadavavloT Tvali am istorias, raTa ufro Rrmad gaviazroT maRali da dabali donis kulturebs Soris damokidebuleba.

dasavleTSi da gansakuTrebiT, safrangeTSi, gemovneba da `pewiani~ kultura saxelmwifo da samoqalaqo sferoSi sazogadoebis Rrmad SeWrasTan erTad, mniSvnelobas iZens. rodesac qveyanaSi modis mTavroba, romelic eklesiuria da zrunavs `sulebze~, upirveles yovlisa, policiisa da armiis marTvis sadaveebis sakuTar xelSi aRebiT, samoqalaqo sazoga­doeba sajaro institutebis sferod iqceva: gazeTebi, wignebi da Jurnalebi, iseve, rogorc Teatrebi, klubebi, tavernebi,

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yavis saxlebi, biblioTekebi, azartuli TamaSebis holebi, xe­lovnebis galereebi, sportuli moednebi, maRaziebi, miusik holebi da a.S. `piradulis~ Zveli maxasiaTebeli, gankuTvnili maTTvis, vinc ar iyo nebadarTuli sajaro sferoSi Sesvlaze (rogorc armiaSi `piraduli~), radgan sajaro cxovrebis axa­li formebi (saxelmwifo da samoqalaqo) Teoriuli Tvalsaz­risiT mainc yvelasTan kavSirSia, gaqrobas iwyebs.

am procesSi piraduli `azris~ damcav zonad iqceva (amis Sesaxeb Teoria Camoayalibes filosofosebma jon lokma da mogvianebiT emanuil kantma), gansakuTrebiT gemovnebis saku­Tari interesebis TvalsazrisiT. imavdroulad, qonebasTan, kerZo SromasTan da kapitalTan dakavSirebul kerZo eko­nomikur da kanonier uflebebze liberaluri Sexedulebebi produqciis saxeobebis Seqmnas ganapirobebs (anu kapitaliz­mi). `liberalurobaSi~ Semdegs vgulisxmobT: 1) pirovnebebi ganixilebian TavianT qonebasTan damokidebulebaSi, sakuTari sxeulis flobasTan da misi muSaobis SesaZleblobebTan da­kavSirebiT mainc da 2) sazogadoeba ganixileba oficialurad dadgenili Tanasworuflebiani pirovnebebis TvalsazrisiT, romelTa Tavisuflebis uflebebi umTavresia. mxolod me­19 saukunis dasawyisSi Seiqmna piradulis koncefcia Zireulad asocirebuli genderul ojaxur cxovrebasTan im Tvalsaz­risiT, rom samuSao adgili da saxli erTmaneTs gaemijna da `pirad cxovrebaze~ Sexeduleba ukve samuSaosTan damokide­bulebaSi ganixileboda (uorneri 2002). magram me­19 saukunis kapitalizmis liberalur individualizms, miuxedavad imisa, rom momavalSi sazogadoebriv erTsulovnebas ziani miayena, Zveli aristokratuli sistemis msgavsad, ierarqiuli meTo­debis danergviT ar uxelmZRvanelia.

Sexedulebaze metad gemovneba gamoexmaura ierarqiis moTxovnilebebs: kargi gemovnebis kanonebi liberaluri kul­turis damkvidrebas xels uwyobda. rogorc vnaxeT, igi aseve avrcelebda samoqalaqo amTviseblobas. Tanamedrove kapital­izmis pirobebSi pirovnebebis ufleba sakuTar gemovnebaze (da amis Tavisufali gamoxatva) momavalSi Rrmad aris gamjdari liberalur TeoriaSi. es imitom, rom kargi gemovneba saukeTe­so gamtaria sazogadoebriv da ekonomikur uTanasworobebs Soris, romelTac kapitalizmi badebs. demokratiisa da Tanas­

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woruflianiobis damcvelTa Tezisebi ki amyareben am Teor­ias. gemovnebis, (rogorc ierarqiis maxasiaTeblis) daRmasvla da misgan sazogadoebrivi funqciis Camocileba, nawilobriv ierarqiis axali formebis Seqmnis ZiebaSi myofi kapital­izmis (safuZvelSi uCveulod faqizad safexurebad dayo­fili samomxmareblo bazris gafarToebis pirobebSi), xolo nawilob riv ki Tanasworuflebianobis momxreTa moZraobis gamo, oficialur politikaSi kulturuli interesebis sfer­os warmatebis Semdeg, misi kolonizaciis Sedegia. odesRac kargi gemovnebis periodi rom mTavrdeba, es imas ki ar niSnavs, rom met obieqtebs meti adamianebis mizidva SeuZliaT, aramed imas, rom gemovnebis kriteriumebi gafarTovda. dResdReobiT zogjer iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos nebismieri maniSnebeli SeiZleba gemovnebasTan kavSirSi aRmoCndes: ra uxeSi da mou­ridebelia? ra mSvidia? ra ironiulia? rogori samarTliania? ra Tbilia? ra magaria? rogori teqnoa? ra bunebrivia? ra Sokismomgvrelia? rogori udrekia? ra xmauriania? ra mSvid­ia? ra Seucnobelia? rogor brwyinavs? esTeturi gemovnebis Zvel maniSneblebs – silamaze, harmonia, wesrigi – dakarguli aqvT mniSvneloba, magram, ra Tqma unda, ar gamqralan. arsebobs ufro farTo arCevani gemovnebis kriteriumsa da obieqtebs Soris da naklebi SesaZlebloba, rom calkeuli kriteriumisa Tu obieqtis arCeva xels SeuSlis romelime sxvaSi SeRwevas. amitomac, yvelaze advilad SesaZlebeli gemovnebis liber­alizaciaa. Tuki SemiZlia gaviTaviso orive – henri jeimsi da samxreTis parki, ratom moviSoro erT­erTi?

kulturuli faseulobebis Sesaxeb bevri fiqrisas prob­lema is aris, rom igi faseulobas xarisxSi aRrevs, an gemovnebas orive daniSnulebas aniWebs, TiTqos truizmi `yvelas gaaCnia sakuTari gemovneba~ faseulobisa Tu xarisxis sawinaaRmdego argumentad iqceva. ra Tqma unda, gemovnebis praqtikaSi xarisxi da faseuloba mWidro kavSirSi arian, magram arsebuli sami koncefciidan dRemde faseuloba yvelaze metad droebiTi movlenaa. kulturasTan mimarTebaSi mas mxolod metaforuli funqcia Tu gaaCnia. da bolos, kidev erTxel gavimeoroT, rom moxmarebis sagnebs gaaCniaT faseuloba, kulturebs ki – ara. gemovneba jabnis faseulobas, magram gamorCeuli xarisxi kv­lavac Seudarebelia.

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bordie

amgvarad, TeoretikosTa Soris kulturuli faseulobebis sakiTxebSi yvelaze xSirad citirebuli da didad gamocdili pier bordie, marTlac rom gemovnebis Teoretikosia. umTavres naSromSi `gamorCeva~ (1984) misi ZiriTadi argumenti CvenT­vis sakmaod kargadaa cnobili farTo gagebiT: Tanamedrove sazogadoeba dayofilia dajgufebebad gansxvavebuli da ier­arqiuli gemovnebiT (bordie amgvar gansxvavebebs sam nawilad hyofs: `WeSmariti~, `saSualo­azrobrivi~ da `popularuli~), romelTa garkveuli gemovnebebi, interesebi, codna da unarebi SemTxveviT ar miiRebian. amgvari kulturuli gansxvavebebi da gradaciebi arc imitom arseboben, rom maRali donis kultura `ukeTesia~ (SedarebiT civiluria, Rrmaazrovania, daxvewilia, Camoyalibebulia da sxv.) dabali donis kulturasTan Sedare­biT. metad savaraudoa (es argumenti viciT), rom TandaTanobiT cvladi gemovnebis gansxvavebulobebs garkveulwilad sazoga­doebrivi funqcia gaaCniaT: isini gvexmarebian im klasebis xe­laxal dayofaSi, romliskenac arian mimarTulni. bordiesTvis gemovnebebi kulturuli kapitalis mTavari komponentebia da metnaklebad yvelas gaaCnia kulturuli kapitali. isini Signi­Tac arseboben da bordies TqmiT, `habituss~ qmnian, rac, Tavis mxriv, Tanmimdevrulobis, upiratesobis miniWebis da klasifi­kaciebis nusxaa. adamianebma maT Sesaxeb yovelTvis ar ician da isini xSirad `bunebrivad~ aRiqmebian, magram gamudmebiT raime SesabamisobaSi an farulad moqmedeben. magaliTisTvis, Tun­dac, sakuTari sxeuli moviyvanoT – rogor vzrunavT masze da rogor gviyvars igi. habitusi is saSualebaa, romliTac kul­turuli kapitali regulirdeba da arsebobs; igi akavSirebs qmedebis materialur kondiciebs (klasobrivi gansxvavebu­lobebi samuSaosa da fulis TvalsazrisiT) da niSnebsa da ga­mocdilebas, romelTa saSualebiTac sxvadasxva dajgufeba sazogadoebriv ierarqiaSi imkvidrebs adgils.

mmarTveli klasebis warmomadgenel pirovnebebs, maT wi­namorbedebTan SedarebiT, memkvidreobiT meti kulturuli kapitali gadaecemaT, Tuki isini ekonomikurad mizanSewonil kapitaldabandebas ewevian. isini swavloben maRali kulturis Sefasebasa da konteqstualizebas. isini Seiswavlian wesebsa

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da racionalobas, romlebic aregulireben da akanoneben mas. garkveulwilad isini iZenen esTeturi sferos, rogorc ase­Tis, vidre ubralod garTobisa Tu teqnikuri keTilmowyobis, Secnobis unars. isini Seiswavlian xelovnebisTvis uintereso da Sualeduri garemos Seqmnas: amis dasaxvas saboloo miznad. amgvari kulturuli kapitali SeiZleba sxvadasxva gziT eko­nomikur kapitalSi gadaizardos (da piriqiT), magram es gansa­kuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, bordies TqmiT, mmarTveli klasis `yofili mmarTveli fraqciis~ warmomadgenelTaTvis, vinc in­azRaureben sakuTari fulisa da statusis SedarebiT ukmari­sobas, SedarebiT meti kulturuli kapitalis SeZeniT.

bordies argumentTan dakavSirebuli ara erTi problema arsebobs, yvelaze meti diskusiebi ki kulturis kvlevebsa da sociologiaSia (ix. kolinzi 1995, 194ff.; Jon holi 1992; yvelaze ukeTesia, frou 1995). yvelaze aSkarad bordies Teo­ria klassa da gemovnebas Soris mWidro morgebas eyrdnoba.

rogorc vnaxeT, Tanamedrove kulturas axasiaTebs ge­movnebiTi dajgufebebis ganvrcoba sazogadoebrivi gamorCe­vis gansxvavebulobis (genderi, eTnikuroba, adgilsamyofeli, Taoba da sxv.), xolo zog SemTxvevaSi ki saerTod arafris mixedviT: msgavsad, moazrovne fanebis dajgufebebi SeiZleba Camoyalibdnen SedarebiT farTo sazogadoebriv gansxvave­bulobebs Soris (magaliTad, Tevzaobisa da samejliso cekvis stili). es niSnavs, rom maRali donis kulturasa da klasobriv dominirebas Soris kavSiri moTxovnasTan SedarebiT sustia.

gemovnebasa da klass Soris kavSirs yvela qveyanaSi Tanabari Zala ar gaaCnia: bordies Tezisze Sedgenili testis mixedviT, avstraliaSi Catarebulma farTomasStabianma gamokiTxvam damajereblad cxadyo, rom, rodesac garkveuli kulturuli favoritebi Zlier klas­specifikuria (magaliTad, bavSvebi­sTvis pianinos gakveTilebi) klassa da kulturas naklebi urTierTkavSiri aqvT, vidre amas bordie varaudobda (ix. be­neti, emisoni da frou 1999). amis erT­erTi mizezi isaa, rom TiTqos avstraliaSi kultura klasobrivi gansxvavebulobis naklebad Zlieri niSania, vidre es iyo omis Semdgom safran­geTSi (bordies kvlevaTa umravlesoba 60­iani wlebis mixedvi­Taa Catarebuli) da am TvalsazrisiT, evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi da TiTqmis yvelgan. Tumca sakiTxavia, imuSavebs ki

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bordies Teoria dasavleTs miRma: CineTSi – albaT; omanSi, vTqvaT – bevrad naklebad.

bordies Teoria aseve varaudobs, rom sazogadoebis war­momadgenelTa umravlesoba aRiarebs warsulis kulturul standartebs; rom maT gaaCniaT Sereuli grZnoba, Tu rogor flobs TiToeuli did an patara kulturul kapitals. es eWvs iwvevs: cxadia, rom TiTqmis yvelas sjera, rom mersedes­ben­cis floba ufro prestiJulia, vidre toiotasi, an rom dRe­vandeli kvercxi sjobia xvalindel qaTams, magram yvela ar fiqrobs, rom klasikur musikasa Tu inglisur literaturaSi garkveva statusis maniSnebelia. bevrisTvis (da ara `yofil mmarTvelTa~ klasebSi) es briyvobisa da idiotobis maniSnebe­lia. kulturuli kapitali brunavs Semofarglul wreSi.

meore mxriv, bordie jerovnad ar afasebs xarisxs, rom­lis mimarTulebiTac gemovnebebma SeiZleba gansxvavebuli dajgufebebis gavliT gadainacvlon. zogierTi tipis gemovne­ba iwyebs patara da elituri jgufebiT, Semdeg ki SedarebiT masobriv xasiaTs iZens (yovelwliurad klasikuri musika gada­dis pop CartebSi, xolo impresionistuli da post­impresion­istuli gemovnebebi didi xania farTovdeba). sxvebi ki sapir­ispiro mimarTulebiT moZraoben (magaliTad, elvisis stilSi xalxuri simReris rokSi Sesrulebis kulturuli energetika Tavdapirvelad amerikis samxreT dasavleTis Savkanian Tine­ijerTa gemovnebebma ganapirobes).

marTlac, dro yvelafris mkurnalia masobrivi kulturu­li obieqtebis CaTvliT. aRfrTovandiT koleqcionerTa da/an esTeturad ganwyobilTa gansakuTrebuli tendenciebiT. sx­vadasxva dajgufeba (da pirovnebebi) SeiZleba afasebdnen erT­sa da imave moRvaweobasa da obieqtebs, magram gansxvavebuli midgomiT: magaliTad, ABBA­s Tayvanismcemlebs uyvarT jgu­fi yovel mizezgareSe iumoris didad gansxvavebuli xarisxis mixedviT – nulovaniT dawyebuli, didi iumoriT damTavrebu­li da bevri maTgani ar aris ganxiluli bordies TeoriaSi.

da bolos, miuxedavad imisa, rom bordies Teoria kul­turul gemovnebebTan socialuri dominirebis struqturis damakavSirebel ukidures qmedebas warmoadgens, mas didi gamoxmaureba ar mohyolia. albaT, yvelaze metad gaurkvevelia – ras etyvis bordie im adamianebs, visac uyvars: Dr.Who, keit

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buSi, franc kafka da Dr.Dre? SeiZleba maTi warsulis Sefaseba mxolod (TviTSegnebis armqone) strategiis TvalsazrisiT kulturuli kapitalis SesaZenad Tu es amis ukmarisobasTan Seguebaa? (gemovnebebis farTo speqtri aris kulturuli kapitalis maniSnebeli?) ras ityviT siamovnebis Sesaxeb? sa­myaros Secnobis Sesaxeb? politikuri Sexvedrebis Sesaxeb? ar ZaluZT gemovnebebs, rom maTi matarebelnic iyvnen? ras ityviT yvelanair sargeblobaze, saqmian qaossa da sazogadoe­briv urTierTobebze, rac Tan sdevs kulturul moRvaweobasa da samomxmareblo sferos da rac ar SeiZleba rom aRiarebis mopovebis mcdelobis TvalsazrisiT zero­sam TamaSis stilSi moiazrebodes, sadac mogebulisa da wagebulis Tanxebis jami nulis tolia? mavanma SeiZleba Tqvas, rom kulturis kvlevebi iwyeba iq, sadac bordie Cerdeba.

damatebiTi literatura: Bourdieu 1984; Brantlinger 1983; Fiske 1989; Frow 1995; Hartley 1996; Jenkins et al. 2002; McGuigan 1992.

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7.2 kulturis buneba

rogorc reimond uiliamsma aRniSna mis konstruqciul teqstSi `naturis ideebi~, naturis koncefciis erT­erTi yvelaze mravalaspeqtiani ganxilva dasavluria, romlis mixedviTac `kultura~ susti metoqea (uiliamsi 1980). marT­lac, orma sityvam gaaerTiana istoria: procesebi da azri. sanam es iyo institutebTan mimarTebaSi, romelTa mixedvi­Tac Cven arsebobas SevigrZnobT, `kultura~ erTgvar kulti­vaciasaviT aRiqmeboda, rac adamianis bunebaSi produqtiuli Carevis Sedegi iyo. nebismier doneze buneba arsebobs sferoSi, rasac anTropologistma merlin streternma `kontrastebis matrica~ uwoda – rac imas niSnavs, rom igi ganisazRvreba sa­pirispirod an Sesabamis damokidebulebaSi ramdenime Zlier gansxvavebul kategoriebTan mimarTebaSi.

upirveles yovlisa, buneba ganisazRvreba arabunebrivobisa da teqnologiebis sapirispirod. am TvalsazrisiT igi iqceva sferod, romelic adamianTa kontrolis qveS ar imyo feba maSin­ac ki, rodesac raRac Seqmnilia adamianebis mier an raimes maTi xeli atyvia. amgvari formulirebis aSkara sirTule isaa, rom dResdReobiT rac `bunebis~ saxiT arsebobs, TiTqmis mTlianad adamianis pirdapiri an iribi Carevis Sedegia, ase rom, dedami­waze TiTqmis aRar darCa buneba pirveladi saxiT.

bunebas aseve SeuZlia itvirTos sicocxlis sinonimis funq­cia, radgan igi dayvanilia ufro biologiis garkveuli sferos Semadgenel nawilamde, vidre fizikisa Tu qimiisa. igi arsebobs sulieri arsebebis krebulis saxiT, vidre saerTod yoveli sagnisa an romelTac TiTqmis igive, magram `organulisTvis~ arasakamarisi SegrZneba gaaCniaT, rogorc es `araorganulis~ SemTxvevaSia. (organuli sakvebis zrdam `organulis~ mniSvn­eloba Secvala, romelic winaT gamoiyeneboda xolme ubralod sulieris aRsaniSnad, magram amJamad, garkveulwilad, ukve aRniSnavs raime saxis produqcias, romelic agraruli te­qnologiebis mier ar aris Seqmnili.) es imas niSnavs, rom gare­momcveli samyaros `bunebis~ TvalsazrisiT dasaxasiaTeblad saWiroa msoflios cxovrebiseuli mamoZravebeli Zalis sxva­dasxva xerxiT samyaroSi gadatana, TiTqos Tavad samyaro ga­cocxlebulao. gacocxlebuli samyaros amgvari damaxinjeba bevr kulturaSi gvxvdeba.

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Zlier gansxvavebulad, buneba aseve zebunebrivobis Tval­sazrisiT ganixileba. am SemTxvevaSi RmerTebisa da sulebis mflobelobaSi myofi samyaros sapirispirod, igi yovelives mepatroned iqceva, rac ki samyaros kuTvnilebaa. TavisTavad, igi metad moicavs, vidre gamoricxavs xelovnursa Tu damza­debuls. ra Tqma unda, Tanamedrove mtkice Sexedulebis mixed­viT zebunebrivoba mxolod adamianis fantaziis Sedegia da aqedan gamomdinare, garkvelwilad bunebisa. am TvalsazrisiT es sabolood araferia, Tu ara buneba.

buneba rom zebunebrivobisgan gansxvavdeba, odesRac sa­myaros anarqiis, qaosisa da sikvdilis mizezad iqca. es iyo Sem­Txveva, rodesac, magaliTad, tradiciuli qristianobisTvis, adamianTa modgmiT dacemuli samyaro, umaRles samsjavroze gankiTxvis molodinSi iyo. es agreTve SemTxveva iyo TiToeu­li politikuri TeoretikosisTvis (rogoric Tomas hobsia), romelTac miaCndaT, rom metad daaxloebuli adamianebi Tavi­anT bunebriv mdgomareobasTan mimarTebaSi meti sisastikiT gamoirCeodnen da SeiZleboda areulobac moexdinaT. gansx­vavebuli formulirebis mixedviT, horkhaimeri da odorno TavianT klasikur naSromSi ganviTarebis dialeqtika, amt­kicebdnen, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebriv Zalauflebas (gan­sakuTrebiT mdidrebis mier RaribTa Seviwroveba) esaWiroeba, rom aRiqmebodes, rogorc Sedegi da saboloo wertili maT mier Seviwrovebuli da daSinebuli adamianebis mier da ba­tonobis wyurvili bunebaze, romelic mudmivad warmarTavs teqnologiisa da racionalobis produqcias (horkhaimeri da odorno 1988 [1947]). magram me­17 saukunidan dawyebuli, sul ufro da ufro, aTeistebisTvis mainc, buneba ganixileboda rogorc racionaluri kanonebisa da procesebis wesi, aseve (romantizmis gavlenis qveS) sisufTavisa da gajansaRebis adg­ilsamyofel poziciad. buneba samoTxis TvalsazrisiT.

racionaluri da bunebrivi kanonebi SeiZleba metnakleb harmoniulobiT gamoirCeodnen. magram cocxali bunebis uax­lesi versiebi – darvinizmi da neo­darvinizmi – ganixilavs principebs, romlebic organul bunebas marTaven wesis mixed­viT, magram ara keTili ganwyobiT. maTi buneba ganixileba auC­qarebeli, sastiki istoriis TvalsazrisiT, romelSic agresi­uli Sejibris pirobebSi gadarCenisTvis brZola gansazRvravs

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Sedegebs. darvinizmi biologias aqcevs istoriis formad da istoriis biologiur formad qcevis unariTac sargeblobs (rogorc maTTvis, visac miaCnia, rom sazogadoebrivi kavSirebi evoluciuri Zalebis Seqmnilia). bolo dros, agreTve norbert vaineris kibernetikis gavlenis qveS, buneba ganixileboda ara rogorc racionaluri kanonebis mier mowesrigebuli Tu ukana planze myofi, aramed `avtopoeturi~ an TviTregulirebadi sistemis TvalsazrisiT (ix. heilsi 1999).

buneba aseve universalur normatiul koncefciad iqca. Cven vsaubrobT `bunebis uflebebze~; Cven vgmobT `arabune­brivi~ tipis qmedebebs (mSvenieria, homoseqsualistTa gaTavi­suflebis moZraobamde, erTi da imave sqesis warmomadgenelTa Soris aqtebi). Cveulebriv saubarSi, iseTi frazebi, rogoricaa `bunebrivad~ da `es mxolod bunebrivia~ TiTqmis yovelTvis daufiqreblad gamoiyeneba raimes axsnis, damcavi saSualebi­sa, Tu Seqebis TvalsazrisiT. `bunebrivisa~ da `xelovnuris~ garCevisas TiTqmis yovelTvis zaraldeba xolme meore. buneba normis TvalsazrisiT ar warmoadgens rogorc aseTs, bunebas sicocxlis TvalsazrisiT, magram es gansxvaveba, rogorc wesi, ugulebelyofilia. Tanamedrove garemos dacvis moZraoba nawilobriv uerTdeba maT, TiTqos bunebis dacva ganixilebodes bunebisa da sicocxlis (rogorc universaluri normis), arabu­nebriobisa da teqnologiebis sawinaaRmdego TvalsazrisiT.

ufro specifikuri midgomiT, ekologiuri msjeloba bu­nebis ramdenime versias ganixilavs. maTi `kvazi­esTeturi~ da `eTikuri~ (rogorc SegviZlia vuwodoT) versia, albaT, yvelaze metad miRebulia, nawilobriv radganac moaxlovebuli glo­baluri katastrofis SegrZneba, romelic iTrevs masStabur eko­politikas Zalian damTrgunveli da antihumanuria (lato­ri 2004). kvazi­esTeturi garemos dacvis moZraobis mizania biologiuri saxeobebis SenarCuneba, rasac safuZvlad esTe­turi mizezebi udevs, maTi silamazis, biomravalferovnebisa Tu absoluturi xelSeuxeblobis da sxv. gamo.

eTnikuri environmentalizmi anti­anTropocentrizmis magaliTs iRebs. is cdilobs bunebaze kacobriobis batonobis limitirebas an, sxva sityviT, misi naklebi siZlieriT warmoCe­nas adamianTa modgmis Rvawlis dakninebis mizniT, raTa ar Seiqm­nas STabeWdileba, TiTqos adamiani bunebis centria da buneba

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arsebobs misi survilebis dasakmayofileblad. kvazi­esTe­turi eko­politika, marTlac, esTeturia, sanam igi saboloo keTildReobis TvalsazrisiT garemos dacvis moiTxovnamde miva: magaliTad, amisaTvis, sxva alternativebTan SedarebiT, Citebis saxeobebis SenarCuneba ver iqneba kargad gaTvlili alternativa, Rirebuleba­sargebelis mixedviT. Tavisi arsiT es mizania, iseve rogorc samxatvro moRvaweoba TavisTavad mizania tradiciuli kanturi esTetikisa (miuxedavad imisa, rom environmentalizmi regularulad araprognozirebado­baze migvaniSnebs, rodesac igi askvnis, rom Cven ar viciT, risi danakargi gveqneba, Tu zogierTi saxeobebi gaqrebian).

esTetikur environmentalizms SeiZleba swrafad saqon­lis saxe mieces an gafetiSdes, rogorc es Body Shop­is mar­ketinguli nimuSis SemTxvevaSia – `bunebrivad sufTa xsnarebi kanisa da Tmis mosavlelad~ – gamyidveli firmis produqciis aRweras eweva. davubrundeT frazas (`bunebrivad sufTa~), ro­melic mizanmimarTulad Zlevs winaaRmdegobebs, inarCunebs ra bunebriobas da sazRvravs, Tu sinamdvileSi ra aris `bune­brivi~. sinamdvileSi Body Shop­is marketingi bunebis gamox­maurebas ar warmoadgens da Tavisi arsiT igi simarTles ar gamoxatavs, magram igi farTod exmaureba bunebis qveteqstebs. aseTma reklamam SeiZleba imuSavos maskaradze politikuri programis TvalsazrisiT. sakuTar Web­gverdze kompanias CamonaTvalSi Seyavs sakuTari `faseulobebi~: `cxovele­bze cdebis Catarebis winaaRmdeg~, `Temis tradiciebis mx­ardaWera~, `TviTSefasebis gamxneveba~, `adamianTa uflebebis dacva~ da `davicvaT planeta~ saxiT. savaraudod, misi mTavari mizani sargeblobis miRebaa, magram farisevlobis gaTval­iswinebiT, am SemTxvevaSi buneba im normis saxiT ganixileba, romelsac iyeneben xolme Tanamedrove ideologiis erT­erTi mniSvnelovani berketis SesanarCuneblad: rom TviTSefaseba (da vinmes ndoba gamorCeuli Rirsebaa) aucilebelia – amis bunebrivad keTeba – kargi.

rogorc ukve davinaxeT, buneba aseve SeiZleba ganixile­bodes moralTan da civilizaciasTan ganyenebuli Tvalsaz­risiT. buneba am SemTxvevaSi instinqtebis, impulsebisa da winsvlis sferoa, romelTa gaazrebasa da moralur wesrigs kontroli esaWiroeba. albaT, amisi yvelaze gamoxatuli Sem­

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Txveva fsiqoanalitikur `qvecnobiersa~ (romelic froidis azriT, iqaa, sadac siamovnebis misaRebad Cveni ZiriTadi seq­sualuri da bunebrivi zraxvebia Tavmoyrili da mTliani ga­nadgureba gardauvalia) da `superegosa~ an sindisis grZno­bas, romelic iRviZebs damSvidebisa da TavSekavebis procesSi, Soris kavSiria. froidi TiTqos zogjer fiqrobda, rom qalebi mamakacebTan SedarebiT naklebad arian midrekilni sazoga­doebisken, TiTqos isini bunebis struqturasTan metad arian daaxloebulni. feministebi ki amtkicebdnen, rom patriarqa­tuli ideologiis mixedviT, mamakacebisTvis qalebi warmoad­gendnen igives, rasac buneba warmoadgenda kulturisTvis (da pasivi iyo aqtivisTvis) – es fraza momdinareobs Seri ort­neris cnobili publikaciis saTauridan (ix. grifini 1978; ro­saldo da sxvebi 1974).

bunebis Sesaxeb sxva saxis msjeloba, romelic germanel idealist filosofos hegelisgan momdinareobs, ganasxvavebs `pirvelad~ da `meorad~ bunebas. pirveladi buneba arsebobs adamianTa sazogadoebisgan da teqnologiebisgan gamijnulad; meoradi buneba ki arsebobs adamianTa sazogadoebisTvis da mis SigniT. es niSnavs, rom meorad bunebas, Tavis mxriv, gaaC­nia ori forma: erTi mxriv, es aris buneba, romelmac saxe icv­ala da Camoyalibda masSi 120 aTasi (uxeSad) adamianis Carevis Sedegad, magram igi aseve warmoadgens `bunebas~ koncefciisa da adamianebisTvis normis TvalsazrisiT. amgvari hegeliseu­li gamijvna gvafiqrebinebs istoriis mzadyofnaze, meoradi bunebis mier pirvelis STanTqmasTan dakavSirebiT. hegelisT­vis es aSkara progresis maniSnebeli iyo. meorad bunebas sxva daniSnulebac gaaCnia: mas SeuZlia socialur da politikur struqturebze bunebrivi saxis micemiT, sazogadoebisa da politikis naturalizacia ganasaxieros. albaT, amis yvelaze naTeli gamoxatuleba ojaxia, romelic, upirveles yovlisa, bunebrivi movlenaa, Semdeg ukve sazogadoebrivi modeli, ro­melic mTliani ojaxis TvalsazrisiT SegviZlia ganvixiloT. TavisTavad sityva `kulturas~ `kultivaciis~ istoriuli daniSnulebiTurT, radikalurad naturalizebis unari Sesw­evs: TiTqos koleqtivebisa da pirovnebebis Camoyalibeba saso­flo­sameurneo kulturebis kultivaciis msgavsad xdeboda.

maSin buneba aris is, rasac struqturalistebi `cvalebad

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maniSnebels~ uwodebdnen: igi warmoadgens sxvadasxva konte­qstebSi semantikuri naSromis gansxvavebul saxeobebs. sxva sityvebiT igi raRac garegnulis maniSnebelia socialurTan da kulturulTan mimarTebaSi, romelmac am mizeziT unda moaqcios CarCoSi da SezRudos isini. magram veranairi gare­gnuli ver iqneba uproblemod socialurTan da kulturul­Tan damokidebulebaSi im doneze mainc, rom Cveni azriT, rac ganekuTvneba azris miniWebis process, es kulturaa. amgva rad buneba kulturis Tanmdevia, xolo sazogadoeba, rogorc maTi Tanmxlebi, Signidan warmoCindeba kulturisa da sazoga do­ebis saxiT.

kulturis kvlevebis damokidebuleba bunebis koncefciebis mniSvnelobasTan da kulturul namuSevrebTan mimarTebaSi sakmaod gansxvavebulia, magram disciplina struqturulad ewinaaRmdegeba im moTxovnebs, rom buneba marTlac arsebobs faseulobis garedan momdinare wyaros saxiT, Tuki moTxovne­bi iReben esTetizebuli, ekologiuri azrovnebis an im anal­izis formas, romelic sazogadoebasa da kulturas bunebriv­obas aniWebs. am TvalsazrisiT kulturis kvlevebis erT­erT mniSvnelovan da gadamwyvet svlas mivyavarT daskvnamde, rom konservatiuli azrovneba sistematurad mxars uWers midgo­mas, rom, rac sazogadoebrivia da Sesabamisad politikuri (birTvuli sistema, dedebi upirveles yovlisa bavSvebis mom­vlelebis TvalsazrisiT) agreTve bunebrivia.

bunebrivobasTan mimarTebaSi amgvari skeptikuri damokide­buleba imas ar niSnavs, rom kulturis kvlevebis analizs ar Seswevs unari SeuerTdes environmentalizms. ekologiuri programis romeli saxeoba gauZlebs bunebis koncefciis kritikas? albaT, am SekiTxvaze yvelaze amomwurav pasuxs aleqsander uilsonis bunebis kultura: Crdilo amerikuli landSafti disneidan eqson valdesamde gagvcems. aq uilso­ni gvTavazobs `ekologiis aRdgenas~, romelsac igi ganixilavs ara bunebis pirveladi saxiT SenarCunebis procesis, aramed adamiani­buneba urTierTobis istoriis Zlier SegrZnebas­Tan dakavSirebul bunebriv sistemebze adamianTa gamoZaxi­lis TvalsazrisiT (uilsoni 1992). msjelobis amgvari mimar­Tuleba TavisTavad badebs kiTxvas, romelic kvlavac mWidro kavSirSia romantiul anti­kapitalizmTan (ratom SevqmnaT

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sakuTari Tavi bunebis koncefciebis mixedviT?) (nil smiti 1996), magram radgan uilsonis buneba ufro mibaZvisaTvis war­mosaxviT idealad, vidre qmedebis an SenarCunebis safuZvlad Camoyalibda, Znelia, rom igi mTlianobaSi naturalizmTan mimarTebaSi davadanaSauloT. buneba, romelic misi azriT garkveuli koleqtiuri idealizmis organizebis SesaZleblo­bebs itovebs, uilsonisTvis mTlianobaSi kulturisa da isto­riis nawiladaa qceuli.

faqtobrivad kulturis kvlevebs environmentalizmis kulturuli da socialuri efeqtebis gamosakvlevad myari pozicia ukaviaT. Sesabamisad endriu rosma ramdenime naSrom­Si aRniSna, rom gaurkvevelia, Tu ekologiuri ukmarisobisa da urTierTkavSiris gamoyeneba ra niSnebis mixedviT warmoebs (rosi 1994, 16­17). mas surs gaakritikos argumenti, rom bune­brivi resursebi ukve amowurulia da erT adgilas raime umniS­vnelo gamovlinebas (kum fexi gamoyoo), SeuZlia ufro didi movlena gamoiwvios (gvalva) naxevar dedamiwaze – argumente­bi, romlebic eko­politikis zogierTi ganStoebis centrSia. rosis TqmiT, amgvari moTxovnebi xSirad pirovnul eTikas asketizmis, environmentaluri mosazrebebisa da globaluri moqalaqeobis gaurkveveli SegrZnebisken ubiZgebs, vidre na­Teli gonebiT analizze, Tu vin aris sinamdvileSi pasuxismge­beli globalur Warb­momxmareblobaze. mas miaCnia, rom damna­Saveebi ganviTarebuli msoflios msxvili korporaciebi arian – gadawyvetileba, romelic momxmareblebTan TanamSromlo­bas problemas uqmnis. rosi aseve environmentalizmis msxvil biznesTan aliansis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs. marTlac, Seiara­Rebuli Zalebi dedamiwaze safrTxisa da dazianebis saSiSroe­bas qmnian. `ekologiurad racionaluri ganviTareba~ xSirad is rubrikaa, romlis saxeliTac aseT aliansebs aqvT adgili. mas advilad gamosdis biznesisa da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis resursebisken mobilizeba da sazogadoebrivi azris gadafar­va (rosi 1996). ross eSinia, rom sabolood environmentalizmma SeiZleba dauSvas mecnierebisa da eqpertizis avtoritarizmi. gansakuTrebiT es sul ufro meti sazogadoebrivi da kul­turuli RonisZiebebis samarTavad, mravalnaciona luri kor­poraciebis mier fondirebas ukavSirdeba.

magram kulturis kvlevebis mier bunebis analizSi Setanili

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umniSvnelovanesi Rvawli adamianis Semdgomi kategoriaa. ada­mianis Semdgomi Teoria adasturebs adamianis yofas bunebis gareSe da amis sawinaaRmdegod anTavsebs mas teqnologiebisa da aRmoCenebis samyaroSi. cnobil narkvevSi `kiborgis mani­festi~, dona hereveim kritikis qarcecxlSi moaqcia gafetiSe­bul bunebasa da bunebrivobis Sesaxeb yovelgvari msjeloba (ix. herevei 2003). igi gvTavazobs msjelobis meTods, romelic bunebas faseulobad an raime saxis transcendentalur gamov­linebad ar aRiarebs – gare sistemis – saerTo maniSnebeli. garkveulwilad igi ewinaaRmdegeba sazogadoebriv kavSirebs biologiuri terminologiis TvalsazrisiT – `geneologias~. herevei uaryofs seqsualuri urTierTobebis, upirveles yov­lisa, sqesobriv CarCoebSi moqcevas, aRiarebs ra gamravlebis teqnologias, romelic spobs kavSirs seqssa da gamravlebas Soris, rogorcGerTgvari gamyofi (herevei 1999 wlis ganmav­lobaSi). genetikuri implantaciebisa da kodirebis Taname­drove teqnologiebi rom yofiliyo im periodSi, rodesac es narkvevi Seiqmna, aucileblad damtkicdeboda, rogorc ada­mianebisTvis da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebisTvis da iden­turobis bunebrivad qceuli koncefciebisTvis SesaZleblo­bebis xelSemwyobi.

magram herevei mxolod teqnofili ar aris. mas miaCnia, rom adamianebsa da teqnologiebs Soris mzardi kompleqsuri urTierTkavSirebi frTxil gamokvlevasa da kontrolis sa­jaro struqturebs saWiroebs, raTa ar moxdes klasobrivi da genderuli uTanasworobis gaRviveba. im pirobebSi, rodesac teqnologia sul ufro metad awesrigebs samuSao da Tavisu­fal dros da maT Soris kavSirs, gansxvaveba maT Soris bevr­isTvis sul ufro mcirdeba – rac pirdapir rom vTqvaT, Sei­Zleba kargic iyos da cudic, gaaCnia ra SemTxvevaSi emsgavseba Sroma dasvenebas (privilegirebulTa damaxasiaTebeli) da ra SemTxvevaSi piriqiT (CagrulTa damaxasiaTebeli). rogorc hereveisTvis, aseve rosisTvis, romlebic socialisturi su­liskveTebiT msjeloben, amosavali wertili Sromaa. herevei restruqturirebuli SromiTi procesebis danergvis momxrea adamianis Semdgom da bunebis Semdgom samyaroSi Cagvris isto­riuli formebis dagrovebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT.

tradiciulad da gansakuTrebiT marqsizmSi, Sroma moiaz­

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reba bunebasa da sazogadoebas Soris damakavSireblad, TiTqos buneba kidev sxva ramed gardaiqmneba – sazogadoeba ki mxolod muSaobis TvalsazrisiT. xolo warmoebisTvis saWiro Sromis raodenoba misi faseulobis yvelaze utyuar sazomad moiazreboda. ra Tqma unda, mas Semdeg, rac teqnologia da in­formacia marTavs warmoebis process da qveynis ekonomikaSi momsaxurebisa da kulturuli saqoneli sul ufro aqtualuri xdeba, am tipis Sromam ukana planze gadaiwia.

radgan Sroma gamudmebiT sazogadoebrivsa da bunebrivs aregulirebs, SemTxveviTobas ukve aRar warmoadgens, rom mTavari kategoria bunebasTan kulturuli da sazogadoebri­vi kavSiris Taobaze msjelobis TvalsazrisiT, Sromas eniWeba. marTlac, rosisa da hereveis naSromebis mixedviT SegviZlia vi­fiqroT, rom rodesac kulturis kvlevebi ikvleven maT pirda­pir obieqts, kulturas – muSaobis kulturis, yoveldRiuri kulturisa Tu cxovrebis mniSvnelobis winaaRmdeg brZolis TvalsazrisiT – Sroma analitikuri kategoriidan amovardnis didi albaTobis winaSe dgeba. es Cven kulturis kvlevebis (da am wignis) erT­erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxze migvaniSnebs: imsa­xurebs disciplina seriozul ganxilvas, Tuki igi Sromis mya ri analitikuri marTvis deficits ganicdis – sazogado­ebri vi cxovrebis `bunebrivi~ safuZveli – rodesac igi daner­gilia kulturaSi? Tu Cven mier bunebis martiv mamravlebad daSla imas niSnavs, rom Sromis kategoriac xelaxla unda ganvixiloT? Tuki buneba iSleba `kontrastebis matricad~ (rogorc vvaraudobdiT), SeiZleba igi TanxmobaSi modiodes yvela koncefciasTan, romelic muSaobas, pirvelad, bunebriv kondiciasTan akavSirebs?

damatebiTi literatura: Franklin and others 2000; Haraway 2003; Hayles 1999; Ross 1991, 1994 and 1996; Wilson 1992.

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